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Ed0k ifbm/ 2003?

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Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

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Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

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tay: ynm&SiftcsdK@. t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk azmfjy
vdkygonf? 9 -11 ta&;tcif;aemufydkif; tar&duefEdkifiH.
EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDonf uGefqmaA;wpf0g'opfjzpfonf[k
qd=k uygonf? e,fcs@J 0g'opf[v
k nf; ac:qdEk ikd af =umif; okawoD
rsm;u qdk=uygonf?
uGefqmaA;wpf0g'opfonf zufqpf0g'ESifh tcsuf
wcsufwGifom uGmjcm;onf[k ynm&SifwOD;u qdkygonf?
urBm}uD;udk u,fwifa&;[laom rGefjrwfonfh&nfrSef;csuf
&So
d a,mif zufqpf0g'u rnfonht
f cgr# [efraqmifcq
hJ akd om
tcsufom uGmonf[k qdkonf? xdk@tjyif uGefqmaA;wpf
0g'opfu ,if;wdk@. b0aexdkifr_yHkpHonf urBmay:wGif
taumif;qH;k jzpfonf[k ,lq+yD; ,if;yHpk u
H kd usev
f l tm;vH;k u
twif;tusyfvufcHusifhoHk;ap&ef pdwfxufoefae=uonf?

txl;ojzifh rdpm> ,Ofaus;r_ . vdrn

f mr_atmufwiG f use&f dS
aeolrsm;udk ydkI&nfpl;onf qdk.?
e,fcs@J 0g'opfwiG f a'guw
f ikd f ay:vpD oH;k &yf&o
dS nf[k
tjcm;ynm&Sif wOD;u qdkygonf? tjcm;EdkifiHwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;
taqmufttHkrsm;udk csKyfudkifodrf;,ljcif;rSm yxra'gufwdkif
jzpfonf? ,if;odk@ vkyfaqmif&mwGif tar&duef.vufudkif
ud&d,mrsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF)/
urBmb
h %f (World Bank) ponfw@kd rw
S qifh vkyaf qmifonf?
'kwd,rSm jzpfEdkifonfhae&mrsm;wGif kyfao;tpdk;&rsm; xl
axmifjcif; jzpfonf? wwd,rSm EdkifiHwdk@. vufeufudk
zwfodrf;jcif; jzpfonf? tpkvdkuf tyHvdkufzsufqD;Edkifaom
vufeufqdkonfrSpI aemufqHk; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udkyg
zsufodrf;ypfjcif; jzpfonf? tcsKyfqdk&ygu tuif;rJhcsKyfudkif
xdef;csKyfa&;yif jzpfonf[k qdkonf?
e,f c sJ @ 0g'opf / uG e f q maA;wpf 0 g'opf w d k @ ud k
ynm&Sifwdk@u t"dy`m,fzGifh=u&mwGif wlnDcsufw&yfrSm
tuif;rJh tm%mxlaxmifjcif;yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;t&
aomfvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif; ESifh
,SOfyifjcif;udk e,fcs@J 0g'opfu cGifhryacs?
(3)
usH_;EdkifiHrsm; (failed states) [k &nf!$ef;oHk;E_ef;
vm=uonfuv
kd nf; awG@&&dS onf? us;H_ Edik if q
H o
kd nfrmS bmvJ?
ynm&S i f w OD ; u ,ck v d k t "d y ` m ,f z G i f h y gonf ? ,if ; wG i f
ta&;t}uD;qH;k vuQ%m (4) ck &So
d nfq.
kd ? jynfo@l tm%mudk
woD; yk*v
~ csKyfuikd x
f m;jcif;/ vufeufuikd w
f yf ppfb&k ifrsm;.
vufatmufwGif tpdwfpdwfuGJaejcif;/ t=urf;zufr_onf
tESH@tjym;ESifh vufawG@wGif w&m;0ifuJhodk@ jzpfaejcif;ESifh
trsm;oH;k ypPn;f - vkyif ef;aqmifwm (a&ay;a0a&;/ v#ypf pfr;D
ponf) rsm; vHk0O\HkeD;yg; ysufpD;aejcif;wdk@ jzpfonf[k
qdkygonf? usH_;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfyrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_
tE W&m,f rsm;ygonf? xdkynm&Sifu wEdkifiHcsif;taejzifh
0ifajz&Sif;ay;vdk@ r&? ydk+yD;qdk;0g;apvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf?
ukvor*~.OD;aqmifr_jzifh xdkEdkifiHwdk@. tusyftwnf;rsm;udk

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12

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0ifa&mufajz&Sif;ay;jcif;udk olu axmufcHonf? Oyrm usH_;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom uarBm'D;,m;/ qD&D,mvD,GefESifh a[wDEdkifiH

wdk@wGif ukvor*~u OD;aqmif+yD; u,fq,fch&J onf[k qdkonf? Tynm&Sifu uarBm'D;,m;/ a[wDponfh EdkifiHrsm;udkyJ Oyrm
ay;onf? rjynfhpHkyg? ukvor*~ 0ifu,fwdkif;vnf; ratmifjrifyg? qdkrmvD,m;EdkifiHudk ukvor*~ 0ifu,fcJh aomfvnf;
t&mra&mufrkH u ydq
k ;kd oGm;onf? ,ckawmh ukvor*~omru urBmrh 'D ,
D mavmu uyg ypfxm;vdu
k +f y?D ukvor*~0if u,f
cJah om tmz*efepPwefvnf; vH;k jcmvnfaeonf? orRwumZdik ;f (Kazai) cGuv
f ufpJG urBmvSnu
hf m awmif;&rf; aeaomfvnf;
cGufjynfhatmif r&awmhyg? bdef;xkwfvkyfa&; eHygwfwpfae&m jyefa&mufoGm;onf? udk,fydkifppfwyfrsm;udk rzsufodrf;Edkif?
r@awmfjyifywGif A[dktpdk;&tm%m rxda&muf jzpfaeonf?
(4)
tifyg,mopfu ol.tifyg,mudk csJ@xGifaecsdefwGif rdrdEdkifiHonf rnfonfhtajctae/ rnfonfhtqifhtwef;odk@
a&muf&Sdaeoenf;qdkonfrSm ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@r[kwfygu ,ae@urBmh tajctaewGif tE W&m,frsm;vSygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf rqv ppftpdk;& acwfuyif zGH@z;r_tedrfhqHk;EdkifiHpm&if; 0ifchJ+yD;jzpfonf? onfhaemuf e0w - etz
vufxufwGifvnf; tajctaet&yf&yfrSm ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfrSm trsm;tod jzpfygonf? e,u/ w,u/ c,u/ r,u
ppfAv
kd rf sm; ud,
k t
hf m%mt0ef;t0dik ;f wGif xifwikd ;f }uJae=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd umuG,af y;ae&wmyg [k e,u
u ajymaeonf? w,u &efuvm;/ c,u &efuvm;/ e,u wcsKd @&@J &efuvm;/ b,fu &efv?J twdtus rajymyg? 'Dy,
J if;
tjzpfrSef ay:rSm odyfa=umufaeonf? tjzpfrSefay:oGm;v#if usH_;aeqJEdkifiH jzpfa=umif; bl;ay:ovdk ay:rnf? ukvor*~
udk rsufpdrdSwftmcHae&jcif;ESifh ASEAN udk tm;emyg;em jiif;qefae&jcif;rSm 'ga=umifh jzpfonf? r=umrD bmvDrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf
Adkvfcif!Gef@ (EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;udk,fpm;) l;a=umifrl;a=umifvkyf&awmhrnf? jrefrmjynf rnfonfhtqifodk@ a&mufae+yDenf;?
txufwGifazmfjycJhaom tcsufrsm;jzifh ,SOfxkd;=unfhEdkifygonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckrS aqmif;yg;&SifwOD;url jrefrmEdkifiHudk
wpdwfwydkif;usH_;EdkifiH[k oHk;E_ef;oGm;onfudk awG@&Sdvdkuf&yga=umif;?

ol&aJ umif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;+yD; *k%af jymifwhJ tD&wfueG jf rLepfygwD

trSm
ygwD&J@oufwrf; 64 ESpfom jynfhvmw,f? 3 ESpfyJ ajray:ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcGifh&cJhw,f? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ
tjyif;xefqHk;tcsdefjzpfvdk@ udk,fhudpPyJ udk,ftmHkpdkufaecJh&w,f? 'ga=umifh nDtpfudkygwDawGta=umif; avhvmcGifh r&cJhbl;?
CPI, CPC wdk@ ta=umif;yJ avhvmEdkifchw
J ,f?
tck tcgtcGifhaumif;&Sdwht
J cdkuf avhvm=uzdk@ vdkw,f? txl;ojzifh olwdk@&@J wdkufyeGJ nf;y&d,m,fawGudk avhvm
oifhw,f?
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwDta=umif; aumufEkwfbmomjyefay;vdkufw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ Ek - tufwvDpmcsKyf udk
a0zefaecsed rf mS olw@kd u Portsmount pmcsKyf udk a0zefaecsed yf gvm;? qENjyvlxk 400 ypfowfc&H ygvm;? 0ef}uD;csKyf xGuaf jy;&
ygvm;? ygwDacgif;aqmifawG u;ay;cH&ygvm;? 'gayrJh jynfwGif;ppftxd olwdk@ rwufvSrf;EdkifchJbl;?
wdik ;f jynfawG ygwaD wGrmS ud,
k yf ikd x
f ;l jcm;wJh ordik ;f &Sw
d ,f? yHw
k u
l ;l vd@k r&bl;? 'gayrJh olw@kd &J @wu
kd yf JG enf;y&d,m,fawGukd
rdrdtajctaeeJ@ aygif;pyf+yD; rdrd&@J enf;y&d,m,ftjzpf xdk;xGif;}uHqEdkifw,f? ygwD0ifawG tcsdef&cdkuf avhvm=uapcsifw,f?
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
3/ 9/ 2003?

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13

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ol&aJ umif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;+yD; *k%af jymifwhJ

tD&wfueG jf rLepfygwD
tar&duefusL;ausmo
f rd ;f ydu
k +f y;D aemuf b*~'ufr@rmS
yxrqHk;xkwfa0wJh owif;pm[m tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwD
owif;pm jzpfygw,f? wjcm;EdkifiHrS uGefjrLepfawGxJrSmyif
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwDta=umif; od&Sdol tvGefenf;ygvdrfhr,f?
'ga=umifh tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwD Iraqi Communist Party
(ICP) &J@ rkefwdkif;xefwhJ ol&aJ umif;yDowJh ordkif;tusOf;udk
wifjyygr,f?
ta&S@tv,fydkif; a'otwGif; t}uD;rm;qHk;
uGejf rLepfygww
D &yf&@J a=uuGzJ ,
G &f m ordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;rS t"du
tcsufrsm;udkom azmfjyoGm;ygr,f? +Adwdo# ausmaxmuf
aemufcHytkyfpdk;r_udk zcs+yD; orRwEdkifiHw&yfxlaxmifcJhwJh
1958 ck Zlvdkifv awmfvSefa&; umvrSm ICP [m
EdkifiHwGif;rSm =oZmwduUrt}uD;qHk; tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm
cJw
h ,f? ol[m zdEydS rf &_ @J xd;k ESuw
f u
kd cf u
kd cf suaf wGukd qd;k qd;k 0g;0g;
cHc&hJ +yD; 1963 ck zdEydS cf &H r_[m tqd;k 0g;qH;k jzpfw,f? tif'ekd ;D &Sm;
uG e f j rLepf y gwD r S t y tjcm;b,f y gwD r S tD & wf u G e f j rLepf
ygwDuhJodk@ ,ckvdk =urf;uwf&ufpufr_rsm;eJ@ ruHawG@chJ&yg?
tdENd,a&m tD&wfyg +Adwdo#udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm; jzpfcJh
=uwJh 1920-ckESpfrsm;twGif; ESpfEdkifiHpvHk;u uGefjrLepf
tawG;tac:awG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmwJh vrf;a=umif;csif;
wax&mwnf; wlnaD e=uwm[m pdw0f ifpm;p&myg? 'DEpS Ef ikd if H
pvHk;rSmyJ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;orm;rsm;[m atmufwdkbm
awmfveS af &;&J@ v_@H aqmfvy_ Ef ;d_ ay;r_ukd cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? wu,f
awmh rmhupf 0f g'udk yxrqH;k qkyu
f ikd rf w
d hJ tD&wftrsKd ;om;[m
tdEdN,udk a&mufvmcJhygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygw&D @J tp
tD&wfEdkifiHrSm rmhufpf0g'tawG;tac:&J@=oZm
du
k cf wfru
_ kd yxrqH;k cH&wJh ynmwwf[m Husain al Rahhal
jzpfw,f? ol@rdbrsm;u ol@udk Oa&myrSmynmoifzdk@ apv$wf
w,f? ol[m bmq&m (Basra) rS Oa&mytoGm; u&mcsd
(Karachi) rSm oabFmay:rSqif;+yD; tdEdN,rSm wESpfausmf
aexdkifchw
J ,f? tdEdN,rSm aexdkifpOftwGif; &,f'Du,f t,l
tqrsm;eJ@ xdawG@&if;ESD;cJh+yD; Oa&myrSm ynmoifaepOf 'D
t,ltq[m &ifrh n
S v
hf mw,f? ol@rsKd ;qufacwfu taemuf

wdkif; ynmwwfrsm;enf;wl ol[m Rajani Palme Dutt

t,f'DwmvkyfwhJ Labour Monthly udk b*~'ufrSm rSm,l
zwfj_ cif;jzifh uGejf rLepfr0l g'rsm;udk em;vnfvmcJw
h ,f? yxrqH;k
rmhufpf0g' avhvma&;tpk (Janati) udk ol[m 1924 rSm
rd w f a qG w csd K @eJ @ zG J @ pnf ; w,f ? tpk x J r S m tapmqH k ;
tD&wf0wKa&;q&mwOD;jzpfwhJ Ahmad Sayyid vJ yg0ifw,f?
1920 rS 1932 txd[m EdkifiHaygif;csKyftzGJ@}uD;
(League of Nations) &J@ tcGifhtm%may;r_t& tD&wfudk
+Adwo
d #w@kd wdu
k f u
kd t
f yk cf sKyfwu
hJ mv jzpfw,f? 'Dumvrsm;rSm
pufr_eJ@&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; zGH@z;vmr_u
acwfrDtvkyform; vlwef;pm;w&yf ay:aygufvmapw,f?
rD;&xm;tvkyo
f rm;rsm; pnf;H;k qifEw
J$ hJ yxrqH;k oydww
f u
kd yf JG
[m 1927 rSm ay:aygufvmcJh+yD; rD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;&J@
yxrqHk; tvkyform;or*~udk 1929 rSm xlaxmifw,f?
ICP udk 1934 rSm wnfaxmifw,f? tJ'grwdkifrDu
bmq&muJhodk@aom tD&wfawmifydkif;a'o&Sd uGefjrLepftpk
uav;awG & J @ vk y f i ef ; rsm;eJ @ tpycJ h & w,f ? bmq&m
uGefjrLepftkyfpktwGif;rS uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ yxrqHk;aom
pnf;kH;a&;rSL;eJ@ xl;c|efwJh acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol Yusuf
Salman Yusuf ud k ay:xG u f a pcJ h y gw,f ? ol @ ud k Fahd
(usm;opf) vd@k vlord sm;+yD; ol@ukd ta&S@wikd ;f tvkyo
f rm;rsm;&J@
uGejf rLepfwuUov
kd f Communist University of the Toilers
of the East odk@ ynmawmfoiftjzpf uGefjrLepfowif;
qufo,
G af &;tzG@J Comintern rS apv$wcf w
hJ ,f? ol[m 1933
rSm tzrf;cH&+yD; w&m;Hk;rSm uGefjrLepfwOD;tjzpf udk,fwdkifckcH
av#mufvcJ hw
J hJ yxrqHk; tD&wfwa,muf jzpfvmcJhw,f?
tD&wftpdk;&tqufquf&@J zdESdyfr_
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm;eJ@ ya'o&mZfajr&Sif
qef@usiaf &;wdu
k yf rJG sm;twGi;f tD&wfueG jf rLepfygw[
D m vuf0J
tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmw,f?
tpydkif;uwnf;u Eke,fao;wJhygwD[m +Adwdo#
tapmifhta&SmufcH tD&wftpdk;&tqufquf vufxufawG
rSm jyif;xefwzhJ Ed ydS rf a_ wG cHc&hJ w,f? 1935 rSm ygwt
D wGi;f a&;rSL;
Asin Fleyych tzrf;cH&um ygwDyHkESdyfwdkuf todrf;cH&w,f?

uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
1937 =o*kwrf mS tD&wfygvrD efrS tD&wfEikd if rH mS uGejf rLepf0g'udk
w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unmcJhw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'udk ppfwyfe@J
&JwyfzGJ@twGif; jzef@jzL;cJhv#if ao'%faomfvnf;aumif;
tvky=f urf;eJ@axmif'%fwoufaomfvnf;aumif; uscaH prnfh
Oya'ud k jyXmef ; w,f ? Fahd [m 1941 ck E S p f r S m ygwD
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf ol@acgif;aqmifr_
atmufrSm ygwD[m rdrdtzG@J tpnf;udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;ap+yD;
ol@aqmif&Gufr_awGuvJ vlxkwGif;rSm *k%foduQm ydkrdk}uD;rm;
vmygw,f? ol&Jaumif;yDowJh qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;&J@ emZD
*smr%D qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJa=umifh vltrsm;[m uGefjrLepf
0g'tay: ydkrdkwdrf;!Gwfvmygw,f?
tD&wfueG jf rLepfygwD yxrt}udru
f eG zf &ifu
h kd 1944
rSm usif;y+yD; ygwD&J@trsdK;om;a&; rl0g'qdkif&m xkwfjyef
a=unmcsuf rl=urf;udk a&;qGcJ w
hJ ,f? rl=urf;udk 1945 {+yDv
rSm usif;ywJh yxrt}udrf jynfvHk;qdkif&m ygwDuGef*&ufrSm
twnfy+yD; A[dak umfrwDw&yfukd a&G;jc,fwifajrmufcw
hJ ,f?
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwD[m vlrsdK;wrsdK; 'grSr[kwf
vlrsKd ;pktyk pf w
k ckck tay:rSm tajccHjcif;ry? ygwpD wifz@JG pnf;pOf
uyif vkyfom;jynfolrsm;eJ@ ynmwwfrsm;twGif;&Sd tpdwf
tydkif;toD;oD;rS taumif;qHk;trsdK;om; trsdK;orD;rsm;udk
qGaJ qmif odrf;oGif;EdkifchJw,f? 1940 ckESpfrsm;twGif; au'gESifh
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk &SD;,mhESifh qGefeD tm&yfrsm; (Arab Shias
and sunnis) umh'rf sm;rS oifah wmfvakH vmufaom tcsKd ;tpm;
jzifh tpOfa&G;jc,fcJhw,f? vlenf;pktrsdK;om;rsm; twGif;rS
c&pf,mefESifh *sL; (50 ckESpfrsm;wdkif) rsm;vJ acgif;aqmifr_wGif
yg0ifchw
J ,f? wu,fqdkawmh t"duacgif;aqmifjzpfwhJ Fahd
yifv#if c&pf,mefrsdK;dk;Zmwd&Sdol jzpfygw,f?
1944 - 46 umv[m tvkyform;or*~v_yf&Sm;r_
}uD;xGm;vmwJh umvrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkpOfu zG@J pnf;cJhwhJ tvkyf
orm;or*~ 16 ck teuf 12 ck [m uGefjrLepfygwDrS OD;aqmif
cJhwm jzpfw,f? 'DtawmtwGif;rSmyJ tD&wf um'pfpwefrSm
ygwD&J@ ,lepfrsm;udk xlaxmifcJhw,f? ygwD[m umh'fjynfol
rsm;&J@ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhe@J aemufydkif; olwdk@&@J udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&;udk tpOfwpdkuf axmufcHchw
J ,f?
yxrqHk; v,form;tHkuv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf tD&wf
aus;vufa'o ajrydkif&Sif &Sdwf (Sheikh) qef@usifa&;wdkufyJG
(Sheikh qdkwm &Gmol}uD;vnf;jzpf rlqvifbmoma&;
acgif ; aqmif vJ jzpf w ,f ) [m Arbat &G m rS m 1947 u
ay:aygufcJhw,f? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;}uD;xGm;vm+yD; ICP &J@

14

Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

vl x k w G i f ; =oZmwd u U r }uD ; xG m ;vmr_ u k y f a o;tpd k ; &eJ @
wdk@&@J +Adwdo# t}uHay;yk*~dKvfrsm;tm; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;
vmapw,f? Fahd eJ@ ygwDacgif;aqmiftajrmuftjrm;udk
1947 ZEM0g&D rSm zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif+yD; ICP udk jyif;jyif;xefxef
xdk;ESufvdkufw,f? tpdk;&zwfcs&ef }uHpnfr_eJ@ olwdk@udk
pGcJ suw
f ifw,f? Fahd eJ@ tjcm;ay:vpfAsLd0k ifwOD;jzpfol Zaki
Basin wdk@udk ao'%fpD&ifcsufcscJhw,f? wdk@ touf
u,fwifa&;twGuf Edik if w
H umrS v_y&f mS ;r_w&yfe@J qifEw
J$ u
kd yf JG
0ifvdk@ axmif'%fwoufwu|ef;tjzpf jypf'%fav#mhaygh
ay;cJh&w,f?
wdkif;jynfrSm tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwDu tc&muswJh
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf }uD;xGm;vmwJh 'DumvtwGif; AlWathbah (ckefysHausmfv$m;r_) tjzpf xif&Sm;wJh trsdK;om;
tHkur_}uD;[m 1948 ZEM0g&DvwGif ay:aygufvmcJhw,f?
'DtHkur_}uD;&J@ a&Smifwcifta=umif;&if;uawmh +Adwdo#eJ@
tD&wftpd;k &wd@k t=um; Ports mount pmcsKyf vufrw
S af &;xd;k
vdu
k jf cif;ygy?J pmcsKyft& ppftajcpdu
k pf cef;rsm; wjcm;csKyfuikd rf _
rsm;eJ@ tD&wftcsKyftjcmudk qufvufcsdK;ESdrfxm;zdk@ jzpfw,f?
uG e f j rLepf r sm;acgif ; aqmif w J h od e f ; eJ @ csD w J h vl x k } uD ; [m
b*~'ufr@&@J vrf;rawGay: xGuf qENjy=uw,f? ykvdyfrsm;u
r@awmf&@J vrf;rawGay:rSm vl 400 udk taoypfcwf owfjzwf
cJhw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf wdkif;jynfu xGufajy;&+yD; tpdk;&[mvJ
pmcsKyfudk y,fzsufzdk@ zdtm;ay;wm cH&w,f?
vlxktHkur_e@J twl tvkyform;wdkufyGJ v_dif;vHk;vJ
,SOfwGJay:aygufvmw,f? 1948 {+yD Haditha a&eHwGif;rS
tvkyform; 3000 [m b*~'ufodk@ ordkif;0if 250 uDvdkrDwm
csDwufyeGJ @J wEdkifiHvHk;odk@ v_yfEd_;vdkufw,f?
ta&;ay:tajctae xkwfjyef+yD;aemufydkif;rSm
azmufjyefa&;tpd;k &[m wpwp jyefvnfxed ;f csKyfvmEdik w
f ,f?
wqufwnf; vkyv
f mwJh ESyd u
f yG rf r_ sm;twGi;f uGejf rLepf&maygi;f
rsm;pGmudk tusO;f enf;ppfaq;+yD; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cscw
hJ ,f?
axmifxJxnfhxm;wJh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; Fahd eJ @
ay:vpfAsLdktzG@J 0if ESpfOD;jzpfwhJ Zaki Basim eJ@ Al Shabibi
wd@k ukd tr_jyefvyk +f yD; ao'%ftjypfay;cJw
h ,f? olw@kd ukd nOfeh uf
oef;acgifrSm u;ay;uGyfrsufchw
J ,f? u;pifodk@ ac:xkwfoGm;
pOfrSm Fahd [m rwkefrv_yfbJ ,ckvdk xkwfazmfa=unm
oGm;cJhygw,f? igwdk@rSm kyfcE<meJ@ tawG;tac:&Sdw,f?
rif;wdk@[m igwdk@&@J cE<mudk,fudkom zsufqD;Edkifr,f? igwdk@&@J
tawG;tac:udk b,fawmhrS zsufqD;EdkifrSm r[kwf

uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
acgif;aqmif 3 OD;&J@kyftavmif;udk r@wGif;oHk;ae&m
cG+J yD; qGcJ sdwfjyoum jynfolvlxkudk a=umufvef@oGm;atmif
vkyfcJhw,f? uGefjrLepfrsm;udk zdESdyfowfjzwfvdkufaomfvnf;
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tmZmenfrsm;&J@ygwD tjzpf
ausmfapmvm+yD; jynfolawG&J@ av;pm;r_eJ@ csD;usL;axmyem
yr_wdk@[mvJ jrifhrm;}uD;xGm;vdk@om vmcJhygw,f?
aemufxyf vlxk wdkufyGJ v_dif;vHk;rsm;?
50 ckESpfrsm;&J@tapmydkif;rSm ICP [m rdrdudk,frdrd
jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh+yD; i,f&G,fwJh acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@u
pd e f a c:r_ r sm;ud k &if q d k i f c J h w ,f ? aemuf x yf vl x k w d k u f y G J
v_dif;vHk;rsm;[m jrifhrm;wdk;wufvm+yD; 1952 Edk0ifbm tHkur_
(Intifada) rSm txGwt
f xdyo
f @kd a&mufcw
hJ ,f? &J@x;l jcm;r_
uawmh ygwDu pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;wJh v,form;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSmqifE$JwJh ajr&Sif
qef@usifa&; v,form;wdkufyGJrsm;yJ jzpfw,f? tHkur_udk
ESrd ef if;zd@k ppfwyfukd cdik ;f ygw,f? vlxw
k u
kd yf eJG @J v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS
EdkifiHa&;t& wufupGmyg0ifwJh ppfom;awG ydkrdkrsm;jym;
vmwmrdk@ wyfr; wyfom; tpnf;tHk;twGuf trsdK;om;
aumf r wD w &yf zG J @ pnf ; zd k @ 1954 ck E S p f u k e f r S m ygwD u
qHk;jzwfchJw,f?
1958 txd ygwDeJ@ ygwDOD;aqmifwJh vlxktzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;[m rSerf eS w
f ;kd yGm;}uD;xGm;vmcJw
h ,f? od@k jzifh 1958
Zlvikd f awmfveS t
f kH ur_twGi;f rSm ygw[
D m t"dutiftm;pk}uD;
tjzpf tqifhae&m &vmw,f? 'DtHkur_}uD;u &GH&SmzG,f
aumif;wJh kyfao;tpdk;&udk zwfcscJhw,f? 'DaemufrSmawmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; umpif Qasim OD;aqmifwJh trsdK;om;a&;tpdk;&
tm%m&vmw,f?
1959 rSm tvkyform;or*~0ifaygif; 250000 /
v,f o rm; 200000 ud k ud k , f p m;ywJ h aus;&G m
v,form;or*~ aygi;f 3000/ tD&wftrsKd ;orD;tzG@J csKyf0ifaygi;f
84000 &S d v mw,f ? xl ; jcm;csuf u awmh ppf t &m&S d e J @
ppfonftrsm;tjym; uGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpfvm=uwmyg?
ICP [m 1958 awmfvSeftHkur_}uD;rSm xl;jcm;
xif&Sm;wJhuu yg0ifchw
J ,f? topfwufvmwJh tkyfpdk;ol
todik ;f t0dik ;f eJ@ tm%m}uD;xGm;vmwJh trsKd ;om;"e&Sirf sm;u
'Dtjzpfukd a=umufvef@vmw,f? uGejf rLepfygw&D @J =oZmwdurU
tjrifhqHk;odk@a&muf&Sd+yD; vlxkawmif;qdkcsufudk jznfhpGrf;zdk@
ajr,myjyifa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'eJ@ tvkyform;Oya'wdk@udk
pwifypkcw
hJ ,f? tpd;k &tzG@J opfrmS uGejf rLepfrsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f zd@k

15

Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

qENjyyGJ}uD;awG ay:aygufvmw,f? 'gayrJh trsdK;om;a&;0g'D
ppft&m&Srd sm;eJ@ "e&Sirf sm;u 'Dawmif;qdck suu
f kd vufcpH Of;pm;zd@k
jiif;y,f=uw,f?
1959 ar 1 b*~'ufr@wiG ;f vlxk 300000 csw
D uf+y;D
tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; uGefjrLepfygwD yg0ifapzdk@ au;a=umf
awmif;qd=k uw,f? 1959 Zlvikd v
f rSm ygwu
D tpk;d &tzJ@G twGi;f
yg0ifapzdk@awmif;qdkcsufudk kyfodrf;vdkufw,f? "e&Sif tpdwf
tydkif;toD;oD;eJ@ =um;tiftm;pkrsm;twGif; em;vnfr_
vGrJ mS ;wmawG qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; ay:vmvd@k q+kd yD; ygwAD [dak umfrwDu
'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk cs&wmyJ? ygwDacgif;aqmifr_twGif; yjyifa&;
tydkif;u tompD;&oGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmif;qdkcsufudk pGef@v$wf
vdkufojzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_wdk;vmapw,f? 1960
rSp+yD; topfwzef wdkufcdkufr_rsm; wausmhjyefvmygw,f?
wjcm;ygwDawG jyefvnfpnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;cGifh&=uvdk@
tD&wfueG jf rLepfygwu
D cGihf ycsuf av#mufxm;cJah yr,fh umpif
tpd;k &u ygwu
D kd w&m;0ifciG hf yzd@k jiif;y,fcw
hJ ,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
ygwu
D uGejf rLepfrsm;yg0ifwhJ awmfveS w
f hJ 'Dru
kd &ufwpf tpd;k &
w&yf xlaxmifa&; au;a=umfoHrS aemufqkwfchw
J hJ trSm;udk
odjrifcJhw,f?
CPSU &J@ t&Sdef=oZma=umifhvJ umpiftpdk;&eJ@
trsdK;om;"e&SifawGtay: tav#mhay;wJhvrf;pOfudk csrSwfcJh
&wm jzpfygw,f? xdkpOf 50 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif; (CPSU 20
}urd af jrmuf uGe*f &ufaemufyikd ;f ) wke;f u trsKd ;om;"e&Sirf sm;eJ@
aygif;a&;/ uGefjrLepfygwD&@J oD;jcm;vGwfvyf trSDtcdkuif;a&;
tcef;udk zsufodrf;a&; vrf;pOfudk qdkAD,ufygwDrS pwif&yfcH
vmcJhwmudk owdyzdk@ vdkygw,f? wwd,urBmrS wjcm;ygwD
rsm;enf;wl tD&wfygwD[mvJ qdkAD,uf=oZmay; pGufzufr_rS
rvGwfuif;EdkifchJyg?
1958 rS m tD & wf o rR w Ed k i f i H o pf wnf a xmif
vdu
k jf cif;[m trSew
f u,fvw
G v
f yfwhJ Edik if aH wmfay:xGe;f jcif;&J@
trSwftom;jzpfw,f? wdk;wufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;&J@ =oZm
v$ r f ; rd k ; r_ a tmuf r S m umpif t pd k ; &[m e,f c sJ @ vd k v m;wJ h
tkyfpdk;r_a[mif;udkzcswJh vkyf&yfwpHkvHk;vkyfaqmifcJhw,f?
tD&wf[m b*~'ufpmcsKyf (Baghdad Pact) udk zsufodrf;cJh+yD;
+Aw
d o
d #ppftajcpdu
k f pcef;rsm;udk kyo
f rd ;f apcJw
h ,f? ajr,myjyif
ajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;pOfeJ@ tvkyform;or*~rsm; 'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&J@ w&m;0iftcGifhta&;rsm;udkvJ xkwfjyef
a=unmcJhw,f?

uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f

16

umpiftpd;k &&J@ ta&;}uD;wJh ajcvSr;f w&yfu t*Fvkd

- tar&duef a&eHukr`%Dydkif tD&wfa&eHukr`%Dudk awmifyH
jzwf+yD; uef@owfydwfyifr_awG vkyfvdkufwmyJ? tpdk;&rS
ukr`%DawGtay: vdkufavsmay;xm;cJhwJh aoG;pkyfcGifhawGudk
wif;wif;usyu
f syf uef@owfcsKyfuikd zf @kd qH;k jzwfvu
kd w
f ,f? 'gayrJh
uGejf rLepfaxmufcrH t
_ ay: trSD yxm;wJh &,f'u
D ,f tpd;k &tzd@k
trsdK;om;"e&Sifrsm;u a&&SnfvufcHEdkifjcif;r&Sd jzpfvmw,f?
umpiftpdk;&[m ol@udk usm;uefay;xm;wJh t"durdKif
uGejf rLepfrsm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd cf jhJ cif;a=umifh ol@bmomol tm;enf;
usqif;vmw,f?
umpif t pd k ; &[m ol @ &J @ tm%m&S i f q ef v mwJ h
enf;vrf;awGa=umifh wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@ uif;uGmum
ydrk t
kd xD;usef jzpfvm+yD; 1963 ck azazmf0g&w
D iG f azmufjyefa&;
tm%modr;f yGw
J &yf ay:ayguw
f t
hJ ajc qdu
k cf w
hJ ,f? trsKd ;om;
a&;0g'D ppft&m&SdwcsdK@eJ@ bmhofygwD (Baath Party) wdk@
yl;aygi;f vufw+JG y;D umpifukd zwfcsum uGyrf suyf pfvu
kd yf gw,f?
'D t csd e f r S m uG e f j rLepf a wG o mv#if b*~ ' uf r@&J @ vrf ; u
vrf;=um;rS qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;udk acgi;f aqmifum wkwaf wG
udkifqGJ+yD; wifhum;rsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;udk &ifqdkifcJh=uwm
jzpfw,f? tm%modr;f r_ukd ckcq
H ef@usirf t
_ m; tiftm;omvGef
}uD;rm;wJh ppftiftm;eJ@ zcGyJ pfchJw,f?
tarSmifrdkufqHk;umv?
umpiftpdk;&udk z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;[m uGefjrLepf
rsm;udk &ufpuf=urf;uwfwJh aoG;acsmif;pD;okwfoifr_rsm;
jzpfay: apcJhw,f? 'g[m ICP &J@ tarSmifrdkufqHk;umvygy?J
tenf;qH;k uGejf rLepf 3000 towfc&H um axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm
axmifxaJ &mufchJ&w,f? owif;azmfjycsufrsm;t& tm%m
odrf;yGJrwdkifcif tar&duefaxmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD CIA rS
bmhofygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ tm%modrf;&ef }uHpnfaeol
rsm;xH uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;&J@ trnfpm&if;udk ay;tyfcJh
w,fv@kd qw
kd ,f? ygw&D @J yxrtwGi;f a&;r; Husian ar- Radi
[m yke;f atmif;aewJah e&mrS zrf;qD;jcif; cHvu
kd &f w,f? ol[m
av;&ufv;kH vH;k qd;k 0g;&ufpufpmG ni;f yef;ESyd pf ufccH &hJ +yD;aemuf
bmrS xkwfazmfrajymbJ usqHk;oGm;cJhw,f?
tm%modr;f yGaJ emufyikd ;f &ufrsm;rSm uGejf rLepfrsm;eJ@
wdk;wufolrsm;tay: yusifhchJwhJ =urf;uwf&ufpufr_rsm;[m
aemif q,fpkESpfwckt=um yifEdka&S; (Pinochet) tpdk;&u
csD v D v uf 0 J o rm;rsm;tay: yusif h c J h w mxuf tyH k } uD ;
qdk;0g;ygw,f? bmhofygwD&J@ trsdK;om;tapmifhwyfzGJ@[m

Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

umpiftpdk;&vufxufu csKyfaESmifxm;wJh uGefjrLepfrsm;udk
qG J x k w f + yD ; ypf o wf = uw,f ? ICP rS &wJ h pm&if ; t&
tm%modrf;wJh yxroHk;&uftwGif; towfcH&wJh ygwD0ife@J
ygwDvdkvm;olaygif;[m 5000 &Sdygw,f? tm;upm;uGif;awG/
ppfpcef;awG/ ausmif;awG[m vkyif ef;toD;oD;rS aomif;eJ@csw
D hJ
jynfolawGudk ppfa=umxdef;odrf;wJh pcef;rsm;jzpfvmw,f?
ygwD[m jyefvnfkef;uefv_yf&Sm;Edkifzdk@ trmcHtiftm;rsm;udk
umh'fa'orSm jyefvnfpkz@GJ &w,f?
bmhoftpdk;& wm&SnfrcHyg? 1963 Edk0ifbmrSm
ywfusygw,f? tm%modrf;tzGJ@ u;udkifolrsm;[m tm&yf
wrsd K ;om;vH k ; qd k i f & m trsd K ;om;a&;0g'D r sm; (Pan-Arab
Nationalist) eJ@ tD*spfpHy emqm0g'Drsm; (Nasserites)
jzpf=uwJ@ ppft&m&Sdrsm; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&tzGJ@ jzpfygw,f?
ppftpdk;&[m 1968 txdom cHygw,f? bmhofygwD[m
ppft&m&Sdwpk&@J tultnDe@J ppfwyftm%modrf;+yD; jyefwuf
vmw,f? xdktcsdefup+yD; bmhofygwD[m twdkuftcHrSefor#
zsufodrf;ypfum tm%mudk cdkifatmifvkyfw,f? vHk;0O\Hk
Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;Edkifzdk@ u;yrf;&mrSm bmhofygwD[m uGefjrLepf
ygwDudk zdESdyfacsr_ef;a&; qufvufvkyfaqmifchw
J ,f?
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwDrS vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJ
rsm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrlrsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tajccH
rlrsm;jzifh umh'ftrsdK;om;jy\em ajz&Sif;a&; EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%D
rsm;tay: tav#mah y;r_ zsuo
f rd ;f a&;wd@k yg0ifwhJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
rlabmifw&yf wifjyawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; 1971 txd
uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: qdk;0g;=urf;uwfwhJ zdESdyfr_rsm; qufvuf
vkyaf eqJ jzpfw,f? ICP rS wd;k wufwt
hJ iftm;pktm;vH;k yg0ifwhJ
jynfcspfwyfOD;w&yfeJ@ !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&w&yfzGJ@pnf;zdk@ wifjy
cJhw,f?
tD&wfa&eH ukr%
` t
D ay: vnfrnpx
f m;wJh wm;qD;
ydwfyifxm;r_awGudk csdK;zsufypfzdk@ ajcvSrf;jyifvmwJh bmhof
ygwD[m EdkifiHwumhtajctaeeJ@ &ifqdkifae&ygw,f? tD&wf
tpdk;&[m a&eHxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf qdkAD,uf,leD,HxHrS
tultnD,w
l hJ oabmwlncD suu
f kd 1969 rSm yxrqH;k t}udrf
vufrSwfa&;xdk;wJhtcg qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJ@ qufqHa&;[m
tvSnfhtajymif;opfw&yf jzpfvmw,f?
=um&Snf=umrsm; !dEd_if;aphpyf+yD;aemuf 1971 - 72
wGif trsKd ;om;a&; ta&;,laqmif&u
G rf _ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf
(a national action charter) ay: tajccHwJh wdk;wufwJh
jynfcspftrsdK;om;wyfOD;w&yf zG@J pnf;zdk@ bmhofygwDe@J ICP wd@k

uGefjrLepfta&;awmfyHk*sme,f
oabmwlnDr_w&yf &cJhw,f? uGefjrLepf0ef}uD;ESpfOD; tpdk;&
tzG@J wGif; yg0ifvmw,f?
1978 rSm bmhofygwD[m uGefjrLepfrsm;tay:
aemufw}udrf &efvkyfvmjyefw,f? jynfcspfwyfOD;rS uGefjrLepff
udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;udk xkwfy,fypf+yD; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif
vd k u f w ,f ? 1978 arvrS m tD & wf u G e f j rLepf y gwD 0 if e J @
axmufcHol 31 OD;udk vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@twGif; ygwD
uvmyfpnf;rsm; zGJ@w,fqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ tqHk;pD&if
ypfcJhw,f? uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: ,ckvdk topfwdkufcdkuf
vmr_[m 1974 a&eHaps; w[kefxdk;jrifhvmr_aemufydkif; a&eH
0if a iG pef ; xvmr_ a =umif h jzpf y gw,f ? tpd k ; &tk y f p d k ; r_
wnf+idrfa&;twGuf tultnDay;zdk@ tD&ef&Sm;bk&ifeJ@vnf;
em;vnfr_&xm;vdk@vnf; jzpfw,f? tD&wfu ta&;ygwJh
Shaat-al-Arab a&a=umif;vrf;udk tD&efudk toHk;ycGifh
vdkufavsmum twHk@tjyeftm;jzifh tD&wfrS umh'folykefrsm;
tD&efe,fpyfjzwfausmfr_udk ydwfqdk@zdk@eJ@ ppfa&;taxmuftyHh
ray;zdk@jzpfw,f?
1979 {+yDrmS jynfcspw
f yfO;D [m r[mrdwt
f zG@J w&yf
r[kwfawmh/ bmhofygwD&@J vufudkifwkwf jzpfoGm;+yDvdk@ ICP
rS a=unmw,f? ICP [m quf'rf[pl ed f (Saddam Hussein)
orRwtm%m tjynfht0qkyfudkifwJh 1979 rSm bmhof
tpdk;&tay: twdtvif; qef@usifa=umif; a=unmw,f?
xdkESpfaemufydkif; uGefjrLepftrmcH ajymufusm;,lepfrsm;udk
umh'fa'orSm zG@J pnf;cJhw,f?
tD&wfuGefjrLepfygwD ICP eJ@ umh'f'Drdku&ufwpf
ygwD (Kardish Democratic Party) umh'fqdk&S,fvpfygwD
(Kardish Socialist Party) wd k @ 1980 rS m wqif h w d k ;
r[mrdwfzGJ@=uw,f? tkyfpdk;oludk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJeJ@
qef@usifzdk@ oEMdXmefy=uw,f? xdktcsdefupvdk@ tD&wfvl@tzG@J
tpnf;udk bmhofyHkpHoGif;a&; (Baathisation) ay:vpDeJ@
wygwt
D m%m&Sit
f pd;k & wnfaxmifrw
_ @kd &@J aemufyikd ;f rSm ICP

17

Ed0k ifbm/ 2003

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&nf!e$ ;f ? ? Iraqi Communist Party ; A Heroic
Legacy by Prakash Karat.
Peoples
Democracy
May 11, 2003.

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[d0k g'jzef@csad &;Xmeu xkwaf 0w,f?