Energy Consumption

The objective of this study is to provide a good "benchmark" case in juice fruit production plants for comparing their performance in terms of energy consumption and final product "yield". In particular, the industrial step-by-step processes performed for the production of natural fresh orange juice, fruit juices and purees will be dissected, also referring to the operations. By exploiting the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) methodology, we report general energy consumptions due to the main production processes and highlight the most energy-intensive ones, in order to provide a base for the selection of useful and reasonable key performance indicators. Furthermore, we include some sectorial KPIs that have been extracted from the literature.

City transformations are also due to the development of new energy sources, which have influenced economy and lifestyles, as well as the physical and functional organization of urban systems. Cities are the key place where it is need to act for the achievement of strategic environmental objectives, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy saving. The hard resolution of these challenges depends on several factors: their multidimensional nature, the change of the economic and settlement development model, and also the complexity of the relationships between the elements that constitute the urban systems and that affect energy consumption. According to this awareness the Project Smart Energy Master for the energy management of territory financed by PON 04A2_00120 R & C Axis II, from 2012 to 2015 has been developed: it is aimed at supporting local authorities in the development of strategies for the reduction of energy consumption through actions designed to change behavior ...

This article aims to determine the environmental performance of China reed fibre used as a substitute for glass fibre as reinforcement in plastics and to identify key environmental parameters. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed on these two materials for an application to plastic transport pallets. Transport pallets reinforced with China reed fibre prove to be ecologically advantageous if they have a minimal lifetime of 3 years compared with the 5-year lifetime of the conventional pallet. The energy consumption and other environmental impacts are strongly reduced by the use of raw renewable fibres, due to three important factors: (a) the substitution of glass fibre production by the natural fibre production; (b) the indirect reduction in the use of polypropylene linked to the higher proportion of China reed fibre used and (c) the reduced pallet weight, which reduces fuel consumption during transport. Considering the whole life cycle, the polypropylene production process and the transport cause the strongest environmental impacts during the use phase of the life cycle. Since thermoplastic composites are hardly biodegradable, incineration has to be preferred to discharge on landfills at the end of its useful life cycle. The potential advantages of the renewable fibres will be effective only if a purer fibre extraction is obtained to ensure an optimal material stiffness, a topic for further research. China reed biofibres are finally compared with other usages of biomass, biomaterials, in general, can enable a three to ten times more efficient valorisation of biomass than mere heat production or biofuels for transport.

In this paper, an EnergyPlus model was used to simulate the operation of a novel integrated HVAC system. This system combines an underfloor air distribution system with a cooled radiant ceiling slab. A cooling tower supplies water to pre-cool the structural slabs during the night and early morning period. The paper compares the performance of this system to both a typical overhead system and a typical UFAD system in the cooling season for the Sacramento, California climate. When compared to the overhead system, the integrated UFAD/Radiant system shows a 22-23% reduction in total energy consumption during the peak cooling months (June to August) and a 31% reduction in peak hourly electricity demand. When compared to the UFAD system, these reductions are 21-22% and 24% respectively. An investigation of the simulation results showed that the integrated UFAD/Radiant system also improves occupant thermal comfort and reduces thermal decay issues in the underfloor plenum.

Due to broadcast nature of wireless radio services such as encryption in pervasive networks such that it transmission, security services are of paramount importance to sufficiently protects information while minimizing the energy protect information exchanged in a wireless network. However, cost. We trade off energy consumption with the strength of providing security services increases the computation and hence energy consumption due to cryptographic algorithms. Energy security servcs The str of secrityoservice n be 1 p. Keeratiwintakorn is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, security requirements, and utilize different security algorithms King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand based on transmission packet size to further minimize energy (corresponding author to provide phone: ±66 2 9132500; fax: ±66 2 913 2500 consumption of wireless devices. The level adjustment and the

Energy consumption model of peeling process is required to optimise main influenced factors as well as to limit peeling waste and consumed energy. Mechanical peeling process using an abrasive-cutter brush which applies both abrasive a nd cutting forces was modeled. Choosing the input and output variables which would be industria lly applicable was attempted. Three variables, namely, angular velocities of abrasive-c utter brush ( ωp), the degree of unevenness of produce surface ( φ), and the shape of the abrasive-cutter brush ( λ), were chosen as independent variables and the peel losses per unit time were ch osen as the output of the model. The developed model was verified using the experimental results o f peeling by abrasive-cutter brush for two varieties of pumpkin named Jarrahdale and Jap. The results showed correlation coefficients between predicted and experimental values of the Ja p (0.98) and Jarrahdale (0.96) were statistically significant. It is concluded that the relation...

Energy costs are included in the monthly rent of more than one-fourth of U.S. apartment residents. Because these tenants do not face the marginal cost of their own energy use, they have little incentive to use energy efficiently. Explanations for this apparent market failure fall into two categories: the tenants value such arrangements more than they value the extra energy they consume, or the landlords value the arrangements more than the cost of that extra energy. We use data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Residential Energy Consumption Survey and the Census Bureau's American Housing Survey to estimate energy consumption by tenants in utilityincluded apartments, and the rent premium for those apartments. While market rents for utilityincluded apartments are higher than for otherwise similar metered apartments, the difference is smaller than the cost of the energy used, a finding that supports landlord-side explanations.

In this paper we evaluate the performance of our earlier proposed Enhanced relay-enabled Distributed Coordination Function (ErDCF) for wireless ad hoc networks. The idea of ErDCF is to use high data rate nodes to work as relays for the low data rate nodes. ErDCF achieves higher throughput and reduced energy consumption compared to IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). This is a result of: 1) using relay which helps to increase the throughput and lower overall blocking time of nodes due to faster dual-hop transmission, 2) using dynamic preamble (i.e. using short preamble for the relay transmission) which further increases the throughput and lower overall blocking time and also by 3) reducing unnecessary overhearing (by other nodes not involved in transmission). We evaluate the throughput and energy performance of the ErDCF with different rate combinations. ErDCF (11,11) (i.e. R 1 =R 2 =11 Mbps) yields a throughput improvement of 92.9% (at the packet length of 1000 bytes) and an energy saving of 72.2% at 50 nodes.

Organizing wireless sensor networks into clusters enables the efficient utilization of the limited energy resources of the deployed sensor nodes. However, the problem of unbalanced energy consumption exists, and it is tightly bound to the role and to the location of a particular node in the network. If the network is organized into heterogeneous clusters, where some more powerful nodes take on the cluster head role to control network operation, it is important to ensure that energy dissipation of these cluster head nodes is balanced. Oftentimes the network is organized into clusters of equal size, but such equal clustering results in an unequal load on the cluster head nodes. Instead, we propose an Unequal Clustering Size (UCS) model for network organization, which can lead to more uniform energy dissipation among the cluster head nodes, thus increasing network lifetime. Also, we expand this approach to homogeneous sensor networks and show that UCS can lead to more uniform energy dissipation in a homogeneous network as well.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to present research which analysed energy consumption in the Melbourne central business district (CBD) office stock and examined all buildings to identify CO 2 emissions in 2005. The rationale was that, by profiling a large group of buildings, it would be possible to identify characteristics of the stock. For example, do older buildings typically emit more CO 2 per square metre than newer buildings?

Massive parallel computing performed on manycore Network-on-Chips (NoCs) is the future of the computing. One feasible approach to implement parallel computing is to deploy multiple applications on the NoC simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a multi-application mapping method starting with the application mapping which finds a region on the NoC for each application and then task mapping which maps all tasks of the application into each region. In the application mapping step, several strategies based on the maximal empty rectangle (MER) technique are introduced for finding an optimal region for each application. In the task mapping step, a treemodel based algorithm is used with the purpose of reducing the communication latency and energy consumption. The experiment results show that the proposed method can achieve considerable reduction of network latency and energy consumption (up to 18%) for a given set of applications.

The proliferation of wireless broadband usage over the last decade has led to the development and deployment of multiple broadband wireless radio access technologies (RATs) such as EVDO, WiMAX, HSPA and LTE. To support the ever-increasing wireless traffic demand, researchers have worked on the concept of an integrated heterogeneous wireless environment that encompasses several of these RATs which makes the resource allocation process more efficient by assigning each user in the system to the best RAT/RATs. In this paper, for such an integrated heterogeneous wireless system, we show the possible gains in spectral efficiency at the cost of increased energy consumption for an unbalanced heterogeneous wireless network deployment scenario. In prior work, based on the assumption that all cellular operators under study were equally well-provisioned, we showed an increase in spectral efficiency of up to 75%. In the research presented in this paper, we assume the coverage of each operator might differ significantly in a given area. With this `unbalanced' scenario, we show that an ideal, centralized allocation strategy provides an almost linear tradeoff between gain in spectral efficiency (554%) and worst-case increase in energy consumption (615%) for users supporting elastic traffic.

Light emitting diodes (LED), which are available as small monochromatic light sources with characteristic features such as maximum illumination power combined with minimum energy consumption and extremely long lifespan have already proved as a highly potential low-cost alternative for specific diagnostic applications in clinical medicine such as tuberculosis fluorescence microscopy. Likewise, the most reliable evaluation of Her-2/neu (c-erbB2) gene amplification, which has been established in the last few years for routine diagnosis in clinical pathology as determinant towards Herceptin-based treatment of patients with breast cancer, is based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and corresponding high priced fluorescence equipment. In order to test the possibility to utilize the advantages of low-cost LED technology on FISH analysis of c-erbB2 gene expression for routine diagnostic purposes, the applicability of a standard bright field Carl Zeiss Axiostar Plus microscope equipped with a Fraen AFTER* LED Fluorescence Microscope Kit for the detection of Her-2/neu gene signals was compared to an advanced Nikon Eclipse 80i fluorescence microscope in combination with a conventional 100W mercury vapor lamp. Both microscopes were fitted with the same Quicam FAST CCD digital camera to unequivocally compare the quality of the captured images. C-erbB2 gene expression was analyzed in 30 different human tissue samples of primary invasive breast cancer, following formalin fixation and subsequent paraffin-embedding. The Her2/neu gene signals (green) were identifiable in the tumor cells in all cases and images of equal quality were captured under almost identical conditions by 480 nm (blue) LED module equipped standard Axiostar microscope as compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy. In this first attempt, these monochromatic LED elements proved in principle to be suitable for the detection of Her-2/neu gene expression by FISH. Thus, our own experiences emphasize the high potential of this technology to provide a serious alternative to conventional fluorescence microscopy in routine pathology; representing a sustainable technological progress, this low-cost technology will clearly give direction also to the growing field of molecular pathology.

We investigated the effect of electrode gap width on oxide removal in vacuum arc cleaning. Experimental observations revealed that there exists a critical electrode gap width across which cleaning action changes. The oxide removal rate increases and surface roughness decreases when the electrode gap width is shorter than this critical value. The energy consumption for oxide removal was reduced by more than 50% by decreasing the gap width to widths below the critical value. D

The reduction of acidity of passion fruit juice was investigated by electrodialysis (ED) with bipolar membranes (BM) at the laboratory and pre-industrial scale. Four states of juice were tested: initial pulpy juice, juice clarified by tangential microfiltration, twice-concentrated clarified juice, centrifuged juice. The ED performances were compared in terms of deacidification rate, current efficiency, and energy consumption. The deacidification was carried out up to pH 4.5 with satisfactory results. ED performances were lower with the pulpy and concentrated juices because of fouling of the anion-exchange membrane, which increased voltage. The differences in acidity between the juices was reduced by the pre-industrial ED stack, which involved better hydrodynamics through high flow rates and low compartment thickness. Whatever the juices, physico-chemical analysis showed that colour changed only slightly.

Abstract. The paper presents an overview of public lighting energy consumption of (road and urban lighting) in Slovenian municipalities between 2007 and 2011. It discusses significant improvements in the quality of public lighting resulting from the increasing awareness of the importance of public lighting and technological possibilities available on the lighting market. Three case studies of recent lighting renovations in Slovenian municipalities are analysed to enable assessment of energy consumption reduction one can expect from increasing efficiency of lighting installations.

Ulaşım türlerinin gelişimi ve mekansal yapıların gelişimi sürekli birbirleriyle ve nüfus ile etkileşim halindedir. Bu faktörleri şekillendiren faktörler, farklı coğrafyalara bağlı olarak farklılıklar göstermektedirler. Bu çalışmada, Ankara örneğinde, ulaşım türlerinin enerji tüketimlerine ...

Like all industrialised countries, Belgium accepted to diminish its greenhouse gas emissions in the frame of the Kyoto agreement. On top of the list ®gures CO 2. A major emission source for CO 2 is burning fossil fuels. As the residential sector accounts for 28% of the country's annual energy consumption and as this consumption mainly concerns fossil fuels, it has an equally important share in the CO 2 release. Hence, at ®rst sight, the best policy for a decrease is by improving the energy ef®ciency. The question to be solved, however, is which improvement could generate the reduction needed? This study discusses a methodology and comments simulations that help in answering that question. The results are not as simple as one should like. The housing stock in fact acts as a conservatory system. For the case being, the impact of energy ef®cient new construction on the CO 2 release remains quite marginal if the period considered does not extend beyond a decade. The effect becomes signi®cant only over a longer period, on condition that more stringent energy ef®ciency measures are combined with a shift from new construction to retro®t and reconstruction. Also a diminishing increase in the number of households may help in reducing energy consumption and CO 2 release.

A mathematical model of plug flow fluidized bed dryers has been formulated. The model was based on analytical equations previously derived to simulate well-mixed fluidized bed dryers, combined with axial dispersion theory. It was implemented on Microsoft Excel 2000; the calculations were fully automated with the aid of a macro programmed in Visual Basic. The model outputs include moisture, temperature and specific energy consumption profiles along the length of the dryer, the condition of the outlet streams, and the overall specific energy consumption. The effects of dryer geometry and the principal operating parameters were investigated and followed logical trends. Dispersion had a negligible effect on the results under the industrially realistic conditions employed in the simulations. The outlet moisture content of the solids was found to depend on the difference between the temperature and dewpoint of the exhaust air and the drying kinetics. Specific energy consumption increased with decreasing outlet moisture content and was in good agreement with values calculated assuming an ideal adiabatic dryer.

Inherent to the wireless sensor networks are the two major problems of the broadcasting vulnerability, the limited computational capability and power budget. Even though security is a must in most applications, current sophisticated security protocols are not amenable to the primitiveness of the sensors. In this paper, we introduce a novel security protocol for wireless network of sensors that is very secure, yet simple and efficient. At the core of our security protocol is a simple and fast stream cipher cryptosystem that utilizes permutation vectors as encryption keys, forcing an intruder to a brute-force time complexity of Ω(2 n). In addition, our mechanism alleviates the effect of sensor capture, via its synchronized re-keying feature. In addition to the encryption efficiency, our system utilizes the group deployment of newly joining sensors for sensors power budgeting considerations. Experimental results show very promising future of our system in the wireless networks domain, excelling over other peers of modern cryptosystems (AES, DES, TripleDES), especially in the power budget arena.

ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN MECHANICALLY-CONSTRAINED ULTRA-THIN FILMS SECTION 1.0-INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Oregon State University (OSU) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to conduct research focused on resolving the key technical issues that limited the deployment of efficient and extremely compact microtechnology based heat actuated absorption heat pumps and gas absorbers. Success in demonstrating these technologies will reduce the main barriers to the deployment of a technology that can significantly reduce energy consumption in the building, automotive and industrial sectors while providing a technology that can improve our ability to sequester CO 2. The

The growing computing demand from industry and academia has lead to excessive power consumption which not only impacting long term sustainability of Grids like infrastructures in terms of energy cost but also from environmental perspective. The problem can be addressed by replacing with more energy efficient infrastructures, but the process of switching to new infrastructure is not only costly but also time consuming. Grid being consist of several HPC centers under different administrative domain, make problem more difficult. Thus, for reduction in energy consumption, we address the challenge by effectively distributing compute-intensive parallel applications on grid. We presented a metascheduling algorithm which exploits the heterogeneous nature of Grid to achieve reduction in energy consumption. Simulation results show that out algorithm HAMA can significantly improve the energy efficiency of global grids by a factor of typically 23% and as much as a factor of 50% in some cases while meeting user's QoS requirements

Ultra-wideband (UWB) has been proposed for physical layer standard for high speed wireless personal area networks (WPAN). It has emerged as cost effective and reliable alternative to traditional wireless technologies in WPANs. This paper describes low complexity high data rate Ultrawideband system based on Wimedia communication protocol. It intends to evaluate the performance of Wimedia-UWB wireless networks communication for spatial and aeronautic systems. The paper suggests a simulation model using NS-2 simulator to assess the feasibility of such networks and analyses it performance by providing high data-rate wireless communication.

The increasing competition in refinery industries, reducing refinery plant's costs, minimizing measurement errors and environmental issues lead to growing interest in modeling, simulation and optimization of refineries. Real time optimization (RTO) of the process units is one of the most effective ways for enhancing economic performance and reducing overhead costs of chemical plants. This method has a fully automated system, which intelligently collects and processes main outputs of the plant. Modifications of plant operating conditions have been implemented in order to reduce costs and meet constraints. Many objectives can be reached by implementation of RTO in refinery industries such as: automatically optimizing plant's performance, automatically performing fault detection, elimination and modification of random errors (Data reconciliation), modification of nonrandom errors (Gross Error Detection), intelligent computation of data which are not measurable, calculating and reporting consumption of raw materials, products production and energy consumption of the entire plant and the equipments at any time. In this article we studied the RTO implementation profits in oil industries and the effect of different parameters on the refinery processes performance. The medium term plan of the Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) on developing RTO technology in IRAN oil industry is presented.

Since machine tools are used extensively throughout their functional life and consequently consuming valuable natural resources and emitting harmful pollutants during this time, this study reviews strategies for characterizing and reducing the energy consumption of milling machine tools during their use. The power demanded by a micromachining center while cutting low carbon steel under varied material removal rates was measured to model the specific energy of the machine tool. Thereafter the power demanded was studied for cutting aluminum and polycarbonate work pieces for the purpose of comparing the difference in cutting power demand relative to that of steel.

We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldquohotspotsrdquo and estimate how energy consumption will grow with increasing network capacity. Todaypsilas Internet uses less than 1% of the available electricity supply. However, network energy consumption could grow substantially as access rates increase.

The solar energy potential of underutilized urban rooftops in Peru was analyzed. • A model was elaborated for mediumsized Peruvian cities with GIS. • Life Cycle Assessment was used to compute environmental impacts. • Results demonstrate that self-sufficiency in electricity production is attainable. • Substantial climate change mitigation could be accomplished with this layout.

Cloud computing relies on the collection and distribution of services from internet-based data centers. With the large resource pool available in internet wide range of users are accessing the cloud. Load balance is important feature involving resource allocation to prevent overloading of any system or optimal use of resources. Major load in cloud network are concerned with CPU, memory and network. This cloud computing aspect has not yet earned too much coverage. Although load balancing is an important feature for cloud computing, concurrent computing etc. In these areas, several algorithms were suggested to solve load balance problem. However, it does recommend very few cloud computing algorithms. Given that cloud storage differs considerably from all other environments, particular load balancing algorithm should will built in sort to serve its needs. This work proposes novel load-balancing algorithm based on artificial bee colony algorithm and load balancing min-min scheduling algorithm for balancing load in cloud computing network. Simulation here is carried out in clouds to generate comparative results. Improving on various parameters like power consumption, resource utilization, stability of system are some major areas focused on. This work has used algorithm that has the best efficiency of resources, optimal performance, minimal response time, scalability and durability in integrated resource planning.

The aim of this experimental study was to reduce electric energy consumption in marble cutting operation. We designed a prototype circular saw block cutting machine for marble cutting experiments. Fully computer-controlled this experimental setup has a LabVIEW based data acquisition and control system. In this study, manual and automatic cutting experiments were performed for three natural rocks (Cankiri beige and Afyon white marble and Denizli travertine). In experiments, travel speed is kept fixed in manual mode as usual in industry. Travel speed is controlled in automatic mode during the cutting process. Travel speed is controlled depending on specific energy. It is observed that, if automatic cutting is performed, electric energy saving can be provided in all of three rocks. Though energy saving is provided in all of three rocks, the best energy saving is provided in Cankiri beige marble.

Several industrialized countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol, promising to reduce greenhouse gasses 8 (GHG) emissions. To reduce or mitigate such emissions several policies including reducing energy con-9 sumption, increasing energy efficiency, decreasing energy intensity and forestation may be possible. The 10 viability and effectiveness of each policy may differ due to country specific factors. This paper tries to 11 assess the impact of a change in energy consumption on income and vice versa in G-7 countries. We employ 12 multivariate cointegration, error correction models and generalized variance decompositions and uncover 13 Granger causality relation between energy consumption and income in all countries. However, the direction 14 of causality seems to differ across countries. This may suggest that although they are at the same level of 15 economic development, different policy alternatives in support of the protocol may be available in each 16 country.

Ultrafiltration has been accepted as a highly attractive separation process to treat oily wastewaters. The use of ultrafiltration is particularly interesting for the treatment of stable oil-in-water emulsions, such as cutting oil emulsions, since the value of the recovered solid oil waste is high. However, the efficiency of ultrafiltration is limited by membrane fouling and concentration polarisation, resulting in a permeate flux decrease, and therefore, increasing energy consumption of the process. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for energy saving in cross-flow ultrafiltration of a stable oil-in-water emulsion by using a static mixer as a turbulence promoter. Experimental investigations were performed on a zirconia membrane with a nominal pore size of 20 nm using the Kenics TM static mixer as a turbulence promoter. The reduction of the specific energy consumption of over 40% accompanied by the flux increase of up to 600% has been observed during ultrafiltration of fresh cutting oil. Furthermore, the results showed the way how operation parameters should be selected in order to achieve optimal process performance of the ultrafiltration with inserted static mixer.

The paper presents researches on increasing the energetic & economic efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion by designing and optimizing a dual-axis tracking mechanism that simultaneously changes the position of the panels using two motor sources; the driving source for the daily motion is a rotary motor, while the seasonal motion is performed with a linear actuator. The main task in optimizing the tracking mechanism is to maximize the energetic gain by increasing the solar input and minimizing the energy consumption for tracking. The design strategy aims to identify the optimum angular field for the daily motion, as well as the optimum actuating time in the step-by-step motion. The study is made by developing the virtual prototype of the tracking mechanism, in the mechatronic concept.

The enclosed lift lobby distinguishes itself as a unique form of region categorised under building transitional spaces. This paper reports on an evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in a prominent transitional space in buildings which is the enclosed lift lobby of an educational institution in Malaysia, using field survey which included objective measurement and subjective assessment. The temperature set-point of air conditioner was increased and maintained at 26°C to investigate the human thermal perceptions in the enclosed region. Comparison was made on the percentage of thermal sensation, preference, acceptability and general comfort votes obtained from field survey. The outcomes clearly indicated that the human thermal perception in the enclosed lift lobby would be directly proportional to the level of human occupancy, and any sudden temperature change could lead to thermal discomfort of occupants. The respondents generally preferred to have cooler environment, rather than w...

The transportation sector is responsible for 37% of the total final energy consumption in Jordan, with passenger cars taking a share of 57% in this sector. Improvement of the energy efficiency of the transportation sector can help in alleviating socio-economic pressures resulting from the inflating fuel bill and in lowering the relatively high CO 2 emission intensity. Current legislations mandate that all passenger cars operating in Jordan are to be powered with spark ignition engines using gasoline fuel. This paper examines potential benefits that can be achieved through the introduction of diesel cars to the passenger cars market in Jordan. Three scenarios are suggested for implementation and investigated with a forecasting model on the basis of local and global trends over the period 2007-2027. It is demonstrated that introducing diesel passenger cars can slow down the growth of energy consumption in the transportation sector resulting in significant savings in the national fuel bill. It is also shown that this is an effective and feasible option for cutting down CO 2 emissions. r

A wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) demands ultra low power and energy efficient protocols. Medium access control (MAC) layer plays a pivotal role for energy management in WBASN. Moreover, idle listening is the dominant energy waste in most of the MAC protocols. WBASN exhibits wide range of traffic variations based on different physiological data emanating from the monitored patient. For example, electrocardiogram data rate is multiple times more in comparison with body temperature rate. In this context, we propose a novel energy efficient traffic-aware dynamic (TAD) MAC protocol for WBASN. The protocol relies on dynamic adaptation of wake-up interval based on a traffic status register bank. The proposed technique allows the wake-up interval to converge to a steady state for fixed and variable traffic rates, which results in optimized energy consumption. A comparison with other energy efficient protocols for three different widely used radio chips i.e. cc2420, cc1000 and amis52100 is presented. The results show that TAD-MAC outperforms all the other protocols under fixed and variable traffic rates. Finally lifetime of a WBASN was estimated and found to be 3 to 6 times better than other protocols.

In this paper, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks like 3GPP LTE-Advanced. This technology is a key enabler for next generation cellular networks which are about to increase by an order of magnitude the capacity provided to users. Such an objective needs a significative densification of cells which requires an efficient backhauling infrastructure. In many urban areas as well as under-developed countries, wireless mesh networking is the only available solution. Besides, economical and environmental concerns require that the energy expenditure of such infrastructure is optimized.

The development of urbanization is accelerating in China, and there are great pressures and opportunities in cities to reduce carbon emissions. An emissions inventory is a basic requirement for analyzing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), their potential reduction and to realize low-carbon development of cities. This study describes a method to establish a GHGs emissions inventory in Chinese cities for 6 emission sources including industrial energy consumption, transportation, household energy consumption, commercial energy consumption, industrial processes and waste. Nanjing city was selected as a representative case to analyze the characteristics of carbon emissions in Chinese cities. The results show that carbon emissions in Nanjing have increased nearly 50% during the last decade. The three largest GHGs contributors were industrial energy consumption, industrial processes and transportation, which contributed 37-44%, 35-40% and 6-10%, respectively, to the total GHGs emissions. Per GDP carbon emissions decreased by 55% from 2002 to 2009, and the per capita and per GDP carbon emissions were comparable or even lower than the world average levels. These results have important policy implications for Chinese cities to control their carbon emissions.