This document discusses techniques for locating and sizing defects using ultrasonic testing. It explains that defects are located based on where the maximum echo response is received, which is on the beam axis where sound intensity is highest. It describes methods for accurately locating defects in fusion welds and sizing defects using techniques like the 6dB drop, 20dB drop, and maximum amplitude methods. It also outlines procedures for ultrasonic examination of welds and recognizing different defect types based on echo response characteristics.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses techniques for locating and sizing defects using ultrasonic testing. It explains that defects are located based on where the maximum echo response is received, which is on the beam axis where sound intensity is highest. It describes methods for accurately locating defects in fusion welds and sizing defects using techniques like the 6dB drop, 20dB drop, and maximum amplitude methods. It also outlines procedures for ultrasonic examination of welds and recognizing different defect types based on echo response characteristics.
This document discusses techniques for locating and sizing defects using ultrasonic testing. It explains that defects are located based on where the maximum echo response is received, which is on the beam axis where sound intensity is highest. It describes methods for accurately locating defects in fusion welds and sizing defects using techniques like the 6dB drop, 20dB drop, and maximum amplitude methods. It also outlines procedures for ultrasonic examination of welds and recognizing different defect types based on echo response characteristics.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses techniques for locating and sizing defects using ultrasonic testing. It explains that defects are located based on where the maximum echo response is received, which is on the beam axis where sound intensity is highest. It describes methods for accurately locating defects in fusion welds and sizing defects using techniques like the 6dB drop, 20dB drop, and maximum amplitude methods. It also outlines procedures for ultrasonic examination of welds and recognizing different defect types based on echo response characteristics.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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Ultrasonic Testing Part 4
DEFECT LOCATION DEFECT LOCATION IN ULTRASONIC TESTING IS BASED UPON THE PREMISE THAT A MAXIMISED ECHO RESPONSE CAN ONLY COME FROM A REFLECTOR WHICH IS LYING ON THE BEAM AXIS. THIS PREMISE CAN BE ASSUMED BECAUSE THE GREATEST SOUND INTENSITY OR PRESSURE IS CONCENTRATED IN A SMALL VOLUME AROUND THE BEAM AXIS.
DEFECT LOCATION IN FUSION WELDS
S
600
S = STAND OFF DISTANCE FROM ANY CONVENIENT DATUM POINT (IN THIS CASE THE WELD CENTRELINE) R= RANGE READ FROM THE FLAWDETECTOR SCREEN
DEFECT LOCATION IN FUSION WELDS
450 S = STAND OFF DISTANCE FROM ANY CONVENIENT DATUM POINT R= RANGE READ FROM THE FLAWDETECTOR SCREEN S
DEFECT LOCATION IN FUSION WELDS
TO ACCURATELY LOCATE DEFECTS IN A BUTT WELD THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA MUST BE MET: 1. THE PROBE EXIT POINT MUST BE ACCURATELY KNOWN.
2. 3. 4. 5.
THE BEAM ANGLE MUST BE ACCURATELY KNOWN.
THE WELD CENTRELINE MUST BE ACCURATELY KNOWN. THE MATERIAL THICKNESS MUST BE ACCURATELY KNOWN. THE FLAWDETECTOR MUST BE ACCURATELY CALIBRATED.
DEFECT SIZING TECHNIQUES
1.
6 dB DROP TECHNIQUE (SOMETIMES CALLED HALF AMPLITUDE OR BEAM SPLITTING TECHNIQUE).
20 dB DROP TECHNIQUE (SOMETIMES CALLED BEAM BOUNDARY TECHNIQUE). MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE TECHNIQUE.
2. 3.
6 dB DROP LENGTH
6 dB DROP 1. THE DIMENSION OF THE REFLECTOR WHICH IS BEING MEASURED MUST EXCEED THE BEAM WIDTH. THE ULTRASONIC BEAM MUST BE SYMMETRICAL IN THE DIRECTION OF PROBE MOVEMENT. WORKS BEST ON UNIFORM REFLECTORS WITH RELATIVELY STRAIGHT EDGES
2.
3.
20 dB DROP
LENGTH
20 dB DROP 1. THE DIMENSION OF THE REFLECTOR WHICH IS BEING MEASURED MAY BE EITHER LARGER OR SMALLER THAN THE BEAM WIDTH. THE ULTRASONIC BEAM NEED NOT BE SYMMETRICAL IN THE DIRECTION OF PROBE MOVEMENT. THE BEAM SPREAD PARALLEL TO THE DIRECTION OF PROBE MOVEMENT MUST BE KNOWN.
2.
3.
4.
WORKS BEST ON UNIFORM REFLECTORS WITH RELATIVELY STRAIGHT EDGES.
MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE 1. THE MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE TECHNIQUE IS AN EXTENSION OF THE TECHNIQUE USED IN UT FOR DEFECT LOCATION. IT WORKS ON THE PREMISE THAT A MAXIMISED RESPONSE COULD ONLY COME FROM A POINT ON A REFLECTOR WHICH IS ON THE SOUND BEAM AXIS. VOLUMETRIC REFLECTORS CAN BE SIZED VERY ACCURATELY IF THEY CAN BE APPROACHED FROM A VARIETY OF ANGLES. PLANAR REFLECTORS CAN OFTEN BE SIZED USING THIS TECHNIQUE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF TIP MAXIMA.
2.
4.
3.
MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE
MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE LACK OF FUSION
700
700
TIP MAXIMA AMPLITUDE
ECHO DYNAMIC PATTERN
RANGE
MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE 1. THE DIMENSION OF THE REFLECTOR WHICH IS BEING MEASURED MAY BE EITHER LARGER OR SMALLER THAN THE BEAM WIDTH. WILL WORK WITH ALMOST ANY REFLECTOR.
2.
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: 1. TO SCAN ALL FUSION FACES AT AN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE = 00 +/- 200 (00 +/- 100 FOR CRITICAL EXAMINATIONS).
2.
TO SCAN THE ENTIRE WELD VOLUME INCLUDING THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE WITH A MINIMUM OF TWO PROBE ANGLES. TO SCAN FOR POSSIBLE TRANSVERSE IMPERFECTIONS
3.
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
600
SINGLE SIDED BUTT WELD
20
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
450
THE 450 PROBE CAN NOT BE USED TO SCAN THE WELD ROOT AT HALF SKIP, THEREFORE THE 700 PROBE MUST BE USED: 57 57
700
700
FIXED STAND-OFF SCAN OF WELD ROOT USING THE 700 PROBE
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
600 SCAN OF WELD VOLUME AND FUSION ZONES 80 23 23 80
600
600
600
600
COVERED AT FULL SKIP
COVERED AT FULL & HALF SKIP
COVERED AT HALF SKIP
SCANNING FOR TRANSVERSE IMPERFECTIONS
SCAN
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
40
450 450
BACK GOUGE
DOUBLE SIDED T JOINT
40
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
COVERAGE OF FUSION FACES
100 (approx.)
COVERAGE OF WELD VOLUME
00
00
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
COVERAGE OF FUSION FACES
450
450
450
450
COVERAGE OF WELD VOLUME
SCANNING FOR TRANSVERSE IMPERFECTIONS
SCANNING FOR TRANSVERSE IMPERFECTIONS
RECOGNITION OF DEFECT TYPE
DEFECT TYPES SUCH AS CRACK, LACK OF FUSION, SLAG INCLUSION etc WHICH ARE DETECTED BY UT CAN OFTEN BE RECOGNISED AS SUCH BY: 1. OBSERVATION OF THE SHAPE OF THE ECHO RESPONSE AND ITS BEHAVIOUR WHEN THE PROBE IS MOVED IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS. 2. OBSERVING THE SIZE OF THE ECHO RESPONSE. 3. OBSERVING THE POSITION OF THE REFLECTOR. 4. MEASURING THE SIZE OF THE REFLECTOR. 5. TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE TYPES OF DEFECT WHICH ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE PRESENT.
THREADLIKE DEFECTS, POINT DEFECTS AND FLAT PLANAR DEFECTS ORIENTATED NEAR-NORMAL TO THE BEAM AXIS ALL PRODUCE AN ECHO RESPONSE WHICH HAS A SINGLE PEAK:
THESE DEFECTS CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN BY OBSERVING THE ECHO DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR IN LENGTH AND DEPTH SCANS: POINT DEPTH SCAN THREADLIKE PLANAR (NEAR NORMAL INCIDENCE)
LENGTH SCAN
NOTE: THE RESPONSE FROM A PLANAR DEFECT WILL BE STRONGLY AFFECTED BY PROBE ANGLE WHILE THAT FROM A THREADLIKE REFLECTOR WILL REMAIN ALMOST UNCHANGED IF A DIFFERENT PROBE ANGLE IS USED.
THE ECHO RESPONSE FROM A LARGE SLAG INCLUSION OR A ROUGH CRACK IS LIKELY TO HAVE MULTIPLE PEAKS:
SOMETIMES IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE 2 DEFECTS SIMPLY BY PLOTTING THEIR POSITION WITHIN THE WELD ZONE:
A. PROBABLE SLAG, POSSIBLE CENTRELINE CRACK
B. PROBABLE HAZ CRACK
IN CASE A IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DEFECT IS SLAG OR A CRACK. ROTATIONAL OR ORBITAL PROBE MOVEMENTS MAY HELP:
