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Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F: TRSWF (29) 'Dzifbm/ 2007 Ckespf?
Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F Sme, F: TRSWF (29) 'Dzifbm/ 2007 Ckespf?
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_ynf o l h t m%m 'D r d k u a&pD a &S @ aqmif r sm; acgif ; aqmif r _ a y;zd k @ tcsd e f w ef + yD Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf (trS w f 12007) 22 - 7 - 2007
(1) trsm;owdxm;apmif=h unfa h ewJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcH qdw k m&J@OuU Adv k o f e d ;f pder fe d @f ce G ;f xGuv f myg+yD? bmrS topf tqef; ygrvmyg? ppfty kp ft k aeeJ@ wZGwx f ;kd ol@vrf;olav#mufawmhrm S yg? (2) Edi ki fa H &;tzG@J tpnf;awG bmvky=f urvJ? vkyp f &mu vrf; 2 oG,y f J &Sy d gw,f? wvrf;u ppfty kp fu k kd acsma h ygi;f av#ma h ygi;f wJh vrf;pOfe@J aemufwvrf;u ppfty kp fu k kd zGic hf sqef@usiw f v hJ rf; jzpfygw,f? - acsma h ygi;f av#ma h ygi;f wJv h rf;pOfu tvkyr f jzpfcy hJ gb;l ? &avvda k v tdw k ap>jzpf+yD; ppftm%m&Sip f epf Arm jynfrm S tjrpfw, G w f myJ tzwfwifcy hJ gw,f? tck xyf+yD; acsm=h u/ av#m=h ur,fq& kd ifawmh 21 &mpk[m ppf tkyp f& k @J &mpk jzpfom G ;ygvr dr hf ,f? - zGic hf sqef@usiw f hJ vrf;pOfu (,m,D) tvkyjf zpfz;l ygw,f? 1988 uyg? wjcm;Edi ki fa H &;rsuE fm S pmrSmyJ (trsKd ;om; nD!w G a f &; wnfaqmufa&;rsuE fm S pmrSm) rdrw d @kd vpf[if;cJy h gw,f? 'ga=umifh atmify& JG oify h gvsue f @J r&cJy h g? (3) Auy u zGic hf sqef@usiw f v hJ rf;pOf bufu wav#mufv;kH &yfwnfcy hJ gw,f? qufvnf;&yfwnfom G ;ygr,f? [kw d e k ;f u vpf[if;wJt h csuu f kd tck rvpf[if;atmif *kpu kd y f gr,f? [dw k e k ;f u Auy u awmxJrm S a&mufaewmyg? tck tJ'v D kd r[kwa f wmhygb;l ? eD;eD;uyfuyf (IT acwfvnf;jzpfv@kd ) yg0ifaqmif&u G E fi kd y f gw,f? trsKd ;om;nD!w G a f &; wnfaqmuf =ua&;rSm rvpf[if;apzd@k tmHx k m;ygr,f? vlxu k tqifoifh rjzpfao;bl; qdw k mudv k nf; owdyrdygw,f? 'Dvjkd zpfwmvnf; rqef;ygb;l ? Armjynfu &ifu h suw f hJ vlxjk zpfv@kd om 'Dvy kd J jzpfaewmyg? tacsmiform;vrf;pOf (acsma h ygi;f av#ma h ygi;f a&; vrf;pOf) udk ae@wi kd ;f =um;ae&/ zwfae&wmyg? urBmr h' D, D mawGuvnf; (rD', D myDy) D owif;tjzpf wifay;aewmyg? tckavmuf awmifc hH Edi kw f muyJ Armjynf jynfoa l wG&@J &ifu h sur fe _ @J }uD;jrwfrj_ yaewmyg? (4) etz u vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifh (4) twGuf rD;uke, f rf;ukef jyifaeygw,f? aemufwESpf ESpE f p S q f & kd if tqifh (4) (jynfv;kH u|wq f ENc, H y l) JG vmawmhrm S yg? 'Dru kd a&pDa&S@aqmifrsm; ('DcsKyf) qDu bmoHrS r=um;&ygb;l ? ppfty kp fu k awmh jywfom;ygw,f? 88 tHk ur_ukd b,fwe k ;f urS 'Dru kd a&pDvx l t k kH ur_tjzpf oabmrxm;ygb;l ? rif;rJp h du k a f omif;use;f r_ vd@k yJ oabmxm;ygw,f? rdrw d @kd uawmh rjywfom;ygb;l ? b,fva kd csm+h yD; b,favmufav#m& h rvJ qdw k myJ awG;=u a&;=uygw,f? ppf tkyp f u k jEL&if;bwfc kH ;kH a=umufwmvd@k xifvx kd if/ Adv k w f ifO;D eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd xkwy f pf&ifyJ &if=um; aphEi kd r f ,f xifvx kd if jzpfc=hJ uw,f? ppfty kp fa k =umufwm tm%mvufvw $ & f rSmudk a=umufwmyJ? tm%mr&S& d if bmrSr&SE di kd b f ;l qdw k mudk ae0if; odw,f? oef;a&$ow d ,f? ppfty kp f0 k if tm;vH;k odw,f? tm%mudk ,m,D&&if ,m,D,r l ,f? +yD;awmhrS xm0&&zd@k jyifr,f? tpdwo f m;&&if tpdwo f m;,lr,f? aemufrS wyd\mvH;k &zd@k jyifr,f? 'g[m ppfty k p f & k @J tawG;tac: jzpfygw,f? (5) aemufrS =unfv h y k w f mayg h qd+k yD; vkya f evd@k r&awmhygb;l ? 'DcsKyf NLD acgi;f aqmifpk (CEC) u jzpfwe hJ nf;eJ@ oabmxm; pkpnf;&ygr,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwv f mrS pkpnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? qENc, H y l +JG y;D rS vGwv f m&if bmudr kS rDawmhrm S r[kwy f gb;l ? 'ga=umifh vrf;jyajryHt k qifh (4) rSm 'DcsKyf NLD u b,fvo dk abmxm;&Sw d ,f/ vlxu k kd b,fvv kd y ka f pcsiw f ,f qdw k mavmufawmh oabmxm;pkpnf;+yD; xkwjf yefapcsiy f gw,f? 'Davmufvy k& f ifyJ ordi k ;f ay; wm0ef (wpHw k &m) ausw,fv@kd Auy u oabmxm;+yD; *k%f yrSm jzpfygw,f? 2
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(1) anmif 2 yif nDvmcH+y;D oGm;+y? D RM tqihf 2/ 3 wd@k u olw@kd tr dw f i G ;f yke;f +y;D vkyr f ,ft h qifh jzpfonf? olw@kd a&;c|w+f y;D rS rl=urf; xGuv f mrnf? rl=urf; b,fvy kd p kH jH zpfvmrvJqw kd m od=u+yD;jzpfrnf? a'gia hf ygi;f pHk enf; omefaygi;f pHjk zifh a0zef=u&ygrnf? ta0zefrcHbJ 596 qdw k meJ@ zdEy dS a f ev#if rkcsxy d w f u kd a f wG@=u&vdrr hf nf? vrf;rSm ydw& f yfae+yD; xdyfwdkufrwdk;eJ@ [k +cdrf;ajcmufaejcif;udk vufcHvdkufv#if rdrdwdk@ ordkif;w&m;cH jzpf=uvdrfhrnf? wdkif;jynfESifh jynfo. l tusKd ;udk a&S@+_ yD; tcuftcJra=umufbJ qufvufcsw D uf=u&ygrnf? (2) trSet f wdi k ;f 0efc& H v#if rdrw d @kd xdyw f u kd r f awG@vy kd g? xdyw f u kd r f wd;k &atmif vSny hf wf+yD; a&Smifcw hJ m rsm;yg+yD? tckawmh vrf;vH;k jynfh ydw& f yfaeovdk vkya f evd@k xdyw f u dk r f wd;k bJ raeEdi k f jzpf&ygonf? aemufq;kH u;pm;onft h aejzifh atmufygt}uHycsuu f kd (Auy) u tqdk yygonf? wavmwke;f u tar&duefe@J etz wkwjf ynfwi G f v#Kd @0u S a f wG@=uonfh vkye f nf;udk wd;k cs@J +y;D vkyz f @kd t}uH y ygonf? NLD acgi; f aqmifrsm;udy k g zdwa f c:+yD; um,uH&i S f (2) OD; (etz eJ@ 'DcsKyf) awG@ay;apvdy k gonf? ab;vlrygbJ olw@kd um,uH&i S f (2) OD;om awG@qa kH qG;aEG;apzd@k jzpfygonf? (3) Taemufq;kH u;pm;r_ rjzpfajrmufv#ia f wmh xdyw f u kd a f wG@a&;vrf;rSwyg; wjcm;r&Sa d wmhyg? ajray:enf;ajratmuf enf; enf;aygi;f pHjk zifh tqifh (4) wGif etz tajccHOya' y,fcsa&;wdu k z f sua f &;yJ vky=f u&ygawmhrnf? etz taeESihf jynfou l olw@kd .tajccHOya'udk y,fcsvu kd y f gvsuf vuf&y dS p kH t H wdi k ;f tm%mqufui kd x f m;v#iv f nf; ywfus onftxd wdu k y f0 JG ifom G ;zd@k oEMX d mef&y dS ga=umif;?
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(1) tcktcse dr fm S ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r;&J@ txl;ud, k p f m;vS,f rpPwm*rfbm&D Armjynfukd vmwm[m tcse df aumif; jzpfygw,f? (2) rpPwm*rfbm&DtaeeJ@ ol@c&D;pOftwGif;rSm etz ppftpdk;&u +idrf;csrf;pGmqENazmfxkwfjyoaewJh &[ef;&Sifvl jynfor l sm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zufypfcwfowfjzwfaewmawGukd csuc f si;f &yfqi kd ;f oGm;atmif u;pm;ay;&ygr,f? (3) 'kw, d tm;jzifh trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf oufqi kd o f u l m,uH&i Sr f sm;udk aphpyfa&;pm;yGa J y: a&mufvm atmif aqmif&u G a f y;Edi kr f ,fq& kd if rpPwm*rfbm&D&@J c&D;pOf[m atmifjrifw,fv@kd ajymEdi kr f m S jzpfygw,f?
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Ad k v f o ef ; a&$ . urf ; vS r f ; csuf o nf wnf = unf a v;euf a omaqG ; aEG ; yG J r jzpf E d k i f Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD a jyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf (trS w f 52007) 5 - 10 - 2007
*rfbm&Dxu G o f m G ;wmeJ@ wqufxr Jm S Adv k o f ef;a$u uw d ifpnf;urf;csur f sm;csrw S +f y;D tJ'p D nf;urf;csua f wGukd oabm wl&if a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awG@qp kH um;ajymr,fv@kd a=unmvdu k y f gw,f? 1? 'Dva kd jymvm&wm[m *rfbm&Dem;csv@kd qdw k mxuf jynfwi G ;f u oHCmawmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ jynfor l sm;&J@ wdu k y f0 JG ifra _ =umifv h @kd qd& k ygr,f? 'Dvy _ fm S ;r_}u;D om ray:ayguc f& hJ if 'Dtcse dr fm S *rfbm&D 'DEi kd i fu H kd a&mufvmp&mta=umif; rSy d gb;l ? 2? Adv k o f ef;a$ xkwjf yefvu dk w f m[m ol@bufu vdu k a f vsmcsuw f ckrr S ygbJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufu av#ma h y; &r,ft h csua f wGcsn;f azmfjyxm;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGr J S rpao;bl; vufeufcsci kd ;f aeyg+yD? 3? 'DEp Sb f ufawG@qy kH JG wufrwuf/ wuf&ifbmawGajymr,fpwmawG[m olw@kd csi;f udpr P @kd Auy taeeJ@ pum;OD;oef; bmrSrajymvdy k g? 4? wckyJ t}uH ycsiy f gw,f? 'Dae@ArmEdi ki fr Hm S Edi ki fa H &;pD;yGm;a&; uaomif;ueif;eJ@ rwnfr+ir d jf zpfae&wmawGe@J ywfoufv@kd Adv k o f ef;a$rm S t"duwm0efw dS ,fv@kd ajym&if vlwi kd ;f vufcr Hm S yg? yHjk yifxr Jm S xdor#a$jzpfw,fv@kd ygygw,f? 'gayrJh Adv k o f ef;a$ uawmh olxo d r#[m ol@twGuy f J a$jzpf+yD; jynfot l rsm;twGua f wmh rGa J q;yJ jzpfcy hJ gw,f? wwdi k ;f jynfv;kH 'Dvjkd zpfaecse dr fm S Adv k o f ef;a$[m OD;ae0if;udk twk,o l ihy f gw,f? OD;ae0if;[m wdi k ;f jynftajctae/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;udk olrxde;f Edi ka f wmhb;l vd@k jrifvmwJt h cgrm S olao#mifoq l +JG yD; yvia f y:u qif;oGm;cJy h gw,f? Adv fk o f ef;a$wa,muf OD;ae0if;vdo k wWr d sKd ; Sy d gavp? ?
_ynf o l h t m%m
Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD a jyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf (trS w f 62007) 14 - 10 - 2007
(1) atmufwb kd m 11 &ufae@u xkwjf yefaom tcsuf (4) csuy f g ukvor*~vkH ca H &;aumifp. D Armjynfta&; qH;k jzwfcsuf udk Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwt D aeESihf axmufco H nf? (2) etz qufvufpu JG i kd x f m;aom vrf;jyajryHk (7) csuu f kd qef@usiu f ef@uu G o f nf?
_ynf o l h t m%m
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h Ad k v f a tmif = unf w d k @ awG @ qH k p um;ajymjcif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD a jyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf trS w f 72007 26 - 10 - 2007
etz ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi S hf Adv k a f tmif=unfw@kd awG@qp kH um;ajymwJt h a=umif; etz rD', D mrsm;u tom;ay; azmfjyvdu k o f nf? TudpE Pi Sy hf wfoufI u|ea f wmfw@kd .oabmxm;udk atmufygtwdi k ;f azmfjytyfygonf? 1? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi S hf aqG;aEG;r_wi G f wef;wl/ odum Q Sa d om aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpf&eftwGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vH;k 0v$wa f y;&rnf? ,ckuo hJ @kd tm%mydi kE fi St hf usO;f om;wd@k t=um; axmifr; uwqifh qufo, G a f jymqda k e&onfh jzpf&yfrsKd ;rSm w&m;r#wr_rSa d om pmyG0 Ji kd ;f om jzpfayonf? 2? jrefrmEdi ki f. H ta&;}uD;jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=ujcif;jzpfojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; olracgi;f aqmifaom trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J Ei S hf vGwv f yfpm G awG@qa kH qG;aEG;cGihf Sa d p&rnf? 3? Tod@k aqmifu G jf cif;rsm;rS trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. ud, k p f m;vS,t f zG@J Ei S hf etz tpd;k &. ud, k p f m;vS,t f zG@J w@kd awG@qa kH qG;aEG;jcif;qDo@kd wufvr S ;f oGm;&rnf?
_ynf o l h t m%m
Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf trS w f (82007) (9 - - 11 - 2007)
(1) jynfwi G ;f tajctaeeJ@ Edi ki fw H umhtajctaeu jrefrmhjy\emudk tjrefajz&Si;f zd@k awmif;qda k eygonf? um,uH&i Sf rsm;u wm0ef&& dS /dS wm0efoo d d ajz&Si;f =uapvdy k gonf? (2) ajz&Si;f &rnfu h p du P rsm;ygonf? ta&;t}uD;qH;k udpu P kd t&ifq;kH ajz&Si;f apvdy k gonf? [dr k a&muf'r D a&mufjzpfaev#i/f tcse dq f a JG ev#if wdi k ;f jynftwGuf jynfojl ynfom;rsm;twGuf ab;'kua Q ygi;f pHu k kd xyf+y;D zdwa f c:ovdo k m jzpfygvr dr fh nf? ta&;t}uD;qH;k rSm rnfonfb h ufurS wzufowftEdi k, f c l siv f @kd r&wmudk todtrSwf y=uzd@k jzpfygonf? (3) um,uH&i Sr f sm; vky=f uwmeJ@ aqG;aEG;=uwmudk wHcg;ydw+f yD; vkya f evd@k rjzpfyg? jynfoo l @kd today;oifw h m rSeo f r#ukd today;apvdy k gonf? (4) SPDC eJ@ NLD wd@k twGuo f mru wdi k ;f jynftwGuy f g ta&;t}uD;qH;k tcse d f jzpfaeygojzifh rdrw d @kd ygwu D jzpfay:r_ rSeo f r#ukd tav;xm; apmif=h unfa h ernf jzpfygonf? xifjrifcsua f y;p&m&Sv d #if ay;ygrnf? a0zefp&m&Sv d #if a0zefygrnf? tm;ay;axmufcp H &m&Sv d #if axmufcy H grnf? (5) tpaumif;+y;D taESmif;aocsmapvdy k gonf? jy\emxyf+y;D wufjcif;rsKd ; rjzpfapvdw k mu rdrw d @kd .tppftrSeq f EN jzpfyg onf?
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1? 'Dwywfrm S (2) ck ajymp&m&Sy d gw,f? wcku Edi ki fw H uma&;/ aemufwcku jynfwi G ;f a&;? tvGeu f s,jf yef@whJ udp}P u;D (2) ckukd ajymwmjzpfayr,fh vdt k yfoavmufom twdc k sKyf+yD; ajymygr,f? rD', D mawGrm S (Auy) ajymcGi& hf wmawG[m ody+f yD;twdc k sKyfve G ;f vd@k wcsK@d &a J bmfawGe@J rdwa f qGawG em;vnfr_ vGE Ji kd f ygw,f? jynfo@l tm%mrSmawmh wwfEi kd o f avmuf&i S ;f atmif a&;ygr,f? 2? Edi ki fw H umha&;&mrSm ajymrSmu urBmp h epfopf (New World Order) vGey fe JG @J wwd,urBmppfukd t"duxm; ajymygr,f? urBmp h epfopf (NWO) vGey fu JG jzpfaewke;f yg? vGey fu JG =umr,fv@kd xifygw,f? bma=umifv h nf;qda k wmh yifbuf d gw,f? oluvnf; tmz*efrm S wdu k a f ew,f? tD&wfrm S ppfr[mrdwf tzG@J }uD; (2) zG@J r&Sa d o;vd@k yg? aewd;k NATO wzG@J wnf;yJ &Sy awmh aewd;k taeeJ@ wdu k w f mr[kwb f ;l ? tar&duef/ t*Fvy dy f J wdu k a f ew,f? wjcm;Edi ki f }H uD;awGu qENazmfxw k w f mavmufyJ vky=f uw,f? xdyw f u kd f rawG@atmif a&Smifae=uw,f? tar&duefu tD&efbufukd rsua f pmif;xd;k vmwmeJ@ ta&S@Oa&myrSm 'H;k cGi;f 'H;k pepf csvmawmhrS k&m S ;u qef@usiv f mw,f? xdyw f u kd a f wG@ovdk jzpfvmw,f? ud, k & f @J (wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm;) xdvmawmh k&m S ;u v_yv f mwmyJ? wkwu f taeom}u;D yJ? xdi k0 f rfup dv P [ kd musrS ol&@J (wdu k fu dk t f usK;d pD;yGm;) xdwmjzpfvr dr hf ,f? xdvm&if iH@k ca H erSmr[kwb f ;l ? wdi k ;f jynfwi kd ;f rSm txdrcHEi kd w f hJ (wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm;) &S=d uwmcsn;f yJ? vGey fu JG ae urBmppfukd ul;oGm;wwfw,f? tckjzpfaewmu urBmrSm wcgrS rjzpfz;l wJh tajctaeyJ? ppfat;yGr J m S tar&duef Edi kv f u kd w f ,f? qdA k, D uf _;H oGm;w,f? 'gayrJh 1945 u csrw S c fw hJ hJ urBmp h epfa[mif;u ysur f oGm;bl;? tar&duefu ta[mif;udz k su+f y;D topfcsrw S c f siw f ,f? csrw S v f @kd r&bl;? bma=umifv h q J a kd wmh ppfat;wdu k y fr JG m S _;H oGm;wmu k&m S ;uGejf rLepfy? J Edi ko f t l ppftrSeu f k&m S ;"e&Sif jzpfaevd@k y? J NWO awGukd ppfEi kd o f l csrw S p f +rJy? J 1815 rSm (eydv k , D ef) jyifopfukd Edi kv f u kd w f hJ r[mrdwt f zG@J u NWO csrw S w f ,f? yxrurBmppfjzpfawmh tJ'p D epfa[mif;ysuw f ,f? ppfEi kd o f a l wGu (1918) rSm topfcsrw S jf yefw,f? tJ'p D epfu 'kw, d urBmppfrm S ysujf yefw,f? (1945) rSm ppfEi kd o f l r[mrdwa f wGu NWO csrw S jf yefw,f? tJ'p D epfu tcktxd wnf+ra J ew,f? tar&duef zsuc f siv f nf; zsur f &bl;? 'g[m xl;jcm;wJh tajctaejzpfw,f? wwd,urBmppfjzpfrS _;H olEi kd o f jl zpfry S J NWO csrw S E fi kd r fm S jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wwd,urBmppf jzpfEi kd w f hJ tvm;tvm &Sw d ,fv@kd ajymygw,f? tcktxdawmh jyif=uqif=uwke;f yg? 'ga=umifh =umr,fv@kd ajymaewmyJ? ppf}uD;jzpf&if ppfyr JG m S Armjynf[m (=um;ae) &ygr,f? =um;aea&;[m Armjynf&@J wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm; jzpfygw,f? 3? jynfwi G ;f a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajymcsiw f mu Armjynfrm S ppftm%m&Sip f epf &Sa d eor# b,fawmhrS (=um;ae) vd@k &rSm r[kwb f ;l ? ppfty kp f k tm%m&aeor#vnf; ppftm%m&Sip f epf &Sa d erSmyJ? 10
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tck (etz) vkyc f sia f ewmu ppfty kp fe k @J ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd xde;f odr;f xm;+y;D ppftpd;k &udk enf;enf;yg;yg; yjyifcsiw f myJ? ppfty kp fO k ;D aqmifwhJ t&yfom;/ ppfom; !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & wrsK;d udk xlaxmifcsiw f myJ? vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifh (4) [m etz eJ@ NLD &J@ aemufq;kH wdu k y f JG jzpfvr dr hf ,f? etz uawmh tJ'w D u kd y ft JG wGuf jyifae+yD? NLD u bmrS rjyif&ao;bl;? jyifw,fqw kd mu u? Edi ki fa H &; tawG;tac:t&jyifwm? c? pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;a&;t& jyifwmeJ@? *? tcdi kt f rm vkyi f ef;awGrm S jyifwm? 'D (3) ck vkyz f @kd y? J DASSK vGwr f S jyifr,fq& kd if odya f emufusvr dr hf ,f? vdv k #i}f uHq enf;vrf;&ygw,f? zufqpfawmfve Sa f &;udk jyifwm[m axmifxr Jm S ae&if; jyif=uwmyJ? (jrif;+cHppfwrf;/ tif;pdep f pfwrf;) t&mtm;vH;k &J@ acgic f sKyf[m Edi ki fa H &;tawG;tac:yg? acgi;f aqmifvy ko f u l Edi ki fa H &; tawG;tac:udk pmapmif pmwrf;a&;+yD; azmfxw k E fi kd y f gw,f? pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;a&;eJ@ vkyi f ef;awGua kd wmh atmufajcv$x J m;Edi ky f gw,f? rsua f rSmuf jynfwi G ;f jynfy tajctaeawGt& =unf& h if etz[m tqifh (4) udk (2010) ckEp S f rwdi kr f D vkyr f ,f xifygw,f? jyifqifcse d f odyr f &Edi ky f gb;l ? tqifh (4) rSm tajccHOya' twnfycsu& f oGm;&if rdrw d @kd &@J aoe*FAsL[meJ@enf;y&d,m,fukd tajctaeeJ@ vdu k a f vsm nDpm G yjyifajymif;vJ&awmhrm S yg? tqifh (4) rSm tajccHOya' udk y,fcsEi kd & f ifawmh vuf&a dS oe*FAsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,m,fukd wqifjh ri & hf rSmyg? rdrw d @kdu Edi ki fa H &; vufO;D r_ &oGm;+yjD zpfv@kd Armjynf&@J tem*wfxe G ;f ajymifvmrSm taotcsm jzpfygw,f? NLD &J@ aemufq;kH wdu k y ft JG wGuf jyifqif=u apvdy k gw,f? ?
11
1? oHCm/ ausmif;om; tHk uv_y& f m S ;r_ukd ta&mifawmfve S a f &; vd@k Edi ki f jH cm;rSm tajymrsm;w,f? jynfwi G ;f u vdu k a f jym olawGvnf; &Sw d ,f? wu,fu pufwifbm tHkur_[m ta&mifawmfvSefa&; r[kwfygbl;? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; wdkif;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu tpdk;&tajymif; tvJvy ka f &;jzpfw,f? pufwifbmtHk u r_rm S tJ'& D nf&, G c f suf rygygb;l ? pwke;f u ppftm%mydkifawG&J@ t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usiw f myJ? rSm;a=umif; awmif;yefci kd ;f wmyJ? aemufq;kH tHk ur_a&cse d f jrifv h m awmhvnf; (Edi ki fa H &;oabm ygvmawmh vnf;) ppftpd;k &eJ@ NLD aphpyfaqG;aEG; =uzd@k yJ awmif;qdw k m jzpfygw,f? tpd;k & tajymif;tvJvkyfzdk@ rawmif;qdkygbl;? tJ'v D kd awmif;qdw k m[mvnf; rSeu f ef oifjh rwfygw,f? jzpfEi kd w f mudk awmif;qdk wmyg? 'Dawmif;qdkcsuf (wpHkw&m) atmifjrifygw,f? oef;a&$u a':atmifqef; pk=unfe@J pum;ajymygr,f vd@k vdu k f avsmvm&w,f? Adkvfatmif=unfudk quf q H a &;0ef } uD ; tjzpf cef @ &w,f ? 12
r=umcifuawmh DASSK udk {nf& h y do f m ac:+y;D awG@vm&w,f? 'g[m atmifjrifr_ yg? ao;i,fwJh atmifjrifr_uav;yg? r,fr,f&& r[kwfayr,fh atmifjrifr_ pm&if;0ifygw,f? pufwifbmtHk ur_ om rjzpfcJh&if 'Davmuf atmifjrifr_ uav;uda k wmif &rSmr[kwy f gb;l ? 2? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; &J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m (tcktajctaet&) ajym&if odyjf rifa h eygw,f? qENpy JG gaeyg w,f? wcsDwnf;eJ@ ppftpdk;&ae&mrSm 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &eJ@ tpm;xd;k zd@k qw kd m (tck vufawG@t&) rjzpfEi kd a f wmhyg? bmha=umifh 'Dva kd jym&ovJ qdk awmh NLD (A[d) k &J@ tajctaeu tJ'D avmufjrifhwmudk vufcHEdkifwJh tajc taer&Sdvdk@ygyJ? DASSK u tdrfcsKyf usaew,f? NLD A[dr k m S u tJ'D tpD tpOf r&Sdbl;? NLD u tpdk;&wuf rvky0 f& hH if wd@k wufvy kr f ,fv@kd ajymolawG &Sdygw,f? wcsKd@u jynfya&mufawGyg? wcsK@d u jynfwi G ;f u tenf;pkyg? 'g[m rcsir hf &Je@J }uHr}d uH&m ajym=uwmyJ? ppf tpdk;&ae&mrSm tpm;0if&r,fhol[m
(tckumvrSm) NLD uvGJvdk@ wjcm; rjzpfEi kd y f gb;l ? 1990 a&G;aumufy JG Edi kf xm;olawGom tpd;k &zG@J Ei kd c fi G hf &Sy d gw,f? 'grv S nf; w&m;0ifr& _ r dS ,f? urBmx h ;kH wrf; pOfvmeJ@vnf; udu k n f y D gr,f? 'gayrJh NLD A[du k tqifoifh jzpf+yDvm;? rjzpfao;ygb;l ? tawG;tac: t& tqifoifhrjzpfovdk vufawG@u vnf; tqifoifhrjzpfygbl;? rdrdwdk@u wufur_t&Se de f @J pdwv f u kd r f mefyg NLD udk k udk acsmuf tJ'w D m0efay;&if NLD (A[d) (a*smuf) csovdk jzpfygvr dr hf ,f? 3? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; udk 1990 a&G;aumufyE JG i kd p f u NLD vky& f rSmyg? 'ga=umifh (17) ESpf aemufusom G; w,f v d k @ 'D a qmif ; yg;&J @ acgif ; pOf a y; vdu k w f myJ? 1990 wke;f u NLD vkyo f ifh wmu v$wa f wmfac:ay;/ ray;&if ud, k hf bmomac:r,f vd@k vrf;pOfcsrw S z f @kd yg? tJ'gudk Auy t}uHay;cJhzl;ygw,f? 1789 jyifopfawmfve S a f &; vkye f nf; vkyz f @kd t}uHay;wmyg? tJ ' D w k e f ; uom ta&mif
_ynf o l h t m%m
awmfvSefa&; vkyfcJh&if rkcsatmifjrif rSmyJ? vlx& k @J wufur_t&Se du f p kd ;D +y;D NLD u vdu k z f @kd jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh NLD u v$wa f wmf ac:ay; zdk@yJ tcgcgawmif;qdkaew,f? tck (17) ESp& fa dS wmhvnf; v$wa f wmfac: ay; zd@k yJ awmif;qda k e&w,f? au;a=umfoHu v$wfawmf ac:ay;a&; rSm wlayr,fh 1990 wke;f uvdk 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&zGJ@a&; tESpfom& r[kwfawmhbl;? v$wfawmfac:ay; v$wa f wmfu rif;wd@k uy kd J w&m;0iftpd;k & tjzpfjyef+yD; od'w <d ifay;r,fqw kd hJ tESpf om& jzpfom G ;yg+yD? tJ'v D t kd ajctaerSm ta&mif awmfve S a f &; vkyc f siv f @kd r&awmhygb;l ? vky& f if pdwu f ;l ,OfwmyJ jzpfrm S yJ? 4? 1990 ckESpfwkef;uawmh ta&mif awmfve Sa f &; avoHenf;enf;rS r[cJb h J 2007 ckEp Su f srS bma=umifh avoHypfvm =uovJ qdw k mudk u|ea f wmfw@kd pOf;pm; =unfy h gw,f? 1990 wke;f u urBmt h pDtpOf (World Order) eJ@ tckurBmhtpDtpOf (opf) vGey f JG tajctaecsi;f rwl=uawmh vd@k qw kd m awG@ygw,f? 1990 wkef;u qdkAD,ufry vJao;ygbl;? ,drf;,dkifaeqJ jzpfw,f? tar&duefu aemufqHk;vufoD;csuf oGi;f zd@k v;kH yef;ae&cse d f jzpfw,f? qdA k, D uf 0ef;usiu f Edi ki fi H ,fawGrm S yJ awmfve Sa f &; vkyz f @kd tm;ay;aew,f? +yD ; awmh v nf ; qd k A D , uf u d k tvJxdk;&mrSm wkwf&J@tm;udk ,lcsif aew,f? wkwu f aoe*FAsL[mrdwz f uf jzpfaew,f? tck (2007) rSmawmh qdA k, D uf usq;kH oGm;+y;D "e&Si f& k m S ; jzpfae+y? D wkwf u aoe*FAsL[m yifbufjzpfae+yD? tJ'D
awmh wkw& f @J tdre f ;D csi;f vnf;jzpfw/hJ tm; taysmq h ;kH vnf;jzpfwhJ Armjynfukd rsua f ph usaewmyJ? ta&mifawmfve Sa f &; vkyf apcsifaewmyJ? 'gayrJh Arm jynfwGif; tajctaeu (txufrSm a&;cJhovdk) [dw k e k ;f ueJ@ rwlawmhb;l ? h g? NLD tajctaeud=k unfy 1990 wke;f ueJ@ wlao;&J@vm;? ppftpd;k &tajctae=unfy h g? [dw k e k ;f uvdk tpd;k &,m,Dvy k a f e&wm yg? tm%mv$a J y;+yD; ppfwef;vsm;jyefrm S yg?vd@k ajymao;&J@vm;/ vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifh (1) udk pdwf uufvy k +f yD;+yD? tqifh (4) vkyz f @kd jyifae+yD? 5? rdrdwdk@ bmvkyf=urvJ? ta&mif awmfve S a f &; pdwu f ;l ,Of+yD; ar#ma f evd@k rjzpfygb;l ? NLD u tpd;k &wufrvky0 f& hH if wd@k vy k r f ,fq+kd yD; vky=f u&ifvnf; jynfy a&muf tpd;k &awG wcku ESpc f k oH;k ckjzpf wmyJ tzwfwifvr dr hf ,f? tJ'v D kd pifyiftpd;k &awG zG@J csif oavmufz@JG yg? ppftpd;k &ra=umufygb;l ? tqifh (4) udk rjzpfjzpfatmifyJ pdwa f t; vufat; vkyo f m G ;ygvr dr hf ,f? rdrw d @kd vy ko f ifw h mu -
ppftpd;k &udk tqifh (4) rSm tvJx;kd zd@k tckupjyifz@kd yg? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_&@J t&Se d u f x kd e d ;f xm;+yD; tqifh (4) twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;&ygr,f? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_rm S 21 &mpk rsK;d qufopfawG trsm;tjym; ay:xGuv f mcJy h g+y? D olw@kdukd Edi ki fa H &; tqifh ae&m jria hf y;&ygr,f? tqifh (4) wdu k f zsua f &;&J@ ol&a J umif; ppfonfawmfawG jzpfatmif ajrawmifajrmufay;&ygr,f? wjcm;jyifoifw h mawGuv kd nf; tckuwnf;u aphaphpyfpyf jyifqif&yg r,f? ppftpd;k &[m RM tqifh (4) udk rkcsvy k v f mrSmyg? tJ't D qifh (4) rSm tpd;k & tajymif;tvJjzpfatmif (vlxk tm;eJ@) u;yrf;=uygp@kd Edi ki f jH cm;a&;udy k J tav;xm;+yD; [dkar#mf'Dar#mf [dkawG;'DawG; vkyfae&if/ tqifh (4) twGuf bmrS jyifjyifqifqif vk y f r xm;&if / tcgtcG i f h a umif ; wck xyf+yD;vufvw G f r kH u Armjynf&@J Edi ki fH a&;oGijf yif[mvnf; tajymif;tvJ}uD; ajymif;vJom G ;ygvr dr hf ,f? ? 13
1? RM &J@ &nf&, G c f suu f ppftm%m &Sifpepfudk 21 &mpk tajctaerSm xde;f odr;f zd@k jzpfw,f? ppfat;acwfwe k ;f u vkyfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf udk 21 &mpk Edi ki fw H umhEi kd i fa H &; tcif;tusi;f rSm (tenf;tyg; yjyif+yD;) qufvufxdef; odr;f csiw f myJ? ppfat;acwfwe k ;f u Edi ki fw H umh Edi ki fa H &;tcif;tusi;f u plygyg0gEi kd i f }H uD; 2 cke@J ppfr[mrdwt f zG@J }uD; (2) ck&w dS ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh =um;ae*d% k ;f }uD; &Sw d ,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ppftm%m&Sifpepf udk rqv wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfyHkpHeJ@ vkyv f @kd &cJw h ,f? 21 rSmawmh tJ'u D rBmh tcif;tusi;f r&Sa d wmhb;l ? ajymif;oGm;+y? D 'ga=umifh enf;enf;yjyif&wmyJ? 21 &mpkudk tar&duef&mpk jzpfap&r,fvdk@ au;a=umfaewJh plyg yg0gEi kd i f }H u;D wckwnf;yJ&w dS ,f? qdA k, D uf plygyg0gu usq;kH oGm;+y? D =um;ae*d% k ;f u vnf; emrnfcy H J &Sa d wmhw,f? qdA k , D uf wjzpfvJ k&m S ;utckrS vl;vJxae&wm jzpfw,f? uGejf rLepfwkwjf ynfu wkwf vuQ%maqmifwJh qdk&S,fvpfy%mr 14
tqifh qdw k mudk prf;oyfaewmjzpfw,f? 'gu 21 &mpk0ifump Edi ki fw H umh tcif; tusi;f yJ? tckawmh enf;enf;ajymif;ae +yD? t&if;&Sifk&Sm;u jyef+yD;emvefx vmw,f? wkwu f vnf; tiftm;wpHk w&m &Sv d mw,f? olw@kd u 21 &mpkukd tar&duef&mpk tjzpfrcHEi kd =f ubl;? urBmh tpDtpOfpepfopf (NWO) csrSwfa&; twGuf vGeq f a JG e=uqJjzpfw,f? 0if;kd wckwnf;&Sw d hJ urBmp h epfvm;/ 0if;kd trsm;&Sw d hJ urBmp h epfvm; vGeq f a JG e=u wmyJ? tJ'v D e Gy fu JG =umvdrr hf ,f? (2) buf aphpyf=u+yD;/ +yD;jywfajyvnfom G ;rvm;/ ppfy}JG uD;wck qifE+J$ yD; jywfatmifvy k =f u rvm; qdw k muda k wmh apmif=h unf& h rSmyJ? vGefyGJjzpfaewJh tcsdefrSmawmh Armjynfu etztpd;k &[m tar&duef udk &efvy k +f y;D wkw/f k&m S ;udu k yfxm;wm vkyE f i kd r f m S yJ? 'gayrJh vGey f u JG ae ppfy}JG uD; jzpfom G ;&ifawmh rkcsy=J um;nyfvr dr hf ,f? oufomrSm r[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umify h J Auy u 21 &mpk0ifuwnf;u jynfcsp0 f g' vrf;pOf csrw S +f yD; vkya f ewmjzpfw,f? Armjynfu Edi ki fu H av;yg? Edi ki fw H umh*i Gf
_ynf o l h t m%m
(cGi) f rSmrajymeJ@ ta&S@awmif tm&S *Gir fm S awmif t&m0ifvw S m r[kwf ygbl;? taewwfrS jzpfrSmyg? =um;nyf rcH&atmif a&Smif&ygr,f? etz ppfty kp fk u tar&duefudk qef@usifpum;awG wazmifazmif ajymaewmudk Auy u tajrmftjrifrw hJ hJ vky& f yfv@kd jrifygw,f? Armjynfu tar&duefukd qef@usiw f m rvkyo f ifo h vdk wkwq f ef@usia f &;vnf; rvkyo f ify h gb;l ? Armjynf&@J tusK;d pD;yGm; bufu =unfh&if b,fol@udkrSoGm;+yD; &efpum; ajymaep&m rvdy k gb;l ? etz u ppftm%m&Sip f epf wnf+ra J &;twGuf (ppfty kp ft k usK;d pD;yGm;) yJ uGu=f unf+h y;D tar&duefukd rjzpfnpfus,f ajymaewm[m odyr fm S ;wmyJ? 'Dvy ke f nf;[m ArmjynftwGuf tusK;d rJa h pygvr dr hf ,f? tckawmh aeom ygvr dr hf ,f? a&&Snr fm S taeusyy f gvr dr hf ,f? ppf}u;D jzpf&ifawmh ppfwvif;jzpfwm cH& rSmyJ? 2? 1962 ckEp Sr fm S ppftm%modr;f yGJ vkyw f m[m ppfty k p f u k oD;jcm;ygww D ck (rqv) axmifzdk@ ppftpdk;&zGJ@+yD; ppf tm%m&Sip f epfvy kz f @kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd vkyfxm;&if ppftm%m&Sifpepf umv &Snw f nf+rJr,fv@kd xifcw hJ myg? jynfo& l @J tcef;udk av#mw h u G c f =hJ uygw,f? 'ga=umifh vnf; usq;kH oGm;wmyg? tckwavmrSm uGefjrLepfysufwcsKd@ua&m ppftkyfpk ty,fcHwOD;uyg rqv usqHk;&wm jynfoy li kd f t&rf;vkyc fv hJ @kd yv J @kd oH;k oyf=u ygw,f? r[kwy f gb;l ? jzpfpOfukd jyef=unfy h g? jynfol ydkif odrf;wm tapm}uD;uwnf;uyg? rqv ygwDawmif yDyDjyifjyif raxmif Edi ka f o;ygb;l ? jynfoy l i kd f odr;f +yD; (10) ES p f a usmf = umawmh rqv wygwD ppf t m%m&S i f p epf tajccH O ya' (1974 tajccH O ya') ud k jynf o l @ qENc, H y l JG eJ@ twnfyEdi kc fw hJ ,f? aemuf 10 ESpf ausm=f umawmhrS 1988 vlxk tH k ur_ ay:wmyJ ? tJ ' D t cgusrS ppf tm%m&Sif pepf&,f/ ppfty k p f & k ,f/ ppf tpd;k &&,f 'D (3) ckukd xde;f odr;f zd@k twk ta,mif tm%modrf;yGJwck uref; uwef; vkyc fw hJ myg? rqv ysua f yr,fh 'D (3) ck (ppfo;kH ppf) rysua f peJ@q+kd y;D vkyv f u kd f =uwmyJ? aemuf w ck pOf ; pm;=unf h oifhwmu jynfolydkif odrf;vdkufvdk@ tH k ur_ } uD ; ay:cJ h o vm; qd k w myg? ray:ygbl;? Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@ BEDC *dk%f;yJ ab;a&mufoGm;wmyg? olwdk@u aum bmrsm;vkyc f =hJ uovJ? bmrS rvkyf ygb;l ? awmcdr k vdk bmvdv k a kd wmh vkyc f hJ ygw,f ? aemuf a wmh tzsm;S L ;oG m ; wmygy? J zqyv *d% k ;f 2 *d% k ;f uaum bmvkyfcJhovJ? bmrSrvkyfygbl;? OD;Ek awmcd k wmu 1970 jynfv h e G u f sry S g? jynfoy li kd f odr;f vd@k awmcd k wmvnf; r[kwy f gb;l ? 3? oef;a&$ppfty kp fv k y kw f hJ (RM) u ae0if;ppftkyfpkvkyfwJh awmfvSefa&; avmuf &nfrSef;csuf r}uD;ygbl;? bm a=umifhvJqdkawmh olu ppftkyfpk&,f/ ppftpd;k &&,f/ ppftm%m&Sip f epf&,f (ppf 3 ppf) udk ae0if;qDu tarG&vdu k v f @kd yg? RM vk y f r S m u ppf t pd k ; & ae&mrSm ppfom;a&S@aqmifwhJ (ppfom;eJ@ t&yfom;) !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & wck zG@J Ei kd f zdk@ygyJ? 'ga=umifhyJ trwfae&m 25 awmif;aewmyg? wu,fv@kd vmr,fh qEN cH,lyGJ u oef;a&$ppftkyfpk csKd;xm;wJh twdi k ;f jzpfvm&if tajccHOya' wck ay:vmr,f? a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfr,f? tpd;k &w&yfz@JG r,f? tJ't D pd;k &u t*Fvy df udkvdkeDacwfu ay:cJhzl;wJh a'gufwm
1? aemufwcsD tHkur_twGuf tcsdef,ljyif&rSmyJ? wygwD wzG@J wnf; jyifv@kd r&ygb;l ? tm;vH;k 0di k ;f +y;D jyif&ygr,f? vufeufrhJ jynfoa l wGuc kd sn;f pnf;H;k wmeJ@ rvHa k vmufygb;l ? vufeuf udi kx f m;wJh olawGuy kd g pnf;H;k &ygr,f? vufeufui kd x f m;wmu tpd;k &ppfwyf (wyfrawmf) &Sw d ,f/ typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh +ir d ;f tzG@J awG&w dS ,f/ ykvy da f wG&w dS ,f? olw@kd ukd pnf;H;k &rSmyJ? wdi k ;f cspjf ynfcspa f wG/ Edi ki fa H &;tajrmftjrif&o dS a l wG jzpfatmif vky& f rSmyJ? 2? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_}uD; +yD;wJa h emufrm S ppfty k p f k uvnf; aemufwcst D wGuf jyifaewmyJ? ppfwyfwi G ;f jyifwm awGawmh twGi;f ydi k ;f owif; awGrm S t+ra J wG@ae&w,f? wjcm; jyifwmvnf; &Sw d ,f? etz tvHLS ;wa,mufu Adv k a f tmif}u;D udk AsL;wmvnf; jyifaewmwcky? J rSwr f =d uygvr dO h f ;D r,f? 1988 wke;f uvnf; Adv k a f tmif}u;D udk axmifuv$w+f y;D wyfrawmfukd pdwe f @J awmif rjypfrm S ;eJ@ vd@k ajymcdi k ;f cJw h ,f r[kwv f m;? tckvnf; tvHL S ;oH;k +yD; etz u Adv k a f tmif}uD;udk AsL; eJ@ yGx J w k a f y;aejyef+yD? rdrw d @kd tm;vH;k (tm;vH;k ) owd&& dS ygr,f? Adv k a f tmif}uD;u wyfrawmfukd pdwe f @J awmif rjypf rSm;eJ@ vd@k csn;f ajymwmr[kwy f gb;l ? wyfuvnf; pdwe f @J awmif 16
rjypfrm S ;eJ@v@kd yg xnfa h jymygw,fv@kd &Si;f csux f w k w f ,f? tJ'D wke;f u Adv k a f tmif}u;D ajymcJw h m kyo f o H i G ;f xm;wmawG &Sw d myJ? Adv k a f tmif}uD;u bmudt k xl;yajymaeovJqw kd m &Si;f aeyg w,f? au;a=umfoa H wmif wdi ka f y;vdu k a f o;&J@? ol@&i S ;f csux f r J m S vnf; ygaeygw,f? 'd@k rm S vufeuf r&Sb d ;l ? vufeuf&o dS u l kd a=umuf=u/ iH@k c=H uvd@k ajymaewmyJ? vlxk vufxr Jm S vufeufu tckvnf;r&Sb d ;l ? [dw k e k ;f uvnf; r&Sb d ;l ? tJ'a D wmh woufv;kH iH@k c=H uvd@k ajymwmygy? J 'Dva kd jymwmvnf; ta=umif;&Sy d gw,f? bma=umifv h J qda k wmh ppfwyf (vufeuf) eJ@ tm%modr;f wJh ordi k ;f udk olyJ pcJw h myJ? olu bmaumifrS r[kwv f @kd (tck AsL; awGrm S awmh ol@udk,fol Adkvfatmifqef;/ Adkvfae0if;wdk@eJ@ wwef;wnf; xm;w,f) Adkvfae0if;udk q&mwifcJh&wmyg? Adkvfae0if;udk Edi ki fa H &;pifjrifa h y: olw@kd yJ 0di k ;f wifay;cJ=h uwm r[kwv f m;? qefpif&m usna f yG@vu kd a f ep&m rvdv k @kd ol@u, kd u f kd a&$ vd@k ajymwm/ 'Dru kd a&pDzcif}uD; vd@k ajrmufajymwm (BEDC *d% k ;f u ajrm ufajymwm) udk b0ifacG@wmawGua kd wmh tav;xm;+yD; ra&;awmhygbl;? tckusrS bma=umifh Adkvf atmif}u;D udk etz u yGx J w k v f movJ qdw k mudy k J a&;ygr,f? 3? Adv k a f tmif}uD;udk bma=umifh yGx J w k v f movJ?
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*rfbm&Dvmawmhr,f? DASSK eJ@ pum;ajym awmhr,f? (aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fv@kd rajymwm owdy NLD udk pum;xJawmif xnfr h ajymawmhwmudv k nf; owdyyg) RM tcsuf (4) qENc, H y l JG vkya f wmhr,f? 'gawGa=umifh yGx J w k w f myJ? tus,& f i S ;f ygr,f? DASSK udk acgi; f rmol vd@k ajymxm;zd@k rm S Adv k a f tmif}uD;yJ ajymrSmjzpfv@kd yJ (DASSK u a=u; olurS a&$ vd@k ajym0Hw h m olr@kd t&Sur f &Sy d avw,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyu JG (za,mif;u) b,foa l &$vJ qdw k m oufaocHc+hJ yD;+yDy? J) NLD xJu Adv k a f tmifa&$/ Adv k v f i Gw f @kd ukd ae0if;tay: tmCmw}uD;olawG jzpfatmif tm%mirf;irf;wuf vdc k sif olawG jzpfatmif uwiftykyc f sxm;wmyJ? oef;a&$u NLD udk pum;xJawmif xnfr h ajymwmudk umuG,a f y;zd@k jzpfw,f? RM tcsuf (4) qENc, H y l JG u vmawmhr,f? qEN cH,y l JG rSm qef@usir f J ray;=ueJ@/ vufeuf&o dS l ajymwJh twdi k ;f waoGrwdr;f vdu k e f m=u/ 'grS oufomr,f vd@k ajymwmyJ? pdwe f @J awmif rjypfrm S ;eJ@ qdw k mxuf jyif;xefwhJ oabmyJ? 4? aemufwcsD tHk ur_ukd jyifjyifqifqif vky=f uapcsiw f ,f? RAM udv k nf; vky=f uapcsiw f ,f? vlxt k kH ur_ jzpfaerS k @J ) vkyo f ify h gw,f? vlxt k kH ur_ukd ESr dz f @kd / t=urf;zufz@kd vmwJh pnf;H;k &&if aemufusom G ;vdrr hf ,f? RAM udk tckuwnf;u (enf;rsK;d pHe wyfue kd m;csz@kd qw kd m odyc f ufygw,f? pdwc f s&olukd v$wv f u kd w f myg? t&ufu;kd armif;wdu k +f y;D v$wv f u kd w f myg? 5? vlxt k kH ur_&@J ypfrw S u f usO;f &ygr,f? usO;f avaumif;av/ csua f umif;udk cse dy f pfav aumif;avyg? jyifqifwmrSm tcse d, f & l ygr,f? aphaphpyfpyf&& dS ygr,f? wdu k y f0 JG if&if tajzaumif; tjrefay:ap&ygr,f? acgi;f aqmifru _ wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sr d S b,ftcse dr fm S wufr,f/ b,ftcse dr fm S tEdi ke f @J yi kd ;f r,fqw kd m qH;k jzwfEi kd y f gw,f? Oya'wGi;f wdu k y ft JG awG@tuH Auy rSm enf;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh a&S@wef;rSm a&S@aqmifEi kd o f r l sm; pOf;pm;&ef wifjywmyg? ?
vlxt k jkH uGr+-zpfaerS pnf;&Hk;77if aemufusoGm;vdrr hf ,f? RAM udk tckuwnf;u (enf;rsKd;pHe k h)J vkyo f ify h gw,f?
17
Edi ki fw H umhwyfrawmfrsm;ta=umif; avh vm=unf& h if wyfrawmfwi kd ;f [m rdrw d @kd &@J wd k u f c d k u f a &;pG r f ; &nf acwf r D j rif h r m; wd;k wufvmatmif u;pm;wnfaqmuf ae=uwm awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? txl; ojzifh 21 &mpk tar&dueftpdk;&&J@ e,fcs@J ppfyo JG pfrsm;t+yD;rSm Edi ki ft H oD;oD; [m rdrw d @kd wyfrawmfrsm;udk acwfrp D pfyJG qifEE J$ i kd z f @kd jyifqifwnfaqmuf=uzd@k vSe@f Ed;_ wm cHvu kd =f u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; wdu k p f r G ;f &nf jriw hf ifEi kd a f tmif zG@J pnf;r_/ vufeufwyfqifr/_ avhusir hf a _ wGukd rdrd wdk@&J@ tcdkiftrmtajctaet& vkyf aqmifae=uwJh owif;awG[m ae@pOf owif;awGrm S tqufrjywf awG@ae=u &wm jzpfygw,f? Armjynfu etz ppfwyfuawmh acwfrDwyfrawmf jzpf atmif pepfwuswnfaqmufwm rawG@ &bJ r@opfwnfwm/ ppfAv kd c f sKya f wG &mxl; tajymif;tvJvkyfwmeJ@ jynfwGif;u twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ &[ef;jynfoa l wGukd wdu k c fu kd a f csre _ ;f wJh vkyfief;rsm;om vkyfaewm awG@&rSm 18
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1? ordi k ;f ed*;kH csKyf udp[ P m udp}P u;D jzpfw,f? 'gua kd qG;aEG;csiy f gw,f? 'Dup du P ppfat;acwf (1947- 1989) +y;D qH;k pumvup+y;D ay:vmwmyg? uGeq f maA;wpfvufopf (neo-con) wOD;jzpfwhJ zlu, k mr qdo k u l pvdu k w f myJ? tawmfuav; *,ufxoGm; ygw,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usia f &;orm;awG&@J usr;f wqle;D yg; (ol@pmtkyu f ) jzpfom G ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh odyr f =umvdu k y f gb;l ? 21 &mpk xJvnf;0ifvma&m ordi k ;f ued*;kH csKyf zd@k aeaeomom ordi k ;f u t&Se dt f [kee f @J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmw,f? tmz*efppf/ tD&wfppf jzpfvmawmh zlu, k mr ud, k w f i kd f aemufwvSr;f qkww f ,f? xm;ygawmh? 2? zlu, k mr&J@tawG;tac:u rmhup f0 f g' ed*;kH csKy+f yv D @kd ajymenf;wrsK;d eJ@ ajymwmyg? rmhup f0 f g'&J@tp[m uGejf rLepfa=unm pmwrf; (1848) uyg? tJ'a D =unmpmwrf;rSm ordi k ;f qdw k m[m vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wG&@J ordi k ;f yJv@kd tpcsx D m;ygw,f? tde* f ,fvu f xyf+yD;jznfp hu G y f gw,f? vlwef;pm;awGtjzpf uGjJ ym;vmcse du f p+yD; ordi k ;f qdw k m vlwef;pm;wdu k y f& JG @J ordi k ;f yJv@kd jznfp hu G y f gw,f? yd+k yD;jynfp ho kH m G ;wmayg? h u|ea f wmfw@kd ygwu D zlu, k mr&J@ ed*;kH csKyft,ltqudk b,fwe k ;f urS vufrcHcy hJ gb;l ? bma=umifv h q J a kd wmh vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_ &Sa d eor# vlwef;pm;wdu k y f JG &Sa d er,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k y f& JG a dS e&if ordi k ;f vnf;&Sa d er,fv@kd ,lqvd@k yg? 3? zlu, k mr tJ't D ,ltqwifpOfu qdA k, D uf,e l, D H yuGc J se dy f g? Edi ki fw H umh uGejf rLepfta&;awmfy}kH u;D wckv;kH aemufwvSr;f qkwa f e&cse dy f g? wcsK@d u tkyp f ;D ysu+f y;D upOfu h vsm;qkww f ,f? wcsK@d u tkyp f ;D rysua f tmif xde;f +y;D qkw=f uygw,f? (u|ea f wmfw@kd ygwu D 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;rSm ygygw,f?) tckaqG;aEG;csiw f mu bma=umifq h w k & f ovJ qdw k myg? yk*v ~ u d tjrifoufoufukd wifjywmyg? bma=umifq h w k & f ovJ? (u) k&m S ;awmfve Sa f &;eJ@ wkwa f wmfve Sa f &;wd@k rm S wlnw D x hJ ;l jcm;csuf &Sw d ,f? olw@kd awmfve Sa f &;awG[m rmhup f /f tde* f ,fvw f @kd awG;ac:cJo h vdk a&S@wef;a&muf wdi k ;f jynfawGu wyifwnf; t&if;&Sit f m%m&Sip f epfukd awmfve Sw f hJ urBma h wmfve Sa f &;rsK;d vkyw f m r[kwb f ;l ? a&S@wef;a&mufwi kd ;f jynfawG qdw k mu (tJ'w D e k ;f u) t&if;&Sip f epf tjrifq h ;kH tqifa h &mufaewJh t*Fvefe@J *smr%D/ jyifopfe@J tar&duefw@kd uy kd J qdv k w kd myg? k&m S ;jynf/ wkwjf ynfw@kd u ya'o&mZfwydi k ;f t&if;&Siw f ydi k ;f acwfaemufuswhJ wdi k ;f jynf awGy? J olw@kd awmfve S a f &;awG Edi kw f mu a&S@wef;a&muf wdi k ;f jynf}uD;awGtcsi;f csi;f e,fcs@J ppfyJG (urBmppf) qifEa J$ e=uwmudk csua f umif;,lEi kd v f @kd y? J yxrurBmppfrm S t*Fvy d /f tar&duef/ jyifopfuwzuf *smr%Duwzuf ppfjzpfaewmudk csua f umif; ,lEi kd v f @kd k&m S ;awmfve Sa f &; atmifjrifwmyJ? wkwa f wmfve Sa f &;uvnf; 'kw, d urBmppfukd csua f umif;,lEi kd v f @kd atmifjrifwmyJ? 'Drm S oifcef;pmxkw, f E li kd w f mu Edi ki fw H umh tajctaeudk csua f umif;,l+yD; rdrjd ynfwi G ;f awmfve S a f &;udk atmifjrifatmif vkyE fi kd w f ,fqw kd hJ oifcef;pmjzpfw,f? 20
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(c) zG@H z;+y;D Edi ki fa H wG (a&S@wef;a&mufEi kd i fa H wG) u t+rw J rf;olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f ppfwu kd a f e=uwm r[kwb f ;l ? txl;ojzifh 1947 avmuf up+yD; olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf;ae=uw,f? tm;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ tar&duefukd acgi;f aqmifwif Adv k v f y k c fi Ga hf y;+yD; pnf;vH;k ae =uw,f? olw@kd csi;f ydyuQjzpf&ifvnf; ppfjzpfavmufonft h xd rjyif;xefatmif xde;f !d= uw,f? tJ'v D v kd y ka f ewm tcktxdy? J 1914 u 1945 xd (ESpf 30) wke;f uawmh tajctaeuwrsK;d yJ? b,fou l rS b,fo@l ur kd S Adv k r f xm;bl;? ppfxrwdu k f =uao;&ifvnf; &efjzpfae=uwmyJ? 1947 u tcktxd (ESpf 60) usawmh wrsK;d jzpfw,f? ausauseyfeyfyJ tar&duefukd Adv k v f y kc fi kd ;f xm;=uw,f? &efvnf; ,f? wcgwav jyifopfv[ kd mu ab;zJh odyr f jzpf=ubl;? G7 qd+k yD; zG@J xm;w,f? &efjzpfr,fh tajctaejzpf&ifvnf; xde;f !dw xGu& f ifvnf; aphpyfvu kd w f ,f? xde;f !dv u kd w f ,f? t*Fvy du f awmh tar&duefukd vdv k c kd sic f siy f J Adv k v f y kc fi kd ;f xm;wmyJ? *smr%D/ *syefuawmh ppf;H_ xm;wmawG jzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSm }u;D us,a f eayr,fh Edi ki fa H &;ppfa&;rSm tar&duefukd rSc Da kd e&&Smw,f? wnf&dS aewJh urBmt h pDtpOf (World Order) uvnf; olw@kd ukd ypm;ray;bl;? tar&duefukd rSc Dr kd v S & l m0ifrm S udk *smr%D/ *syefu odaew,f? (*) k&m S ; (qdA k, D uf) eJ@ wkwu f awmh pnf;vH;k r_r&Sw d t hJ cse du f cyfrsm;rsm;yg? qd& k , S v f pf*% kd ;f qdw k m =um=umcHcw hJ m r[kwb f ;l ? trsm;ydi k ;f u tdrc fa JG e=uwmjzpfw,f? 'DtxJrm S atmifjrifre _ @J ,pfr;l ae=uao;w,f? vDeif&@J wdi k ;f jynfwjynfcsi;f qd& k , S v f pfpepf xlaxmifEi kd w f ,f qdw k mudk qENpu JG susw;kd cs@J +y;D wdi k ;f jynfwjynfcsi;f uGejf rLepfavmu csw D ufEi kd w f ,f qdo k nftxd vkyv f mw,f? olO;D ud, k O f ;D yif=uao;w,f? k&m S ; (cl;&Suz f ) f u uGejf rLepfavmuudk csw D ufr,fq+kd yD;vkya f wmh wkwf (armfpw D e k ;f ) u ckev f m $ ;csw D ufa&; ,Ofaus;r_ awmfve S a f &; vky+f yD;yifw,f? vuf0 J qENpt JG rSm;awG tyifvy k =f uw,f? aemufq;kH usawmh k&m S ; (*db k macsmy h ) f u zdz k &J qkw& f w,f? wkwf (wde@f a&Smifzif) u tkyp f ;D rysua f tmifqw k w f ,f? 4? k&m S ;a&m wkwy f g qkw=f uawmh zlu, k mru ordi k ;f ed*;kH csKy+f y D vd@k au;a=umfvu kd w f myJ? 'gayrJh r=umygb;l ? vlwef;pm; wdu k y fu JG yHp kw H rsK;d eJ@ ay:vmw,f? tJ'gu tmz*efppfy/JG tD&wfppfyy JG ? J ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;eJ@ wdu k & f wJv h w l ef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wmh r[kwb f ;l ? vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wmh vlwef;pm;wdu k y fy JG ? J bmoma&; tajccHwhJ ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;vd@k rlqviftpGe;f a&muf awGukd owfrw S & f rvm;awmh rodb;l ? tD&wfusawmhwrsK;d ? bmhoy f gw[ D m rlqviftpGe;f a&mufawmh r[kwb f ;l ? tD&wfue G jf rLepfygwu D b,fvo kd wfrw S f ovJawmh rodb;l ? avhvm&OD;rSmjzpfw,f? bifvm'ifw@kd wmvDbefw@kd quf'rf[p le dw f @kd [m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; ud, k p f m;vS,f r[kww f mawmh aocsmw,f? tckajymcsiw f mu olw@kd ukd bmvlwef;pm;vd@k owfrw S z f @kd r[kwb f ;l ? vlwef;pm;wdu k y fq JG w kd m t&if;&Sie f @J ypPn;f rJw h u kd w f hJ wdu k y fu JG r kd S vlwef;pm;wdu k y f JG qdv k w kd mr[kwb f ;l ? b,fvw l ef;pm;awGwu kd w f u kd f vlwef;pm;wdu k y fy JG ? J vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wG wdu k a fe =uor# ordi k ;f ed*;kH rcsKyfao;bl; qdw k mudy k J ajymcsiw f myg? ?
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u|efawmfwkd@ygwD&J@ rSwfwrf; rsm;t& 'Dusr;f xkwa f 0wm 140 jynfE hp S f jzpfw/hJ ppfat;acwftqH;k rowfrD 1988 ckEp S t f xd urBmb h mompmayaygi;f 100 ausmfr#avmufom yHkeSdyfxkwfa0&ao; w,fv@dk ajymEki dy f gw,f? 'gudk Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw& D @J tmabmf jynfo@l tm%m *sme,f (1988 ck/ trSwf 2) rSm azmfjy cJz h ;l w,f? tJ'a D emuf 10 ESpa f usmf =um oGm;+yD; 'Dusr;f xkwa f 0wm ESpa f ygi;f 150 ausm=f umoGm;wJt h cg bmomaygi;f 200 ausmfeJ@ bmomjyefxkwfa0&wJhtxd wkd;wufvmw,f? 10 ESpfwmumv twGi;f bmomaygi;f 100 ausmw f ;dk vm wJo h abmyJ? 'D 10 ESpa f usmu f mv[m vnf; omref 10 ESpw f mumv r[kwb f /J qk d & S , f v pf 0 g'/ uG e f j rLepf 0 g'taeeJ @ jyif;xefvSwJh tauG@taumuf/ H_;edrfh r_}uD;ukd &ifqi dk a f e&wJu h mv/ rmhup f 0 f g' acwfrrDawmhygb;l vk@d t&if;&Si* f% dk ;f om; awGu t}u;D t us,0 f g'jzef@aewJu h mv jzpfwmukd owdjyKcsip f &m tvGea f umif; ygw,f? 'gu bmuka d zmfjyaeovJ? t&if; &Sif*kd%f;om;awG 0g'jzef@aewmeJ@ qef@ usifpGm urBmhjynfolawG[m t&if;&Sif pepf&J@ tedmHkawGukd ausmfeif;a&; twGuf rmhufpf0g'ukd pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm zwf_avhvmvkdufpm;vkdcsif=ua=umif; azmfjyvku d w f m r[kwv f m;? tck vmrnfh 2008 ckEp S [ f m uG e f j rLepf y gwD a=unmpmwrf ; xkwa f 0wm ESpf 160 ajrmuf umvjzpf w,f? 'Dae@x;l ae@jrwfudk *k%jf yKwhJ taeeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu tcuftcJ tusyftwnf; trsdK;rsdK;t=um;uyJ uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;ukd wwd, t}udrfyHkESdyfxkwfa0zkd@ vHk;yef;tm;xkwf vsu& fy dS gw,f? tckaemufqHk; pl;prf;avhvm csur f sm;t& urBmE hi dk i ft H oD;oD;u uGejf rL epfygwDa=unmpmwrf;ukd yHkESdyfxkwfa0 cJw h hJ t}udra f ygi;f 1000 ausm& f o dS m G ;+yDv@dk wkwb f momeJ@ xkwa f 0wJh rsua f rSmuf urBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g'*sme,f (2007 trSwf 2) rSm azmfjyxm;wmukd zwf_ vku d & f ygw,f? (2) 'Dusr;f [m urBmay:rSm yxr qH k ; aom uG e f j rLepf y gwD - uG e f j rLepf tzGJ@csKyf&J@ vkyfief;pOfvnf; jzpfw,f? rmhufpf0g'ukd ygwDvkyfief;pOftjzpf yxrqH k ; t}ud r f t aeeJ @ azmf j yvk d u f jcif;jzpfovkd rmhup f 0 f g'[m jynfp h u kH v kH kH wJp h epfw&yftjzpf yxrqH;k t}udrf ay: xGuv f mjcif;jzpfw,f? Eki di fw H um uGef jrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_&J@ vkyfief;pOfoabm aqmifwhJ armfue G ;f 0ifpmwrf;vnf; jzpf w,f ? uG e f j rLepf t zG J @ csKyf & J @ 'k w d , uGe* f &ufu wm0efay;tyfrt _ & rmhup fe f @J tdef*,fwkd@[m 1847 ck/ 'DZifbmvrS 1848 ck/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; a&;om; cJh=uwmyg? tJ'DESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm yxrqH;k t}udrt f jzpf *smrmefbmomeJ@ vef'efrSm xkwfa0cJhw,f? tJ'Daemuf bmomtrsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@bmomjyef+y;D urBmE hi dk i fH toD;oD;rSm yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0cJ=h uw,f? tJ'v D dk bmomtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yHkESdyfxkwfa0&mrSm rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwkd@u ed'gef;a&;ay; =uygw,f? pkpa k ygi;f 7 }ur dt f xd &Sc dw hJ ,f? 'Dusr;f pmtkyr f m S tcef; 4 cef; yg0ifw,f? yxrqH;k tcef;uawmh "e&Sif sm;qdkwJh tcef;yJ? 'D rsm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhrsm; tcef;u t&if;&Sip f epf[m rkcsysuo f O k ;f csKyf + id r f ; +yD ; / qk d & S , f v pf p epf [ m rk c s atmifyGJcHvdrfr,fqdkwJh orkdif; jzpfay: wkd;yGm;r_OD;wnfcsufwkd@ukd oufaoxl jyxm;wmyg? orki d ;f acwfwi dk ;f &J@ pD;yGm;a&;/ xkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ uzefwD; vkdufwJh vlr_a&;taqmufttHk[m acwf EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwfeJ@ orkdif;&J@ tajccH tkwjf rpfjzpfw,fv@dk nejf yvku d f w,f? vlwef;pm;vl@tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k &J@ orki d ;f [m vlwef;pm;wku d y fo JG rki d ;f om jzpfw,f qkdwJh tjrifukdvnf; wifjyxm;w,f? 'Dtjrift& rsua f rSmuft&if;&Siv f w l ef; pm;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm jy xm;w,f ? t&if ; &S i f v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twGi;f tjyeftvSef qef@usib f ufjzpfae wJh t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef; pm;/ 'Dvlwef;pm; 2 &yf jzpfay:vmr_/ jzpfwnfvmr_eJ@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufvmr_ wkd@ukd &Sif;vif;jyxm;w,f? t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;[m orkdif;rSm awmfvSefwJh tcef; &SdcJhzl;w,f? 'gayrJh pufr_vkyf ief;}u;D awG jzpfxe G ;f wk;d wufvmwmeJ@tr# u ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;ukd awmfve Sf wJh vufeuf wenf;tm;jzifh acwfrw D hJ xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;pk[m t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;ukd aowGi;f yk@d vu dk w f hJ vufeuf jzpfom G ;awmhw,fv@dkvnf; axmufjyxm; ygw,f? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m t&if; &Sifvlwef;pm;ukd ajrjrKyfo+*K[fol jzpfovkd wu,fhawmfvSefwJh vlwef; pm;vnf; jzpfw,f? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;[m rdr& d @J orki d ;f ay;wm0efudk taumiftxnf azmfEi fdk a f &;twGuf t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;ukd t=urf;zuf wGef;vSef+yD; rdrd&J@EkdifiHa&; pk;d rk;d r_udk xlaxmif&r,f? t&if;&Siv f w l ef; pm; ysuo f O k ;f oGm;&r_e@J ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; atmifyGJ&r_wkd@[m cGJjcm;vkd@r&EkdifwJh t&mawGjzpfw,fvk@d nejf yvku d w f ,f? ypP 'kw, d tcef;uawmh n;f rJh rsm;eJ@ uGefjrLepfrsm; sm;? uGefjrLepfygwD/ 23
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ygw,f? uGejf rLepfawG[m rdrv d w l ef;pm;&J@ vwfwavm&nfre S ;f csue f @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf wku d y f0 JG if=u&r,f? 'gayrJh vufiif; v_y& f m S ;r_[m v_y& f m S ;r_&@J tem*wfuv dk nf; uk, d p f m;jyK&r,fv@dk vnf; nejf yxm;w,f? uGejf rLepfawG[m awmfve Sw f hJ Eki di fa H &; ygwa D wGe@J aygi;f pyfEi dk & f r,f? wcse dw f nf;rSmvnf; ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; Eki di fa H &;ygw& D @J trSc Du dk if;r_ua dk wmh pGp J +JG rJ+rJxe d ;f odr;f oGm;zk@d vkt d yfw,fv@dk vnf; nejf yxm;w,f? txl;ojzifh *smrefue G jf rLepfawG }uKH awG@ae&wJh *smref"e&Sia f wmfve Sa f &;rSm usio hf ;kH oifw h hJ oabmxm;awGudk nejf yxm;wmyg? aemufqHk;azmfjyxm;wmuawmh wnf&SdaewJhvlr_pepftm;vHk;ukd t=urf;zufwGef;vSefEkdifrSom uGefjrLepfawG&J@ &nfre S ;f csuy f ef;wki du f dk a&mufEi dk v f r dr hf ,f? 'ga=umifh urBmw0ef;&Sd ypPn;f rJr h sm; aoG;pnf;nDnw =f uavmh vk@d au;a=umfwif jyxm;w,f? 'Da=unmpmwrf;ukd xkwa f 0+yD;wJa h emuf 'Dpmwrf;[m wav#mufv;kH wki d ;f jynftoD;oD;&Sd uGejf rLepfawGe@J ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; awmfve Sa f &;&J@ vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G w f hJ vkyi f ef;pOfjzpfvmcJw h ,f? 'Dae@urBm}uD;rSm t&if;&Sip f epf v$r;f rk;d xm;qJjzpfw,f? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;eJ@ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;wk@d wnf&a dS ewke;f ygy? J 'Dvv dk w l ef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_awG/ zdEy dS r f a _ wG&a dS eao;or# uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf; ukd avhvmolawG/ yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0olawG &Sa d eOD; rSm rkcsrvGy J gy? J ?
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ordi k ;f rSmt}uD;us,q f ;kH tbd"rRmq&m[m b,fov l v J @kd ar;&if tajz&cufygvr d r hf ,f? um;vfrmhup f y f gv@kd qv kd u kd f &ifawmh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;awGu ESmacgif;_H@=u/ a'gyG=uygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh 1995 ckESpfwkef;u bDbDpD a&'D,dk (4) &J@ igwdk@acwf ( In Our Time) tpDtpOfuae pm&if;aumufvdkufawmh rJaygif; 3 aomif;xJrSm uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;eJ@ t&if;usrf;udk a&;ol um;vfrmhufpfu 2793 &yg w,f? 'kw, d vdu k o f x l uf 2 q ausmf ydr k sm; ygw,f ? 'k w d , &ol u a';Apf [ sL;rf David Hume) jzpf+yD;olu 1267 yJ &ygw,f? yavwdu k yreJ@ qdu k a&;wD; ( u trae&mrSm vdu k =f uygw,f? 'Dup du P kd t*Fvefu *g;'D;,ef;owif ; pm}uD ; rS m azmfjyawmh rmhufpfudk 'Dvdk trSwfay;=u wm[m rmhup f u f *vdb k ,fvu kd a f Z;Si;f acwf}uD;udk udjrifEi kd v f @kd tckvkd todtrSwf ycH&wm jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'D owif;rSmyJ a&;xm;wmu- 'DrJay;olawG trsm;pk [ m vl v wf w ef ; pm;awG r d k @ +Ad w d o #0ef } uD ; tzG J @ xJ S d rmh u f p f 0 g'uae +cHce ku f ;l oGm;wJh *|e& f ;D 'fe@J csm;vfpu f vyfcf wd k @ vd k vl a wG u d k naygif ; rsm;pG m tdyfraysmfatmif vkyfvdkufwmyJ wJh? 1948 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 23&ufae@xkwf wdkif;r*~Zif;rSm uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf; tESpfw&mjynfhwmudk txdrf;trSwfywJhtaeeJ@ rmhufpf&J@kyfyHkygtzHk;eJ@ aqmif;yg;Snf}uD;wyk'f azmfjyygw,f? tJ'Daqmif;yg;rSm aysmf$ifp&marG;ae@yg/ vGefcJhwJhtESpf 100 wkef;u rmhufpf&J@ 'Dtpdrf;a&mifpmtkyfyg;av;udk vHk;0pdwfr0ifpm;wJh vlawGxJ ydk@cJhw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; pdwf0ifpm;r_[m wdk;rsm;oxuf wdk;rsm;vmw,f vdk@ azmfjyxm; ygw,f? vef'eftbd"rRmwuUodkvfu ynmSifjzpfwJh t,fvif0k'f ( Allen W. Wood) u tJ'DuGefjrLepf a=unmpmwrf; tESpf 150 ajrmuf txdrf;trSwftjzpf aqmif;yg;wapmifa&;om;&mrSm 'DvdktpcsDxm;ygw,f? vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif; 150 avmufu a&;xm;wJhpmtkyfwtkyfudk b,fvdkvkyf wefzdk;jzwf&rSmvJ? wu,fuawmh 'Da=unmpmwrf;[m pmtkyw f umxJrm S acwftrDq;kH pmtkyf jzpfygw,f? 'gukd tvG,a f v;twnfyvd@k &ygw,f? tJ'v D y kd J vGec fw hJ E hJ p Sa f ygi;f 150 avmufwe k ;f u/ tvm;wlta=umif;t&mawGukd a&;xm;wJh blZm G pmtkyw f tkyt f y k f eJ@ ,SO=f unhv f u kd y f g? tJ'p D mtkya f wG[m ordi k ;f oabmeJ@om pdw0 f ifpm;p&m Sw d ,f/ bmrSvufawG@rm S toH;k rwnfh bl;qdkwm awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? 'geJ@rwlbJ a=unmpmwrf;uawmh tHh=op&maumif;avmufatmif pum;vHk; enf;enf;eJ@ tajccHtusqHk;ed,mr}uD;udk wurBmvHk;u tmHkpdkufvmatmif wifjyxm;w,f? 1848 ckESpf&J@ azazmf0g&Dvv,f/ ae@wae@rSm vef'efrd@/ bpfaSmh*dwf (Bishopsgate) t&yfu yHkESdyfpufuav; wckxJuae uGefjrLepfpmapmifav;wapmif xGufvmygw,f? *smrefbmomeJ@jzpf+yD; tzHk;rSm (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) vdk@ a&;xm;ygw,f? rmhufpfeJ@ ol@vlawGu tJ'D pmtkyfawGudk Oa&mywdkufbuf tjrefydk@vdkuf=uygw,f? usefwmuawmh ordkif;yg? ordkif;topfyg? uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;&J@ t*Fvy db f momjyefukd 1850 usrS xkwa f 0Edi kc fy hJ gw,f? [,fvifrufzmvde;f (Helen MacFarlane) u jyefwmyg? 'gayrJh 1917 ckESpf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;rwdkifcifutxd bmomaygif; 35 rsdK;eJ@ t}udrf aygif; 544 }udrf xkwfa0cJh+yD;yg+yD? urBmay:rSm uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;xuf apmifa&ydkrsm;wm&,fvdk@ orRmusrf;apmifeJ@ udk&efusrf;yJSdw,fvdk@ xkwfa0olavmurSm ajymprSwfy=uygw,f?
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27
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jyef=uwJh &[ef;oHCmawG[m aus;vuf pnf;kH;a&;orm;awG jzpfvm=uvdrfhr,f? 'D v _ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; twG i f ; rS m ppf wyfwGif; tuGJt+yJawGta=umif; trsKd;rsKd; =um;ae&w,f/ wcsKd@owif;awG rrSefbl;? wcsKd@owif;awGuawmh jzpfapcsifwJh qENeJ@ omomxkd;xkd;ajymwm jzpfaew,f? wcsKd@ uawmh aumvm[vyJ ? bmyJ j zpf j zpf ppfwyfwGif;rSm twkdif;twm }uD;wm/ ao; wm tyxm;vkd@ oabmxm;t& tuGJ t+yJ &SdcJhwmawmh aocsmw,f? ppfwyfwGif; ydyuQ[m vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:vmcsdefrSm ykdrkdjzpfay: }uD;xGm;vmwwfw,fqkdwm vnf; trSefyJ? ppfwyfjyKjyifa&;ukd tck tcsdefrSm ykd+yD;t&Sdefjrifhzkd@vkdw,f? uk v or*~ u k d , f p m;vS , f jyef oGm;+yD;wJhaemufrSm ppftpkd;&[m wzufu wkdif;jynf wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &Sdavonfh[ef yk H a zmf j y&if ; jynf o l z d E S d y f a &;awG yk d w k d ; vkyfvmw,f? zrf;wmqD;wmawGukd qkdvkd w,f ? &J a wG u tp jynf o l t ay: +cd r f ; ajcmuf+yD; aiGnpfwmawGtxd vkyfvm w,f? 'gawG[m jynfolv_yf&Sm;r_ukd t =urf;zufzcGJt+yD; tJ'Dt&Sdefukd Zufukef zGifhvkyfaewm jzpfw,f? 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29
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ukefwm[m atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;eJ@ &JabmfvDeif&J@ oabmw&m;rsm;a=umihf jzpfw,fqdkwm tifrwefxifSm; ygw,f? urBmt&yf&yfu udv k e kd e D ,fcs@J qef@usia f &;/ zufqpf qef@usia f &; v_y f m S ;r_awGxr J m S yJ uGejf rLepfygwa D wG arG;zGm;/ }uD;xGm;/ tm;aumif;vm=u/ wcsdK@tm%m&vm=uwmudk =unh& f if tifrwefoo d m xifm S ;ygw,f? Armjynfrm S 1920 trsKd ;om;oydw}f uD;aemufyi kd ;f ay:ayguw f hJ Edi ki fa H &;ygwa D wG/ Edi ki fa H &;vkyo f a l wG/ v_y fm S ;r_awGrm S &mcdi kE f e _ ;f ud;k q,f[m atmufwb kd mawmfve S a f &;&J@ *,ufe@J ruif;bl;vkd@qdk&ifrrSm;ygbl;? 'dt&ifu EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif vkya f e=uwJh trsKd ;om;"eSiv f w l ef;pm;xJu tpdwt f ydi k ;f wck [m ig;axmifpm;awGjzpfukef+yD; trsdK;om;oydwfuae qufvufSifoefvmwJh vGwfvyfa&;v_yfSm;r_}uD;udk opPm azmufue k =f uwJt h cgrm S vGwv f yfa&;wdu k y f t JG vHukd quf+yD;
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km S ;Edi ki fu H 'kw, d ajrmuftvufZif'gb& k if (62ESp) f [m 1881 ckEp S f rwfv 13 &ufae@rm S AH;k eJ@typfc& H awmh ajcjywf/ Adu k a f ygu+f yD; vly k r f ay:bJaooGm;cJy h gw,f? f 'Dvkd ol@uv kd y k }f uHowfjzwfz@kd pDpOfoa l wGxr J m S ynmwwf trsKd ;orD;wa,muf ygw,fv@kd q& kd if tH=h oaumif;tH=h o=uvdrr hf ,f? ol@ur kd vdv k m;wJh oufO;D qHyi kd p f epfvv kd m;olawGu ol@ukd A,f&mzpf*e f m (Vera f ;l / ol&w J ap>jzpfw,fvd@k ajym=uygw,f? Nikolaevna Figner)[m trsKd ;orD;r[kwb A,f&meDuv kd ufAe f m zpf*e f m (1852-1942) [m 19 &mpkEp St f ukey fi kd ;f u km S ;"eSia f ygup f ynmwwfrsm;&J@ Zmpepf awmfve Sa f &;rSm acgi;f aqmifyg0ifco hJ l jzpfw,f? olra&;cJw h hJ awmfve Sa f &;orm;wOD;.rSww f rf;rsm; pmtkya f =umihf emrnf&cJw h hJ A,f&mApf*e f m[m txufwef;v$mrsm;wufwhJ ausmif;awGrm S ynmoifc+hJ yD; qGpZ f mvefEi kd i fr Hm S aq;ynmoif=um;cJy h gw,f? olr[m 1876 ckEp S u f p+yD; pde@f yw D mpbmh*f rd@awmfukd a&mufvmygw,f? tJ'r D m S olr[m Zmbk&ifukd awmfve S v f w kd hJ todi k ;f t0di k ;f wcke@J xdawG@r+d yD; ajrmufyi kd ;f awmfve S w f hJ ema&mh'e f pfct f pk (North Revolutionary Narodnik Group) rSm yg0ifcy hJ gw,f? 'DtzG@J &@J emrnfukd aemifrm S ajr,mESiv hf w G v f yfa&;tzG@J (Land and Freedom)vd@k ajymif;cJy h gw,f? 1879ck ESpr f m S 'DtzG@J uGjJ yefawmh olr[m jynfo@l qENtzG@J (Peoples Will)rSm tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if jzpfvmyga&m? 'gwifru olr[m ppfa&;acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'a D emufrm S ol[m ajratmufomefe@J aexdi kv f y _ fm S ;cJ+h yD; Zmbk&ifukd vky}f uHz@kd twGuf pDpOf&mrSm ygcy hJ gw,f? Zmbk&if towfc+H yD;aemufrm S olw@kd tzG@J 0ifawG ao'%ftay;cHoc l& H / axmiftcs cHoc l& H eJ@ tzG@J tpnf;[m tifrwefcsne hf @J om G ;awmh olr[m'DtzG@J ukd jyefvnfpp k nf;zd@k vH;k yef;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifygb;l ? opPmazmufwOD;&J@ vufaxmufcsra _ =umihf 1883 ckEp S f azazmf0g&v D 10 &ufae@rm S tzrf;cH&ygw,f? 1884 ckEp Sr fm S olrudk ao'%fcsrw S c fa hJ yr,fh aemufawmh axmif'%fwoufwu|e;f tjzpf jyefajymif;csvu kd y f gw,f? 'Daemuf 1884 ckuae 1904 ckEp St f xd olr[m cHwyf}u;D wcktwGi;f rSm tESpf ESpq f ,fv;kH vH;k wOD;wnf;wdu k y fw d x f m;wm cHc& hJ ygw,f? 1906 ckEp S r f m S olr[m jynfyudk xGuo f m G ;+yD; km S ;Edi ki ft H wGi;f u Edi ki fa H &;tusO;f om;rsm;twGuf vH@_ aqmf wdu k y f0 JG ifygw,f? 1907 - 08 ckEp Sr fm S qd k, S v f pfawmfve Sa f &;ygwx D J 0ifc+hJ y;D 1915 ckEp Sr fm S km S ;Edi ki fu H kd jyefvmcJy h gw,f? 1917ckEp S /f azazmf0g&a D wmfve Sa f &;+y;D wJa h emufrm S Edi ki fa H &;tusO;f om;awG/ jynfya&mufawGtm;vH;k udk vGw+f ir d ;f cGia hf y;a&;aumfrwD OuUeJ@ ,Ofaus;r_Ei Sv hf w G v f yfa&;toif;rSm 'kOuUwm0efawG,c ly hJ gw,f? Zmbk&ifpepfudk awmfvSefcsKyf+idrf;apwmr[kwfbJ Zmbk&ifwa,mufudkom csKyf+idrf;apcJhwmjzpfvdk@ olwdk@&J@ v_y f m S ;r_awG[m tqH;k wdi ka f tmifjrifr_ r&cJy h gb;l ? 'gayrJh ud, k u f sKd ;vH;k 0pGe@f vw $ +f yD; oufO;D qHyi kd b f & k if pepfq;kd }uD;udk wdu k c fu kd f cJw h hJ trsKd ;orD;wOD;taeeJ@awmh A,f&mzpf*e f m[m pHxm;tm;usjcif;cH&wJh trsKd ;orD;wOD;jzpfcy hJ gw,f? 36
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'gukd etz bufuvnf; vHk cHa&;aumifpu D csrw S w f mrSeo f r# ajyvnfatmif vkyy f gr h ,f vd@k tmrrcHEi kd a f =umif; wefjyef+cdr;f ajcmufygw,f? vD&e S v f e G ;f u wHcg;ydwa f ecsiw f E hJ i kd i fu H kd v$wx f m;vdu k fy kH J &Sw d ,f vd@k u|+J rD;wdjk yvdu k w f ,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf a'owGi;f Edi ki fa H wG&@J oabmxm;awG csKyf=unfv h u kd & f if etz &J@ vky& f yfawGukd qef@usiw f mrSm wl=uw,f? etz 'Dtwdi k ;f oGm;vd@k r&/ twdu k t f cHawGe@J pm;yG0 Ji kd ;f ay:xdi k +f y;D jy\emawG ajz&Si;f oifw h ,fqw kd mrSm wln=D uw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftyg xde;f odr;f cH Edi ki fa H &;orm;awGvw $ a f y;zd@k qdw k mrSmvnf; oabmruG=J ubl;? ukvor*~&@J vkya f qmifcsuu f v kd nf; tm;vH;k u vufc=H uw,f? od@k aomf etz udk ta&;,l'%fcwfrv _ y kw f muda k wmh oabmrwl=uygb;l ? 'gukd etz u tcGia hf umif;,laewmyg? etz eJ@ ukv etz [m tdre f ;D csi;f Edi ki fa H wGukd em;&Guw f a H wG;qGww f mawG vkyw f wfovdk ukvor*~uv kd nf; xdyy f w k a f cgi;f ykwf vkyc fy hJ gw,f? oltm;}uD;vd@k vkyE fi kd a f ewmawmh r[kwy f gb;l ? olu tm%m&rufaZma=umifh rsup f u d uef;ae+yD? 'ga h =umifv h nf; rsup fu d ef;wap>ra=umuf vkya f ewmyg? &Suv f nf; r&Suw f wfawmhyg? ode;f pdeu f uwdawGay;vdu k /f 0armifvi Gu f jiif;vdu k /f ^m%f0if;u tmrcHvu kd /f ausmw f ifa h qGu jiif;vdu k f vkya f eygw,f? vkyo f r#tm;vH;k udk rsup fp dr kH w dS +f y;D acgi;f &rf;jiif;aewmuawmh ausmq f ef;wd@k jyef=um;a&;tzG@J y? J 'Dve kd @J tzrf;tqD;rvkya f wmhygb;l / r&Sa d wmhygb;l vd@k wa,mufu ajymvdu k /f ygom G ;jyef+yD 3 - 4 a,muf qdw k mrsKd ; jzpfaeygw,f? ck 'DZifbmukec f ge;D txd vufue k }f uJ+yD; zrf;qD;aewke;f yg? 'gawGukd vufpa JG wmf 2 a,mufe@J wif v$wx f m;vd@k r&rSe;f wGi;f csKyf befur De G ;f odygw,f? 'ga h =umifv h nf; tvkya f wG *sia f jcvnfaewJ=h um;u 0if0ifygaewm awG@&w,f? Armjynftajctaetay: pdwy f suv f ufysujf zpf&a=umif; nnf;jyvdu k /f Edi ki fw H umtodi k ;f t0di k ;f &J@ pdw& fn S o f nf;cHr_ twdi k ;f twmukea f e+yv D @kd pdwr f &Sno f a H y;vdu k /f [dt k &ifwe k ;f uvdk oGm;aevd@k uawmh vufrcHq+kd y;D owday;vdu k f vkya f e&w,f? 'gayrJh tmqD,u H kd t"dutcef;rS yg0ifay;yg vd@k jA[RmO h ;D acgi;f }u;D udk jyefva J$ y;vdu k w f meJ@yJ ol@tpGr;f ukea f ea=umif; jyooGm;ygw,f? tmqD,u H vnf; olarG;wJa h rsmuf ol@jyefajcmufwm cHae&vd@k ukvudk tyfxm;wm awmfawmfawmif =umcJ+h yy D? J etz wGi;f pnf;vH;k aeor# (ZGww f &Gwo f rm;awG tm%mudi kx f m;aeEdi ko f r#) b,fo@l rS *kpu kd r f ,fy h kH r&Sy d gb;l ? ukvor*~u, kd p f m;vS,u f a kd wmif wdi k ;f jynfu ESix f w k jf yvdu k a f o;w,f r[kwv f m;? Armjynfjy\em ajz&Si;f zd@k vy k a f ewJh Edi ki fa H wG tajctaeeJ@ etz &J@ taetxm;uawmh 2007 ESpu f e k r f m S 'Dtwdi k ;f awG@&a=umif;yg? - tdre f ;D csi;f awGe@J awmifu;kd &D;,m;u ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;txdi ka f y:u at;at;csr;f csr;f ajymif;vJvmrvm;vd@k r,kwf rvGef vkya f e=uw,f? - tD;,lu yx0DEi kd i fa H &;t& tcsut f csmuswa hJ e&mwcktjzpf tav;xm;0ifygae&w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDpw H efz;kd xde;f vdu k f ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;=unfv h u dk f vkya f e&wJh tzG@J 0ifawGvnf; tawmftoify h gaewm awG@&w,f? *syefvnf; tvm;wly? J xrif;wvkyf wkww f csua f y:vpD? - plygyg0gtar&duefuawmh wkwjf ynfem;uyf+yD; =oZmxlaxmifcsiw f t hJ cHe@J ajccsxm;csiw f ,f? vufawG@azmfjy&mrSmawmh tar&duef/ tD;,l (EU)/ uae'g/ =opa=w;vsw@kd u cyfjyif;jyif;/ useE fi kd i fr H sm;u cyfaysma h ysmh udi kw f , G a f e=uw,f? ukvor*~usawmh vkyy fi kd c fi Gt hf uef@towf abmif &Sa d ew,f? 'Dawmh tm;vH;k u ud, k v f o kd vdk yHa k zmfEi kd w f mrd@k axmufcy H gw,f vd@k 0di k ;f vkyv f u kd =f uw,f? ukvor*~taeeJ@uvnf; tvkyo f abmt& qufvy k a f e&OD;rSmyg? *rfbm&Dw@kd oHywfue ko f vdk jzpfvmcse dr fm S jrefrmjynfqi kd & f m rdwa f qGrsm;tzG@J qd+k yD; 14 Edi ki fe H @J aemufajcvSr;f vSr;f vm&ygw,f? &Snv f sm; 45
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