Academic Unit IGA What is learning ? People understand learning in many different ways. Therefore there are many theories, definitions, and schools of thought on the topic of learning. We are going to study three theories that are predominant. Behaviorism It defines learning as a more or less permanent change of behavior or the acquisition of behavior. It focuses on observable behavior, and discounts mental activities. New behavior is acquired through repeated practice until it is automatic. The learner is viewed as passively reacting/adapting to his environment.
Branches of Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Learning consists of the formation of associations between stimuli and response. Operant Conditioning Stimulus is de- emphasized in favor of the consequence. It occurs when behavior is reinforced. Cognitivism Knowledge is viewed as mental constructs in the learners mind. Changes in behavior are observed but as indicators of what is going on in the learners mind. Mental processes that are activated and changed during the course of learning are the main focus. Learner is passive in his interpretation of reality. He is active in his decision to practice the new behavior.
Cognitive Theories: Meaningful Learning Learning takes place through the process of relating new items to already existing knowledge.
Meaningful learning: relating and anchoring new material to relevant established knowledge. Cognitive Theories: Cognitive Development Children go through the process of becoming a mature learner. Cognitive ability increases in sophistication with development. They move from innate reflexes to complex mental activities. Constructivism Learning occurs by reflecting on our experiences and our current past experiences to build understanding of reality. Knowledge is constructed internally by each individual. No knowledge can be transferred intact from one individual to other. Learning is a social activity. Sharing and interacting are crucial. Motivation is a key component. The learner is more active, constantly building and restructuring his schema to make sense of the world.
Experiential Learning It stems from constructivism Learning occurs when one reflects on experiences Reflection is systematic and rigorous Description of experience is robust and focuses on details of it Interpretation of experience is aimed at explaining why learning occurred or not Generalization is to make theories as to what helps or hinders learning Planned actions are established to shape new experience