Factors Affecting Body Alignment & Activity 1. 2. 3.

1.
Factors affecting body alignment & activity
1. growth and development

2. physical health
3. mental health
4. nutrition
5. personal values and attitudes
6. external factors
7. prescribed limitations
2. Complications of Immobility
1. cardiovascular – decreased heart reserve, venous stasis, orthostatic hypotension,
thrombophlebitis, dependent edema (lower limbs will swell)
2. respiratory – difficulty breathing, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, decreased

vital capacity, decreased chest expansion
3. musculoskeletal – atrophy, contracture, osteoporosis, decreased muscle tone, size,
strength
4. metabolic – gain weight, negative N balance, protein synthesis (anabolism)
exceeded by breakdown (catabolism), kidneys affected
5. gastrointestinal – slow down, decreased appetite & peristalsis
6. urinary – urine pool in kidneys get U.T. I.
7. skin – pressure ulcer risk
8. psychosocial – isolation, low self-esteem
3. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Imaging Studies
• Diagnostic Tools: X-Ray, Bone Scan, MRI, CT Scan
Spine specialists use x-rays, bone scans, MR imaging, and CT scans to confirm a
diagnosis.
• Diagnostic Tests: X-Ray, CT Scan, MRI
X-ray, CT Scan and MRI are types of tests used to help diagnose certain spinal
disorders. Learn about these and other diagnostic tests.
• Diagnostic Tests: Bone Density, Nerve Function, Discography, Lab Tests
A bone scan, bone density scan, nerve function tests and basic lab work can help
your doctor confirm the diagnosis.
• Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbosacral Low Dose Intrathecal Contrast Enhanced CAT

Scan
Similar to a myelogram, contrast dye is injected into the low back to enhance
images of the spinal canal and nerve roots.
• An In Depth Review of Scoliosis: Radiographic Imaging
Radiographs (x-rays) are used to assess the contour of the spinal column and to
rule out congenital, developmental, degenerative or neoplastic abnormalities.
• Bone Scan
A bone scan is an imaging test that detects increased activity in bone. The results
help to diagnose fractures, infections, inflammation, and tumors.
• Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurement
Bone mineral density testing measures the amount of calcium in the bones. The
results are used to formulate a treatment plan to reduce the risk for fracture. Learn
more here.
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography) and CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography)
A CT Scan (or CAT Scan) reveals the relationships between the spine's bony and
soft tissues.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MR imaging is a powerful diagnostic tool that produces 3-D images of the sagittal
(left/right), coronal (front/back), axial (head/toe), and oblique (slanted) planes of
the body.
• Nuclear Imaging: PET and SPECT Scans
As part of the family of nuclear imaging techniques, PET and SPECT scans are
performed to detect abnormal metabolic activity, which could lead to structural
changes (in the vertebrae, for example).
• X-Rays (Radiographs)
X-ray technology is the 'workhorse' of fundamental diagnostic imaging. Testing is
fast, easy, and painless.
• Novel Radiation-Free Assessment of Scoliosis and the Cobb Angle
The Ortelius800® is a new non-invasive radiation-free 3-D imaging system for

the diagnosis and monitoring of scoliosis and other spinal deformities.
Discography and Myelography
• Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar Discography Information
Discography confirms or denies the disc(s) as a pain source. Learn how the
procedure is performed and its importance in planning spine surgery.
• Discogram
A discogram involves injecting contrast dye into one or more disc spaces to
provide information about the disc's structural integrity. The test helps to
determine if a particular disc is generating pain.
• Discography (Discogram)
Provocative Discography is a form of discography that replicates the patient's

'discogenic' pain.
• Myelography (Myelogram)
A myelogram (myelography) is performed to diagnose disorders of the spinal

canal and cord, such as nerve compression that can cause extremity pain and
weakness.
Injection Studies
• S-1 Joint Injections to Manage Back Pain
The sacroiliac joint is a common area of referrred pain and can persist as the
primary focus of pain.
• Electrodiagnostic Tools
Electrodiagnostic studies should be considered an extension of the history and

physical examination and not a substitute for a detailed neurologic and
musculoskeletal examination.
• Stellate Ganglion Block

A stellate ganglion block determines if there is damage to the sympathetic nerve
chain and if it is the source of arm pain.
• Sympathetic Nerve Block
A sympathetic nerve block is performed to determine if there is damage to the

sympathetic nerve chain and if it is the pain source.
• Spinal Injection / Nerve Block Therapies for Back Pain
An index to the different types of spinal injections and nerve block therapies used
to diagnose and treat spinal disorders.
Other Types of Tests
• Electrodiagnostic Tools
Electrodiagnostic studies should be considered an extension of the history and

physical examination and not a substitute for a detailed neurologic and
musculoskeletal examination.
• EMG's and Nerve Conduction Tests
These tests may be ordered to learn more about the health of peripheral nerves.
These tests can establish if a nerve is pinched, and give a numeric value to how
severely it is pinched and often where it is pinched.
• Electromyography (EMG)
An EMG measures muscle response to nerve stimulation and evaluates electrical

activity within selected muscle fibers. The test can help your doctor differentiate
between a muscle and nerve disorder.
• Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Testing
NCV and EMG tests measure nerve conduction and muscle action potential.
These tests are performed to determine if symptoms (e.g. sciatica, weakness) are
caused by a nerve or muscle disorder.
4. PRINCIPLES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICS
Maintain a Stable Center of Gravity.
1. Keep your center of gravity low.

2. Keep your back straight.
3. Bend at the knees and hips.
Maintain a Wide Base of Support. This will provide you with maximum stability while lifting.
1. Keep your feet apart.

2. Place one foot slightly ahead of the other.
3. Flex your knees to absorb jolts.
4. Turn with your feet.
Maintain the Line of Gravity. The line should pass vertically through the base of support.
1. Keep your back straight.

2. Keeps the object being lifted close to your body.
Maintain Proper Body Alignment.
1. Tuck in your buttocks.

2. Pull your abdomen in and up.
3. Keep your back flat.
4. Keep your head up.
5. Keep your chin in.
6. Keep your weight forward and supported on the outside of your feet.
5.)

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1.

Factors affecting body alignment & activity

1. growth and development

1. cardiovascular – decreased heart reserve, venous stasis, orthostatic hypotension,

thrombophlebitis, dependent edema (lower limbs will swell)

2. respiratory – difficulty breathing, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, decreased

3. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

• Diagnostic Tools: X-Ray, Bone Scan, MRI, CT Scan

• Diagnostic Tests: X-Ray, CT Scan, MRI

• Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbosacral Low Dose Intrathecal Contrast Enhanced CAT

• An In Depth Review of Scoliosis: Radiographic Imaging

• Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurement

• CT Scan (Computed Tomography) and CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Nuclear Imaging: PET and SPECT Scans

• Novel Radiation-Free Assessment of Scoliosis and the Cobb Angle

The Ortelius800® is a new non-invasive radiation-free 3-D imaging system for

Discography and Myelography

• Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar Discography Information

Provocative Discography is a form of discography that replicates the patient's

A myelogram (myelography) is performed to diagnose disorders of the spinal

• S-1 Joint Injections to Manage Back Pain

Electrodiagnostic studies should be considered an extension of the history and

• Stellate Ganglion Block

• Sympathetic Nerve Block

A sympathetic nerve block is performed to determine if there is damage to the

• Spinal Injection / Nerve Block Therapies for Back Pain

Other Types of Tests

Electrodiagnostic studies should be considered an extension of the history and

• EMG's and Nerve Conduction Tests

An EMG measures muscle response to nerve stimulation and evaluates electrical

• Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Testing

4. PRINCIPLES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICS

Maintain a Stable Center of Gravity.

1. Keep your center of gravity low.

1. Keep your feet apart.

1. Keep your back straight.

Maintain Proper Body Alignment.

1. Tuck in your buttocks.

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