Vibrio cholerae

Bu makale güncellenerek yeniden yayınlanmıştır. Bakınız: https://www.academia.edu/79393415/_Bir_Hastalık_Olarak_Kolera_ve_Tarihte_Kolera_Pandemileri_Bitmeyen_Hikaye_Küresel_Salgın_Çağında_Tarihe_Yeniden_Bakmak_Salgın_Hastalıklar_ve_Kamu_Sağlığı_Pratikleri_Ed_İsmail_Yaşayanlar_İstanbul_Tarih_Vakfı_Yurt_Yayınları_2022_s_59_70

Background: This study compared the diversity of common diarrhoeal pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in four hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 13,959 diarrhoea patients, comprising rural Mirzapur [2,820), rural Matlab (2,865), urban Dhaka (5,287) and urban Mirpur (2,987) were included under the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b during 2010-2011; stool specimens were tested for Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. Results: Rotavirus was highest in Mirzapur (28%) followed by Dhaka (24%), Matlab (19%) and Mirpur (18%). Overall, Shigella was significantly more prevalent in rural sites (Mirzapur 13% and Matlab 7%), than in urban sites (Dhaka 3% and Mirpur 3%). Vibrio cholerae was more common in the urban sites of Dhaka (14%) and Mirpur (12%). 72% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in Mirzapur, and 88% to mecillinam. In Dhaka, the figures for Shigella were 65% and 50%, in Matlab 65% and ...

Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Vibrio cholerae belonging to non-O1, non-O139 serogroups isolated during 1997 to 1998 in Calcutta, India, were investigated. Out of the 94 strains examined, 22 strains were found to have class I integrons. The gene cassettes identified were dfrA1, dfrA15, dfrA5, and dfrA12 for trimethoprim; aac(6)-Ib for amikacin and tobramycin; aadA1 and aadA2 for streptomycin and spectinomycin; and ereA2 for erythromycin resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of dfrA5, dfrA12, aac(6)-Ib, and ereA2 cassettes in class I integrons of V. cholerae. Forty-three of 94 strains also had plasmids, and out of these, 14 contained both class I integrons and plasmids. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis followed by Southern hybridization revealed that in the 14 plasmid-bearing strains, class I integrons resided either on chromosomes, on plasmids, or on both. Our results indicated that besides class I integrons and plasmids, a conjugative transposon element, SXT, possibly contributed to the multiple antibiotic resistance.

Macroalgal blooms may lead to dramatic changes in physicochemical variables and biogeochemical cycling in affected waters. However, little is known about the effects of macroalgal blooms on marine bacteria, especially those functioning in nutrient cycles. We measured environmental factors and investigated bacterial diazotrophs in two niches, surface waters that were covered (CC) and non-covered (CF) with massive macroalgal canopies of Ulva prolifera, in the Yellow Sea in the summer of 2011 using real-time PCR and clone library analysis of nifH genes. We found that heterotrophic diazotrophs (Gammaproteobacteria) dominated the communities and were mostly represented by Vibrio-related phylotypes in both CC and CF. Desulfovibrio-related phylotypes were only detected in CC. There were significant differences in community composition in these two environments (p < 0.001) and a much higher abundance of nifH in CC (4.55 x106 copies l-1) than in CF (2.49 x106 copies l-1). The nifH copy number was inversely related to concentrations of ammonium and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and to the stoichiometric ratios of N:P and N:Si. This indicates that macroalgal blooms significantly affect diazotrophic abundance and community composition and that vibrios and Desulfovibrio-related heterotrophic diazotrophs adapt well to the (N-rich but P-limited) environment during blooming. Potential ecological and microbiological mechanisms behind this scenario are discussed.

The factors that enhance the waterborne spread of bacterial epidemics and sustain the epidemic strain in nature are unclear. Although the epidemic diarrheal disease cholera is known to be transmitted by water contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, routine isolation of ...

Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor BX 330286 was isolated from a water sample in Australia in 1986, 9 years after an indigenous outbreak of cholera occurred in that region. This environmental strain encodes virulence factors highly similar to those of clinical strains, suggesting an ability to cause disease in humans. We demonstrate its high similarity in gene content and genome-wide nucleotide sequence to clinical V. cholerae strains, notably to pre-seventh pandemic O1 El Tor strains isolated in 1910 (V. cholerae NCTC 8457) and 1937 (V. cholerae MAK 757), as well as seventh pandemic strains isolated after 1960 globally. Here we demonstrate that this strain represents a transitory clone with shared characteristics between pre-seventh and seventh pandemic strains of V. cholerae. Interestingly, this strain was isolated 25 years after the beginning of the seventh pandemic, suggesting the environment as a genome reservoir in areas where cholera does not occur in sporadic, endemic or epidemic form.

Cholera toxin, secreted by Vibrio cholerae, consists of A and B subunits. The latter binds to G M1 -ganglioside receptors as a pentamer (∼55 kDa). Tomato plants were transformed with the gene encoding cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB) along with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (SEKDEL) under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR and Southern analysis confirmed the presence of the ctxB gene in transformed tomato plants. Northern analysis showed the presence of the ctxB-specific transcript. Immunoblot assays of the plant-derived protein extract showed the presence of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) with mobility similar to purified CTB from V. cholerae. Both tomato leaves and fruits expressed CTB at levels up to 0.02 and 0.04% of total soluble protein, respectively. The G M1 -ELISA showed that the plant-derived CTB bound specifically to G M1 -ganglioside receptor, suggesting that it retained its native pentameric form. This study forms a basis for exploring the utility of CTB to develop tomato-based edible vaccines against cholera.

Background: Cholera is a major public health problem in developing countries of the world. Bacterial resistance, lack of surveillance data and proper microbiological facilities are major problems regarding diagnosis of cholera. The spread of microbial drug resistance is a global public health challenge that results in increased illness and death rate. Newer antimicrobials or agents are urgently required to overcome this problem. This work was therefore done to investigate the antimicrobial potential of onion against thirty-three clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. Methods: The extract was prepared by reflux extraction method. Antibacterial screening of clinical isolates of V. cholerae was done by agar well diffusion method. Agar dilution method was used to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results: All tested strains of V. cholerae were sensitive to onion (Allium cepa) extracts of two types (purple and yellow). Purple type of extract had MIC range of 19.2-21.6 mg/ml. The extract of yellow type onion had an MIC range of 66-68.4 mg/ml. Conclusion: The results indicated that onion (Allium cepa) has an inhibitory effect on V. cholerae. Keeping in view the anti-bacterial activity of this compound can be exploited as a therapeutic agent in an animal model. This finding is a positive point for further investigation of this herb of traditional medicine.

Aims: To determine the presence of Vibrio cholerae in different areas of Argentina in three sample types, to determine the composition of planktonic communities in areas at which this pathogen was detected and to characterize the virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance of the recovered environmental isolates. Methods and Results: Water and plankton samples were collected in marine, brackish and freshwater environments. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was isolated in 36AE1% of the samples analysed. The microorganism was detected in freshwater but not in marine or brackish samples. No relationship was found between isolation of V. cholerae and presence of any species of plankton. All the isolates presented very similar virulence profiles by PCR, lacking ctxA and tcpA El Tor and containing hlyA (98AE7%), rtxA (99AE0%), toxR (98AE7%) and stnsto (1AE9%). Resistance to ampicillin was found in both Tucumán (21%) and Buenos Aires isolates (45%). Conclusions: We identified two geographic areas in Argentina where V. cholerae was present: freshwaters of the rivers from Tucumán and the Río de la Plata. Significance and Impact of the Study: The identification of V. cholerae strains in the environment, carrying both virulence factors and resistance to antimicrobial agents, highlight the need for a continuous and active surveillance of this pathogen.

The marine sponge Sigmadocia fibulatus, collected from Tuticorin coast, was studied for antibacterial and antifungal activity of proteins. Sponge species identified based on spicules morphology. Chloroform and aqueous extracts yielded a total amount of 6.8g and 5.5g from 500g of sponge respectively. Crude protein from the sponge was extracted the concentration of 2.82 g/mL in aqueous and 1.93 mg/mL in chloroform extract. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract against bacterial and fungal pathogens showed the clear inhibition zone against Vibrio cholerae and Aspergillus niger in chloroform extract and aqueous extracts showed clear inhibition zone for Pseudomonas sp. and Candida albicans. Both the extracts exhibited hemolytic activity which was estimated as 11.09ht/mg for chloroform extract and 9.8ht/mg for aqueous extract. The partial purification of protein is done by using DEAE cellulose. On SDS-PAGE the crude protein yielded three well defined bands at 109.9, 28.2, 12.4 KDa in both the extracts. The Fatty acid profile showed the dominance of myristic acid (14.67%) in the case of aqueous and chloroform extracts.

In this paper, an age-structured epidemic model is formulated to describe the transmission dynamics of cholera. The PDE model incorporates direct and indirect transmission pathways, infection-age-dependent infectivity and variable periods of infectiousness. Under some suitable assumptions, the PDE model can be reduced to the multi-stage models investigated in the literature. By using the method of Lyapunov function, we established the dynamical properties of the PDE model, and the results show that the global dynamics of the model is completely determined by the basic reproduction number R 0 : if R 0 < 1 the cholera dies out, and if R 0 > 1 the disease will persist at the endemic equilibrium. Then the global results obtained for multi-stage models are extended to the general continuous age model.

Bacterial ghosts are attractive for use as non-living vaccines and as carriers of heterologous antigens of vaccine relevance. Ghosts were prepared from Vibrio cholerae strains of O1 or O139 serogroup after growth under culture conditions, which favor or repress the production of toxin-coregulated pili (TCP). Immunoblotting confirmed the TCP status of these V. cholerae ghosts (VCG), which retained the cellular morphology and envelope sub-component profile of viable bacteria. Rabbits were immunized with VCGs prepared from O139 bacteria with TCP-positive or TCP-negative phenotypes and the resulting sera assayed for antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to TCP. Regardless of the TCP status of the VCG preparations used for immunization, all animals produced antibodies to LPS as demonstrated in bactericidal assays. These antibodies were probably responsible for the capacity of the antisera to confer passive immunity to challenge with the homologous O139 strain in the infant mouse cholera model (IMCM). Only following immunization with TCP-positive VCG, however, were antibodies to TCP generated, as judged by the potential of antisera to mediate protection against a challenge strain of heterologous serogroup.

On October 6, 2017, an outbreak of cholera was declared in Zambia after laboratory confirmation of Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, from stool specimens from two patients with acute watery diarrhea. The two patients had gone to a clinic in Lusaka, the capital city, on October 4. Cholera cases increased rapidly, from several hundred cases in early December 2017 to approximately 2,000 by early January 2018 (Figure). In collaboration with partners, the Zambia Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a multifaceted public health response that included increased chlorination of the Lusaka municipal water supply, provision of emergency water supplies, water quality monitoring and testing, enhanced surveillance, epidemiologic investigations, a cholera vaccination campaign, aggressive case management and health care worker training, and laboratory testing of clinical samples. In late December 2017, a number of water-related preventive actions were initiated, including increasing...

Recent molecular advances in microbiology have greatly improved the detection of bacterial pathogens in the environment. These improvements and a downward trend in the cost of molecular detection methods have contributed to increased frequency of detection of pathogenic microorganisms where traditional culture-based detection methods have failed. Culture methods also have been greatly improved, and the confluence of the two suites of methods provides a powerful tool for detection, isolation, and characterization of pathogens. While molecular detection provides data on the presence and type of pathogens, culturing methods allow a researcher to preserve the organism of interest for "-omics" studies, such as genomic, metabolomic, secretomic, and transcriptomic analysis, which are rapidly becoming more affordable. This has yielded a clearer understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of microorganisms that cause disease. In this unit, we present commonly accepted methods for isolation, detection, and characterization of V. cholerae, providing more extensive knowledge of the ecology and epidemiology of this organism. This unit has been fully revised and updated from the earlier version with the latest knowledge and additional information not previously included. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 26:6A.5.

Le choléra se traduit par un syndrome clinique associant une diarrhée et une déshydratation d'une importance telle qu'elle peut entraîner la mort aussi bien d'enfants que d'adultes. Il se manifeste sous forme d'épidémies touchant les pays en développement et dans ces pays, les populations les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables. Les symptômes sont dus principalement à la toxine synthétisée par Vibrio cholerae du groupe antigénique O1 et également depuis 1992 du groupe O139. Les études de l'écosystème hydrique qui permet la survie du vibrion et le séquençage complet du génome de la bactérie sont des étapes importantes dans la connaissance de cette maladie. Les dernières années ont aussi vu la mise au point de vaccins oraux de nouvelle génération. La protection qu'ils confèrent est encore très imparfaite et la lutte contre le choléra repose toujours sur des mesures simples et classiques : prise en charge précoce et réhydratation des cas ; accès à l'eau potable, hygiène alimentaire et hygiène des excreta. © 2004 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés.

Pandemics Throughout History and Their Effects on Society Life
Abstract
One of the important factors to be considered in the explanation and interpretation of history is pandemic diseases. The nature of the pandemic diseases, ways of prevention and treatments are not fully known for a long time.
People saw the disease as a wrath of God until they learned the nature of the epidemic, and often placed a blessing on it. Many diseases with an endemic, epidemic and pandemic character have been experienced since ancient times and millions of people have died in these outbreaks. Plague, malaria, cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus and syphilis are important epidemic diseases that cause mass death. However, all of these could not produce outbreaks while would affect several continents of the world. We can only say that plague, cholera and influenza diseases are pandemic epidemics and that affect people globally known. The world has experienced from antiquity to the present, more than ten influenza pandemics with three plagues, seven cholera, and the outbreak we are experiencing today. Epidemic
outbreaks of smallpox, malaria and yellow fever which caused the death of many people, were at least as effective as these three diseases.
The reason for the high destruction of all pandemics is that the disease is not fully recognized. Therefore, the mortality rates were high, and the spreading areas were wide. Epidemics/pandemics deeply affected social life economically, socially, psychologically, culturally, politically, religiously, geographically and many more.
Keywords: pandemic, plague, cholera, influenza/flu, pandemics in history, pandemic and society

In the mid-1800s, there was much debate about the origin or 'exciting cause' of cholera. Despite much confusion surrounding the disease, the so-called miasma theory emerged as the prevalent account about cholera's cause. Going against this mainstream view, the British physician John Snow inferred several things about cholera's origin and pathology that no one else inferred. Without observing the vibrio cholerae, however,-data unavailable to Snow and his colleagues-, there was no way of settling the question of what exactly was causing cholera and how, or if, it was passed on. The question then arises as to how Snow arrived at conclusions so systematically different from those of his opponents. In this paper, I want to look at Snow's reasoning in some detail, and show that there were certain principles, explanatory power in particular, that were epistemologically important to Snow in their own right. I will show that Snow himself takes explanatory power to be an epistemic property, and makes explicit links between explanatory power and confirmation. Systematically juxtaposing Snow's claims and his opponents', I will show that Snow was right to tout the explanatory power of his theory, and that his conclusions about the epistemic superiority of his theory over that of the miasmatists' were justified.

En 1885 Madrid sufrió, por última vez en su historia, la invasión de una epidemia de cólera asiático. El 'huésped del Ganges' ocasionó 1.366 defunciones durante los 133 días que se prolongó su ataque y desencadenó una grave crisis de orden higiénico, social y político. El presente trabajo reconstruye el curso que siguió la epidemia, centrándose en las condiciones de vida de los barrios pobres que más sufrieron la acometida del cólera, en los estallidos de pánico social que se produjeron entre las clases pudientes de la ciudad por el temor al contagio, en la serie de motines populares producidos ante las medidas dictadas por las autoridades políticas y sanitarias y en el plan de defensa desplegado por la municipalidad para hacer frente al avance de la enfermedad.

This is the syllabus for my advanced undergraduate class, "Global History of Health." First taught in 2009 with my former colleague, Rachel Scott (now of DePaul University), this course combines the analytical perspectives of genetics, paleopathology, and documentary history to chart the origins, proliferation, globalization, and (to varying degrees) identification and control of eight major globally distributed diseases.

Those diseases are: malaria, tuberculosis, smallpox, plague, leprosy, syphilis, cholera, and HIV/AIDS. A separate file posted here on Academia.edu (also under my "Global Health - Teaching Documents" section) is a chart outlining the eight diseases and major elements of their histories.

Feel free to contact me if you want additional information on any of the topics I address here. My e-mail is: monica.h.green@gmail.com. (NOTE: As noted above, this course was developed jointly with my former colleague in bioarchaeology. The course used to be taught cross-listed with courses in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at ASU. As of 2018, SHESC terminated its affiliation with me.)

This thesis comprises an introduction and five chapters. The introduction contains the objectives of the work, the methodology adopted, the texts analysed, a concise state of the art of the field of research, and presents an overview of the subsequent parts.

In the first chapter, I discuss the scientific and historical information necessary to study cholera as a literary theme. I start by considering the ecological life cycle of the cholera-causing pathogen. I then turn to the medical aspects of the disease: its causes and transmission (aetiology), its symptoms and development (pathology), its distribution within society (epidemiology), how it is prevented (prophylaxis), and the treatments available (therapy). Afterwards, I delineate the history of cholera, initially pondering on its supposed Indian origins and some representative historical sources, and moving next to the history of the seven pandemics (from 1817 to the present). This chapter contains a concise exploration of the effects of the disease in fields as diverse as politics, economics, science and urbanism. Besides, it also reveals the ties existing between the cholera outbreaks and the lives of numerous artists.

The complex and wide-ranging reactions to cholera in art and culture are discussed in the ensuing chapters, which are organised around different cultural and artistic phenomena.

Chapter 2 is dedicated to one of the first reactions to the new scourge of cholera: alarmism and hysteria. By relying on the works of several historians, I show how medical, political and cultural discourses at the first decades of the 19th-century presented cholera as the New Black Death and promised the effacement of at least a quarter of the European population. As part of this reasoning, I employ memoirs and letters in which writers (Dumas, Charlotte Stoker, Chateaubriand) describe the outbreaks of the early 1830s to indicate how they downplay and ignore some of its characteristics, while, at the same time, exaggerate and even invent others. I analyse next the texts The Revolt of Islam (1818) by Percy Shelley and The Last Man (1826) by Mary Shelley, drawing, in the last case, comparisons to the celebrated A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe.

In Chapter 3, I survey the opposite behaviour of belittlement and denial, which formed as a response to the exaggerations promising doom and gloom. I discuss how theses texts contain many comical elements and play around with matters of truthfulness and the boundaries between fact and fiction. The chapter dedicates especial attention to G. G. Belli’s Er Còllera Mòribbus and Heinrich Heine’s The Cholera in Paris, but it already draws numerous parallels to other texts, as well as caricatures. 

In Chapter 4, I consider how fear and anxiety are musicalized by 19th-century science. These emotions are thought as predisposing to illness, something which entails consequences for the social role of literature. To deal with this complex issue, I enumerate reasons why cholera is so frightful, before passing to two of its topoi: the exaggeration of promptness and speed. I also show how the entertainment offered by literature is not only a valuable asset in times of epidemics, but it is even thought of a kind of medical therapy. To prove this point, I interpret the short-stories Histoire du Choléra by Jules Janin. The reflection then turns to some of the most widespread cultural reactions to cholera: silence, denial and taboo. I contemplate why some literary texts adopt a consistent strategy of ignoring the disease (Balzac and La Comédie Humaine), and how others, even when discussing it, make an extensive effort not to utter its name (Harriet Martineau's Deerbrook, Paul Heyse's Judith Stern). Following that, I turn to the 19th-century’s condemnation of the portrayal of disgusting themes in literature to show how authors who transgressed cultural taboos ran the risk of being censured and perhaps even arrested. Along with other factors, that pressure acted to limit the literary imagination in ways that conformed to cultural sensitivities – as exemplified by a discussion of Death in Venice, in which cholera is utterly sanitized.

After deliberating over these two crucial phenomena conditioning the appearance of cholera in literature – namely, fatalism and derision (Chapters 2 and 3) and fear, taboo and avoidance (Chapter 4) –, I turn in the next chapter to the study of alterity. Since the spread of epidemics is supposedly traceable, individuals and institutions habitually engage during outbreaks into a search for the origin and the cause of the scourge. Often, this search leads to the condemnation of scape-goats – habitually chosen from suspicious and undesirable groups –, which are then affronted and eventually persecuted as sacrificial victims. That is also the case for cholera, so in the last chapter, I peruse how certain groups where consistently blamed in literature for the eruption and spread of the epidemic. 

Thus, chapter five investigates cholera as an internal threat posed by the poor. After reviewing the appearance of the “lower classes” and the “criminal classes” in 19th-century literature, I survey how cholera texts engage with the theme vigorously in a way as to portrait the disease as afflicting almost exclusively the destitute. Thus, if at the global level cholera is the disease of “Orientals”, within national boundaries, it becomes the disease of “the Poor”. I suggest that this shift from the outside to the inside menace is observable in literature in three ways: the representation of the poor as foreigners and, more importantly, savages; the growing appearance of anonymous rioting crowds in fiction; and high emphasis on the transgressive parlance of the lower classes.

Finally, in the Conclusion, I review and summarise my arguments, and hold that several of the issues discussed previously are still relevant today. I maintain that the study of cholera as a literary theme is relevant because it offers new insights about old and new works of art. Strictly speaking, it has much to contribute for a deeper understanding of literature dealing with disease, disability or other epidemics, especially the recent ones: HIV/AIDS, Ebola, imaginary pathogens, and, obviously, COVID-19. More broadly, however, it resonates into many other cultural, social and political issues of great relevance, such as the pernicious outbreak narratives built around the on-going Coronavirus pandemic; the widespread circulation of denialism; the growth of sectarianism, racism and xenophobia; the proliferation of fake news and disinformation campaigns; and, above all, the colossal menace of climate change.

II. Abdülhamid ve pandemi. 2019 yılının son çeyreğinden bu yana yaklaşık iki yıldır covid-19 yahut corona olarak bilinen virüsün ortaya çıkardığı salgın hastalık ile mücadele eden dünya, bugüne kadar buna benzer sayısız hastalık ile karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Bilhassa 19. yüzyılda artan nüfus ve ulaşım imkânları, hastalıkların çok daha hızlı şekilde yayılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu yüzden geçen yüzyılların günümüze benzer salgın hastalıklar, pandemiler ve karantinalar ile dolu olduğunu görmekteyiz. Osmanlı Devleti de her ülke gibi bu hastalıklar ile mücadele etmek durumunda kalmıştır. Çiçek, kızamık, frengi, cüzzam, tifüs, tifo, dizanteri, difteri, verem, boğmaca, sıtma, veba ve kolera hastalıklarının görüldüğü bu yüzyılda günümüzle paralellik gösteren en önemli hastalık kolera olmuştur. 1816’larda Hindistan’da ortaya çıkan ve hızla küresel bir yayılım göstererek 19. yüzyıl boyunca tam 6 kez pandemi ilan edilen bu hastalığa karşı alınan tedbirler, bugün corona virüs için alınan tedbirlerle oldukça benzerdir. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde tahta çıkan ve 33 yıl tahtta kalan Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in (1876-1909) hastalıklara karşı aldığı tedbirler ve ne oranda başarılı olduğu çalışmanın odaklandığı temel konudur. Sultan Abdülhamid’in hastalık, mikrop, hijyen, dezenfeksiyon, tedavi gibi kavramlara nasıl baktığı, bunlara bakış açısında çocukluğu ve şehzadeliği döneminde yaşadığı olayların nasıl etkili olduğu ve bu etkenlerin sultanlığı dönemine nasıl yansıdığı değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca karantina, etüv, tahaffuzhane, kordon vb. uygulamalar ile salgınları önlemede ne gibi başarılar sağlandığı; ülkenin dört bir yanında hangi önemli hastanelerin kurulduğu, modern tıp tekniklerinin ülke topraklarına nasıl getirildiği, bugünkü sağlık sisteminin temellerinin nasıl atıldığı irdelenmiştir.

This essay suggests that there is great value to be gained from looking at the history of the major threats to health that humans have endured throughout human (and even hominin) history.  The possibilities for multi-disciplinary work in the field of global health history have never been richer.  Work in genetics, paleopathology, and traditional forms of documentary History can now be combined to reconstruct the histories of the oldest global diseases (tuberculosis and leprosy) to the newest (HIV/AIDS).  All these narratives show the need to think systematically about the manifold forces that create and sustain diseases throughout the world. http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409409243

Nonenterotoxigenic porcine Escherichia coli strains belonging to the serogroup O45 have been associated with postweaning diarrhea in swine and adhere to intestinal epithelial cells in a characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) pattern. O45 porcine enteropathogenic E. coli (PEPEC) strain 86-1390 induces typical A/E lesions in a pig ileal explant model. Using TnphoA transposon insertion mutagenesis on strain 86-1390, we found a mutant that did not induce A/E lesions. The insertion was identified in a gene designated paa (porcine A/E-associated gene). Sequence analysis of paa revealed an open reading frame of 753 bp encoding a 27.6-kDa protein which displayed 100, 51.8, and 49% homology with Paa of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 strains (EDL933 and Sakai), PEB3 of Campylobacter jejuni, and AcfC of Vibrio cholerae, respectively. Chromosomal localization studies indicated that the region containing paa was inserted between the yciD and yciE genes at about 28.3 min of the E. coli K-12 chromosome. The presence of paa and eae sequences in the porcine O45 strains is highly correlated with the A/E phenotype. However, the observation that three eae-positive but paa-negative PEPEC O45 strains were A/E negative provides further evidence for the importance of the paa gene in the A/E activity of O45 strains. As well, the complementation of the paa mutant restored the A/E activity of the 86-1390 strain, showing the involvement of Paa in PEPEC pathogenicity. These observations suggest that Paa contributes to the early stages of A/E E. coli virulence.

Cholera's impact on Hamilton from 1832 to 1854 was not an event that happened independently and without impact on the surrounding communities. Hamilton was a relatively small town during the early 19th century, and the outbreak of cholera did not go unnoticed. However, being the first stop for many immigrants coming to Canada, many of the surrounding communities had time to prepare and react to the outbreak with different degrees of success. Due to this period being one of growth to many of these communities, some of the challenge in documenting the ways in which cholera impacted these communities was in finding a surviving source from this period. Ancaster, Dundas and Brantford are by far the three towns that contain the best documented material on the reaction and affect of the cholera outbreaks on the communities surrounding Hamilton.

Forty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected over a 7-month period in Chennai, India in 2004 were characterized for gene traits, antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic fingerprints. All 44 isolates were identified as O1 El Tor Ogawa, positive for various toxigenic and pathogenic genes viz. ace, ctxB, hlyA, ompU, ompW, rfbO1, rtx, tcpA, toxR and zot. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the presence of cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the El Tor isolates, suggesting infection of isolates by classical CTXU. Antibiogram analysis showed a broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance that was also confirmed by the presence of resistant genes in the genomes. All isolates contained a class 1 integron and an SXT constin. However, isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tested negative for the chloramphenicol resistant gene suggesting a deletion in SXT constin. Fingerprinting analysis of isolates by ERIC-and Box PCR revealed similar DNA patterns indicating the clonal dissemination of a single predominant V. cholerae O1 strain throughout the 2004 outbreak in Chennai.

clinically relevant pathogens at high frequency. These results demonstrate that otherwise phenotypically sensitive strains may still be a genetic source for the evolution of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics through integron-mediated recombination events.

ABSTRACT
    Thanks to a pluridisciplinary approach, this paper explores the origins of the Kura-Araxes Culture through the prism of Medicine. It demonstrates that if Plague (Yersinia Pestis) was expanding between the Caucasus and the Pontic steppe during the 6th millennium BC , the flood of the Ishkhanasar (mid 5th millennium BC)  provoked a Cholera outbreak in the Syunik and the Ararat areas. If there is no direct archaeological evidence of an epidemic, this paper proposes several indirect evidences which lead to the conclusion that the group afflicted by Cholera used a treatment based on the distillation of acetic acid. The success of the treatment was a crucial advantage which allowed the expansion of it associated elite during Late Chalcolithic. 

RESUME
Grâce à une approche pluridisciplinaire, cet article explore les origines de la culture Kura-Araxes à travers le prisme de la médecine. Il démontre que si la Peste (Yersinia Pestis) s'est étendue entre le Caucase et la steppe pontique au cours du 6e millénaire avant JC, l'effondrement des cônes volcaniques de l'Ishkhanasar et l'inondation qui s’en suivit (milieu du 5e millénaire) provoqua une épidémie de Choléra dans les régions de Syunik et de l'Ararat (Arménie). Si l’épidémie n’est pas encore démontrée par l’archéologie, cet article propose un ensemble de preuves indirectes qui mènent à la conclusion selon laquelle le groupe touché par le Choléra utilisa un traitement à base d’acide acétique. La réussite de ce traitement semble avoir été un élément décisif qui permit l’expansion de l’Elite associée durant la fin du Chalcolithic.

Seven different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to only Vibrio cholerae were produced using a combination of five representative serotypes of V. cholerae for immunization. The first three MAbs (VC-93, VC-82 and VC-223) were specific to the V. cholerae serogroup O1 with different avidity for the serotypes O1 Inaba and O1 Ogawa. The fourth and the fifth MAbs were specific to V. cholerae O139 (VC-812) or O141 (VC-191) serogroups, respectively. The sixth MAb (VC-26) bound to all three serogroups of V. cholerae. The seventh MAb (VC-63) bound to all twenty five isolates of V. cholerae used in this study. None of the seven MAbs showed cross-reactivity with other Vibrio spp. or closely-related V. cholerae species, V. mimicus or other gram-negative bacteria. The eighth MAbs (VC-201) specific to almost all Vibrio spp. was also obtained. In dot blotting, these MAbs can be used to detect a diluted pure culture of V. cholerae in solution with a sensitivity range of from 10 5 to 10 7 CFU ml − 1 . However, the detection capability could be improved equivalent to that of PCR technique after preincubation of samples in alkaline peptone water (APW). Thus, these MAbs constitute convenient immunological tools that can be used for simple, rapid and simultaneous direct detection and differentiation of the individual serotypes of V. cholerae in complex samples, such as food and infected animals, without the requirement for bacterial isolation or biochemical characterization.

Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) tarafından hazırlanan "Osmanlı Arşiv Belgelerinde Doğal Afetler" kitabı, İstanbul'un yaklaşık 15 asırlık afet karnesini belge, fotoğraf ve döneme ait haritalarla ortaya koyuyor.

Prof. Dr. Fatma Ürekli, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Raşit Gündoğdu ve Ebul Faruk Önal tarafından kaleme alınmıştır.

Front Matter, Back Matter, Intro and selected chapters on Heinrich Börnstein. From the introductory paragraph to Michelle Jurkiewicz's chapter: "During the 1840s, a large influx of Germans migrated to the United States, with many of them settling in St. Louis, Missouri. Many felt unwelcome and under-appreciated by Americans, as their customs and lifestyle did not match the existing way of life. In spite of some controversies in his life, Heinrich Boernstein was a prominent figure in German-American rights in the mid-nineteenth century. For seventeen years, Boernstein remained in St. Louis, advocating for German rights as the publisher of Anzeiger des Westerns, or Western Reporter, a major German newspaper located in St. Louis. After living in America for seventeen years, he returned to Vienna, where he wrote a memoir of his experiences in the United States." The chapter by Michael Leverett Dorn focuses on two fateful years at mid-century, but especially the Summer of 1851 which saw Börnstein's effort to development of progressive political constituency for reform in the Great West.

To facilitate the ongoing research of Vibrio spp., a dedicated platform for the Vibrio research community is needed to host the fast-growing amount of genomic data and facilitate the analysis of these data. We present VibrioBase, a useful resource platform, providing all basic features of a sequence database with the addition of unique analysis tools which could be valuable for the Vibrio research community. VibrioBase currently houses a total of 252 Vibrio genomes developed in a user-friendly manner and useful to enable the analysis of these genomic data, particularly in the field of comparative genomics. Besides general data browsing features, VibrioBase offers analysis tools such as BLAST interfaces and JBrowse genome browser. Other important features of this platform include our newly developed in-house tools, the pairwise genome comparison (PGC) tool, and pathogenomics profiling tool (PathoProT). The PGC tool is useful in the identification and comparative analysis of two genomes, whereas PathoProT is designed for comparative pathogenomics analysis of Vibrio strains. Both of these tools will enable researchers with little experience in bioinformatics to get meaningful information from Vibrio genomes with ease. We have tested the validity and suitability of these tools and features for use in the next-generation database development.

This study examined the spatial effects of El Niño and vulnerability on cholera in Peru across the epidemic period of 1991 to 1998. Using Wavelet and GIS analyses, relationships between sea surface temperatures and department-level cholera rates were estimated. In addition, we constructed composite indices to assess spatial vulnerability during the 1997-98 extreme El Niño. The findings demonstrated strong temporal connections in 1997-98, most evident in northern Peru, and less clear connections from 1991-93. Spatially, we found patterns of difference, greater cholera risk in northern coastal Peru in 1997-98, compared to greater risk in central and southern coastal Peru in 1991-92. Overall, the spatial vulnerability analysis suggested preexisting social conditions and disaster impacts increased cholera exposure and infection in 1998. Our study supports the notion that the spatial nature of El Niño's impacts on cholera rates exacerbated cholera vulnerability following the emergence, rather than triggered the epidemic's onset in 1991.

I V Ionu ţ ]escu PANDEMII DE HOLERĂ LA DUNĂREA DE JOS De-a lungul timpului, omul a dus multe războaie cu natura, fapt care l-a făcut să evolueze si să rămână în vârful lantului ' ' , , cu umilintă înfiata farului lor si se grăbi să se , , J J supună voinţei sale". 4 Despre distrugerile oamenilor a scris şi A. V. Nikitenko în jurnalul său: J , J oamenii reuşiseră deja să rănească un infirmier si să ucidă mai multi medici. 61 7 Cătălin Cotoi, Holeră, igienă publică, modernitate socială şi degenerare rasială în R omânia secolului al XIX-iea, Bucureşti, 2017, p. 70

To determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in Jordanian children under 5 years of age, we examined stool samples from 265 children admitted to the pediatric ward at Princess Rahma Hospital for Children, Irbid, Jordan, for parasites, rotavirus and enteric bacteria. Using both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques, we detected enteropathogens in 66.4% of patients with diarrhea. A single enteric pathogen was detected in 50.9% of the children, and multiple pathogens were detected in 15.5%. The prevalence of enteropathogens identified was as follows: rotavirus (32.-, Ehly-positive E. coli (0.8%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%) and Yersinia enterocolitica (0.4%). No Vibrio cholerae, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, microsporidia, adenovirus or small round virus were detected. Findings from this study demonstrate that rotavirus and several types of diarrheagenic E. coli, which are not screened for during routine examinations of stool samples in public health laboratories, were the most frequently detected enteropathogens in these children. Our findings highlight the value of using a combination of traditional and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of diarrheal disease in this population. ß 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies.