Traverse Serveying

TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
TraverseSurveying
Definition:Atraverseisanumberofstraightlinesofknownlengthsandmakingknownangleswith
eachother,alongorthroughtheareatobesurveyed.
Thetraversesurveydiffersfromthechainsurveyinginthatthearrangementofthesurveylinesisnot
limitedtoanyparticularfigureasinchainsurvey,whereasystemofconnectedtrianglesfromthe
fundamentalbasisofskeletons.Thedetailsofthesurroundingsarelocatedeitherbyoffsetting(asin
chainsurveying)ofbyothermethods.
Therearetwotypesoftraverse
(1)OpenTraverse
(2)Closedtraverse
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
Measurementofangle
Angularinstrumentsareusedtogetherwiththoseinchainsurveyingtocarryouttraversing.Common
anglemeasurementinstrumentsare(1)Compass(2)Theodolite
BearingorAzimuth:Thebearingofalineistheanglewhichthelinemakeswiththefixedreferenceline.
Angles:Theinclinationbetweentwolinesistheanglebetweenthem.
O
N
O
A
B
N
DesignationofBearing:
a) TheWholeCircleBearingSystem.(AzimuthalSystem):Inthissystem,thebearingofalineis
measuredwithmagneticnorthinclockwisedirection.Thevalueofbearingthusvariesfrom0
to360.
AnglebetweenOAandOB BearingofOAandOB
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
b) ReducedBearingSystem(QuadrennialBearingSystem):Inthissystem,thebearingofaline
is eastward or westward from north or south, whichever are nearer. Thus here both North
and South are used as reference meridians and the directions can be clockwise of
anticlockwisedependinguponthepositionoftheline.
ConversionofBearingFromoneSystemtotheother:
Table:ConversionofW.C.B.intoR.B.
Line W.C.B.between RuleforR.B Quadrant
OA 0and90 R.B.=W.C.B. NE
OB 90and180 R.B.=180W.C.B. SE
OC 180and270 R.B.=W.C.B180 SW
OD 270and360 R.B.=360W.C.B. NW
Table:ConversionofR.B.intoW.C.B.
Line R.B.Quadrant RuleforR.B W.C.B.between
OA NE W.C.B.=R.B. 0and90
OB SE W.C.B.=180R.B. 90and180
OC SW W.C.B.=180+R.B. 180and270
OD NW W.C.B.=360R.B. 270and360
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
Foreandbackbearing:thebearingofalinediffersaccordingtoastheobservationismadefromone
endofthelineorfromtheother.IfthebearingofABlineismeasuredfromAtowardB,itisknownas
ForwardorForebearing.IfthebearingofABlineismeasuredfromBtowardA,itisknownasBackward
orBackbearing.
BackBearing=ForeBearing+180[F.B.<180]
=ForeBearing180[F.B.>180]
Fig:Foreandbackbearing
CalculationofAnglefromBearing:Knowingthebearingoftwolines,theanglebetweenthetwocan
veryeasilybecalculatedwiththehelpofdiagram.
Plottingoftraverse:Therearedifferentmethodsforplottingoftraverse.Somearegivenbellow
Byparallelmeridiansthrougheachsection
ByinclinedAngles
ByrectangularCoordinates.
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
Plottingbyrectangularcoordinates:Fordeterminingthecoordinatesofdifferentstations,the
LatitudeandDepartureofsurveylinesisdeterminedbythefollowingrule.Thentheindependent
coordinatesofstationsaredetermined.Fromtheindependentcoordinatethetraverseis
plotted.
SampleCalculationofIndependentCoordinates
Line
Length
(m)
W.C.B. R.B.
Latitude Departure
Station
TotalCo
ordinates N S E W
A 400 400
AB 232 3212 N3212E 196.32 123.63 B 596.3 523.6
BC 148 13836 S4124E 111.02 97.88 C 485.3 621.5
CD 417 20224 S2224W 385.54 158.90 D 99.76 462.6
DE 372 2920 N6824W 139.36 329.39 E 239.1 133.2
CharacteristicsofClosedTraverse:
Sumoftheincludedangles=(2N4)90,whereN=numberofsides
Sumofexcludedangles=(2N+4)90
Forwardbearingandbackwardbearingofalinemustdifferby180
SumoftheNorthing=SumoftheSouthing
SumoftheEasting=SumofNorthing
CorrectionforbalancingaTraverse:Balancingatraverseistwostepprocesses.First,theangularerrorismeted
outtoprovideangularclosure.Next,theerroroflatitudeanddepartureiscorrected.
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
Adjustmentofangularerror:Thisisdonebycomputingadirectionontheclosingcourseofthetraverse
andcomparingittotherecorddirection.Anydifferencebetweenthetwoisdividedbythenumberofangles
measuredandeachanglemodifiedbythatamount.
Adjustmentoflatitudeanddeparture:thecoordinatesforeachpointaredevelopedandrecordedusing
theadjustedangles.Thentheerrorsinlatitudeanddeparturearedistributedinproportiontothelengthsofthe
traverselegs.
Thelatitudeadjustmentforanylegis:
Similarly,thedepartureadjustmentforanylegis
Example:FromfieldfollowingDataarecollectedforaclosedtraversed.Adjustthedifferenterrorsanddetermine
theindependentcoordinate.
Line Length(ft) W.C.B.

AB 78 4820
BC 58 13010
CD 63.5 24040
DA 53.8 28930
A
B
C
D
TouhidAhamed
Faculty
IUBAT
Solution:
CorrectionoflatitudeandDeparture:
Line
Length
(ft)
W
.
C
.
B
R.B.
Latitude Departure Corr.Latitude Corr.Departure
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
Total
Coordinate
N
C
o
r
r
.
S
C
o
r
r
.
E
C
o
r
r
.
W
C
o
r
r
.
N S E W Y X
A 0 0
AB
7
8
4
8
2
0
4
8
2
0
5
1
.
8
5
0
.
2
9
5
8
.
2
8
1
.
0
4
5
1
.
5
6
5
9
.
3
2
B 51.56 59.32
BC
5
8
1
3
0
4
9
5
5
3
7
.
3
5
0
.
2
2
4
4
.
3
8
.
7
8
3
7
.
5
7
4
5
.
1
6
C 13.99 104.48
CD
6
3
.
5
2
4
0
3
0
6
0
3
0
3
1
.
2
7
0
.
2
4
5
5
.
2
7
0
.
8
5
3
1
.
5
1
5
4
.
4
2
D 17.52 50.06
DA
5
3
.
8
2
8
9
1
5
7
0
4
5
1
7
.
7
4
0
.
2
1
5
0
.
7
9
0
.
7
2
1
7
.
5
3
5
0
.
0
7
A 0 0
Sum
2
5
3
.
3

6
9
.
5
9
6
8
.
6
2
1
0
2
.
6
6
1
0
6
.
0
6
difference 0.97 3.4

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Line Length(ft) W.C.B.

difference 0.97 3.4

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