Chng XI :

CAC CHI TIT MAY GHEP

tao thanh may, cac chi tit may va b phn may cn c lin kt vi nhau.
Co hai loai lin kt :
+ Lin kt ng (khp ng) : ban l , truc, cp banh rng.
+ Lin kt c nh (mi ghep) : mi ghep inh tan, mi ghep bng han, mi ghep bng
di, mi ghep then, then hoa, truc nh hnh, mi ghep ren.
Mi ghep c chia thanh :
+ Mi ghep thao c: co th tach cac b phn may ri nhau ma cac chi tit may khng b
hong, v du mi ghep ren, mi ghep then, then hoa, truc nh hnh.
+ Mi ghep khng thao c: khng th thao ri cac b phn may ma khng lam h hong
mt phn hay toan b cac chi tit may ghep, v du mi ghep bng inh tan, mi ghep bng
di.
Ngoai ra, con phn thanh :
+ Mi ghep chc (ch cn bao am bn).
+ Mi ghep chc kn (va am bao bn, va am bao kn kht).
11.1. GHEP BNG INH TAN
11.1.1 Khai nim chung
1. Gii thiu mi ghep inh tan
Mu tan

inh tan
a) mu chom cu

S1

b) mu cn

S2
Tm ghep (2)
Tm ghep (1)

Mu sn

Hnh 11.1 : Mi ghep inh tan

c) mu chm

d) mu na chm

Hnh 11.2: Mi ghep inh tan

inh tan : thanh hnh tru tron, co mu hai u; mu sn : c ch tao sn ; mu tan : c tao
nn khi ghep inh tan vao mi ghep.
Cac loai inh tan :
Theo hnh dang mu inh, phn thanh :
- inh tan mu chom cu (s dung rng rai)
- Mu cn
- Mu chm
- Mu na chm (s dung khi cn giam khi lng, khi khng co ch t mu inh).
Ngoai ra, con co inh tan rng (dung cho vt liu da, vai...), inh tan co mu n (mt u co
cha thuc n, khi n se tao ra mu tan.

Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

Mu
tan

Hnh 11.3: inh tan rng

Hnh 11.4 : inh tan co mu n

Vt liu inh tan : inh tan thng lam bng kim

loai d bin dang, thep t cac bon nh CT34, CT38,
C10, C15 hoc bng hp kim mau.
Kch thc c ban cua inh tan mu chom cu :
R = (0,851)d;
D = (1,61,75)d
h = (0,60,65)d;
l = S + (1,5 1, 7)d

d
l
R

h
Cach tao mi ghep inh tan
Gia cng l inh (t hay khoan). Cho inh tan vao
B
l cua mi ghep va tan lai tao thanh mu tan. Co hai
Hnh 11.5 : Kch thc c ban
phng phap tan :
cua inh tan mu chom cu
- Tan ngui : Khng nung nong inh. Dung cho
inh tan bng kim loai mau co d bt ky hay dung cho
inh tan bng thep co d < (8-10mm).
- Tan nong : Nung nong u inh tan bng thep n nhit d 100011000C (mau o ti).
Dung cho inh tan bng thep co d > (8-10mm).
mi ghep c kn ngi ta tan bin, bng cach dung bua va uc bng tan quanh mep
bin.

2. Phn loai mi ghep inh tan

Hnh 11.7 : Mi ghep giap mi hai tm m, mt day inh

11.1.2. Tnh mi ghep chc
y ch trnh bay phng phap tnh mi ghep chng chu lc ngang (hnh 11.6).
1. Mi ghep chng 1 day inh
Bo qua lc ma sat (v rt kho xac nh). Gia s lc ngang phn b u trn tit din ngang
cua tm ghep.
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Lc tac dung ln mi inh hay lc tac dung ln mt oan tm ghep co chiu rng bng bc t
F
- hnh 11.6a : F1 = vi z : s inh tan.
z
S

a)

F
F

b)

d
a

e
I

Hnh 11.6 : Mi ghep chng 1 day inh

Cac dang hong cua mi ghep va iu kin bn tng ng :
inh b ct t
d 2
F1
[ ]d
4
Vi []d : ng sut ct cho phep cua inh.
Tm ghep b keo t theo tit din I - I qua tm cac inh
F1 (t d)S [ ]kt
Vi []kt : ng sut keo cho phep cua tm ghep, S : chiu day tm ghep
B mt tip xuc gia l va thn inh b dp
F1 S.d.[ ]d
Vi []d : ng sut dp cho phep.
Bin b ct t theo cac tit din ab, cd
d

F1 2 e .S.[ ]t
2

Vi []t : ng sut ct cho phep cua tm ghep

(11.1)

(11.2)

(11.3)

(11.4)

Ghi chu : Trn thc t, ng sut phn b phc tap trong cac tit din ab va cd an toan, chiu dai
tnh toan tai cac tit din nay ly bng : e = d/2.

Xut phat t iu kin v bn u quan h gia cac kch thc cua mi ghep :
d 2
T (11.1) va (11.3)
[ ]d = S.d.[]d
4
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vi : [ ]d = (1, 6 2) [ ]d d = (22,5)S; ly d = 2S

d 2
[ ]d = (t d)S[]kt
4
vi : d = 2S va [ ]d [ ]kt t 2,6d

T (11.1) va (11.2)

d
d 2
T (11.1) va (11.4)
[ ]d = 2 e .S.[ ]t
4
2

vi : d = 2S va [ ]t 0,8.[ ]d e 1,5d

S inh cn thit suy t iu kin (11.1) :

4 F
F d 2
F1 =
[ ]d z d 2 .
z
4
[ ]d
Ghi chu : Trong cac cng thc trn y, lc F tnh bng N, kch thc chiu dai tnh bng mm, ng
sut tnh bng MPa (N/mm2).

2. Cac mi ghep khac

Tng t nh trn, cung xut phat t yu cu v bn u cua mi ghep, ngi ta cung tm c
quan h kch thc trong cac mi ghep khac :
+ Mi ghep chng hai day inh : d = 2S; t = 4d; e = 1,5d
+ Mi ghep chng n day inh : d = 2S;

t = (1, 6n + 1)d; e = 1,5d

+ Mi ghep giap mi hai tm m, mt day inh : d = 1,5S; t = 3,5d; e = 2d
+ Mi ghep giap mi hai tm m, hai day inh : d = 1,5S; t = 6d; e = 2d
+ Mi ghep giap mi hai tm m, n day inh : d = 1,5S; t = 3(2, 4n + 1)d; e = 2d
Sau o, tnh s inh cn thit theo iu kin bn ct :

4 F
id 2 [ ]d

Trong o : i la s tit din chu ct cua thn inh.

11.1.3. anh gia mi ghep inh tan

u im
So vi mi ghep han., mi ghep inh tan chc chn hn, d kim tra cht lng, t lam hong
cac chi tit khi cn thao ri.

Nhc im
Tn kim loai, gia thanh cao, hnh dang kch thc cng knh.

Pham vi s dung
Mi ghep inh tan c dung ph bin trong cac trng hp :
+ Mi ghep c bit quan trong, mi ghep trc tip chu chn ng hoc va p (cu, dan cu
truc trn 200 tn...)
+ Mi ghep nu b t nong se b cong vnh hoc giam cht lng (do o khng han c)
+ Mi ghep bng cac vt liu cha han c.

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11.2. GHEP BNG HAN

11.2.1. Khai nim chung
1. Gii thiu mi ghep han
Trong qua trnh han, cac chi tit may c t nong cuc b n nhit nong chay hoc deo
va gn lai vi nhau nh lc hut gia cac phn t kim loai.
2. Cac loai mi ghep han
Theo hnh thc cng ngh, phn mi ghep han thanh :
+ Mi han bng h quang in, han hi, lam kim loai b nong chay va gn lai vi nhau,
khng cn lc ep chung.
+ Mi han tip xuc, lam kim loai b deo va phai dung lc ep chung lai vi nhau.
+ Mi han vy, khng nung chay kim loai c ghep ma ch nung chay vt liu han.
Phng phap han thng dung nht la han h quang in. Co th tin hanh bng tay hoc t ng.

Theo cng dung, phn mi ghep han thanh :

+ Mi han chc
+ Mi han chc kn
Theo hnh dang kt cu, co cac kiu han sau y :
+ Mi han giap mi (hnh 11.8a)
+ Mi han chng (hnh 111.8b)
+ Mi han goc dung ghep cac chi tit may co cac b mt vung goc nhau (hnh 11.8 c)

Hnh 11.8a : Mi han giap mi

Hnh 11.8b : Mi han chng

Hnh 11.8c : Mi han goc

11.2.2. Tnh bn mi han giap mi

Mi han giap mi c s dung rng rai v n gian va am bao hn cac loai mi han khac.
Co hai trng hp tnh toan mi han :
+ Da vao tai trong tac dung tm ra chiu dai han cn thit, t o thit k kt cu han. Khi thit k,
phai xut phat t iu kin bn u gia mi han va cac thanh phn c ghep.
+ Da trn kt cu nh kch thc mi han, sau o kim nghim bn.

Tuy theo b day cua cac tm ghep, co th han theo cac phng an khac nhau (hnh 11.9). Nu
b day S cua cac tm ghep la nho th khng cn vat mep. Nu b day S trung bnh hay ln hn,
cn phai vat mep co th han thu.

Cach tnh bn mi han giap mi

Vi mi han giap mi, ta ap dung cac cng thc dung cho cac chi tit may nguyn ven.

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Khi chu lc, mi han giap mi thng b pha hong theo mi han, tai tit din k bn ming
han. Tit din nguy him cua mi ghep thng la tit din k bn ming han, v khi b t nong
c tnh cua vt liu tai vung k bn ming han b thay i.
Khi mi han chu lc keo (nen) F va momen un M trong mt phng cac tm ghep :
M
F

[] '
iu kin bn : = 2
bS
bS
6

S < 8mm

6070

S < 16mm
6070

S < 40mm
Hnh 11.9 : Kt cu mi han giap mi (han bng tay)
S

M
+

Hnh 11.10: Phn b ng sut keo (nen) va ng sut

un trn tit din nguy him trong mi han giap mi

11.2.3. Tnh bn mi han chng

Mi han chng kt cu cng knh hn mi han giap
mi, nhng khng cn vat mep.
Mi han chng co tit din nh trn hnh 11.11: han
bnh thng (1), han lom (2), han li (3). Han bnh
thng c s dung rng rai nht. Han li gy tp
trung ng sut ln, v tit din ch ghep thay i t
ngt. Han lom lam giam tp trung ng sut, nhng phai

0,7k
m
(1)
(3)
(2)
m
k
Hnh 11.11: Tit din cua
mi han chng

Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

qua gia cng c kh, do o ch dung trong kt cu c bit quan trong, chu tai trong thay i.
Vi mi han doc, chiu dai l cua mi han thng ly l 50k trong o k la b rng canh han, bi v
nu l cang ln th ng sut phn b cang khng u doc theo mi han (hnh 11.12). Do co s tp trung
ng sut ln, do o khng nn dung mi han doc chu tai trong thay i.
Vi mi han ngang, nn han ca hai mt tranh ng sut un ln. Phn hai tm chng ln nhau C nn
ly : C 4S (hnh 11.13).
Vi mi han ngang va han xin, chiu dai l cua mi han khng han ch.

1. Tnh mi han chng chu lc keo (nen) doc theo tm ghep

Mi han doc
k
m

F
l 50k

m
S

Hnh 11.12 : Mi han chng han doc

Mi han doc c tnh theo ng sut ct . Tit din nguy him m-m. ng sut ct phn b
khng u doc theo chiu dai l cua mi han (hnh 11.12). Chiu dai l cang ln, ng sut cang
phn b khng u.
n gian, ngi ta tnh theo ng sut trung bnh (ng sut coi nh phn b u doc theo
chiu dai mi han. iu kin bn co dang :
F
=
[ ] '
2l.0, 7k
Vi : [ ] ' la ng sut ct cho phep cua mi han.
k
S

m
F

m
m

F
m

C 4S

Mi han ngang

Hnh 11.13 : Mi han chng han ngang

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Mi han ngang cung c tnh theo ng sut ct . Tit din nguy him la tit din m-m (hnh
11.13).
Ngoai ng sut tip , trn tit din nguy him con co ng sut phap. Hn na, do tit din b thay i
t ngt nn trn mi han co s tp trung sut. Mi han con chu momen un do lc tac dung khng cung
nm trn mt ng thng.

Mt cach gn ung, ng sut ct trn tit din nguy him va iu kin bn cua mi han hai
F
[ ] '
mi co th vit nh sau : =
2l.0, 7k
2. Tnh mi han chng chu momen M trong mt phng ghep

Hnh 11.14 : Mi han doc chu M trong mt phng ghep

Mi han doc

ng sut tip phn b khng u theo chiu dai mi han. Phng cua cung thay i. ng sut
cang phn b khng u khi chiu dai l cua mi han cang ln.

Vi mi han tng i ngn (l< b), co th xem nh ng sut tip phn b u trn chiu dai
lmi han va co phng nm doc theo mi han (hnh 11.14).
M = .l.0, 7k .b
iu kin cn bng lc cho ta :
M
=
[ ] '
Suy ra iu kin bn :
b.l.0, 7.k

Mi han ngang
Phn b ng sut tip trong tit din nguy him ging nh phn b ng sut phap trong tit
din ngang cua dm chu un (hnh 11.15).
M
M
=
[ ] '
Do o, iu kin bn : =
Wu 0, 7.k .l 2
6

Hnh 11.15: Mi han ngang chu M trong mt phng ghep

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11.2.4. anh gia mi ghep han

u im
+ So vi ghep bng inh tan, kt cu han co khi lng nho hn do khng co mu inh, khng
phai ghep chng hay dung tm m, kim loai c tn dung v khng b l inh lam yu i; so
vi kt cu uc, chiu day ti thiu kt cu han nho hn, co tnh vt liu han cao hn vt liu
uc.
+ Tit kim c cng sc ch tao, gia thanh re hn. Bi v vi kt cu han, khng phai lam
l va tan inh, khng cn cac thit b ln t l va tan inh nh trong mi ghep inh tan ;
khng phai nu chay mt khi lng ln kim loai va khng phai lam khun mu nh trong kt
cu uc. Mt khac, cng ngh han d t ng hoa, co nng sut cao.
+ Dung han d bao dam iu kin bn u, kim loai c s dung hp ly hn (v du i
vi banh rng, vanh rng lam bng thep tt, bn cao han vi phn a hay moay, lam bng
vt liu re tin hn).
+ Dung han co th phuc hi cac chi tit may b gay hong mt phn hay b mai mon

Nhc im
+ Cht lng mi han phu thuc rt nhiu vao trnh cng nhn
+ Kho kim tra khuyt tt bn trong mi han (phai dung thit b c bit : may do siu m)

Pham vi s dung
S dung ngay cang rng rai trong nganh ch tao may, ong tau, san xut ni hi va bnh
cha, kt cu cac cng trnh xy dng.
11.3. GHEP BNG DI
11.3.1. Khai nim chung
1. Gii thiu mi ghep bng di
Ghep bng di thng c dung ghep cac tit may co b mt tip xuc la b mt tru
tron, i khi ghep cac chi tit may co b mt lng tru...
lp ghep bng di th ng knh A cua l phai nho hn ng knh B cua truc.
di : = B - A
Sau khi ghep, do bin dang an hi va deo, ng knh cua b mt tip xuc la d (hnh 11.16).
Trn b mt nay co ap sut p tao nn lc ma sat can lai s trt tng i gia hai b mt tip
xuc mi ghep co th truyn c momen xon, lc doc truc. Ngoai ra con co th chu c
momen un.
p

B
d1

A
d2

l
Hnh 11.16 : Mi ghep bng di
Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

2. Cac phng phap lp tao mi ghep di

Phng phap ep
Dung lc ep truc vao trong l.
Phng phap nay n gian, kha thng dung v c thc hin nhit bnh thng bng
may ep thuy lc, may ep truc vt...
Nhc im la san phng mt phn cac mp m cua b mt tip xuc giam di giam
kha nng lam vic cua mi ghep. Ngoai ra, cac chi tit may c ghep co th b bin dang khng
u va mt u cua chung b h hong.
lp ep c d dang, bt lam hong mt u truc va mep l, nn vat u truc va mep l.

Phng phap nung nong

Nung nong l ng knh cua l tng ln.
Vi cac chi tit may co chiu dai l ln hn nhiu so vi ng knh (l >> d), dung phng
nay thun tin hn so vi dung phng phap ep.
Tuy nhin, cn chu y n gii han nhit nung tranh cho cac chi tit may khoi b ram,
lam thay i cu truc kim loai hoc tranh lam chay mt ngoai cua chi tit may. Cn phong chi
tit may b cong vnh do nung nong.

Phng phap lam lanh

Lam lanh truc, tit din truc se nho lai.
Phng phap nay thch hp vi cac chi tit may co kch thc nho.
Kha nng lam vic cua mi ghep di lp bng phng phap nung nong hay lam lanh ln
hn bng phng phap ep (khoang 1,5 ln).
11.3.2. Tnh toan mi ghep bng di
Chung ta cn tnh toan di cua mi ghep, t o chon c kiu lp thch hp.
di cn c tnh toan sao cho bao am hai iu kin :
+ iu kin bn cua mi ghep : cac chi tit may ghep khng chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. Nu
di khng u ln th ap sut va do o lc ma sat sinh ra trn b mt tip xuc khng u ln thng ngoai
lc tac dung ln mi ghep, khi o cac chi tit may ghep se trt tng i vi nhau.
+ iu kin bn cua cac chi tit may c ghep : nu di qua ln co th lam cac chi tit may ghep
b hong hoc b bin dang qua nhiu, tac hai n s lam vic bnh thng cua chung.

1. Tnh bn cua mi ghep

cac chi tit may c ghep khng chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, th di phai u ln,
sao cho ap sut trn b mt lp ghep phai tao ra lc ma sat u ln
thng c ngoai lc tac dung.
p
a) Ap sut cn thit trn b mt lp ghep
G
Khi mi ghep chu lc doc truc F (hnh 11.17):
Lc ma sat sinh ra trn b mt lp ghep : Fms = f .p..d.l .
cac chi tit may ghep khng chuyn ng tng i :
K.F
K.F Fms = f .p..d.l p
(11.5)
f ..d.l
Trong o : p : ap sut cn thit, f : h s ma sat, K : h s an
toan (K = 1,53 tuy theo mc quan trong cua mi ghep), d va l
: ng knh va chiu dai b mt lp ghep.

l
Hnh 11.17

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10

Khi mi ghep chu momen xon T :

Momen xon tac dung ln chi tit ghep tng ng vi lc vong Ft =

2T
trn b mt ghep
d

iu kin bn cua mi ghep :

2K.T
2T
(11.6)
K.
Fms = f .p..d.l p
f ..d 2 .l
d
G
Mi ghep chu lc doc truc F va chu momen xon T :
Do lc doc truc F va lc vong Ft vung goc nhau nn iu kin bn cua mi ghep :
2

2T
K. F2 +
f .p..d.l
d

K. F2 + 2T

f ..d.l

(11.7)

b) di cn thit
Theo ly thuyt tnh toan ng day trong giao trnh Sc bn vt liu, quan h gia ap sut sinh
ra trn b mt lp ghep va di nh sau :

p=
(11.8)
C1 C2
d +

E1 E 2
Trong o : p, : ap sut va di trn b mt lp ghep ; d : ng knh lp ghep (ng knh
danh ngha) ; E1, E2 : moun an hi cua truc va cua l ; 1, 2 : h s poat-xng cua truc va cua
d 2 + d12
d 22 + d 2
1 va C2 = 2
+ 2 .
l ; C1 = 2
d d12
d2 d2
n v cua cac ai lng : , d [mm]; p, E1, E2 [MPa].
C C
Nh vy, di cn thit tao ra ap sut p : = pd 1 + 2
E1 E 2

(11.9)

Tuy nhin, khi lp bng phng phap ep, cac nh mp m b mt b san phng mt phn,
di sau khi lp nho hn di ban u, do vy phai bu vao di tnh toan theo cng thc (11.9)
mt lng bng phn mp m b san phng di cn thit trc khi lp :
c = + 1, 2(Rz1 + Rz 2 )
Vi Rz1 ; Rz 2 : chiu cao cac nh mp m ln trn b mt lp ghep (tra theo cac bang
nham b mt gia cng).
c) Chon kiu lp
T di cn thit C, tra s tay Dung sai lp ghep, chon kiu lp co di nho nht min
thoa man iu kin : min C
2. Kim tra bn va bin dang cua chi tit may

Kim tra bn
+ Chon kiu lp xong, bn cua mi ghep c am bao. Tuy nhin, cn kim tra xem th
vi di cua kiu lp a chon, ng sut va bin dang sinh ra bn trong chi tit may co vt qua
gia tr cho phep hay khng.
+ di kim tra bn va bin dang bng di ln nht max cua kiu lp. Nu lp
bng phng phap ep, th cac nh mp m b mt b san phng mt phn, nn di kim tra
c giam bt mt lng bng phn mp m b san phng :
Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

11

 t max 1, 2(Rz1 + Rz 2 )
+ T di tnh toan t , da vao cng thc (11.8) xac nh ap sut p sinh ra trong mi ghep.
Ap sut p phai thoa man iu kin khng sinh ra bin dang deo bn trong cac chi tit may ghep.
Da trn Ly thuyt v ng day (Sc bn vt liu), ngi ta suy ra c cng thc kim ttra
bn cua cac chi tit may nh sau :

- i vi truc
d 2 d12
d2
p

ch1
iu kin bn cua truc : td1 = 2p. 2
ch1
2d 2
d d12

- i vi l
iu kin bn cua l : td 2 = p.

2d 22
ch 2
d 22 d 2

p ch 2

d 22 d 2
2d 22

11.3.3. anh gia mi ghep bng di

u im
+ Chu c tai trong ln va tai trong va p.
+ Bao am c ng tm cua cac chi tit may ghep (nn c dung cho mi ghep cac chi
tit may quay nhanh).
+ Kt cu va ch tao n gian, gia thanh ha.

Nhc im
+ Lp va thao phc tap, co th lam h hong b mt lp ghep khi thao.
+ Khng xac nh c chnh xac kha nng truyn lc cua mi ghep (v kha nng truyn lc
phu thuc vao di va h s ma sat; di thay i trong khoang dung sai cua kiu lp; h s
ma sat phu thuc vao phng phap lp, nham b mt, s bi trn luc ep...).
Pham vi s dung
Ngay cang c s dung rng rai trong cac nganh C kh: dung lp ghep banh rng, v lng,
ln, a tuabin vao truc; ghep cac phn cua truc khuyu, cac phn cua banh vt...
11.4. GHEP BNG THEN
11.4.1. Mi ghep then
1. Gii thiu mi ghep then
B
b
moay
then

t2
t1

h
l

truc
Hnh 11.18 : Then bng
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12

 Mi ghep then la mi ghep thao c, c dung nhiu ghep cac chi tit may dang truc va
moay, dung truyn momen xon gia hai chi tit may c ghep.
Then la chi tit may c tiu chun hoa. Vt liu thng dung ch tao then la thep co gii
han bn 500600MPa nh thep CT51, CT61, thep C45, C50...
Kch thc c ban cua mi ghep then bng (hnh 11.18) :
Chiu cao then h
a)
Chiu rng then b
Chiu dai then L
b)
ng knh truc d
Chiu su ranh then trn truc t1
Hnh 11.19 : a) hai u got
Chiu su ranh then trn moay t2
tron b) hai u got bng
2. Cac loai mi ghep then
Co th chia then lam hai loai ln :
+ Then ghep long : then bng, then bng dn hng, then ban nguyt tao nn mi ghep long.
+ Then ghep cng : then vat, then ma sat, then tip tuyn tao thanh mi ghep cng.
a) Then ghep long

Then bng
Tit din hnh ch nht (hnh 11.18). Hai u then c got bng hay got tron (hnh 11.19).
Mt lam vic cua then la hai mt bn, trong mi ghep then bng co khe h hng tm.
Then c ch tao bng thep keo.
Tiu chun quy nh hai kiu ghep : kiu I va kiu II. Kiu I co ranh trn moay su hn
trong kiu II. Do o kiu I c dung cho moay bng gang hay bng vt liu co bn kem hn
vt liu truc.
Thng dung mt then bng. Trong cac kt cu chu tai trong ln, co th dung 2 hoc 3 then
(khi dung hai then b tr lch nhau mt goc 1800; khi dung ba then b tr lch nhau mt goc
1200).
Then bng truyn c momen xon hai chiu, khng truyn c lc doc truc.

Then ban nguyt

Mt lam vic la hai mt bn nh trong then bng (hnh 11.20).
u im : khi moay co nghing so vi tm truc, mi ghep then vn lam vic bnh thng;
ch tao then va ranh then cung n gian (dung dao phay a). Nhc im : phai hay ranh su
trn truc lam truc b yu nhiu, do o then ban nguyt chu yu dung cac mi ghep chu tai trong
nho.
Khi moay ngn dung mt then, khi moay dai co th dung hai then.

Hnh 11.20 : Then ban nguyt

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b) Then ghep cng

Then vat
Then vat co tit din hnh ch nht, vat mt mt co dc 1:100. Ranh then trn moay
cung co dc 1:100. Mt lam vic la mt trn va mt di, hai mt bn co khe h (hnh 11.21).
Then co hai kiu : kiu co u va kiu khng u (hnh 11.21). Vi kiu khng u, hai u
c got bng hay got tron (hnh 11.19).
Khi ghep, then (hay moay) c ong vao ap lc trn hai b mt lam vic cua then va
trn hai b mt lp ghep then vat truyn c ca momen xon va lc doc truc. Truc va moay
u phai lam ranh do o truc b yu nhiu so vi khi dung then ma sat, nhng moay lai t b yu
hn then ma sat.
dc 1:100

Then vat khng u

Then vat co u
Hnh 11.21 : Then vat

Then ma sat
Gn ging then vat, mt mt vat co dc 1 :100, moay cung c vat 1 :100. Mt lam
vic cua then la mt trn va mt di. Tit din khng phai la hnh ch nht. Mt di cua then la
mt tru co cung ng knh vi truc (hnh 11.22).
Then ma sat khng co ranh trn truc. Cung co hai kiu : kiu co u va kiu khng u.
Khi ong then vao, then ap cht vao b mt truc, hai bn co khe h, mi ghep lam vic nh
lc ma sat.
u im : khng cn ranh trn truc nn khng lam yu truc; co th lp bt ky ch nao trn
truc; khi may b qua tai, then co tac dung bao am an toan. Tuy nhin, moay b yu hn so vi
khi dung then vat.
dc 1:100

Hnh 11.22 : Then ma sat

2. Tnh mi ghep then bng

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a) Dang hong cua mi ghep then bng

+ Dp cac b mt tip xuc (hai b mt bn cua then)
+ Ct theo tit din A-A (hnh 11.23).
b) iu kin bn dp
Gia thit ng sut dp phn b u trn b mt lam vic cua then.
ng sut dp sinh ra trn b mt lam vic va iu kin bn :
2T
F
2T
[ d ]
d =
vi : F
d =
(11.10)
d.l.t 2
l.t 2
d

b
F A

Vi l : chiu dai lam vic cua then [mm], t2 : chiu su cua ranh
then trn moay : t2 = 0,4h [mm], [ d ] : ng sut dp cho phep
[MPa], T : momen xon truyn qua mi ghep [Nmm], d : ng knh
truc [mm].

Hnh 11.23

c) iu kin bn ct
ng sut dp sinh ra trn b mt lam vic va iu kin bn :
F
2T
c =
=
[ c ]
(11.11)
b.l b.l.d
Cach tnh mi ghep then bng
Cac phn t cua mi ghep then (kch thc tit din then, tit din ranh...) u c tiu
chun hoa thng thng, khi tnh toan mi ghep then, ta da trn ng knh truc d, tra cac
kch thc b h, t1, t2 theo tiu chun, chon [ d ] , tnh chiu dai then l theo iu kin bn dp
(11.10): l

2T
, sau o kim tra lai iu kin bn ct (11.11).
d..t 2 .[ d ]

Nu lthen > lmoay tng lmoay hoc dung nhiu then (s then khng nn ln hn 2).
11.4.2. Mi ghep then hoa
1. Gii thiu mi ghep then hoa
Mi ghep then hoa dung ghep moay vao truc nh cac rng trn truc lng vao cac ranh
trn moay (tng ng nh mi ghep nhiu then, cac then lam lin trn truc).
Ghep bng then hoa co th chi lam hai loai : ghep c nh, trong o moay khng th trt doc truc va
ghep di ng, trong o moay co th di ng doc truc. Khi ghep di ng, truc then hoa co dang hnh tru;
khi ghep c nh, truc then hoa co th hnh tru hay hnh cn.

Dang ren trong mi ghep then hoa co th la (hnh 11.24b) :

+ rng hnh ch nht
+ rng thn khai
+ rng hnh tam giac
Hin nay then hoa rng ch nht c dung nhiu hn ca.
y chu yu nghin cu then hoa hnh tru.

2. Kch thc c ban cua mi ghep then hoa

Then hoa la chi tit may c tiu chun hoa, cac kch thc tnh theo ng knh d, va co
th tra trong cac s tay thit k c kh. Cac kch thc c ban cua mi ghep bao gm :
- ng knh trong d cua truc then hoa
- ng knh ngoai D cua truc then hoa

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- ng knh trung bnh d1 cua truc then hoa : d1 =

D+d
2

- Chiu rng B cua may

- Chiu dai cua truc then hoa l, thng ln hn hoc bng chiu rng B cua bac.
- S then trn truc Z
- Kch thc tit din then, gm chiu cao then h va chiu rng then b.

Hnh 11.24a : Mi ghep then hoa

a) Ch nht

b) Tam giac

c) Thn khai

Hnh 11.24b : Cac loai tit din then hoa

nh tm theo ng knh ngoai D hay theo ng knh trong d

Dung cho mi ghep co yu cu cao v ng tm.
+ Vi kiu lp theo ng knh trong d : Gia cng chnh xac kch thc d bng cach mai tron
trong vi l, mai nh hnh vi truc ng tm cao hn so vi kiu lp theo ng knh
ngoai D, nhng t tin hn.
+ Vi kiu lp theo ng knh ngoai D : Gia cng chnh xac kch thc D bng cach mai
tron ngoai cho truc, chut ep cho l kiu lp nay n gian, re tin hn so vi kiu lp theo
ng knh trong, nhng ch dung c khi l moay khng nhit luyn hoc co cng khng
ln (khi o co th chut ep c).
B

Hnh 11.25b : Then hoa hnh tam

giac, nh tm theo canh bn
Hnh 11.25a : Then hoa ch
nht, nh tm theo canh bn
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Hnh 11.25d : Then hoa hnh ch nht,

nh tm theo ng knh trong d

Hnh 11.25c : Then hoa thn khai,

nh theo ng knh ngoai D
4. Tnh mi ghep then hoa

a) Cac dang hong chu yu

Dang hong chu yu trong mi ghep then hoa la dp b mt lam vic (b mt tip xuc gia
then hoa va ranh moay). Ngoai ra, do bin dang deo va khe h, gy nn chuyn ng tng i
gia cac b mt lam vic mi ghep co th b hong do mon.
b) iu kin bn dp
Tnh toan quy c theo iu kin :

d =

2T
[ d ]
d m .l.h.Z.

(11.12)

Vi : d : ng sut trung bnh trn b mt lam vic cua then hoa [MPa]; T : momen xon
D+ d
truyn qua mi ghep [Nmm]; dm : ng knh trung bnh cua then hoa [mm]: d m =
;l:
2
D d
chiu dai mi ghep [mm]; h : chiu cao b mt tip xuc cua rng [mm] : h =
2f ; f : canh
2
vat cua nh rng, i vi rng thn khai h = 0,8m va dm = mZ; m : moun cua rng ; Z : s rng;
: h s xet n s phn b khng u cua tai trong : = 0,7 0,8; [d] : ng sut dp cho phep
D d
(tra s tay thit k). i vi rng tam giac : h = b a ;d m = mZ
2
c) iu kin bn mon
han ch mon cn bao am iu kin : m =

2T
[m ]
d m .l.h.Z

(11.13)

Trong o : [ m ] ng sut cho phep khi tnh v mon rng then hoa (tra s tay thit k).

Cach tnh mi ghep then hoa

Chon kch thc then hoa theo ng knh truc (tra s tay thit k). Sau o, tnh chiu dai l
cua then hoa t iu kin bn dp (11.12) va kim tra iu kin bn mon (11.13), hoc chon trc
chiu dai then hoa l, sau o kim nghim iu kin bn dp (11.12) va iu kin bn mon (1.13).
11.4.3. anh gia mi ghep then va then hoa

u nhc im cua mi ghep then

u im : Cu tao n gian va chc chn, d thao lp; gia thanh re..

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Nhc : Phai lam ranh then trn truc tit din truc b giam va sinh ra tp trung ng sut
lam yu truc.

u nhc im cua mi ghep then ghep cng

u im: V tao thanh mi ghep cng khng nhng then truyn c momen xon ng
thi co th truyn c lc doc truc. Then ghep cng la co th chu c va p.
Nhc im : Gy lch tm nhiu lam tng rung ng cua cac chi tit may c ghep, lam
moay b nghing ( hin nay t dung trong cac may chnh xac).

u nhc im cua mi ghep then hoa

So vi mi ghep then, mi ghep then hoa co cac u nhc im sau :
u im
+ Mi ghep c tm ng hn, d di ng chi tit may trn truc.
+ Kha nng chu tai ln hn (so vi mi ghep then cung kch thc, do b mt lam vic
hn, tai trong phn b u hn trn b mt rng)
+ bn moi cao hn, chu va p va tai trong ng tt hn.
Nhc im
+ Tp trung ng sut goc ranh (tuy nhin t hn so vi mi ghep then).
+ Tai trong phn b gia cac rng khng u
+ Cn dung cu va thit b chuyn dung ch tao va kim tra.

ln

11.5. MI GHEP BNG REN

11.5.1. Khai nim chung
1. Gii thiu mi ghep ren
Trong mi ghep ren, cac chi tit may c ghep lai vi nhau nh cac chi tit co ren nh
bulng va ai c, vt, vt cy, l ren trn chi tit may c ghep... Mi ghep ren la mi ghep thao
c.

Hnh 11.26a :
Mi ghep bulng

Hnh 11.26b : Mi
ghep bng vt

Hnh 11.26c: Mi
ghep bng vt cy

Cac mi ghep ren thng dung la mi ghep bng bulng (hnh 11.26a), mi ghep bng vt
(hnh 11.26b), mi ghep bng vt cy (gudng) (hnh 11.26c). Ngoai ra con dung mi ghep ng
dung ni cac ng lai vi nhau.

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 Mi ghep bng bulng : dung bu lng va ai c ghep cac chi tit may : co chiu day
khng ln lm; lam bng vt liu co bn thp (nu lam ren trn chi tit may, ren se khng u
bn); cn thao lp lun (hnh 11.26a).
Mi ghep bng vt : vt c dung khi mi ghep khng
co ch cha ai c, khi cn giam khi lng cua mi ghep
(nhng cac chi tit may c ghep cn co u chiu day
lam l ren), hoc khi mt trong cac chi tit may c ghep
kha day (hnh 11.26b).
px
Mi ghep bng vt cy : vt cy c dung khi mt trong
p
cac chi tit may c ghep qua day (khng dung c
bulng) lai cn thao lp lun (nu dung vt l ren se nhanh
hong) (hnh 11.26c).
d1
Ren
+ Cho mt hnh phng (v du tam giac abc) di chuyn
Hnh 11.27
theo ng xon c, lun lun nm trong mt phng qua truc
OO (hnh 11.27), cac canh cua hnh phng se hnh thanh nn mt ren.
+ Nu hnh phng la hnh tam giac, hnh vung, hnh thang, hnh ban nguyt th tng
ng se tao nn ren tam giac, ren vung, ren hnh thang, ren tron.
+ Nu ng xon c la ng xon c trn mt tru ren tru; trn mt non ren cn.
+ Theo s u mi ng xon, ta co ren mt mi, ren hai mi.
Tt ca ren dung trong mi ghep la ren mt mi.
Cac loai ren thng dung trong mi ghep ren
Ren h met : Kch thc ren tnh bng mm. Tit din ren co tam giac u, goc nh =
60. nh va chn ren c ht hoc ln tron (nhm tranh tp trung ng sut chn ren va dp
xc nh rng). Chia thanh hai loai : ren bc ln va ren bc nho.
Ren h Anh : Kch thc ren (inch). Tit din la hnh tam giac cn, co goc nh = 55.
Bc ren c c trng bng s ren/chiu dai 1 inch.
Ren ng : Dung ghep kn cac ng vi nhau. Hnh dang kch thc theo ren h Anh bc
nho (do thanh ng mong nn phai dung ren bc nho). Tit din ren la tam giac cn, co goc
nh = 55. nh ren va chn ren lam ln tron. Khi lp khng co khe h bao am kn kht.

Hnh 11.28a : Ren tron

Hnh 11.28b : Ren vt g

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 Ren tron : dung chu yu cho bu lng, vt chu tai trong va p ln ; dung cho cac chi tit
may lam vic trong mi trng bn va cn thao lp lun (voi cu hoa, ...), dung trong cac chi tit
may co vo mong (chui bong en,...) (hnh 11.28a).
Ren vt bt g hoc ghep cac vt liu co bn thp. Tit din ren la hnh tam giac, chiu
rng ranh ln hn chiu day ren ( bao am bn u v ct cua ren vt bng thep va ren cua
g) (hnh 11.28b).
2. Cac thng s hnh hoc chu yu cua ren hnh tru
+ ng knh ngoai cua ren : d
ng knh ngoai cua ren la ng knh hnh tru bao nh ren ngoai va cung chnh la
ng knh danh ngha cua ren (hnh 11.29a).
+ ng knh trong cua ren : d1 (ng knh trong cua ren la ng knh hnh tru bao nh
ren trong)
d +d
+ ng knh trung bnh cua ren : d 2 = 1
2
+ Chiu cao lam vic cua ren : h
+ Bc ren : p
+ Bc xon : px (bc cua ng xon c hnh thanh nn mt ren).
Vi ren mt mi : px = p, vi ren n mi : px = n.p
+ Goc tit din ren : (hnh 11.29b)
p
+ Goc vt : (goc nng cua ng xon c trn mt tru trung bnh: tg = x )
d 2

d1
d
a)

Hnh 11.29

b)

3. Cac chi tit may dung trong mi ghep ren

Bu lng : la mt thanh kim loai hnh tru tron, mt u co ren vn ai c, u kia co hnh
vung, hnh sau canh... (hnh 11.30a).
Theo phng phap va chnh xac ch tao, co ba loai bu lng : bulng th, bulng na
tinh va bulng tinh.
Vt : khac vi bulng ch u co ren cua vt khng vn vao ai c, ma vn trc tip vao l
ren trn cac chi tit may c ghep (hnh 11.21b). u vt co nhiu kiu : hnh vung, hnh sau
canh nh bulng, hoc co ranh vn vt...
Vt cy : la mt thanh hnh tru, hai u co ren, mt u c vn vao l ren cua mt chi tit
may c ghep, u kia xuyn qua l khng co ren cua chi tit may c ghep khac va vn vi
ai c (hnh 11.21c). Khi thao, ch cn vn ai c ra la co th tach ri cac chi tit may c ghep.
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a) bulng

b) vt

c) vt cy

Hnh 11.31 : ai c
Hnh 11.32 : ai c ham

Hnh 11.30

ai c : co nhiu kiu khac nhau, nhng thng dung nht la ai c co sau canh (hnh 17.6).
ng vi cac loai bulng th, na tinh va tinh, cung co ai c th, na tinh va tinh. Ngoai ra, con
co ai c ham (hnh 11.31), dung kt hp vi m co canh (hnh 11.33c), nhm phong long cho
mi ghep (hnh 11.37). Trn ai c co th co cac ranh lp cht che, nhm phong long cho mi
ghep.

a) vong m

b) vong m vnh

c) m co canh

Hnh 11.33
Vong m : lam bng thep mong, t gia ai c va chi tit may c ghep, co tac dung
bao v b mt tit may khoi b cao xc khi vn ai c, lam tng din tch tip xuc gia b mt
chi tit may c ghep va ai c, do o giam c ng sut dp.
Co cac loai vong m : vong m thng thng (hnh 11.33a), vong m vnh (hnh
11.33b), vong m co canh (hnh 11.33c).
4. S ni long cua mi ghep ren - Bin phap phong long

S ni long cua mi ghep ren

Cac loai ren dung trong lp ghep u c thit k sao cho di tac dung cua tai trong
tnh doc truc, ai c khng th t ni long ra c (ai c b t ham). thao long ai c, cn tac
dung ln ai c mt momen M ln hn momen ma sat Mms trong mi ghep ren.
Tuy nhin, khi b va p hay rung ng, co th co luc tai trong doc truc F tac dung t bu
lng ln ai c b trit tiu trn b mt tip xuc cua ren khng co ap lc momen ma sat
trong mi ghep ren : Mms = 0. Khi o, nu co mt momen ngu nhin M du nho tac ng vao ai
c cung co th lam ai c b ni long ra chut t dn dn ai c b ni long hoan toan.
Bin phap phong long
Tao ra lc cng phu tac ng ln ai c ma sat phu gia ren bu lng va ren ai c :

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+ Dung hai ai c : Khi vn cht ai c th hai, gia hai ai c se co lc cng phu.

Nhc im : tng thm khi lng, kch thc mi ghep, khi rung ng manh khng bao am
phong long (hnh 11.34).

Hnh 11.34 : Hai ai c

Hnh 11.35 : Vong m vnh

Hnh 11.36 : m gp

+ Dung vong m vnh : Lc cng phu c tao nn do lc an hi cua vong m

vnh, ngoai ra ming cua vong m vnh ty vao ai c va b mt ghep cung co tac ung khng
cho ai c b ni long. Nhc im la gy lc lch tm ln bu lng (hnh 11.35).
Dung cac chi tit may phu c nh ai c, khng cho ai c xoay tng i so vi bu
lng :
+ m gp (hnh 11.36).
+ ai c ham va m co canh (hnh 11.37).
+ Cht che (hnh 17.9e), dy neo...
Cac kiu phong long nay kha bao am, nhng khng th iu chnh dn lc sit, ma phai
theo tng nc.
Gy bin dang deo cuc b nh tan hoc nung phn cui cua bulng, han nh bu lng vao ai
c. u im la chc chn, nhng mi ghep tr nn khng thao c.
Canh a
gp lai
Ranh
m co
canh

Canh
trong

Ranh

Phn truc
co ren
Canh
ngoai
Hnh 11.37 : ai c ham va m co canh

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L lp cht che

Cach lp cht che

Cht che

Hnh 11.38: Cht che

11.5.2. Tnh toan bu lng (vt, vt cy)

1. Cac dang hong cua bu lng (vt, vt cy) va ch tiu tnh toan
Khi chu lc tac dung, bu lng co th co cac dang hong sau :
+ Thn bu lng b keo t (tai phn co ren hay tai tit din sat u bu lng)
+ Ren b hong do dp, mon, b ct hay b un
+ u bu lng b dp, b ct hay b un
iu kin bn cua bu lng : [ ] ; [ ]
Da trn am bao sc bn u gia cac phn t bu lng va ai c, ngi ta xac nh c cac
quan h kch thc hp ly cua bu lng va ai c va quy nh trong tiu chun. Do o khi tnh
toan bu lng ai c tiu chun, ch cn tnh toan theo bn keo cua thn bu lng xac nh
ng knh trong d1, sau o tra tiu chun tm ra cac kch thc khac cua bulng.
2. Tnh bu lng ghep long chu lc doc truc
V du bulng moc treo hoc phn co ren cua oan
cui moc cn truc...(hnh 11.39).
ng sut keo sinh ra trong thn bulng :
F
= 2 [ k ]
d
4
Vi [ k ] : ng sut keo cho phep cua vt liu lam bu lng

4F
[k ]

F
Hnh 11.39 :Bulng ghep
long, chu lc doc truc
3. Tnh bu lng c sit cht, khng co ngoai lc tac dung
V du bulng cua np bnh kn khng co ap sut d (hnh 11.40).
np y c kn, cn sit chc ai c tao ra lc sit V.
Mun vy, cn phai tac ng ln ai c mt momen Mr :
d
M r = V 2 tg( + ')
2
Vi : : goc ma sat thay th, : goc nng cua ren
Thn bulng va chu xon (do Mr gy nn), va chu keo (do V gy nn).
Suy ra :

d1 =

Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

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ng sut keo do V gy nn : =

V
d12

4
M r 0,5Vd 2 tg( + ')
ng sut xon do Mr gy nn : =
=
d13
W0
16
8Vd 2 tg( + ')
Suy ra : =
d13

d
d1

d2
Hnh 11.40: Bu lng c sit cht,
khng co ngoai lc tac dung

ng sut tng ng c tnh theo ly thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dang hay ly thuyt
bn th t : td = 2 + 32
Vi bulng tiu chun : d2 = 1,1 d1 ; = 2030; f = 0,2
4V
Suy ra : td 1,3 2
d1
iu nay chng to rng khi bulng c sit cht va khng chu tac dung cua ngoai lc th
ng sut tng ng bng 1,3 ln ng sut keo k do ban thn V gy nn (30% ng sut tng
ln la do Mr gy ra).
1,3.4V
4V
iu kin bn : td [ k ] 1,3 2 [ k ] d1
[k ]
d1
5. Tnh bu lng chu lc ngang (lc tac dung vung goc truc bu lng)
Bu lng c tnh toan theo iu kin bao am cac tm ghep khng c trt tng i vi
nhau.
a) Bulng lp co khe h
cac tm ghep khng b trt tng i vi nhau, phai sit chc bu lng tao nn lc ep
V gia cac tm ghep, sao cho lc ma sat Fms do V gy ra trn b mt tip xuc gia cac tm ghep
phai ln hn lc tac dung F : Fms F
Ta co :

Fms = i.f .V

Vi : i : s b mt tip xuc gia cac tm ghep (trn hnh 11.41 : i = 2)

f : h s ma sat.

Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

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k.F
i.f
Trong o : k la h s an toan : k = 1,31,5
Bu lng va chu keo va chu xon.
iu kin bn (tng t nh khi tnh bu lng c sit cht khng co ngoai lc tac dung) :
1,3.4.k.F
1,3.4V
d1
d1

[ k ] i.f
[k ]

Suy ra :

V=

1
F

2
3

V
Hnh 11.41 : Bulng chu lc ngang, lp co khe h
b) Bulng lp khng co khe h
L lp bu lng c doa, thn bu lng c gia cng nhn, kch thc ch tao kha chnh xac
khng co khe h gia thn bu lng va l.
Di tac dung cua lc F, thn bu lng co th b ct hay b dp ( y lc sit V khng quan
trong).

s1
d0

s2
F

s3

Hnh 11.42 : Bulng chu lc ngang, lp khng co khe h

iu kin bn v ct
4F
F
d0
=
[ ]
2
i..[ ]
d
i. 0
4
Vi : i : s tit din chu ct cua thn bu lng (trn 11.42 ta co : i = 2)
d0 : ng knh thn bu lng.
F
[ d ]
Sau o, cn kim nghim iu kin bn v dp : d =
s.d 0

Bai giang Truyn ng c kh - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - H Tn Ch - Khoa S pham ky thut - 2008

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Trong o : s : b day cac tm ghep.

Ghi chu
Phng an (a) re tin hn phng an (b) v khng cn gia cng chnh xac kch thc ng
knh thn bu lng va l, nhng khi chu cung mt lc F th ng knh cua bu lng trong phng
an (a) se ln hn.
11.5.3. anh gia mi ghep ren

u im
+ Cu tao n gian.
+ Co th c nh chi tit may bt ky v tr nao (nh kha nng t ham).
+ D thao lp.
+ Gia thanh tng i ha, thay th d dang (v bu lng c tiu chun hoa va ch tao sn
bng cac phng phap co nng sut cao).

Nhc im
+ Co tp trung ng sut chn ren giam bn moi cua mi ghep.
+ Mi ghep gm nhiu chi tit phc tap, nng n.

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