Jhss Xvi
Jhss Xvi
Jhss Xvi
ISSN : 0974-8806
JHSS
JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
MARCH 2015 : Vol. XVI
ISSN : 0974-8806
CONTENTS :
Editorial
1.
2.
3.
15
4.
22
5-
26
6-
29
7-
35
8-
38
9-
42
JHSS
Editor in Chief :
Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad' Ph.D.
Head, Dept. of PG Studies & Research in History
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja (C.C.S. University, Meerut)
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Dr. Zohra Afzal, Shri Nagar
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Dr. Sandhya P. Meriya, Daman
Dr. Vijay Laxmi Kosgi, Gulbarga
Dr. Supriya P., Calicut
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18. Review
90
ISSN : 0974-8806
March 2015 : Vol. XVI
A Publication of AIPC (Regd. No. 987)
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The view of the Researchers may not equally be suited with the Editors & JHSS is not responsible
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Any reference of JHSS must be cited and informed properly.
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(5 Years)
(3 Years)
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Editorial :
HISTORIOGRAPHY IN ANCIENT SANSKRIT LITERATURE
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HISTORY
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
References :
1. Smith, V.A.; Akbar the Great Mogul (Oxford at the Claredon Press, 1917) pp.263264
2. Maclagan, E., The Jesuits and the Great Mogul (London, 1932) pp.108-110.
3. Roy Chowdhury, M.L. Position of Christians in the Mughal Empire (I.H.C.,
V.1941) p.350
4. Smith, Op. Cit, pp.134-136
5. Bartoli, D., Missione al gram Mogor del Padre Ridolfo Aquaviva (Rome 1714)
p.7 quoted by Smith, Op. Cit. p. 136
6. Ibid.p.10, quoted by Smith, Op. Cit, p.170
7. Smith, Op.Cit, p.170 (F.N.)
8. Monserrate, Commentarius, p.638
9. Smith, Op. Cit, p. 176
10. Srivastava, A.L., 'Akbar the Great' (Shivalal Agrawal and Co. P. Ltd. Agra, 1962)
I. P.236
11. Ibid, pp.254-255
12. Maclagan, S.E., 'The Jesuits and the Great Mogul (London, 1932)', p.34
13. Akbar Namah m, pp.280-281
14. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, p.261
15. Smith, Op. Cit pp. 203-204
16. Ibid, p.255
17. Ibid, p. 259
18. Ibid, p.264
19. Noer, V., Emperor Akbar, I.p.489; (Tr. Beveridge) I, p.331,
20. Smith, Op. Cit, p.283
21. Ibid, p.289
22. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, p. 405
23. Quoted in J. Panj.H.S., V,2 pp.87-88.
24. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I. p.407
25. Maclagan, Op. Cit. p.56; Akbar Namah, m,p.712.
Akbar's Church at Agra.42 For the first time the mission got
Akbars permission in writing to build churches at Cambay,
Lahore, Hugli and Agra at the state expense. Akbar gave
43
subsistece allowances to leaders of these missions. In 1603 A.D.
a Farman was issued permitting the Christians to make converts.44
The Farman could not be issued without the opposition from Aziz
45
Koka and other nobles. The notion that such liberty should be
confirmed by the signed and sealed orders was regarded by the
46
court officials as destructive of Muslim religion. It was the first
written order of this kind granted by a Muslim ruler of India to
47
missionaries. Xavier tells that the Hindus are in favour just now'.
Bijapur princess, a neice of Mir Ali Khan, uncle of Ali Adil Shah,
there can be little doubt that her conversion and her suites was due
to policy rather than to conviction.48
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
HISTORY
between Vaisya and Sudras. They were not allowed to recite the Vedas if
he performed, their tongue were cutoff. The last two castes were residing
in the same town. The ancient and modern writings did not favour this
statement of Alberuni.3
Alberuni says that the Sudras were created from the feet of
Purushukta. Being a non-Aryan stock Sudra was not considered twiceborn (Dvija). According to the law if the higher three caste could not
follow their orthodox customs and practices were pushed into the rank of
the Sudra. Similarly the illegimate person who were born with intercaste
marriage were called Sudras. Alberuni has cited a passage from the Gita,
"the Sudra is to endeavour to render Services and attention to each of the
preceding classes in order to make himself liked by them".4
Alberuni has mentioned about one more class that comes very
below to Sudras was the Antyaja. It is also evident from the Smriti. This
class has render various kinds of services who is not reckoned amongst
any caste. There are eight (8) classes of them who freely intermarry with
each other except of fuller, shoemaker and weaver. Vedavyasa mention
twelve names and refers sall those who eat cow's flesh as antyajas and Atri
includes seven names as 'antyajas'.5
Alberuni also refers the eight professional classes which were
introduced as guilds. These eight guilds are fuller, Shoemaker, Juggler,
the basket and shield maker, the sailor, fishermen, the hunter of wild
animal and of birds and the weaver.6
According to Alberuni Hadi, Doma, Chandala and Badhatau are
not reckoned amongst any caste or guilds. They were considered as sole
class and distinguished only by their occupations. Infact they were
considered like illegimate children. Chandalas were instructed to live
outside the villages. In the modern writing they were termed as the fifth
caste. His duty was to clean the dirt of the villages. Hemchandra
prescribes that the chandalas and Domas should make sound of sticks so
that the men of the higher caste may become aware of their presence and
avoid the pollution. Domas prepared the different articles of bamboos and
sold it in the different part of country. They were also experts in dancing.7
Varna-Ashramas (Division of life)
The entire life of a person are divided into four stages to get body
and mental satisfaction. Alberuni on the basis of Manu writings explains
the hundred years of life span of a men and divided into each twenty five
years. The first ashram Brahmacharya was important which was meant
for the pursuits of education and learning. A great significance was given
to the second ashrama Grihastha which is the basis of social and
economic life. After the marriage the family life started from 25 years to
50 years. He must cohabit with wife to produce male child as his
successors. The third is the Vanaprastha Ashrama that starts from 51
10
years to 75 years of age. During this period the twice born had to leave his
family and village. They went to the forest and practiced to control over
all his desire and senses. Alberuni tells that the peoples must have spend
harsh life there. He does not take shelter under a roof, wear the bark of the
tree, sleeps on the earth without any bed and only nourishes himself by
fruits, vegetables and roots. He lets the hair grow long and does not anoint
himself with oil.
The last and fourth Ashrama was the sanyas. It lasted from 76
years onwards. Alberuni advocates that the members of this stages wear a
red garments and holds a stick in his hand. He always dipped into
meditation. He avoids the mind of friendship and enmity and roots out
desire and lusts. He does not converse with anybody at all devotes himself
to get salvation (Moksha) and think it to return in this illustrious world.8
Sanskara (Sacraments)
Sanskara was the another outstanding feature of the Hindu social
organisation. In Hindu society a large number of sanskaras were followed
that starts long before the birth of the child and continued upto Grihastha
Ashrams. According to the study of Alberuni and the sacred law book of
the Hindus 'there were sixteen Sanskaras that were performed in the
Hindu family for the religious and material development of an
individuals. Alberuni has mentioned some names of the Sanskaras like
Garbhadana, Simantonnayanam, Jatakarma, Namakarma (name giving),
Chudakarna (cutting of the child hair) and so on.9
Marriage and family life
In ancient India marriage was considered to be a sacred bond of
union between a male and female for their eternal progress through the
performance of their Dharma (duties). The Hindu thinkers stressed the
significance of the family and its biological function in the life of the
individual. Alberuni explains about the Hindu marriage that the Hindus
marry at the young age, therefore the parents arrange the marriage for
their sons on that occasion the Brahmans perform the rites of the
scarifices. Both male and female that had married surrender his will and
alms. They round seven times around altar with each other knots. Now
husband and wife can only be separated by death as they have no
divorce. Generally divorce (Moksha) was quite impossible in Hindu
society as stated by Albiruni. But Narada and Parasara recommend
divorce in case of impotency of the husband.10
Polygamy
Alberuni writes about the custom of Polygamy in Hindu society.
This was mostly founded among kings, chiefs, wealthy men and some of
the Brahmanas. Generally it was discouraged by the ancient literature.
Apastamb Dharmsastra forbids a man to take a second wife if his first
wife is of good character and has born his son. According to the
11
considered the bad manner and killing lices is not rude act.
The Hindu were basically vegetarians. However he use to take
some kinds of meat. The flesh of ganda was relished by the people even
by the Brahmana. Alberuni draws a list of animals which were socioreligiously permissible. The formidable animal was cow, horse, mules,
asses, camels, elephants tame poultry, crows, parrots and nightingales.
All kinds of eggs were also prohibited. They drink the urine of cows.
Alberuni never agree with the excuse that cow flesh is heavy for stomach.
But he observe that due to the economic reason the Hindu has giving up
the use of the cow. Alberuni reports that the killing of animals for eating
purposes was done by the method of strangulation. The wine was used
before meal. Another significant practice was the use of betel leaves
along with areca nuts and lime. He was told that the practice was very
common and it was a common belief that taking of betel leaves, nuts and
lime was conducive to digestion. Moreover, the betel nut acted as
astringent for teeth, gums and stomach and the lime helped reducing the
excessive moisture in the body. The use of betel leaves however discolour
the teeth as think Alberuni. About the dining etiquette of the Indians,
Alberuni observes that they usually take their dishes separately and one
after the other. They use a spread soiled by dung upon which the food is
served. After that have thrown away the dishes which of course are
earthen.14
Alberuni gives a very clear account of the dresses used by men
and women. Those who wears very scanty dress were probably poor,
downtrodden and low caste people. They used just a piece of rag some
two fingers wide which they bound over their loins with two cords. In the
other classes have used cotton trousers that covered the whole body from
the waist down to the feet. Alberuni referred the game of chess. This was
the only game which was interestingly played by Indians. It could be
played by four persons with eight pieces and played with a pair of dice.15
The following are the drawing of the chess.
Albiruni is credited for the introduction of the Sanskrit
translation of the Islamic Kalima on the coins promulgated by Sultan
Mahmud in his domain in India. The Kalima, Lailaha illal-Allahu
Muhammad ur Rasul Allah was rendered into Sanskrit as : avyaktam
ekam, Muhammada avatara.16
Alberuni is talking of the dhoti which is really a plain sheet of
clothes and which can be tied very masterly into various shapes. They
also uses the lower garments in the form of sidar and Kurta. The former
had buttons at the back and the latter had slashes on both the sides of the
lappets. No doubt both the clothes express the modern Sadri and Kurta.
The foot wear in the form of shoes were used by the Indian people.17
Al-Beruni states about Indian languages, script and writing
12
explains that Somnath had become so famous because it was a harbour for
sea faring people and a station for the traders operating between the eastAfrican coast and China. As far cow slaughter, it was prohibited because
of the manifold utility of the cow for agricultural and domestic purposes.
Regarding the prostitute, he observes that King used them as 'an attraction
for their cities, a bait of pleasure for their subjects, for no other but
financial reasons. The revenue earned from them as fines and taxes was
spent on the army.
Al-Beruni has very minute observation about getting the
education, uses of language, scripts etc. The children in the school were
used the slate and chalk for writings. We also get the description of
method by which writing materials were prepared from the bark and
leaves of different kind of trees and the method by which palm leaf
manuscripts were bound and preserved. Pieces of silken cloth were also
used for writing. The writings or the alphabet of the Hindu consisted of 50
letters which had developed by a gradual process. The language had many
sound which were not found in other languages. The Hindus write from
left to the right like the Greeks. They writes in between the lines. The
tradition of getting education was in the villages or a nearby religions
places. The course of education was moral and cultural with the study of
cure of diseases. In the both Hindu and Muslim community religious
education was the basic one.
Apart from that Alberuni has mentioned some peculiarities that
was existed in the Hindu societies. They do not cut any hair of the body
which was religiously and socially allowed. They had divided the
moustache into single paints. Do not cut the hair of genital due to the
cohabitation reason. They had left nails grown long. They beat the eye
brow and balls with a stick. The use of turbans was interesting. The
bathing process was unique, they begin with the feet and then wash the
face. They wash themselves before cohabit with their wife. On festive
days, they massage their body with dung instead of perfumes.13
Manners and their personal habits
Al-Beruni finds the indigenous population of India dissimilar in
habits and manners from those of his own people some where he finds the
similarities. Hindu writes from left to right while Muslim begin writings
from right to left. Some of the personal traits of the Hindus described by
Al-beruni. They seated in the meetings cross-logged and while shaking
hands they grasp the hand from the convex side. They do not seek
permission while entering the house. In their personal exchange of
articles they expect that they should be thrown towards them and not be
handed over. Alberuni finds a matriarchal touch in the Hindu society of
his times. He says that in all consultations and emergencies the advice of
women is sought and honoured. Splitting and blowing the nose are not
13
HISTORY
materials, numerical signs, weights and measures turns and routes and
road system. All the system that was explained by Alberuni was ancient
and is still have in modern form. In the numerical system, no doubt India
has the upper hand. The different script of India really lightened the act
and the methods of articulation of the Indian people. India at the time of
Alberuni and still in modern days, a bunch of language which was used
by the Indian people.
In brief the explanation of Alberuni can be judged that the social
stratification was rigid and harsh. The society was based on casteism.
Widow remarriage was only in case of husband death without any heir.
Prostitution was allowed to fulfill the economic crisis. The daughter share
was in father's property. The cow was respected. Spitting and blowing
nose and killing lices were not considered the bad habits. The earthen pots
were used to take food. The chess playing was in common. The Islamic
kalimah was inscribed on the coins in Sanskrit language during Sultan
Mahmood as in the form of 'avyaktam ekam, Muhammad avatara'. Thus
Alberuni has minutely observed the Indian society and its tiny parts of
habits which has really reflects the social and moral values of the time.
References :
Burni, S.H. 'Alberuni and His Magnum opus Canon Masudicus, al Quran al
Masudi (Hyderabad,) 1958, p. 3.
Nadvi, A.S., 'Alberuni', Alberuni Commemoration Volume (Calcutta, 1951),
p. 256.
Nadvi, A.S., Alberuni (in Urdu), ACU p. 255.
Alberuni's India, vol. I, I, p. 100.
Ibid., p. 100.
Ibid., p. 115.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 120.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 103.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 103.
Ibid., p. 102.
History of Dharmashastra, II, Pt. I, pp. 70-71.
Ibid., pp. 70-71.
Alberuni's India, p. 101
Ibid., p. 101.
15
16
17
she did not became a sati, but passed under the tutelage of other male
relations. Though the husband's proprietary right in the wife was
theoretically recognized, its actual exercise met with a stern social
disapprobation. It was felt that only intoxicated or inhuman persons could
think of exercising it. In course of time the scope of Stridhana was
enlarged. Gifts given by the husband even subsequent to the marriage
were included in it. These were often extensive and would sometimes
include even the whole of the husband's property. Women came to be
gradually invested with full powers over the property thus conveyed to
them. That women could exercise absolute control over such gifts, which
constitute their Stridhana, was a principle that came to be recognized
fairly early in Hindu society. But gifts given by non-relations subsequent
to the marriage, and the wages earned by the wife for her work are not
included in Stridhana. They were usually earned only by the women of
the working classes. The rest of the Stridhana was Asaudayika Stridhana:
women could not alienate it, but only enjoy its usufruct during their life
time. From about C 500 A.D. nobody has called, into question of a
daughter's right to inherit her father's property in the absence of a brother.
An inscription of this period, discovered in Kolhapur, refers to the sale of
a piece of land by woman who had inherited it from her father. The
Bombay law on this point has been working smoothly and has caused no
havoc in the joint family.
It is suggested that the share of the unmarried sister should be
half that of her married brother as she lead a single life, her family
responsibilities would be naturally less than those of her married
brothers. Several steps were taken to provide the daughters the property
rights. In 1936 a bill was introduced in the Imperial Legislative Assembly,
which inter alia sought to give the daughter the same share in the
patrimony as the son. This clause, however, had to be withdrawn, as the
public opinion was not in its favour. Secondly, a draft by the B. N. Rao
Committee proposed, that an unmarried daughter should get half a share;
but this measure also could not pass. The same was the fate of a third bill
1952 which sought to give to the daughter half a share unconditionally.
The legislatures in India both provincial and central began to champion
measures to liberalise the law since 1936. In Feb. 1956 there was a
measure before the Indian Parliament, sponsored by the Govt., which
seeks to give the married daughter a share in patrimony equal to that of the
brother.
If we compare Muslim women with the women of other communities,
they definitely lagged behind, in every sphere of life in employment,
education, emancipation, politics etc. Muslim women in general have not
been able to take full advantage of the modernization in India due to
dominance of certain social and cultural factors such as early marriage,
18
19
Ibid P.12
Ibid P.12
Ibid P.13
Ibid P.13
Ibid P. 21
Ibid P 22
Ibid P.23
Ibid P.23
B.P.N. Chopra; "A social, Cultural and economic History of India," Vol.
Ibid, P .96
Ibid, P.142
Ibid P.212
Ibid P.218
Ibid P.245
Ibid.
and Prospects" M. D.
Ibid.
References :
20
21
HISTORY
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
Dr. Monika Sharma
-Monika Sharma
22
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
23
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
-Monika Sharma
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
References :
24
25
HISTORY
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dh fgUnh l`tukRed izsj.kk rFkk kfDr ik ldhA ekWfjkl esa fgUnh dk ;g la?k"kZ
lkgl] ;kruk vkSj cfynku dh xkFkk jgh gSA fgUnh dks vUrjkZ"Vh; egRo nsus esa
ekWfjkl ds lkfgR;dkjksa &lksenRr c[kksjh] jkenso /kqj/kaj] iwtkuan usek] cztsanz
dqekj Hkxr e/kqdj]t;ukjk;.k vkfn dh Hkwfedk lk/kkj.k ugha ekuh tk ldrh
fdarq vfHkeU;q vur tSlh lkfgR; lk/kuk vkSj fgUnh dks fooeap ij izfrf"Br
djus dh tkZ] {kerk ,oa leiZ.k fdlh vkSj esa ugha gSA Hkkjr ds ckgj tc Hkh
fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dh ppkZ gksrh gS rks vfHkeU;q vur dk uke lcls igys
vkrk gSA vfHkeU;q oLrqr% fgUnh dks fooeap ij LFkkfir djus rFkk mldh
ltZukRedrk ds foLrkj ds izrhd cu x;s gSaA ^^,d ys[kd ds fy, ;g de xkSjo
dh ckr ugha fd cg vius nsk dk izrhd cu tk;s tSls VkyLVk; &:l vkSj
ksDlfi;j &baXyS.M ds izrhd jpukdkj gSA oSls gh Hkkjr esa ekWfjkl dh igpku
vfHkeU;q vur ls gqbZ A og ekWfjkl dh Lora=rk] vfLerk] ekWfjklh;rk vkSj
Hkkjrh;rk ds laxe ds lkfgR;dkj gSaA^^1
vfHkeU;q vur ,dek= ,sls Hkkjr oakh ys[kd gSa tks vk/kh lnh ls Hkh
vf/kd le; ls iw.kZ ,d fu"Bk ds lkFk sap o vaxzsth ds izyksHku dks R;kxdj
fgUnh esa ,d ls ,d mRre jpuk nsrs jgs gSA ekWfjkl esa fgUnh dks Lohd`fr o
ekU;rk fnykus ds fy, mUgksus la?k"kZ fd;k lRrk ds dksiHkktu cus] vusd
rdyhQksa dks lgrs gq, mUgksuas fgUnh dks fooeap ij LFkkfir fd;kA ekWfjkl
foo ds leLr fgUnh izseh nskksa esa vdsyk ,slk nsk gS tgk fgUnh] yksxksa dh
vfLerk] kfDr vkSj laxBu dh Hkk"kk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekWfjkl dh fgUnh
dh viuh ,d igpku gSA
ekWfjkl dh fgUnh dh igpku crkrs gq, vfHkeU;q vur dgrs gS] ^^ekWfjkl
dh fgUnh viuh ekVh dh lksa/kh xU?k dks vkRelkr djds gh viuh fgLls dh nks
&pkj cwnsa tksM+ ik;h gSA vkt bldh lcls cM+h miyfC/k ;g gS fd ekWfjkl esa
lkfgR; le`) djus esa mlus cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuckgh gSA lkFk gh lkFk ml
lkfgR; esa Hkkjr vkSj vU; nskksa esa ekWfjkl ds Loj dks cqyUn fd;k gsA^^ 2
vfHkeU;q vur ekWfjkl ds ,sls ys[kd gSa tks gesa ekWfjkl ls tksM+rs gSaA
viuh jpukvksa }kjk mUgksus Hkkjrh; ikBdksa dk /;ku ekWfjkl dh vksj vkdf"kZr
fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgs Hkkjr esa ekWfjkl ds lkaLd`frd nwr ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA tc Hkkjr o ekWfjkl nksuks ljdkjksa us feydj egkRek xk/kh laLFkku ^
dh uhao Mkyh rks vfHkeU;q vur dks laLFkku ds fgUnh foHkkx ds v/;{k dk in
nsdj tgk lEekfur fd;k x;k ogha Lo;a fgUnh Hkh mUgsa ikdj lEekfur gqbZA
vfHkeU;q dh d`fr;ksa ls ;g fl) gqvk fd fgUnh lkfgR; Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh
le`) gks jgk gSA os cgqeq[kh izfrHkk laiUu lkfgR;dkj gSA og miU;kldkj]
29
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
muds iko fgUnh txr esa teus yxs A 15 lky ds v/;kiu ds nkSjku mUgksus
^kcue^ miuke ls 7 iqLrdsa izdkfkr djok;h A os kt dsuu ds bl ckr ds
dk;y Fks fd eq>s cl izu djus dh vktknh ns nksA blhfy, os dgrs gS] ^^eSa cl
vius lekt vkSj vius bnZ fxnZ dh lRrk vkSj O;oLFkk ls tks izk;% vO;oLFkk gksrh
gS izu djrk gwA ;g izu esjk rcls tkjh gS tc eSa uks&nl lkYk dk Fkk vkSj
Ldwy tkrs le; tc esjh ek eq>s vU; cPpksa dh rjg fcu iscanks ls Hkjs diM+s nsus
vlQy gksrh FkhA esjk igyk izu Fkk tks eq>s vkt Hkh ;kn gS] ^^ ek bu yksxksa dks
brus vPNs diM+s dgk ls fey tkrs gSA^^6
;g muds izu gh gSa ftUgksus ekWjhkl ds bfrgkl ,oa orZeku lekt dh
fod`fr;ksa] folaxfr;ksa dk ,d O;kid lalkj vkSiU;kfld d`fr;ksa rFkk dkO;kRed
vuqHkwfr;kas ds }kjk gekjs lEeq[k [kksy fn;k gSA ,d krkCnh ls Hkh vf/kd le;
rd Hkkjrh; izokfl;ksa us ekWfjkl esa tks ikqor~ thou th;k neu] kks"k.k vkSj
ihM+k ds chp Hkh viuh Hkkjrh; igpku] /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dks cpk;s j[kk og ^xwxk
bfrgkl ^ rFkk ^yky ilhuk ^ dh egkxkFkk, vfHkeU;q us gh igyh ckj dFkkRed
:i esa izLrqr dh A Hkkjr ls ckgj igyh ckj fgUnh esa f=[kaMh egkdkO;kRed
miU;kl ^yky ilhuk]^ ^xk/kh th cksys Fks]^ ^vkSj ilhuk cgrk jgk]^ ^viuh gh
rykk vkfn miU;kl^ &fy[kk x;k tks ekWfjkl dh igpku] vfLerk rFkk
laHkkoukvksa ds ;FkkFkZ dk vadu djrk gSA bu miU;klksa esa vrhr dh ihM+k dk
bfrgkl gS rks orZeku es nsk dks folaLd`fr dj.k ls cpkus dk ladYi gS A ^Ykky
ilkhuk^ ftldk ssap esa vuqokn Hkh gqvk ds lUnHkZ esa vfHkeU;q dgrs gSa] ^^vrhr
dh ijk/khurk esa Hkkjrh; etnwjksa us tks dqN >syk gS mldh ppkZ rks eSa viuh dbZ
jpukvksa esa dj pqdk gw ysfdu ml dkj.k n.M vkSj mu ;krukvksa dks eSa ekufld
:i esa vius miU;kl ^yky ilhuk ^ dh jpuk ds le; >syrk jgk vkSj lp
ekfu;s og vrhr ds kkjhfjd ihM+u ls vf/kd d"Vnk;d FkkA vkt dh Lok/khurk
esa Hkh vrhr dh ijk/khurk esjh jpukvksa esa jg&jg dj blfy, mHkj vkrh gS
D;ksafd esjs nsk ds folaLd`frdj.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gS vius bfrgkl dh
;krukvksa dks Hkwy tkuk A ge ,d jktuhfrd lkezkT;okn ls NwVdj ,d
laLd`frd lkezkT; ds paxqy esa Qlrs pys tk jgs gSaA ,d ijk/khurk ds ckn
nwljh ijk/khurk ds ge fkdkj gSaA^^7
muds lHkh 32 miU;klksa esa ekWjhkl ds jk"Vh; thou dh jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd lkaLd`frd vkfn fLFkfr;ksa dk thoUr
o.kZu gSA Lo;a bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, vfHkeU;q dgrs gaS] ^^izkd`frd vk/kh] rwQkuksa
dh rjg gekjs lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd thou esa Hkh
vfLFkjrk jgh gSA bl thou dks js[kkfdar djus ds fy, eSus fy[kk gS vkSj eSus mu
tqYeks adks vius bnZ&fxnZ gj oDr vuqHko fd;k gS & dHkh ljdkj esa] dHkh lekt
esa] dHkh nrjh ,oa dHkh tehnkjh O;oLFkk esa A og tqYe dHkh lkaLd`frd jgk gS]
dHkh jktuhfrd dHkh Hkk"kk ds lkFk gks jgs O;fHkpkj esa eSus ml tqYe dks >syk gS]
dHkh folaLd`frdj.k dh pDdh esa filrs yksxksa easA vkt og tqYe viuh ijkdk"Bk
dks Nwrk izrhr gks jgk gAS ,l
s h fLFkfr eas ejsh lkfgR;/kferZk e>
q s piq dl
S s jgus nx
s hA^^8
30
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
31
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
lkFk&lkFk ekbdy kksyks[kso] misUnz ukFk vd^] vapy vkSj lkfo=h nsoh oekZ dh
jpuk;sa Fkh tks ml fnu esjs dkj.k ?kfV;k lkfgR;dkj ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s A ^^13
bZ";kZ vkSj }s"k ds ;s nak vfHkeU;q dk pyrk lQj jksd u lds vkSj vur dh
lkfgR; dh vuar ;k=k pyrh jghA muds jpukdkj esa muds dfo :i dh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA muds ikpks dfork laxzg dh dforkvksa esa ekuoh; ihM+k]
fookrk vieku] vlgk;rk ds nkZu gksrs gSaA ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k;s&
rqEgkjk ;g nkok fd
rqe nsk dh mUufr ds fy,
lcls dfBu dke dj jgs gks
esjh utjksa dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krk
mUufr voufr dh NksM+ks
esjh rjg ukSdjh dh rykk es yxdj
fQj crkvks dkSu dke fdruk dfBu gSA^^ 14
vfHkeU;q viuh dforkvksa esa ekuoh; ihM+k] fpUrk vkSj kks"k.k dh vHks|
nhokjksa dh ;FkkFkZrk dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gaS vkSj bl izdkj og tuihM+k vkSj
tu&eqfDr ds dfo gks tkrs gSaA os dfo cus gh blfy, gaSA os Lohdkj djrs gaS]
^^;gk dh izd`fr vkSj tuthou ds chp mBrs rwQkuks vkSj Tokj HkkVksa us eq>s ys[kd
cuk;k gSA ;gk ds tu&thou ds la?k"kZ] mudh ;krukvksa vkSj mudh ftthfo"kk us
eq>s dye mBkus dh kkfDr iznku dh gSA foijhr fLFkfr;ksa es vius dks VwVus ls
cpk;s j[kus ds muds ladYi vkSj lkaLd`frd vkfLerk ij mudh vkLFkkus eq>s
cy fn;k A^^ 15
bfrgkl ds ;g nak] ;g tqYe] ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ;g foMEcuk gh gS tks
mUgs ;g dgus dks fook djrh gS&
^^rqeus vkneh dks [kkyh isV fn;k
Bhd fd;k
,d izu gS js fu;fr
[kkyh isV okyksa dks
rqeus ?kqVus D;ksa fn;s
QSyus okyk gkFk D;ksa fn;k^^ 16
bu dforkvksa es dfo dk rsoj] ljksdkj vkSj izu esa fonzksgiw.kZ
dkO;psruk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh dfrk iz;ksx/kehZ gSA ;g fonzksg ,oa iz;ksx/kfeZrk
fkYi ds {ks= esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tc os ^,d Mk;jh c;ku^ dkO;laxzg esa Mk;jh
kSyh esa dfork;sa fy[krs gSA blds iwoZ Mk;jh fo/kk esa miU;kl] dgkuh] fjiksrkZt
vFkkZr x|kRed fo/kk;as gh fy[kh x;h FkhA dforkvksa ds fy, Mk;jh fo/kk dk
iz;ksx loZFkk uohu gSA
vfHkeU;q O;kid laosnuk ds dfo gSaA lkFk gh os tkrh; psruk ds Hkh dfo
gSA mudh dfork ekWfjkl vkSj Hkkjr ds lkekU; tu dh fu;fr] lksp o
lekarjrk dh ifjp; nsrh gSA mlesa ge Hkkjroklh Lo;a dks gh ns[krs gSA ,slk
yxrk gh ugha fd fdlh nwljs nsk dk ys[kd] fdlh nwljs nsk ds lekt dk
32
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
33
HINDI
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
fp=.k dj jgk gSA gekjh o mudh leku laLd`fr lHkh nwfj;k dks ikV nsrh gSa A
vfHkeU;q viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ,oa Hkkjrh; vfLerk dh gh
yM+kbZ yM+ jgs gSA Hkkjrh; laLdkj muesa c)ewy gSa blhfy;s Hkkjrh; feFkdh;
lanHkkZsa tSls& ;q;qRlq] ufpdsrk] f=kadq];e]xaxk] lkxjeaFku] vkdkkok.kh] lqjlk
vkfn dk viuh dforkvksa esa os [kqydj iz;ksx djrs gSA mudh jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh;
thou ewY; rFkk Hkkjrh;rk ,d thoar] izk.koku ,oa izcy kfDr ds :i esa
fo|eku gSA mudh dforkvksa dh izkalk djrs gq, MkW0 xksfoan jtuhk ekurs gSa fd
^^ mlesa ;FkkFkZ cks/k vkSj dykRed la;e nksuks dk mfpr lketL; gqvk gSA^^17
vfHkeU;q vur dh d`fr;ksa esa Hkkjrh; thou ewY; ,oa ifpeh ewY;
vkeus lkeus gSaA vfHkeU;q dh tUeHkwfe o deZHkwfe rks ekWfjkl gS fdarq lkaLd`frd
Hkwfe Hkkjr gSA mudh jpuk;sa nksuks dk laxe gSA ys[kd dh vkLFkk ekuo dh
xfjek es gS] thou kfDr] vfLrRo j{kk] lerk vkSj ln~Hkko esa gSA os ekuo lekt
dh v[k.Mrk ij fookl djrs gSa vkSj ,d footuhu lekt dh dYiuk djrs gSa]
ftlls lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr dks lerkiw.kZ o] lEekuiw.kZ thou thus dk volj
fey lds A os vius nsk dh vfLErk] ,drk vkSj jk"Vh; vkdka{kkvksa vkSj jk"Vh;
vfLerk ds i;kZ; gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bfrgkl esa mudk ;qx ^vfHkeU;q vur ;qx^
ds uke ls tkuk tk;sxk vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds bfrgkl esa ekWfjkl dk uke Lo.kkZ{kjksa
esa pedrk jgsxkA
lanHkZ %
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Hkwfedk & uo fud"k &flr 2013 &vfrfFk la0&dey fdkksj xks;udk] i`-6
ds-ds- fcM+yk QkmaMsku] ubZ fnYyh esa 5 fnl- 1994 dks fn;s x;s O;k[;ku ls
vfHkeU;q vur ls dey fdkksj xks;udk ds laokn dk vak
vfHkeU;q vur% thou ifjp; &iwtkuan usek] uofud"k flr- 2013 i`-63
ogh i`-64
vfHkeU;q vur ls dey fdkksj xks;udk ds laokn dk vak
ogh
ogh
vfHkeU;q vur% ekWjhklh; vfLerk vkSj Hkkjrh;rk ds ys[kd &dey fdkksj
xks;udk & i`-76
Hkwfedk &,d Fkkyh leanj dgkuh laxzg & vfHkeU;q vur
Hkwfedk& vkRefoKku jpuk ladyu & vfHkeU;q vur
;knksa dk igyk igj & vfHkeU;q vur
& ogh
fdruk dfBu &ukxQuh esa my>h lkls& dkO; laxzg &vfHkeU;q vur
vfHkeU;q vur ls dey fdkksj xks;udk ds laokn dk vak
[kkyh isV & ukxQuh esa my>h lkls dkO;laxzg& vfHkeU;q vur
MkW0- xksfoan jtuhk&u;k fk{kd &tqykbZ flr- 1983
vkpfyd miU;kl
vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko
vkpfyd miU;kl gSA ys[kd us cSj uked xko vkSj mlds ifjos'k esa jgus okys
yksgihVksa dks miU;kl dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSA ^dc rd iqdk:* miU;kl dk
dFkkud Hkh ys[kd us blh i`"BHkwfe ls pquk gS ijarq blesa djuV tkfr dks vk/kkj
cuk;k x;k gS rks ^/kjrh esjk ?kj* esa yksgihVksa ds thou dksA nksuksa gh tkfr;k
[kkukcnks"k] misf{kr vkSj 'kksf"kr gSaA bl miU;kl esa yxHkx iPphl o"kksZa esa fujarj
cnyrs gq, ,d xko dh xkFkk gSA cSj dk ifjp; nsrs gq, ys[kd dgrk gS&^cM+k
xko FkkA pkjksa vksj dPpk x<+ FkkA ?kqlrs gh fdyk fn[krk FkkA cxy esa ugj FkhA--dHkh dHkkj vaxzst+ nhoku vkrk Fkk] blfy, Mkdcaxys dh jkSud ns[kus yk;d FkhA
lkeus ckx yxk gqvk Fkk ihNs guqeku th ds iqjkus eafnj ds ikl dusj cxgjk ds
ikS/ks Fks] tks fo'kky cjxn ds uhps eksjksa dks txg nsrs FksA**9 bl izdkj ys[kd us
xko dk ltho fp=.k dj Mkyk gSA mUgksaus u dsoy xko ij cfYd ogk jgus okyksa
dk Hkh lw{erk ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k gSA miU;kl dk ik= izks- 'kekZ ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrk gS&^^fL=;k vius ckyksa dks flj ij mYVs
twM+s ds :i esa cka/ks FkhaA eq>s yxk tSls gM+Iik&eksgu tksnM+ks dkyhu dksbZ iqjkuh
lTtk FkhA ;wjksi dh nkSM+ vkSj bl xko dh xfrghurk dSlh FkhA vkSj ,d gh
le; nksuksa ekStwn gSaA iq#"kksa dks [ksrh gS vkSj thuk gSA ;gk f'k{kk ugha] u mldh
dksbZ vko';drk gSA etnwjh] x+jhch iSlk gksus ij mldk iz;ksx u tkuuk] ,slh gh
fdruh ckrsa gSa tks buds thou esa lek x;h gSaA**10
vius vHkkoxzLr thou dks O;Dr djrh gqbZ ykyh vius iq= d`".kizlkn
ls dgrh gS&^^ge ?kj esa ugha jgrs] ge tehu ugha tksrrs] ge fVd dj ugha jg
ldrsA xkM+h gekjk ?kj gS] xkM+h gekjk lalkj gSA ge yksgs esa lky Nsn ugha
djrsA ge jLlh ls dq, esa ls ikuh ugha fudkyrsA**11
blls Li"V gksrk gS fd fganh ds vkapfyd miU;klksa esa ;s miU;kl viuk
xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSaA tks Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dh mPpdksfV dh izfrHkk dk
ifjpk;d gSaA ys[kd us viuh vUrnZ`f"V dks ckjhd Nsuh ls x<+dj] laosnuk ,oa
ekuork dh izfrHkk ls vyad`r dj] vopsru eu esa nch ltho Le`fr;ksa dks fofo/k
jaxksa ls jaxdj mijksDr miU;klksa dks iw.kZ :i ls vkpfyd cuk fn;k gS] tks ys[kd
ds lekt ls LFkkfir HkkoukRed laca/k dk ifjpk;d gSA
lanHkZ %
1234567891011-
36
ij tksM+h p<+h gqbZ FkhA ogk rd psys igqpus gh ugha nsrs FksA 'kgj ds dbZ eupys
ogk blfy, igqprs Fks D;ksafd ogk toku vkSjrsa cgqr igqprh FkhaA tSls esyksa esa
vkSjrsa HkhM+ esa dqxr dks izkIr gksrh gSa ogk mlls dqN de lek u FkkA**5 miU;kl
dh ik= dkUrk dk thou oS/kO; ds nq%[k esa chr jgk Fkk ijUrq og lkekftd cU/kuksa
dks Bqdjkdj jke/kqu ds izse dks Lohdkj dj ysrh gSA og jke/kqu ls dgrh
gS&^^Hkys gh ;g iki gks ij vPNk gSA esjs os';k cuus ls ;k psyh cuus ls ;g ifo=
gSA L=h gw rks L=h tSlk thou D;ksa u fcrk \ vxj /keZ bls ugha ekurk] rks /keZ
xyr gSA bu yksxksa us /keZ dks Hkh vius uQs&uqdlku dh pht+ cuk fy;k gSA**6
vkpfyd miU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZoknh fp=.k dks vf/kd izHkko'kkyh cukus ds
fy, LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA viuh cksyh esa ;s ik= fof'k"V
LFkkuh; gksus dk vkHkkl lgt gh ns nsrs gSaA ys[kd us vkpfyd 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ds
lkFk&lkFk mudk 'kq) :i Hkh dks"Bd esa ns fn;k gS] ftlls ikBd dks le>us esa
vklkuh jgs tSls&vc dh iwT;kS iwjueklh] ifjdEek ifjek] lkS dk yksV
uksV feyk vkfnA
blh dM+h esa Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dk nwljk vkpfyd miU;kl ^dc rd
iqdk:* vkrk gSA bl miU;kl dk dFkkud jktLFkku jkT; dh lhek ij cls ^cSj*
uked xzke vkSj mlds vkl&ikl [kkukcnks'k thou O;rhr djus okys uV is'ks ds
yksxksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA djuVksa dh laLd`fr] jhfr&fjokt] fo'okl] va/kfo'okl ,oa
uSfrdrk dk ys[kd us ltho o.kZu fd;k gSA ys[kd dgrk gS&^^va/kfo'oklksa dh
lnhZ esa fldqM+rs gq, lH;rk dh /kwi ls dkslksa nwj uVksa dk ;g lekt vi<+ vkSj
vf'kf{kr gSA muds Loj esa fonzksg ugha] le>kSrk gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd tehankj
gqdqe pykrk gS--- og gekjk cki gS] ge mldh fjvk;k gSaA mldk dke gS gekjk
isV Hkjuk] lnk ls mlds lkeus flj >qdkrs gh vk;s gSaA**7 bl miU;kl esa eq[;
:i ls ;kSu leL;k] vkfFkZd fo'kerk,] lkekftd ;kruk,] czk.k Bkdqj vkfn
dqyhu dgs tkus okys yksxksa ds vdqyhu dk;ksZa dk fo'ys"k.k] iqfyl dk neu ,oa
vR;kpkj vkfn dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
ys[kd us djuVksa ds lekt esa izpfyr jhfr&fjoktksa] va/kfo'oklksa vkSj
mudh lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa dk lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k gSA ^pUnu gkM+h pykrk gS]
ej?kV tkrk gSA*8 pqMSy uaxh gksdj vekol dh jkr dh vaf/k;kjh esa ej?kV tk;k
djrh gSA rkcht nsus ls] >kM+us&Qwdus ls cq[kkj mrj tkrk gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa dks
eukSrh djus ls lc flf);k izkIr gks tkrh gSaA bl izdkj dh :f<+;ksa vkSj
ekU;rkvksa dk o.kZu dj ys[kd us vpy dks lthork iznku dh gSA
bl miU;kl esa ,d vksj lkearh O;oLFkk vkSj mldk mRihM+u gS rks
nwljh vksj djuVksa dk cqHkqf{kr vkSj misf{kr thou djkg jgk gS] ftudh fL=;k
ekuoh u gksdj Hkksxfoykl dh oLrq ek= cudj jg x;h gSa] tks czk.kksa ,oa iqfyl
ds flikfg;ksa vkfn lHkh dks r`Ir djrh gSa vkSj Lo;a vr`Ir jgrh gSaA jkaxs; jk?ko
dk laiw.kZ thou ekuorkoknh rRoksa ls vksrizksr FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgksaus bl
miU;kl dks ekfeZd ,oa n;xzkgh o.kZuksa ls ifjiw.kZ dj fn;k gSA
blds vfrfjDr ^/kjrh esjk ?kj* Hkh Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dk e/;edk; dk
vkpfyd miU;kl
vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko
37
HINDI
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
38
izLrkouk
izsepan Hkkjrh; turk ds lPps izfrfuf/k FksA dsoy fganh vkSj mnwZ esa
fy[kus ds ckotwn os Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkj gSaA fganh &mnwZ&lkfgR; vius
kSkodky esa Fkk] rc izsepan dk lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vkxeu gks x;kA mudh
dgkfu;k dsoy fny&cgyko dh oLrq ugha Fkha rks lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds ukjs yxkus
dk dke dj jgh FkhaA rc mUgsa bl dSn ls eqDr djus dk vHkwriwoZ dk;Z izsepan us
fd;k gSA ,slk ugha fd os lkfgR; esa euksjatu ds f[kykQ FksA os ekurs Fks fd
jpukdkj dk izFke dRrZO; vius ikBdksa dk xe gYdk djuk gSA mudh n`f"V esa
lkfgR; thou dh vkykspuk gSA lkfgR; esa thou dk lPpkb;ksa ,oa vuqHkwfr;ksa dk
O;Dr gksuk t#jh gSA lkfgR; vius le; dk izfrfcac gksrk gSA blfy, os lkfgR;
dks dsoy eu&cgyko dh pht ugha ekurs gSaA D;ksafd **;g rks HkkVksa vkSj enfj;ksa]
fonw"kdksa vkSj el[kjksa dk dke gSA lkfgR;dkj dk in blls dgha pk gSA og
gekjk iFk&iznkZd gksrk gS] og gekjs euq";Ro dks txkrk gS] geesa ln~Hkkoksa dk
lapkj djrk gS] gekjh n`f"V dks QSykrk gSA**1
lkfgR;dkj dk y{; cgqr pk gSSA lPpk lkfgR; og gS] ftlesa mPp
fparu gks] Lok/khurk dk Hkko gks] lkSan;Z dk lkj gks] ltZu dh vkRek gks] lPpkb;ksa
dk izdkk gksA og gesa la?k'kZ dh izsj.kk nsrk gS] geesa cspSuh iSnk djrk gS] gesa
xfreku cukrk gSSA bu lHkh dlkSfV;ksa ij izsepan dk lkfgR; [kjk mrjrk gSSA
tuekul ls tqM+k dFkkdkj
izsepan Hkkjrh; tuekul ls tqMs dFkkdkj FksA Lok/khurk&vkanksyu ds
iwoZ vke Hkkjrh; D;k lksp jgk Fkk] D;k dj jgk Fkk] D;k djuk pkgrk Fkk&bldk
;Fkkor~ fp=.k mUgha dh Hkk"kk esa mUgksaus izLrqr fd;k gSA dgha dksbZ vkMacj ughaA
muds miU;kl ,oa dgkfu;ksa esa ftl thou dk fp= gS] og Hkkjr ds fdlh ,d
xko] dLcs] uxj ;k egkuxj dk ugha gS] cfYd leLr Hkkjrh; thou viuh
vPNkb;ksa&cqjkb;ksa] laiw.kZ fofk"Vrkvksa ds lkFk muds lkfgR; esa lkdkj gks mBk
gSA Li"V gS fd lkfgR; dh lksn~ns;rk&mikns;rk dks ysdj muds eu esa dksbZ
lansg ugha FkkA
fdlh nsk dh ekufldrk dks le>us esa lkfgR; gh lgk;d gksrk gS] u
fd bfrgklA Lora=rkiwoZ ds Hkkjrh; tuekul dksa mldh lexz foks"krkvksa ds
lkFk tkuus&le>us ds fy, izsepan&lkfgR; ftruh lgk;rk djrk gS] mruk
bfrgkl ugha A D;ksafd izsepan vius vkiesa ,d bfrgkl FksA os gh [kqn bfrgkl jp
jgs FksA bl lanHkZ esa vCnqy fcfLeYykg dk dFku nz"VO; gS] **izsepan Lo;a ,d
bfrgkl jp jgs Fks] ;g ckr Lo;a izsepan Hkh tkurs Fks ;k ugha] ge ugha dg ldrs!
Ysfdu bruk t#j gS fd lkfgR; esa vc e/;dkyhu izo`fRr;k ugha py ldrha] bl
fopkj dk cyiwoZd izfriknu djds izsepan us bl ckr dk ifjp; ns fn;k gS fd os
lkfgR;] laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl&cks/k dk izklafxd uohuhdj.k pkgrs FksA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd muds ;gk jpuk ds ewy esa Hkkjr ds os fdlku gSa] tks
bfrgkl&fuekZrk gSa] u fd os yksx tks bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr ds miHkksDrk gSaA**2
39
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
lsB&lkgwdkjksa dh vkSyknsa gS] ftuds fo#n~/k izsepan us tax NsMh FkhA ;s vkt
xkoksa ls vkdj uxjksa esa cl x, gSaA /ku&oSHko esa yksVusokyksa ds eu esa ;gh fopkj
vk,axsA mUgsa lekt ls D;k ysuk&nsuk\os rks lekt esa fookn&fuekZ.k dj yksxksa
dks vkil esa] ,d&nwljs ds fo#n~/k yMkrs gSa( rksM+&QksM+] ekj&dkV] naxksa ds fy,
HkM+dkrs gSaA fQj jk"Vh; laifRr dk uqdlku gqvk] bl izdkj dh MksaMh fiVokrs gSaA
bl lcds fy, [kqn ftEesnkj gksdj Hkh nks"k izsepan ds ekFks e<+ nsrs gSaA os Hkwy
tkrs gSa fd vHkh Hkh xko dk *gksjh* tks fnu&jkr ,d djrk gS] viuk [kwu&ilhuk
,d djrk gS] fQj Hkh nks twu dh jksVh ls nwj gSA vHkh Hkh og kks"k.k dh pDdh esa
fil jgk gSA dsoy kks"k.k djus okyksa ds uke cnys gSaA dsoy jSij cnys gSaA
lsB&lkgwdkjksa dh xf<;k <gus ls ;g kks"k.k feVsxk ughaA ;g ekufld izo`fRr gS]
tks ih<h&nj&ih<h ladzkar gksrh gSA
fu"d"kZ
var esa bruk gh fd gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd izsepan lPps lkfgR;
ds fgek;rh FksA mUgsa fdlh ds fojks/kh ;k muds lkfgR; dks vizklafxd dgusokys
;g le> ys fd&**lPpk lkfgR; dHkh iqjkuk ugha gksrk gSA og lnk u;k cuk
jgrk gSA nkZu vkSj foKku le; dh xfr ds vuqlkj cnyrs gaS( ij lkfgR; rks
n; dh oLrq gS vkSj ekuo esa rCnhfy;k ugha gksrhA g"kZ vkSj foLe;] ks/k vkSj
n~os"k] vkkk vkSj Hk; vkt Hkh gekjs eu ij mlh izdkj vf/kd`r gS] tSls vkfndfo
okYehfd ds le; esa Fks vkSj dnkfpr~ vuar rd jgsaxsA *jkek;.k* ds le; dk
le; vc ugha gS( *egkHkkjr* dk le; Hkh vrhr gks x;k] ij ;s xzaFk vHkh rd u,
gSaA**3 *jkek;.k*] *egkHkkjr* fdlh jktk ;k ,d ifjokj dh dgkuh ugha gS] bl rF;
ls bUdkj djus dk nqLlkgl dksbZ Hkh ugha dj ldsxkA rc izsepan dks Hkh ladh.kZ]
vizklafxd dgus dk dksbZ loky gh ugha mBrk gS] D;ksafd mudk lkfgR; Hkkjrh;
lekt dk lkfgR; gSA ml lekt ds eu ds Hkkokas dk izfrfcac mlesa gSA izsepan dk
egRRo vf[ky Hkkjrh; gSA izsepan dk ;ksxnku *cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dh rjg gS] tks
ijk, ?kj tkdj Hkh vius khy ls mls fo?kVu ls cpkrh gSA
40
Fksa fd vktknh feydj jgsxhA blfy, uSfrd iru dks jksdus ds fy, ^ued dk
nkjksxk* dh jpuk dj vknkZ izLrqr fd;k gSA os vPNs uSfrd&ewY;ksa ds i{kikrh
FksA L=h esa ln~xq.kksa ds izkald FksA
jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk fp=.k
izsepan ds miU;kl jk"Vh; vkanksyu ds izkekf.kd nLrkost gSaA jk"Vh;rk
;k nskisze dks ysdj iszepan us *tekuk^] *gal* bR;kfn if=dkvksa esa le;≤ ij
vius fopkj O;Dr fd, A MkWDVj jkefoykl kekZ us mUgsa *Lora=rk&lxzkae* dk
lSfud lkfgR;dkj* dgk gSA izsepan dh iz[kj jk"Visze dh Hkkouk dh >yd muds
dgkuh&laxzg *lkstsoru* lu~ 1908 esa feyrh gSA jk"Vh; vkSj tkrh; lokyksa ls
tqMh bu dgkfu;ksa ls fonskh kklu FkjkZ mBk FkkA laxzg dh izfr;k tCr djds
tyk nh xbZ FkhaA *nqfu;k dk lcls vueksy jru*] *ks[k e[kewj*] *lkalkfjd izse
vkSj nskizse*&tSlh dgkfu;ksa ds dkj.k fczfVk ljdkj dk ijskku gksuk LokHkkfod
FkkA
*vkgqfr*] *tqywl*] *lej;k+=k*] *lR;kxzg*] *krjat ds f[kykM+h* bR;kfn
dgkfu;ksa esa os LojkT; dh ifjdYiuk Li"V djrs gSaA *e;kZnk*] *jkuh lkja/kk*]
*tqxuw dh ped*] *lrh*] *otzikr*] *ijh{kk* bR;kfn dgkfu;ksa esa mUgksaus R;kx ,oa
vkRecfynku dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA
ekuork ds leFkZd
/keZ ds uke ij ekuo dk cVokjk izsepan dks eatwj ugha FkkA blfy, os
o.kZ&O;oLFkk] NqvkNwr] fganw&eqfLye&HksnHkko dk fojks/k djrs gSaA os
lkaiznkf;drk&fojks/kh ,oa ekuork ds izcy leFkZd FksA lkaiznkf;d] /kkfeZd
ik[kafM;ksa ij O;ax djrs gq, mUgksaus fganq&eqfLye&,drk ij tksj fn;k gSA
*dk;kdYi* miU;kl esa fganw&bZlkbZ&eqfLye lkaiznkf;drk dks fpf=r fd;k gSA
*eqfDr/ku*] *{kek*] *Le`fr dk iqtkjh*] *fgalk ijeks/keZ%*] czg~e dk Lokx*] *[kwu*]
*ftgkn* bR;kfn dgkfu;ksa esa izsepan us lkaiznkf;d ,drk dks uqdlku igqpkusokys
fojksf/k;ksa dh iksy [kksyh gSA nsk dh eqfDr ds fy, nks dkSeksa dh ,drk] esytksy
ij mUgksaus tksj fn;k gSA Li"V gS fd leL;k vkSj mlds mik; dks ysdj izsepan ds
eu esa dksbZ n~oan~oa ugha FkkA
izsepan dh izklafxdrk
vkt izsepan dh izklafxdrk ij izufpg~u yxk, tk jgs gSaA izsepan dh
rjQ mxyh mBksusokyksa dks ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd mudk ;qx LFkkfir
ekU;rkvksa dk ;qx ugha Fkk] cfYd LFkkiuk&;qx FkkA lekt dk fuekZ.k gks jgk FkkA
izsepan us jk"Vh; ,drk] lkaiznkf;d ln~Hkko] vNwrksn~/kkj] lekt&lq/kkj ds ckjs esa
tks Hkh fy[kk] og lrgh gS] izpkjkRed gSA bl izdkj dk vkjksi djusokys le> ys
fd ;g mudk fudEekiu gS] ckSfn~/kd fnokfy;kiu gSA ,d&,d leL;k dks
ysdj izsepan us c`gr~~ miU;klksa dk ltZu fd;k gSA ;g mUgha ds ok dh ckr gSA
yksx dgrs gSa fd izsepan;qxhu lekt cny pqdk gSA xko&dLcs cny x, gSaA ,slk
nkok djusokys cgknqj yksx Hkkjr ds xkoksa esa tkdj ns[k ysaA lhesaV&dafdzV ds
YkSVksa esa jgdj xkoksa dks ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA ge rks dgsaxs fd ;s rks mUgha
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
lanHkZ %
123-
41
HINDI
and women as husband and wife the rite or act marrying also, the
married state, marriage wedlock. blls Li"V gS fd oSokfgd thou dh
42
Hkj ri&ri dj ftl u;s gks'k dks ikrh jgh Fkh mlds ihNs ,d /kks[kk FkkA exj
rc Hkh og vius VwVrs fny ds lgkjs lklsa ikyrh jgh Fkh fd c'khj [kk mlls
ut+js feykrs gh fQj mldk gks tkosxk] lksus dh v'kfQZ;k foyk;rh uokc dks
ykSVk nh tk;saxhA**2 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd csxe le: ds lkFk dsoy Ny gks jgk
Fkk mlesa izse dk ys'k ek= Hkh ugha FkkA
ukxj us c'khj [kk ds pfj= }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd ykyp ,d cgqr
gh cqjh cyk gSA c'khj [kk fnykjke ls izse djrk FkkA vxj og fnykjke ls fookg
dj ysrk rks gesa ,d lqxfBr nkEiR; ds n'kZu gks tkrs] ijUrq ykyp us mlds izse
dks fuxy fy;k vkSj og fnykjke dks nl gtkj v'kQhZ ds cnys csp nsrk
gS&^^eqUuh dk lQsn xqykc lk glhu eq[kM+k ks/k dh csclh ls viuk jax cny
dj mldh BqM~Mh ij ehBh lh pqVdh Hkj dj cksyk&vjs NksM+ks Hkh] dqN vkSj ckrsa
djksA ;g gekjh [kqf'k;ksa dk vkf[k+jh fnu gSA dy ls rk mez rqEgsa [+;kyksa esa---A**3
nkEiR; thou ij vkjksfir ;s u;s ewY; oSokfgd thou ij iz'u fpg~u
yxkrs gSa c'khj [kk fnykjke dks v'kfQZ;ksa ds ykyp esa uokc le: dks csp nsrk
gSA le:&fnykjke dk nkEiR; thou vkjksfir nkEiR; thou gSA vkjEHk esa
izxk<+ izse ds n'kZu Hkh gksrs gSA ,d LFkku ij fnykjke dgrh gS&^^D;k ;g vPNk
u gksxk fd ge vanj pysaA ;g vkQrkc viuh vufxur Hkqtkvksa ls ;gk gekjh
ckrksa dk Hksn ys ldrk gSA**4 fdUrq vkjaHk dk ;g izse vf/kd fnuksa rd ugha py
ikrk vkSj csxe le: uokc le: ls fliglkykj Vkel dh vksj vkdf'kZr gksrh
gSA og mls viuk thou] fo'okl vkSj I;kj ns nsrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nkEiR;
thou ij u;s iz'u mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSa] csxe le: ekufld vlarks"k ds
dkj.k Vkel dks eu o ru dk leiZ.k dj nsrh gSA blh leiZ.k ds dkj.k nkEiR;
thou fNUu&fHkUu gks tkrk gSA csxe le: uokc ds izfr fonzksfg.kh gks tkrh gS
vkSj ifr ls ?k`.kk djus yxrh gS&^^og ;gk ij lksprh gS fd le: ejsxk vkSj og
lq[kh gksxhA tqvkuk ds lq[k ds fy, mls ejuk gh gksxkA vxj viuh ekSr u ejk
rks ekjk tkosxkA ?kqyk&?kqykdj ekjk tkosxkA mldk eu vius ifr ds fy, otz
dBksj gks mBkA**5
vius tUe&fnu ij uokc le: vkRe&gR;k dj ysrs gSaA muds ejus ij
csxe le: vius oS/kO; dk izn'kZu djrh gSA eu esa Vkel dks lefiZr gksrs gq, Hkh
dqN le; ckn nkEiR; dk fo?kVu gksus ij Hkh og viuk leiZ.k yolwy dks dj
nsrh gSA tc yolwy tk;nkn ds dkxt ysdj vkrk gS rc og dgrh gS&^^gkA
gkA esjk gh gS vkSj rqe esjs gh gks yolwyA yks vkSj blds lkFk gh lkFk esjk gkFk Hkh
Fkke yks] esjs geneA [kqnk vkSj ;h'kw ds ckn vc rqEgha esjk lgkjk gksA**6
fnykjke csxe le: cuus ij le: dks vkRe&leiZ.k ugha dj ldhA
Vkel dh vksj vUrje n; ls vkdf'kZr gksdj Hkh iw.kZ lefiZrk ugha gks ldhA og
nkEiR; dh dYiuk vo'; djrh gS fdUrq mldk eu fLFkj ugha gS og lksprh
gS&^^og eqnkZ gSA dqN {k.k i'pkr fopkjrh gS og thfor gS vkSj mlds vjeku ,d
fnu vo'; iwjs gksaxsA og fnu vo'; vk;sxk tcfd og Vkel ls fookg djsxh]
mlds thou lkxj esa vkuUn dh fgyksjsa mBsaxhA og lUrkuorh] lq[kh]
ve`ryky ukxj fganh miU;kl lkfgR; esa ,slk uke gS tks loZfofnr gSA
muds ys[ku esa ,d vn~Hkqr {kerk ik;h tkrh gS rFkk mudh vuqHkwfr lexz lekt
ds lkFk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekt ds lq[k&nq[k miU;kldkj dks g"kZ
vkSj ihM+k nsrs gSaA ukxj th us ^egkdky*] ^cwn vkSj leqnz*] ^ve`r vkSj fo"k*]
^,dnkuSfe'kkj.;s*] ^'krjat ds eksgjs*] ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k*] ^ekul dk gal*]
^[katu u;u*] ^ukP;kS cgqr xksiky*] ^djoV] ^lsB ckdsey* rFkk ^ihf<+;k* tSls
miU;kl fy[kdj fganh miU;kl lkfgR; esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA
oSls rks ukxj ds miU;klksa esa lekt dh laiw.kZ fonzwirkvksa ds n"kZu gksrs gSa
^fo'ks"kr% ;fn fL=;ksa dks ns[kk tk;s rks mudk thou Hkh vusdkusd leL;kvksa ls
xzLr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tSls&os';k thou] nkl&izFkk] va/kfo'okl ,oa :f<+;k] ukjh
fo;] cykRdkj] voS/k ;kSu laca/k] ikfjokfjd vR;kpkj] vkfFkZd ijra=rk]
cky&fookg] csesy fookg] fo/kok fookg] izse fookg] ifr ifjR;kx] vlarq'V
oSokfgd thou] vr`Ir okRlY;] lkSr d"V] vlQy izse] vUrtkZrh; fookg ,oa
,dkdh thou vkfnA fdUrq ,d ,slh leL;k Hkh mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrh gS
ftldh vksj vU; ys[kdksa dk /;ku de x;k gSA og gS nkEiR; thou ds ewY;ksa esa
gksus okyk ifjoruZA nkEiR;xr eYw;kas eas iy
z ;dkjh ifjoruZ ykus okys miU;kldkjkas eas
ukxj th dk iFzke LFkku gAS bUgkuass nkEiR; eas fc[kjko] VdjkgV] d.qBk vkjS ld
a h.krZk
dks nf`"Vxr j[k vius miU;klkas eas bl leL;k dks mBk;k gAS
bl leL;k ij vk/kkfjr ukxj th dk ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k* ,d
pfpZr miU;kl gSA ftlesa ukxj th us csxe le: ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dks u;s
nkEiR; ewY;ksa ds lkFk bl izdkj latks;k gS fd izkphudky ds nkEiR; thou ds
vkn'kksZa ij ,d iz'ufpg~u lk yx tkrk gSA vaxzst+h ds izfl) 'kCn ^diy* dk
fganh vuqokn nkEiR; dgykrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCn dks'k ds vuqlkj&^^iq#"k vkSj L=h
dk og feyu tks mUgsa ifr vkSj iRuh cukrk gS] og fof/k vFkok dk;Z ftls fookg
dgrs gSa vFkok oSokfgd fLFkfr ;k fookg ;k fookg cU/ku**1 (The Union of man
43
HINDI
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 11
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 14
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 26
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 44
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 108
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 44
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 56
flfoy ykbu]
vyhx<+
44
45
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
fujkyk th us thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa Hkrh&Hkkfr ns[k pqds FksA vuqHkwfr;ksa
dh dVqrk ds dkj.k muds O;aX; iz;ksx esa rhozrk vk xbZA bldk Jhx.ksk
^dqdqjeqkk* ls gqvk gSA ;g O;aX; dh n`f"V ls fujkyk th dk lQyre dkO; gSA
^dqdqjeqkk* loZgkjk oxZ dk izrhd gS vkSj ^xqykc* iwathifr oxZ dkA fujkyk us
kks"kd iawthifr oxZ dh ^dqdqjeqkk* }kjk HkRlZuk djkbZ gS &
vcs] lqu os xqykc]
Hkwy er tks ikbZ [kqkcw jaxks vko]
[kwu pwlk [kkn dk rqus vfk"V]
Mky ij brjkrk gS dSfiVfyLVA
cgqrksa dks rqus cuk;k gS xqyke]
ekyh dj j[kk] f[kyk;k tkM+k /kkeA10
^dqdqjeqkk* ds ek/;e ls kfUrjk"V dfo iawthifr oxZ ds lgt&likV
Hkk"kk esa le>k nusk pkgrk gS fd og oxZ egsur ok lk/kkj.k turk dk [kuw pl
w dj
iy jgk gS ;g vc ugha pyx
s kA ^dd
q jqeqkk* eas oxZ l?ak"kZ dk Li"V ld
a rs gAS
^dqdqjeqkk* esa iz;qDr O;aX; esa gkL; dk gYdk iqV Hkh gSA bfrojoknh
dfo;ksa ij O;aX; djrs gq, gkL; dh ,d Qqy>M+h fuEu vak esa nz"VO; gS &
dgha dk jksM+k] dgha dk fy;k iRFkj]
Vh0 ,l0 bfy;V us tSls ns ekjk]
i<+us okyksa us ftxj ij gkFk j[kdj]
dgk] ^^dSlk fy[k fn;k lalkj lkjkA 11
^dqdqjeqkk* esa ewy dF; ls vlEc) ls yxus okys dqN LorU= O;aX;ksa dh
Hkh l`f"V gqbZ gSA O;aX; dfork ds dsUnzh; Hkko ls iw.kZ :is.k tqMs+ gq, gSa &
phu esa esjh udy Nkrk cuk]
N= Hkkjr dk ogh] dSlk ruk]
gj txg rw ns[kys]
vkt dk ;g :i iSjkkwy ys
eSa gh MkaMh ls yxk iYyk]
lkjh nqfu;k rksyrh xYykA 12
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd ^dqdqjeqkk* ds dkO;ksa esa vusdksUeq[krk gS]
dsUnzh; O;aX; kks"kd ,oa kksf"kr oxZ ls gh lEc) gS &
^u;s iks* laxzg dh vf/kdkak dfork;sa O;aX; iz/kku gSA ^jkuh vkSj dkuh*
^jkts us viuh j[kokyh dh*] ^xeZ idkSM+h* vkfn dforkvksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd
,oa jktuhfrd oS"kE; ij O;aX;ksa dh izpqjrk gSA ;g fgUnh dk J"sB tuoknh dkO;
lx
a gz gS ftleas ;FkkFkZ thou dk fp=.k gAS thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks mHkkjdj dfo us fofo/k
kk"sk.k ifz;kvkas ds fkdkj tu&lk/kkj.k ds ifzr gkfnd
Z lgkuHqkfwr O;Dr dh gAS
fujkyk th dh O;aX; dh ;g /kkjk vkjk/kuk esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS fdUrq ;gak
O;aX; esa igys tSlh rh{.krk ugha gSA dfo ns[krk gS fd lalkj esa vusdkusd
ifjorZu gks pqds gS fdUrq muls dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvk gSA bldk dkj.k gS lUrqyu
dk vHkkoA uohurk dh >ksad esa lalkj us fdl izdkj ls vius :i dks for dj
46
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
47
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
891011121314-
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,u-vkj-bZ-lh- dkWfyt] [kqjtk
lUnHkZ %
48
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49
HINDI
50
ukVd] lkfgR; dh izkphu fo/kk gSA ftls ikpos osn ds :i esa Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSA ^/kzqoLokfeuh* ,d ,sfrgkfld ukVd gSA blesa eq[; :i ls
xqIrdkyhu Hkkjrh; ukjh dh leL;kvksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA bl ukVd ds
ek/;e ls fookg dh leL;k dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA foOkkg dh ;g leL;k tks
/kzqoLokfeuh esa gS] og vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa kkor gSA ukVd esa jk"Vh;
tkxj.k dk egku lansk fn;k x;k gSA
vk;Z leqnzxqIr] xqIrdky ds loZJs"B jktk gq, Fks] ftudh nks jkfu;ka
FkhaA igyh ls pUnzxqIr rFkk nwljh ls jkexqIr uked iq= gq,A buesa pUnzxqIr
lkglh] la;eh] rstLoh] ohj] ekr`Hkwfe ds fy, loZLo vfiZr djus okyk Fkk] vkSj
jkexqIr e|ih] dk;j] fuyZTt] pfj=ghu vkfn vusd voxq.kksa dh [kku FkkA
lezkV leqnzxqIr dh e`R;wijkUr jkexqIr Ny] cy ls jktk cu tkrk gS vkSj
/kzqoLokfeuh ls kknh dj ysrk gS vkSj og lqjk] lqUnjh esa rUe; jgrk gSA mls jkT;
dh tjk Hkh fpUrk ugha gSA jkexqIr ds jkT; lapkyu dh fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kdj kd
k=qvksa us lkezkT; dh lhekvksa dks ?ksj fy;k vkSj jkexqIr dks ,d nwr ds
ek/;e ls lansk Hkstk fd j{kk pkgrs gks rks viuh iRuh /kzqoLokfeuh dks esjs
fy;s vkSj vius jkT; dh fL=;ksa dks esjs lSfudksa ds fy;s Hkst nks vU;Fkk ;q)
ds fy;s rS;kj gks tkvksA bl ij jkexqIr viuh iRuh dks lg"kZ k=q fkfoj esa
Hkstus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
pUnzxqIr bldk fojks/k djrk gS] rks jktk jkexqIr] pUnzxqIr o
/kzqoLokfeuh nksukas dks Hkstus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] nksuksa k=q ds fkfoj esa /kzqoLokfeuh
ds :i esa tkrs gSaA vkSj kdjkt dks ekj nsrs gSaA bl ij lHkh /kzqoLokfeuh dh t;
gks] pUnzxqIr dh t; gks] dk ukjk yxkrs gSa] vkSj lHkh pUnzxqIr dks jktk ds :i esa
Lohdkj djrs gSaA /kzqoLokfeuh] jkexqIr dk ifjR;kx djus ds fy;s m|r gks tkrh
gSA ml ij iqjksfgr vkfn lHkh bl ckr dk leFkZu dj mls eqfDr fnykrs gSaA
izLrqr ukVd esa ukjh vusd LFkyksa ij Ny] iziap] "kM;U= vkfn ls xzflr
gqbZ gSA /kzqoLokfeuh ls ,d nklh muds oSokfgd iz.k; ds ckjs esa iwNrh gSA
/kqzoLokfeuh mls tokc nsrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd eq> ij jktk dk fdruk vuqxzg
gS] ;g eSa vkt rd ugha tku ikbZ gw] eSaus rks mudk dHkh e/kqj lEHkk"k.k
rd ugha lqukA1
izlkn us ukjh ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls ukjh&psruk dh tkx`fr dk fcxqy
ctk;k gSA bl ukVd dh ukjh vknkZokfnrk dks Lohdkj djrh gS] ysfdu tc
;FkkFkZ mlds lkeus vkrk gS rks og mldk lkgliwoZd lkeuk djrh gS] ijUrq
mlds g`n; esa ,d Vhl cjkcj jgrh gS] ftls og n; esa eaFku djds nq%[kh gksrh
gqbZ dgrh gS &;g dld vjs vklw lg tk! cudj fouez vfHkeku eq>s]
esjk vfLrRo crk jg tkA**2
/kqzoLokfeuh fookg ca/ku esa ca/kus ds dkj.k jkexqIr ls djc) fuosnu
djrh gS fd&esjh j{kk djks] esjs vkSj vius xkSjo dh j{kk djksA jktk vkt
esa "kj.k dh izkfFkZuh gwA rqe eq>s 'k=q ds ikl vR;kpkj lgus dks ugha Hkst
ldrsA3ijUrq jkexqIr mldh fourh dks vulquh dj nsrk gSA
51
HINDI
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
fojks/k fd;s Hkst fn;k FkkA ogh rqEgkjs xqIr jkT; dk lezkV gS vkSj ;g
/kqzoLokfeuh gS] ftls dqN fnuksa rd rqeus egknsoh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k
Fkk] ;g lc D;k gS\bldk dSlk vfLrRo gS] dgha /keZ'kkL= gks rks mldk
eqg [kqyuk pkfg,A
bl izdkj ;gh ukjh&psruk iqjksfgr }kjk /kzqoLokfeuh dks jkexqIr Dyho
iq:"k ds paxqy ls /keZ vkSj kkL= dh nqgkbZ nsrs gq, eqDr djk nsrh gSA
ukVd esa ,d ukjh ik= dksek gS tks kdjkt ls izse djrh gS ysfdu ogh
kdjkt ij L=h ds vkus ij lq/kcq/k [kks cSBrk gS] vkSj mls ikus dks ykykf;r jgrk
gS] vkSj ekjk tkrk gSa dksek dks tc ekywe gksrk gS rks og cgqr nq%[kh gksrh vkSj
eglwl djrh gS fd ukjh dk nq%[k nnZ blls c<+dj vkSj D;k gks ldrk gS fd
ftl iq:"k dks og izse djrh gks] vkSj ogh iq:"k ij L=h esa vuqjDr gksA ;g osnuk
izLrqr ukVd esa dne&dne ij ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blesa ukjh dks iq:"kksa ds
}kjk vf/kdkak Ny&cy ls dyqf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ukVd esa ukjh
bl osnuk dks nckrh gqbZ vUrZ}U}ls ijskku fn[krh gS rFkk lkFk gh ukjh
dgha&dgha rdZkhyrk dk ifjp; Hkh nsrh gSA iqjksfgr ds kkfUr deZ ds fy, dgus
ij og iqjksfgr ls dgrh gS fd&vki /keZ ds fu;ked gSa] fL=;ksa dks vki /keZ
cU/ku esa cka/kdj mudh lEefRr ds fcuk vki mudk vf/kdkj Nhu ysrs gSa]
vkSj /keZ dh nqgkbZ nsrs gSaA9
bl izdkj izLrqr ukVd esa ukjh vusd ijskkfu;ksa ls ihfM+r gSA og mlls
eqfDr ikus ds fy;s viuh vkokt dks cqyUn djrh gS] la?k"kZ djrh gS vkSj vUr esa
lQy gksrh gSA
vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh vusd izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks >sy
jgh gSaA bu leL;kvksa ls eqfDr ikus dks og vkt Hkh rM+i jgh gSA mls /kedh Hkjh
psrkouh nh tkrh gS] vkSj nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds pyrs og vius dks
detksj egll
w djrh gAS cgrq de efgyk,a gh bldk ifzrdkj dj ikrh gAaS ogha dN
q
ykx
s budk leFkuZ djrs fn[kkbZ nrss g]aS rks dN
q ykx
s bls jktuhfrd jx
a eas <y
q fey
dj nrss gAaS D;k okLro eas vkt Hkh L=h dk ;gh nk"sk gS D;kfasd og ,d L=h g\S
vkt le; vkSj mldh ekax cny jgh gS] blfy, iq:"k oxZ dks ukjh ds
izfr viuh lksp esa ifjorZu ykuk gksxk rHkh ge ,d lqlaLdkjiw.kZ ifjosk iSnk
djus esa l{ke gks ik,axsA
lUnHkZ %
13579-
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
21
24
28
42
46
2468-
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
i`"B&23&24
i`"B& 27
i`"B& 41
i`"B& 46
egkdfo fnudj dHkh dky dh lhekvksa esa ugha ca/ks mUgskaus mu lhekvksa
dks vfre.k fd;k gSA os 'kk'or vkSj lkoZHkkSe lR;ksa dk lkSUn;Ze; vk[;ku
djrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns'kdky vkSj ifjos'k ds cU/kuksa dks rksM+rk gqvk mudk
dkO; dkyt;h gks tkrk gSA muds frRo esa bfrgkl cks/k] lelkef;drk]
ifjos'k ds izfr xgjh Lopsruk vkSj Hkfo"; n`f"V dk xw<+ la'ys"k feyrk gSA
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr ds ckn fnudj dks gh jk"Vdfo dgk xk;A mUgksaus
vkt+knh ds vkanksyu ds nkSjku fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k Fkk vkSj vius pkjksa vksj dh
fLFkfr;k mu ij tcnZLr vlj Mky jgh FkhA gekjs jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dk ftruk
lqUnj] fu#i.k fnudj ds dkO; esa miyC/k gksrk gS] mruk vU;= ughaA mUgksaus
nf{k.k iaFkh vkSj mxziaFkh nksuksa fopkj /kkjkvksa dks vkRelkr djrs gq, jk"Vh;
vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl gh dkO;c) fd;k gSA vkanksyu dh lQyrk] vlQyrk]
mRlkg] vk'kk] fujk'kk vkfn lHkh rF; muds dkO; esa iwjh lkeF;Z ds lkFk feysaxsA
1928 esa ykgkSj dkaxzsl }kjk iw.kZ ok/khurk dk izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kA1 ml
le; mRlk ls vfHkHkwr gksdj mUgskaus fy[kk%&
^^VqdM+s fn[kk&fn[kk djrs D;ksa e`x&ifr dk vieku\
vkS en lkk ds erokyksa cuksa u ;ksa uknkuA**2
lR;kxzfg;ksa dk vkUnksyu oLrqr% muds /kS;Z dh ijh{k FkhA 'kL= dk
mkj 'kL= ls nsus okys dh vis{kk fgalk dk lkeuk vfgalk ls djus okys dk
nkf;Ro dfBu gksrk gSA fnudj us lR;kxzfg;ksa dks vk'oLr fd;k%&
^^fn'kk nhIr gks mBh izkIr dj@iq.; izdk'k rqEgkjk]
fy[kk tk pqdk vuy v{kjksa@esa bfrgkl rqEgkjk]
ftl feh us ygw fi;k@og Qwy f[kyk;sxh gh]
vEcj ij /ku ou Nk;sxk@gh mPN~okl rqEgkjkA
vkSj vf/kd ys tkp nsork bruk wj ugha gSA
Fkd dj --------------- D;k HkkbZ! eaft+y nwj ugha gSA
LorU=rk feyus ds ckn Hkh dfo ;qx /keZ ls tqM+k jgkA mlus ns[kk fd
LorU=rk ml O;fDr ds fy, ugha vkbZ tks 'kksf"kr gS] ihfM+r gS( cfYd mldk
miHkksx rks os dj jgs gSa tks lkk ds dsUnz esa gSaA dfo vuqHko dj jgk Fkk fd
O;oLFkk ds f'kdats esa tdM+h ns'k dh turk vc Hkh oSls gh fil jgh gS] tSls igys
fil jgh FkhA mUgksaus usrkvksa ij dBksj O;aX; djrs gq, ekuksa iwjs jktuhfrd <kaps
dks gh vkM+s&gkFkksa fy;k%&
^^Vksih dgrh gS] eSa FkSyh cu ldrh gwA
dqjrk dgrk gS eq>s cksfj;k gh dj yksA
bZeku cpkdj] dgrk gS vk[ksa lcdh]
fcdus dks gw rS;kj] [kq'kh ls tks ns nksA**3
1939&40 bZ- ds nkSjku mudh rhu iqLrdsa izdkf'kr gqbZ ^jloarh*]
^}U}&xhr* vkSj ^gqadkj*A os crkrsa gSa fd ^gqadkj* ds izdk'ku ls mUgsa ;'k feyk]
ftlesa jk"Vh;rk ds Hkkoksa dh tksjnkj vfHkO;fDr FkhA blds ckjs esa os Li"V djrs
gSa% ^^jk"Vh;rk esjs O;fDrRo ds Hkhrj ls ugha tUeh mlus eq>s ckgj ls vkdj
53
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
dfo ugha Fks]tks fd egkRek xka/kh vkSj dkaxzsl }kjk fufnZ"V Fkk mudh ,d fo'ks"krk
;g Fkh fd lkezkT;okn ds lkFk&lkFk og lkeUrokn ds Hkh fojks/kh FksA**5 blfy,
dfo us Li"V dj fn;k gS fd xka/kh th ds izfr J)k j[krs gq;s Hkh og mudh vpZuk
fUr ds vaxkjksa ls gh djsxk%&
^^lalkj iwtrk ftUgsa fryd]
jksyh] Qwyksa ds gkjks ls]
eSa mUgsa iwtrk vk;k gw
ckiw vc rd vaxkjksa lsA6
vkjEHk ls gh dfo vius vkn'kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks vkradoknh vkUnksyu
ls tksM+dj jk"VHkDr ohjksa ds pfj= dks dkO;c) djrk gSA
^^ek dh ehBh xksn NksM+dj
iz.k;&osfy ij f[kyuk
fdruk mUen vkg! jgk
gksxk Qklh ls feyukA**7
ns'k dh tM+rkvksa esa fnIs pSrU; dk lk{kkrdkj dfo dks vkfn ls vUr rd
vHkh"V jgk gSA vkSj ;gka dfo jk"Vh;rk dh lhekvksa dks yk?k dj
vUrjkZ"Vh;rkokn dk leFkZd cu tkrk gSA og ns'k dh dkO;kRed ifjHkk"kk bu
'kCnksa esa djus yxrk gS%&
^^Hkkjr ugha LFkku dk okpd] xq.k fo'ks"k uj dk gS]
,d ns'k dk ugha] 'khy ;g HkweaMy Hkj dk gSA
tgka dgha ,drk v[kafMr] tgk izse dk Loj gS
ns'k&ns'k esa ogk [kM+k Hkkjr thfor HkkLdj gSA
fuf[ky fo'o dh tUeHkwfe&oUnu dks ueu d: eSa
fdldks ueu d:W eSa HkkjrA fdldks ueu d:W eSa\8
fnudj ds laLdkj lektksUeq[k gSa fdUrq mudk vUreZu dksey fdyl;ksa
ds uhM+ esa cl tkuk pkgrk gSA vUr esa fot; laLdkjksa dh gh gqbZA dfo us
l`tu&izf;k dk izkjEHk ikz;% ^LoIu yksx] lfjrrV ek/koh dqUt] 'kksHkk forku]
J`axkj lnu] pfUnzdk iV ,oa jl ifjjEHk ln`'; midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls gh
fd;k ijUrq volj ikrs gh muds lektksUeq[kh laLdkj e/kqj dYiuk dks nckdj
Lo;a mHkj vk,A9 tkfr&izFkk us euq";&euq"; ds chp fdruh cM+h [kkb;ka mRiUu
dj nh gS] ;g dgus dh vko';dk ugha] dfo us ;g vuqHko fd;k gS fd tkfr izFkk
;k oxZ&Hksn dks feVk;k ugha tk ldrkA lekt us euq";&euq"; ds chp brus Hksnksa
dh l`f"V dj nh gS fd euq"; pkg dj Hkh tkfr;ksa] oxksZa] lEiznk;ksa dh fo"ksyh
psruk ls vNwrk ugh jg ldrkA dfo us bl dVq lR; dks O;Dr fd;k gS%&
^^eSa dgrk gwW] vxj fo/kkrk uj dks eqV~Bh esa Hkj dj
dgha NksV ns cz yksd ls gh uhps Hkwe.My ij
rks Hkh fofo/k tkfr;ksa esa gh euqt ;gk vk ldrk gS
uhps gS D;kfj;kW cuh] rks cht dgkW tk ldrk gS\**10
dfo ftu laLdkjksa esa iydj ;qok gksrk gS] ftl okrkoj.k esa lkl ysdj
54
vkkar fd;kA vius le; dh /kM+du lquus dh tc Hkh eSa ns'k ds n; ls dku
yxkrk] esjs dku esa fdlh ce ds /kM+kds dh vkokt vkrh] Qklh ij >wyus okys
fdlh ukStoku dh fuHkhZd iqdkj vkrh vFko eq>s nnZ Hkjh ,saBu dh vkokt+ lqukbZ
nsrh tks xk/khth ds n; esa py jgh Fkh]tks mu lHkh jk"V uk;dksa ds n; esa py
jgh Fkh] ftuls c<+dj eSa fdlh vkSj ds J)s; ugha le>rk FkkA esjh le> esa ml
le; lkjs ns'k esa ,d fLFkfr Fkh tks lkoZtfud la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr Fkh] lkjs ns'k dk
,d drZO; Fkk tks LorU=rk laxzke dks lcy cukus dk drZO; Fkk vkSj lkjs ns' dh
,d euksfn'kk Fkh tks ks/k ls {kqC/k vk'kk ls papy vkSj etcwfj;ksa ls cspSu FkhA
;g og le; Fkk tc ^^lkewfgd vuqHkwfr;ksa dk lkezkT; Nk tkrk gSA izlkn]
fujkyk] iar tSls vius ledkyhuksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, os fy[krs gSa] os fQj Hkh
la;e'khy jgs] fdarq eq> tSls yksx jk"Vh; ,oa kafrdkjh Hkkoukvksa ds izokg esa cg
x,A**
fnudj ds dkO; esa laLfr dh lqnh?kZ ijaijk vkSj lelkef;d Lopsruk
nsuksa dk lehdj.k lk/kus dk iz;Ru ns[kk tk ldrk gSA muesa ,d vksj dkfynkl]
johUnz vkSj izlkn dh rjg lkSUn;Z ds lk{kRdkj dh yyd gS rks nwljh vksj jk"Vh;
LokrU=; vkUnksyu ds HkkokukRed :i ls tqM+s jgus dh NViVkgV Hkh ns[k tk
ldrh gSA fnudj dh lelkef;drk ls izsfjr jk"Vh; dkO; dks ge nks oxksZa esa
foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa 1 Lora=rk laxzke ls lac) lelkef;d jk"Vh; dkO;
vkSj 2 LokrU=;ksrj lelkef;d ifjos'k ls izsfjr jk"Vh; dkO;A bl izdkj ds
lEiw.kZ jk"Vh; dkO; esa fnudj dh k=k ijaijk ls vk/kqfudrk dh vksj jghA vius
vxzt dfo;ksa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] ek[ku yky prqosZnh vkSj cky".k 'kekZ uohu dh
Hkkfr fnudj gqadkj rd Lora=rk laxzke dh ?kVukvksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj uk;dksa
dks vkosx&/kfeZrk ds /kjkry ij dkO;c) djrs jgsA 4
fnudj us ek= jk"Voknh mn~?kks"k djus okys ij ns'k izse O;td dfork,a
gh ugha fy[kha] Hkkjrh; jk"V dh lkaLfrd ijEijk dh [kkst djrs gq, ^^laLfr
ds pkj v/;k;** tSlk xzaFk Hkh fy[kkA fdUrq jk"Vh; dkO; ifjek.k dh n`f"V ls
vU; jpukvksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gSA viuh vkosx/kfeZrk] izklkfndrk rFkk
foLrkj ls mlus tu&eu dks fujUrj izHkkfor Hkh fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds
dkO; dk ;g i{k vusd fo'ks"krkvksa ls eafMr gSA dfo us u dsoy fgUnh ds jk"Vh;
dkO; dh lEiw.kZ ijaijk dh izeq[k miyfC/k;ksa dks viuh jpukvksa esa vkRelkr
fd;k gS cfYd cnyrs gq, ;qx lanHkksZa ds vuq:i mlus jk"Vh;rk ds vusd uohu
vk;ke Hkh mn~?kkfVr fd, gSaA dF; dh n`f"V ls mudh jk"Vh;rk ftu #iksa esa
mudh jpukvksa esa vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gS os gSa & vrhr ds izfr jk"Vh;rk] lelkef;drk
ls izsfjr jk"Vh;rk] jk"Voknh ohjksa dk fp=akdu] jk"Vokfl;ksa dk vkoku vkSj jk"V
vkSj ns'kokfl;ksa dk vaduA
xk/kh ds izfr viuh dkO;&;k=k ds vkjEHk ls gh fnudj ds eu esa ,d
fofp= lEHkze dk Hkko jgk gS tks le; chrus ds lkFk J)k Hkko esa ifj.kr gksrk
x;k gSA fdUrq xka/kh th ds izfr dfo dh lgkuqHkwfr mldk vkn'kZ dHkh u cu
ldhA ^^fnudj th lkezkT;okn ds fojks/k esa la?k"kZ ds :i dks Lohdkj djus okys
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
55
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
67891011-
c<+rk gS] og okrkoj.k vkSj os laLdkj mlds Hkkoksa vkSj lans'kksa dk vius vki
fu'p; dj nsrs gSa] dh mfDr Lo;a fnudj ds lEcU/k esa Hkh v{kj'k% lR; izekf.kr
gksrh gSA bl izdkj dkO; dh izsj.kk tgkW ls mxrh gS mlh dk dY;k.k djrh gSA
lwjt fdl dks[k ls vkrk gS Mwcrs&Mwcrs mlh fn'kk dks viuh fdj.ksa lkSai tkrk
gSA oLrqr% ;gh fnudj dh dfork dk Lo:i gSA fnudj bl /kjrh ds lwjt Fks
vkSj os viuk lkjk vkst blh dks lkSai x,A mudh dfork dk ,d gh y{; gS
tuekul dks vkstLoh cukukA ;FkkFkZrk ^fnudj* us tks Hkh fy[kk gS] vkste;h
ok.kh esa gh fy[kk gSA**11
fnudj us fgUnh dfork dks viuk lEiw.kZ thou lefiZr dj fn;k FkkA
fgUnh txr us Hkh mUgsa vlhe I;kj fn;k ] lEeku fn;kA ^dq#{ks=* ds iz.ksrk] ohj
jl ds iqjks/kk ^fnudj* dks 1948&1949 bZ- esa ^dq#{ks=* ij lSdr Hkwfe esa vk;ksftr
lkfgR;dkj] laln] iz;kx dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] mRrj izns'k ljdkj }kjk
lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk i- egkohj izlkn f}osnh
ind mUgsa nks ckj iznku fd;k x;k&igyh ckj ^dq#{ks=* ds fy, vkSj nwljh ckj
^jf'e&jFkh* ds fy,A 6 uoEcj] 1956 dks ^lLfr ds pkj v/;k;* xzUFk ij mUgsa
dsUnzh; lkfR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA dfoJh fnudj Jh
lkfgfR;d lsokvksa ls vkdf"kZr gksdj rRdkyhu jk"Vif r Mk- jktsUnz izlkn }kjk 8
vizSy 1959 bZ- dks mUgsa ineHkw"k.k mikf/k ls vyar fd;k x;kA ljLorh if=dk
dh ghjd t;Urh ij 12 tuojh 1962 dks jk"Vdfo eSFkfyh'kj.k xqIr }kjk vkidks
ekui= iznku fd;k x;k vkSj lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1965 esa fnudj dks
fo|kokpLifr dh mikf/k ls xq#dqy fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkxyiqj }kjk foHkwf"kr fd;k
x;kA mudh lsokvksa ds fy, jktLFkku fo|kihB mn;iqj us 8 uoEcj] 1968 dks
vkidks lkfgR; pwM+kef.k dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1973 esa ^moZ'kh* ij
mUgsa ,d yk[k #i;s dk KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA dsUnz ljdkj]
mRrj izns'k ljdkj] lkfgfR;d laln] dk'khukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk fcgkj jk"VHkk"kk
ifj"kn~] iVuk vkfn us fnudj dks vusd iqjLdkjksa ,oa lEekuksa ls vyar fd;k
FkkA
^fnudj* dh ;'k% irkdk ns'k esa gh ugha] vfirq fons'kksa esa Hkh ygjkbZ]
1955 eas okjlk iksys.M eas vUrjkZ"Vh; dkO; lekjksg esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; f'k"V
e.My dk usr`Ro fd;k Fkk] blls Hkkjr xkSjokfUro gqvkA phu] :l] kal] ;w-ds-]
fLoV~tjyS.M ,oa ekjh'kl esa Hkh mUgsa lEeku feyk Fkk vkSj mudh fr;ksa dk
vusd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvk FkkA
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
lanHkZ %
1234556
57
SANSKRIT
oksf % dkO;thfore~
58
oksf % dkO;thfore~
59
oksf % dkO;thfore~
60
oksf % dkO;thfore~
lUnHkkZ %
1234567891011-
oksfDr thfors&1@10 A
r=So dkfjdk;ka o`fk%&1]7 A
r=So&1]8 A
oksfDrthfors&1@7 A
O;fkQfoosd%&1@66 A
g"kZpfjrs i`0 la0&65 A
Hkkegkyadkjs&2]85 A
es?knwrs iwoZes?ks&29 A
:nzVkyadkjs&2]14] dkO;izdk'ks 78 A
k`kjizdk'ks&9]6 A
ljLOkrhd.BkHkj.ks&5]8 A
O;k[;krk]
fujlks ukjk;.k flag egkfo|ky;]
fla?kkjk] oS'kkyh] fcgkj
61
SANSKRIT
fopkj ,d tSls gksa] ladYi dk;Z ,d tSls gksa] rkfd rqe laxfBr gksdj vius
lHkh dk;Z iw.kZ dj ldksA
eS=h vkSj lkSgknZ dh Hkkouk dks dsafr dj ^;tqosZn* esa dgk x;k gS&
n` rs n` g ek fe=L; ek p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{kUrke~A
fe=L;kga p{kq"kk lokZf.k Hkwrkfu leh{ksA fe=L; p{kq"kk
8
leh{kkegsAA
^vFkoZosn* 19@15@5 ds fuEufyf[kr ea=ksa esa vHk;&izkfIr ,oa Hk;eqDr
thou&;kiu dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS&
vHk;a u% djR;Urfj{keHk;a |koki`fFkoh mHks besA
vHk;a i'pknHk;a iqjLrknqkjkn/kjknHk;a uks vLrqAA
vFkkZr~ varfj{k&yksd] |qyksd vkSj i`Foh&;s lHkh gesa fuHkZ;rk iznku djsaA mkj]
nf{k.k] iwjc vkSj if'pe&;s pkjksa fn'kk, Hkh gekjs fy, fuHkZ;rk;qDr gksaA
vkxs iqu% dgk x;k gS fd fe=ksa] 'k=qvksa rFkk izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k vfu"Vksa ls gesa
fdlh izdkj dk Hk; u gksA gesa fnu vkSj jkf= ls fuHkZ;rk dh izkfIr gksA ge vHk;
ds vkdkaf{k;ksa ds fy, lHkh fn'kk, fe=or~ dY;k.kdkjh gksaA
vHk;a fe=knHk;efe=knHk;a KkrknHk;a iqjks ;%A
9
vHk;a uDreHk;a fnok u% lokZ vk'kk ee fe=a HkoUrqAA
^vFkoZosn* ds f}rh; dk.M ds 15osa v;k; ea=&la[;k&1 esa vHk;&izkfIr&lwDr
esa dgk x;k gS&
;Fkk |kS'p i`fFkoh p u fcHkhrks ek fj";r%A
,ok es izk.k ek fcHks%AA
ftl izdkj |qyksd ,oa i`Fohyksd fdlh ls u Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSa vkSj u gh u"V gksrs
gSa] mlh izdkj gs esjs izk.k! rqe Hkh u"V gksus dk Hk; er djksA
;Fkkg'p jk=h p u fcHkhrks u fj";r%A
,ok es izk.k ek fcHks%AA
ea=&la[;k&2
vkilh izse vkSj HkkbZpkjk ls vksr&izksr ^vFkoZosn* ds lkaeuL;&lwDr ds
fuEufyf[kr ea=ksa esa ikfjokfjd lkeatL; dh >yd feyrh gS&
ln;a lkaeuL;efo}s"ka d`.kksfe o%A
10
vU;ks vU;efHk g;Zr oRla tkrfeok?U;kAA
gs euq";ks! ge vkids fy, n; dks izseiw.kZ cukusokys rFkk lkSeuL; c<+kusokys
deZ djrs gSaA vkiyksx ijLij mlh izdkj O;ogkj djsa] ftl izdkj mRiUu gq,
cNM+s ls xk; Lusg djrh gSA
vkxs ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds e; Lusg&ln~Hkko vkSj izse&O;ogkj ds fy, izkFkZuk gS
fd iq= vius firk ds vuqdwy deZ djusokyk gks vkSj viuh ekrk ds lkFk leku
fopkj ls jgusokyk gksA iRuh vius ifr ls e/kqjrk rFkk lq[k ls ;qDr ok.kh cksysA
HkkbZ vius HkkbZ ls fo}s"k u djs vkSj cgu viuh cgu ls fo}s"k u djsA os lc ,d
fopkj rFkk ,d deZ okys gksdj ijLij dY;k.kdjh okrkZyki djsaA
62
63
gekjs {kf=;ksa esa rstfLork LFkkfir djsaA oS';ksa dks rstfLork /kkj.k djk, vkSj 'kwksa
esa rFkk geeas fnO; rstksa dks /kkj.k djk,] rkfd gekjs jk"V ds lHkh o.kZ rstLoh gksaA
vijkf/k;ksa dks dBksj naM nsus ls lkekftd e;kZnk cuh jgrh gSA bl ckjs esa osn Hkh
L=h&iq#"k esa dksbZ Hksn&Hkko ugha j[krk gS&
bU vfg iqekala tkrq/kkue~ mr fL=;a ek;;k 'kk'knkuke~A
foxzhoklks ewjnsok _nUrq ek rs n`'ku~r~ lw;Z eqPpjUre~AA
_Xosn&7@104@24] vFkoZosn&8&4&24
vFkkZr~ iq#"k jk{kl vkSj diVh L=h dk Hkh fouk'k djsA fgalk djuk ftudk [ksy gS]
mUgsa fNUueLrd djsaA os lw;ksZn; ls igys gh lekIr gks tk,A
gekjh izkphu vo/kkj.kk dsoy euq";ek= rd lhfer ugha gSA ge ekuosrj
izkf.k;ksa ds izfr Hkh n;k vkSj d#.kk dk Hkko j[krs gaSA vkfndfod`r ^jkek;.k* dk
fuEufyf[kr 'yksd] tks egf"kZ ds eq[k ls fuxfnr izFke 'yksd Hkh gS] esa ekuosrj
izk.kh ds izfr laosnuk O;Dr dh xbZ gS&
ek fu"kkn izfr"Bka Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek%A
;r~ kS~pfeFkquknsdeo/kh% dkeeksfgre~AA
jkek;.k&1@2@15
leklr% ekuo&thou dk dksbZ ,slk i{k ugha gS] tks osn esa ugha gSA vkt ifjokj ls
ysdj ns'k ds vanj vkSj ckgj tks i`FkDrkoknh O;ogkj fodflr gks jgs gSa] os
osn&fofgr fl)karksa dks utjvankt djus vFkok oSfnd lkfgR; esa of.kZr
lnkpj.k dks O;ogkj esa ugha ykus ds dkj.k gSaA ;fn mi;qZDr rF;ksa ds vuqdwy
lekt dk izR;sd O;fDr vkpj.k djs rks gekjs chp dk oSeuL;] NqvkNwr ,oa
vyxko dh fLFkfr Lo;a lekIr gks tk,xhA
losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%A
losZ Hkkf.k i';Urq ek df'pn~ nq%[kHkkx Hkosr~AA
64
lanHkZ %
123456789101112-
GEOGRAPHY
66
67
68
69
3.
4.
70
71
5.
6.
7.
8.
72
mn~ns; % vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k }kjk ftu 572 kwU; dh flf) dh xbZ Fkh ] mldk
1
2
3
mYys[k ^Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM* ]^Nn~eLFk ok.kh* vkSj fBdkuk lkj* xzaFkksa esa
4
feyrk gSA ogha ^ lqau lqHkko* xzaFk esa kwU; LoHkko dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj flf) ds
mik;ksa dk o.kZu gSAkwU; vk/kkfjr flf) dh vo/kkj.kk kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, kks/k dk
fok; cus ,oa mi;ksafxrk dk ykHk tu&tu rd igqps] ;gh bl] ys[k dk mn~ns;
gSA
orZeku izpfyr fgUnh esa ^lqau lqHkko* dk vFkZ ^kwU; LoHkko* gSA Hkkkk essa
iz;ksDrk euq; vkSj mlls cus lekt esa gksrs ifjorZu ds lkFk gh vU; izHkkoh
dkj.kksa ls Hkh] iz;qDr Hkkkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSaA bUghsa dkj.kksa ls vkfn Hkkkk ds :i
esa ekU; laLd`r vkSj izkd`r dh O;kdj.kh; fDyVrk ds pyrs tuHkkkk gsrq feJ ;k
xkFkk laLd`r dk tUe gqvk] ogha fodze dh igyh krh ls laLd`r vkSj izkd`r dh
rjg gh O;kdj.k ds ladh.kZ lhek esa ca/krs gh viHkzak dk u;k Lo:i X;kjgoha krh
rd vkrs & vkrs vog gks x;k tks vUrr% Hkkkk foKkfu;ksa dh n`fV ls izkjfEHkd
fgUnh dh vk|fLFkfr dk ladsr Fkk 5A Hkkkk :i dh fujarj ifjoZru khyrk ls
mith fgUnh vc nskh vkSj {ks=h; Hkkkkvksa ds lkFk gh vkdzkUrkvkssa dh vjch vkSj
Qkjlh ls Hkh eqDr ugha Fkh A bl Hkkkkf; ladze.k dky esa jfpr pancjnkbZ]
ukFkfl)ksa vkSj jkekuan ] ehjk] dchj vkfn ds lkFk gh vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr
xzaFkksa dh Hkkkk dk izu Hkh iwjh rjg ugha lqy>k;k tk ldk gSA fQj Hkh ekSfyd]
vykSfdd^lqau lqHkko *tSlh vo/kkj.kk dks vkRe&dY;k.k dh n`fV ls le>uk ]
vkRelkr~ djuk le; dh vko;drk gSA iqu%] kwU; ds vfodkjd ds :i esa
izfrfBr HkkjrokZ ds lkFk gh ] Hkkkkf; tfVyrk ls ;qDr ^lqau lqHkko* dh
vo/kkj.kk ftukxe dks Hkh izfrBk dh ubZ pkb;ksa rd igqpk,xh A kks/kkfFkZ;ksa
,oa ftKklkvksa ls lg;ksx dh vis{kk gSA
kwU; vkSj mlds Hksn% fdlh Nk= dks izkIrkad kwU; ;k thjks zerofeys rks
mlds nq%[k ls Nk=] mlds ifjokj lfgr l[kk&fe= Hkh nq%[kh gksrs gSa vkSj vxj
lsysjh ds psd esa ,d thjks vkSj tqM+s tk, rks iRuh ]ekrk&firk lfgr ?kj&ifjokj
dh [kqkh dk fBdkuk ugh jgrk A kwU; ds ,ls gh /kukRed] _.kkRed izHkko okys
dqN egRoiw.kZ Hksn uhps nkkZ,s tk jgs gSa %
Hkkjr dk kwU; thjks% iwjh nqfu;ksa dks igyk ifjp; Hkkjr us djk;kA blds
fcuk vk/kqfud le; dh gj rjg dh x.kuk csdkj gS A pkn vkSj /kjrh ds chp dh
nwjh dk irk yxkuk gks ;k fdlh cM+s xf.kfr; lehdj.k dks gy djuk gks] kwU; ds
fcuk foKku dh gj izxfr v/kwjh gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vk;Z HkV~V us kwU; dk
vfodkj fd;k FkkA yxHkx 650 bZLoh esa czxqIr us igyh ckj kwU; dk iz;ksx
fd;kA blds ckn vjc xf.krKksa us kwU; dks le>k A blds ckn og bVyh rd
igqp x;k A 1600 bZLoh rd kwU; ;wjksi esa igqp pqdk Fkk A Lokeh foosdkuan }kjk
vesfjdk esa nh xbZ kwU; dh izHkkoh O;k[;k] okkZs chrus ds ckn vkt Hkh izHkkoh gS6 A
thjks le xse% ;g fLFkfr;ksa dk ,d xf.krh; fjiztsaVsku gS A blds iz;ksx xse
F;ksjh vkSj bdksuksfed F;ksjh esa gksrs gSaA
thjks xzsfoVh% thjks xzsfoVh esa Hkkj ghurk dh fLFkfr jgrh gS A ijarq bZ- lu~ 1915
PHILOSOPHY
lqau lqHkko
73
lqau lqHkko
djkus gsrq ^dsoy er* ds xzaFk ^lqau lqHkko* esa latks;k x;k gSA ^;s dsoy er ds
xzaFk dsoy ;kus vdsys ds gSa ]blfy, dsoyer gS8A ;g dsoy] ;g vdsyk Lo ls
tqM+k gS] mldh vuqHkwfr ls tqM+k gSA dksbZ vkpk;Z@eqfu tks pkSFks xq.kLFkku esa
vfojr lE;DRo esa gksrk gS ] blls ;fn iwNk tk;s fd vki D;k] dSlk vuqHko djrs
gSa] D;k fey x;k gS] D;k fey jgk gS] igys esa vkSj vc esa D;k varj gS \D;k tokc
nsxk og vkidks\ftl vikj vkuan dh vuqHkwfr mldks gS og o.kZukrhr gSA mldks
O;ogkj dh kCnkoyh ls iw.kZr% crk;k gh ugha tk ldrk A vius vuqHko dks ;fn
O;ogkj ds kCnksa esa crkuk Hkh pkgs rks og Hkh lw= :i esa gksxk A vufxur
vfLr&ukfLr ds iz;ksxksa }kjk A ^lqau lHkko* xzaFk Hkh lw= :i gSA vr% lw+=ksa ds
jgL; dks le>dj] loZizFke vke turk ds bl Hkze dks nwj djuk gksxk fd fdlh
oLrq dk vHkko kwU; gSA okLro esa ,d oLrq esa nwljh oLrq dk vHkko gksuk kwU; gSA
kwU; dh ifjHkkkk gS ^lRrk ,d laqUu&fcanq*9 vFkkZr~ ,d gh lRrk dks
kwU; dgrs gSaA oLrq vdsyh gks vkSj vius kq) Lo:i esa gks] rc ml le; dh
vuqHkwfr ;k Hkko ;k fLFkfr kwU; gSA ck vis{kkd`r kwU; vkSj vuar xq.kksa ds lkFk
jguk vkwU; gSA ;gkW ij ls i`Fkd dks kwU; dgk A vis{kk ds lkFk ;gk L;k}kn dh
n`fV gSA vis{kk ls dguk funksZk dFku gSaA
tho ,d gS ] vdsyk gS ] ;gh rks ,dRo & foHkDr Hkko gSA bldk Kku
gksus ij tho fQj vius dks ij ds lkFk ugha j[kuk pkgrk vkSj var esa lalkj ls
eqqDr gksus ij eks{k esa vuardky i;Zar vdsyk jgus ds fy;s gh rks vV deksZa ls
eqDr gqvk gSA bl rjg tho Hkh vdsyk gS vkSj kwU; Hkh vdsyk gSA ;gh rks flf)
foksk gS A
10
flf) folsk lqau lqHkko AA2AA
lw=kFkZ% foksk flf) lE;DRoksn;ls LokHkko essa kwU;rk vkrh gSa AA2AA
bl lw= esa foksk flf) ds }kjk vkRek dks vius kq) ] fufoZdkjh Lo:i
esa vorfjr djus dk ekxZ fufnZV fd;k x;k gSA fufoZdkjh kq) Lo:i vFkkZr~
tgk ek= ,d oLrq dh lRrk gks] oLrq ds lkFk vU; dqN Hkh u gks] rks og oLrq
vius vki rd esa lhfer gS ] vr% ckg;% vis{kkd`r kwU; gSA ;gh kwU; LoHkko
vkReksiyfC/k ;k eks{k izkfIr gsrq fLFkfr foksk gS tks lE;DRoksn; ls izkIr gksrh gS A
bl izdkj lE;DRo dh foksk flf) izkIr djds] pkSng izdkj izdkk :i
ekxZ.kkvksa ls vkRe lRrk dk Kku izkIr djds] lE;d~ J)ku dks ;Fkkor~ tkudj
] pkSng xq.kLFkkuksa ij vkjksg.kkFkZ la;e :i pkfj= ls lkr ljksojksa dks voxkgu
djrs gq, ] vafre ljksoj ;Fkk[;kr~ la;e dh izkfIr ds ckn] uo dsoy yfC/k iw.kZ
djds] rhu yksd ds Kkrk }kjk cuus dh fdz;k dks uhps fy[ks lw= eas fufnZV fd;k
gS A ;Fkk %
11
nhfIr pkSng fnfV pkSng lj lkr mRiau uo mRiau f=yksd AA3AA
12
fBdkuklkj xzaFk esa pkSng nhfIr ds fuEufyf[kr Hksn feyrs gS %
1- xxu xafe vxafe nhfIr
2- lq;a |qzo nhfIr
3- fgrdkj jeu nhfIr
4- dzkafr jeu nhfIr
5- flr lkafr nhfIr
6- flr mRiau lkafr nhfIr
&eueksgu tSu
74
lqau lqHkko
75
lqau lqHkko
7- U;kukS nhfIr
8- U;kukS vdZ lqHkko nhfIr
9- lq;a jeu lqHkko nhfIr
10- :fp fiz;s dzkafr nhfIr
11- dey mRiau dzkafr nhfIr
12- jeu dey rRdky nhfIr
13- jeu dey jeu fn< nhfIr
14- lgdkj jeu lg;ksifur nhfIr
nhfIr vFkkZr~ izdkkA mUufr ds fk[kj ij p<+us ds fy;s] iFk iznkZu gsrq
ftl izdkk dh vko;drk iM+rh gS] euq; xfr esa og pkSng ekxZ.kkvksa ls izkIr
gksrh gS ekxZ.kk vFkkZr~ ftlds }kjk vusd voLFkkvksa esa fLFkr tho dk Kku gks A
13
xbZ bafnz;s lq dk;s tksxs osns dlk; j.kjks;A
late nl.k ysLlk Hkfo;k lEeRr lf..k vkgkjsAA 4AA xks- th- dka AA
xfr
]bafnz;]dk;];ksx]osn]dkk;] Kku] la;e]nkZu] ys;k] HkO;Ro ] lE;DRo] laKk
vkgkj ds Hks n ls pkS n g iz d kj ekxZ . kk dgh xbZ gS a A
fBdkuklkj14 xzaFk esa fnfV ds tks pkSng Hksn feyrs gSa] os fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1- fnfV
2- bfV
3- fjfV
4- jfV
5- flfV
6- lfV
7- mRiau bfV
8- lgdkj bfV
9- vkSdkl bfV 10- leS bfV
11- vUeksn bfV 12- fkid bfV
13- eqfDr bfV 14- lqfk bfV
pkSng nhfIr vkSj pkSng fnfV ds lQy flf) ds dze esa] pkj xfr]
pkSjklh yk[k ;ksfu;ksa esa HkVdrs gq,] euq; ;ksfu esas igqph lalkjh vkRek dh lkr
ljksoj ij djus dk dze fufnZV gS A budk fooj.k lkalkfjd ikSn~xfyd :i esa
Hkh feyrk gS vkSj vk/;kfRed :i esa Hkh ! vr% ^lj* ls lEcaf/kr lHkh fooj.k
izLrqr gSa%&
15
lj
1- lCn lj
2- bV mRiau
3- vlCn lj
4- bV mRiau
5- xqfgt lj
6- xqfir lj
7- dey lj
16
lj
1- i|
2- egki|
3- frfxaN
4- dskjh
5- iq.Mjhd
6- egkiq.Mjhd
uksV %& izFke lkr lj dk o.kZu ^fBdkuk lkj* xzaFk esa feyrk gS] ogha cz- t;lkxj
th egkjkt us ^lqau lqHkko* xzaFk dh Vhdk esa] fBdkuklkj xzaFk esa of.kZr lkr lj
ds vfrfjDr Ng lj ds Hkh uke fn, gSaA
lj17
vk/;kfRed n`fV ls la;e :ih lkr lj Hkh ekus x, gaS] tks fok;kuqdwy
Hkh gSa A fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk gS A
1- izFke lj
&
vla;e
2- f}rh; lj
&
la;ekla;e
3- r`rh; lj
&
lkekf;d
4- prqFkZ lj
&
NsnksiLFkkiuk
5- iape lj
&
ifjgkj fokqf)
6- kBe~ lj
&
lw{e lkaijk; la;e
7- lIre~ lj
&
;Fkk[;kr la;e
bl rjg pkSng nhfIr ] pkSng fnfV ds dze esa lkr ljksa dk voxkgu
dj {kkf;d lE;DRo dk mn; djds] dsoy Kku izkIr vkRek cuus dk ekxZ izkLr
gksrk gSA dsoyKku rsjgoha xq.kLFkku orhZ dsoyh ds gksrk gSA blh rsjgoha
xq.kLFkku ds lkFk uo yfC/k;ka18 Hkh gksrh gSaA ;Fkk%
1- U;ku
2- nlZu
3- nku
4- dke
5- Hkksx
6-mi;ksx
7- lafHkDr
8- pkfj=
9- oh;Z
19
mijksDr uo yfC/k;k loZekU; gSaA fBdkuklkj xzaFk] cklksnk] ftyk
fofnkk e-iz-ls izkIr gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi ds lkFk gh ,d vU; fBdkuklkj
20
xzaFk dh gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi fooj.k vLiV esa feyrk gSA ijarq fBdkuklkj
xzaFk dh laor~ 1889 dh gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi esa mijksDr yfC/k;ksa dks miyfC/k
ekudj] ftu uo yfC/k;ksa 21dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS] og izLrqr gS%
1- xfr
2- ks=q
3- dky
4- ysaxq
5 - frFkq
6- pkfj=q
7- izfrbanzq
8- Hk;
9- Hkkm
;s uo yfC/k;k U;wukf/kd :i esa lHkh lalkjh vkRekvksa ds gksrh gSa] pkgs os
fdlh Hkh xq.kLFkku esa gkas] ijarq {kkf;d lE;DRo ds lkFk tc uoyfC/k;ksa dh
miyfC/k] tc rsjgosa xq.kLFkku orhZ l;ksx dsoyh dks gkssrh gSa rc bu miyfC/k;ksa
dk Lo:i mUgha dh lRrk:i gksrk gS ftls kwU; dgk tkrk gS A rnuqlkj
22
uoyfC/k;ksa dk Lo:i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%
1- U;ku
&
vkRe cks/k
2- nlZu
&
vkRefookl
3- nku
&
vkRek }kjk vkRek dks vkRehd vkuan dk nku
4- ykHk
&
vkRek }kjk vkRek dks vkRehd vkuan dk ykHk
5- Hkksx
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd vkuan dk Hkksx
6- miHkksx
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd vkuan dk miHkksx
7- lafeDr
&
vkRek dk ewy LoHkko
8- pkfj=
&
varjax vkRe ifj.kfr
9- oh;Z
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd cy dh tkx`fe djuk
lw= esa ^mRiau uo* ds vFkZ esa ^uo yfC/k;ksa* dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS ]
ijarq izdkjkarj ls mRiau uo*23 esa fuEukuqlkj dk Hkh lekosk ekuk x;k gS%
mRiau uo % vFkZ &3]
dey & 6] fnkk&10 ] mRiau & 5] lj& 7
jeu&3 izdkjkarj ls 5] prqV; & 4] ijesBh & 5] vax & 8
vFkZ & 3 %
mRiau vFkZ
&
vklk foyh
& U;ku mRiau
vLusg foyh
& nkZu mRiau
xkjo foy
& nku mRiau
fgrdkj vFkZ
&
vkyl foyh
& ykHk mRiau
&eueksgu tSu
76
lqau lqHkko
77
lqau lqHkko
lqau lqHkko
dey&6
fnkk&10
mRiau&524
78
lj &7
jeu&3
25
izdkjkarj ls
jeu&5
& HkSfkidjeu] vfe; jeu] oSfnfIrjeu] ftujeu] ftuukFk
jeu
prqV;&4
& vuar nlZu] vuar U;ku ] vuar lq[k ] vuar cy
ijeskBh &5
& vgZar] fl)] vkpk;Z] mik/;k; ] lk/kq
nhfIr pkSng] fnfV pkSng ] lj lkr ds kwU; LoHkko dks izkIr djds ]
uoyfC/k;ksa ds mRiau gksrs gh f=yksd mRiau gks tkrk gS] vFkZkr~ rhu yksd dk
Lokeh cu tkrk gSA ;gh kwU; LoHkko dh efgek gSA bl ,dRo Hkko dks ;fn
vadxf.krh; ^,d* dk vaad fn;k tk;s] rc bl ,d ]ds lkFk ] vius&vius
kq)Lo:i dh lRrk okyh lSarkyhl oLrq,sa tqM+rh gaS] rc gj ,d oLrq ds kwU;
:i ls ] izkjfEHkd ,d dk eku nl xquk c<+rk tkrk gSA egRo Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA
bl rjg kwU; vius vki esa kwU; vo; gS] ijarq vkRek dks fufoZdkjh cukdj] ml
izkjfEHkd ,d ij ,d kwU; j[kus ij vkRek dh efgek nl xquk c<+ tk;sxhA nwljh
ckj kwU; j[kus ij lkSxquk egRo c<+ tk;sxkA lqau lqHkko xzUFk ds lw= 3] i`B 4 esa
pkSng nhfIr] pkSng fnfV] lkr lj] mRiau uo vkSj rhu f=yksd :i kwU; LoHkko
dks ,d vkRek ls tksM+dj mldk eku uhps fn, x, lw= essa crk;k gS %
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 lSrky
26
laquAA4AA
mijksDr foysk.k ds vk/kkj ij ^lw= 4* dk vadxf.krh; egRo
vuarkuar gks tkrk gSAblh vuar kwU; /;ku dh flf) ls fl)ksa us vuar xq.kksa dks
ik fy;kA fdruk iq:kkFkZ fd;k gksxk \
okLro esa Lo;a dh vkRek dks efgeke;h Lo:i esa ykus ds fy;s tks dqN
djuk gS]ogh kwU; LoHkko gSA feF;kRo vkSj dkk; ls vkosfVr vkRek dks vius
fufoZdjh]kq) Lo:i esa vkus nks A vkRek dk Lo:i ftruk&ftruk fufoZdkjh
gksrk tk,xk] bldh efgek mruh gh c<+rh tk,xh A
kwU; je.k dh Hkkouk esa ;gh >ydrk gS fd vkRek fut LoHkko ls loZ
izdkj deZ ds ca/kksa ls o deksZ ds Qyksa ls jfgr fcydqy kq) gSAvkRek okLro esa
27
vuqHkoxE; gS]fufoZdYi gS]vFkkZr~ loZ fodYiksa ls kwU; gSAlelkj dyk esa dgk
gS&
; ,o eqDRok u;i{kikra Lo:ixqIr fuolfUr fuR;a A
fodYitky P;qr kkUrfpRrkLr ,o lk{kkne`ra ficfUr AA 24&3AA
vkdzkeUufodYiHkkoepya i{kSuZ;kuka fouk ]
lkjks ;% le;L; Hkkfr fue`rSjkLok|eku% Lo;e~ A
foKkuSdjl% l ,.k Hkxrku~ iq.;% iqjk.k% iqeku~]
Kkua nkZueI;;a fdeFkok ;fRdapuSdksI; ;e~ AA48&3AA
HkkokFkZ%28 tks dksbZ fup; O;ogkj ds i{kikr dks NksM+dj vius Lo:i
esa xqIr gks tkrs gSa] os fuR; gh fodYiksa ls kwU; gks o kkarfpr gks] lk{kkr~ vkuanke`r
dk iku djrs gSaA lc u;ksa ds i{k dks NksM+dj tks ,d fufoZdYi kwU; Hkko dk
vkJ; ysrs gSa ] muds Hkhrj le;lkj ;k kq)kRek ,slk >ydrk gS fd ;g Lo;a
Kkfu;ksa ds }kjk vuqHkoxkspj gSA ogh Kkue;h ,d LoHkko dk /kkjh gS] ogh Hkxoku
gS] ogh ifo= gS ] ogh lukru vkRek gSA mldk Kku dgks ;k nkZu dgks] tks dqN
dgks] og ,d :i gks vuqHkoxE; gSA
bl izdkj ;g kadkjfgr ekxZ gS fd lSrkyhl kwU; ds /;ku }kjk vkRek
29
dh flf) gksrh gS A lSrkyhl kwU; dk mYys[k ^ Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM xzaFk
dh Qwyuk dzekad & 152 ] ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh xkFkk* esa bl izdkj feyrk gS %
lSrky lqau mo mou lks gksbZ] lksbZ dksfM mou ftu dksfM jesbZAA14AA
okLro esa ^lSrky lqau** vuar kwU;ksa ds tud ;k vk/kkj gSA buds uke Hkh
jgs gksaxs ijarq izkphure lkfgR; vkt Hkh yqIr izk;% gSA fQj] vkReflaf) gsrq] kwU;
dh vo/kkj.kk u;k fok; gks ldrk gS A tcfd iaFk ls ijs ];g lPpkbZ gS fd
vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k us 572 kwU;kssa dks fl) fd;k Fkk A bldk mYys[k^Hk; fkifud
eey ikgqM*xzaFk dh Qwyuk dzekad152&^lqau jeu pkSrhlh xkFkk* esa bl izdkj
feyrk gS %
lS iap cgrj lqau lesbZ] lksb lqau dyu ftu ftuoj gksbZ AA35AA
&eueksgu tSu
lgdkj vFkZ
ijiap foyh
& Hkksx mRiau
foHkze foyh
& miHkksx mRiau
&
ykt foyh
& ohtZ mRiau
yksHk foyh
& lafeDr mRiau
Hk; foyh
& pkfj= mRiau
flj dey
ine dey
daB dey
fgrdkj dey
xfgj dey
xqfgj dey
iwoZ
&
mRiau flj
vkXus; &
lqdZ
nf{k.k &
fnfLV
uS+_R; &
dey
ifpe &
n;
ok;O; &
xqfir
mRrj &
xfgj
bZlku &
lkg
vk/kZ
&
in
/kZ
&
rkyq
1- bV vk;ju mRiau vk;ju
2- xqfgj
3- xqfir
4- bV tku mRiau tku
5- bV in mRiau in
& iwoZ esa mYysf[kr
& fgrdkj jeu] fg;;kj jeu] gqardkj jeu
79
lqau lqHkko
fBdkuklkj xzaFk eas ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh ds fBdkus* mikhkZd ls] kwU; dk
LFkwy Lo:i feyrk gS ]tks bl izdkj gS %
ewy lafeDr AA 8 AA
lqau ukeq nlZuq AA 0 AA
U;kuq AA -0 AA
pkfj= AA3AA
frV lqau AA4AA
bV lqau ijfefLV ikpAA5AA
kVq jeuq laqau AA 6 AA
lj lkr AA 7AA
nlZu ds vax vkB AA8AA
yof/k u AA 9 AA
lqau nl oSn lfo/kks /keZ AA10AA
lqau X;kjg vax AA0AA
ckjg i;ksx lqau ,sdq AA 0 AA
lqau rsjg fof/k pkfj= lqau ,sdq AA0AA
lqau pkSng iwoZ dks ,sdq AA0AA
lqau iUnzg frfFk dks ,sdq AA0AA
vadqj ycf/k lksygh dks lqau ,sdq AA0AA
okj lkr rrq dS fu:iSAArkds lkrb lqauAA23AA
vad lqau rsbl ftusbZ AA vad lqau rs bZl ftusbZ AA
fBdkuklkj dh ^^ fBdkus ** dh fu:i.k dh mijksDr fof/k tks kkskkfFkZ;ksa
ds fy, u;k fok; gks ldrk gS] ds vfrfjDr ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh ** Qwyuk rFkk
vU; Qwyukvksa dk kwU; dh n`fV ls ] voyksdu djus ij] ftu ^kwU;* dk
fnXnkZu gksrk gS] os fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1- foan lqau
2- mou laqu
3- jeu lqau
4- frB lqau
5- bV lqau
6- lgt lqau
7- nlZ lqau
8- yku lqau
9- vax lqau
10- i;ksx lqau
11- pju lqau
12- iwoZ lqau
13- vad lqau
14- lcn lqau
15- fg;Mksfj lqau
16- gqo lqau
17- j;u lqau
18- mRiau le; laqau
19- mRiau lqau
20- mo mou lqau
21- fg;;kj laqu
22- daB lqau
23- vo;kl mou lqau
24- izdV lqau
25- mRiau fg;kj lqau
26- mo rkyq lqau
27- mRiau lkg lqau
28- fnlkax lqau
29- ;oa lqau
30- iz;ksx lqau
31- mRiau jeu lqau
32- mou le; lqau
33- dey lqau
34- dksM lqau
35- fnfIr lqau
36- fnfV lqau
37- lqdksM lqaqu
38- gqardkj lqau
39- vk/kZ dksM lqau
40- lqnhfIr lqau
41- izdV dyu lqau
42- lqfnl laqu
43- vpkfj lqfu lqau
44- lokZFkZ lqau
45- mRiau dksM lqau
46- vo;kl lqau
47- mRiau gqo lqau
Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM xzaFk dh 152 ua- Qwyuk ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh dh
xkFkk dzekad 35 esa ftl* lS iap cgrj & 572 kwU; dk mYys[k gS] mldk vfr
laf{kIr fooj.k fBdkuk lkj xzaFk esa bl izdkj feyrk gS%
vdZ lqau AA24AA
fnfl vax lqau vBkjg AA 18AA
pkSchl vBkjg pkfj lkS crhl AA432AA i;ksx lqau ckjg AA12AA
vax lqau X;kjg AA11AA
ckjg X;kjg crhl lkS AA132AA
&eueksgu tSu
80
lqau lqHkko
81
lqau lqHkko
16- kq)ksi;ksx esa 36 vdZe; kwU; lk/ku Lo;a LoYi Lo;a vdZ mRiau LoYikwU;
gSaA
17- vuar LoHkko dh Lo;a izkfIr kwU; lk/kuk LoYi Lo;a foan vuar LoHkko lekf/k
kwU; gSA
18- vfpaR; vuarkuar LoHkko dh kwU; vfpaR; lk/kuk mRiUu Lo:i kwU; LoYi
Lo;a vfpaR; vuarkuar kwU; lekf/k gSa
19- vuar fgrdkj LoHkko dh kq)ksi;ksxe; fufoZdYi lk/kuk Lo;a LoYi kwU;
Lo;a LoYi fgrdkj vuar LoHkko kwU; gSA
20- kq)ksi;ksx esa gqardkj eqfDr LoHkko dh kwU;rk dk lk/ku Lo;a LoYi kwU;
gqardkj eqfDr LoHkko kwU; gSA
21- Lo;a mRiUu kq)ks;ksx esa eqfDr je.k dh kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a mRiUu LoYi kwU;
Lo;a LoYi eqfDrje.k kwU; gSA
22- Lo;a mRiUu NLFk kwU; lk/kuk esa Lo;a izosk dh kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a mRiUUk
LoYi vYi kwU; Lo;a izosk kwU; gSA
23- NLFkkoLFkk esa iw.kZrk dh vuarkuqHkwfr vYikwU; vuarkuar izosk kwU; gS A
24- lE;Xn`fV ds kq)ksi;ksx dh vuarkuar /kzqo iznsk dh kwU; lk/kuk LoYi
kwU; Lo;a /kzqo izosk kwU; gSA
25- kq)ksi;ksx esa mDr kkg }knkkax ds vuarkuar fparu dh kwU; lk/kuk
vYikwU; Lo;a /kzqo izosk kwU; gSA
26- Lo;a kq)ksi;ksx dh Lo;a je.k Lo;a Jo.k Lo;a kCn kwU; lk/kuk vYi kwU;
Lo;a Jo.k je.k vuarkuar izosk kwU; gSaA
27- vius Lo:i kq)ksi;ksx esa fLFkj gksus okyk fufoZdYi lk/kd viuh bl kwU;
lk/kuk ls vius vuarkuar Lo:i dh izkfIr vFkZ] mlesa izosk djrk gqvk] vkxs
c<+rk gh tkrk gSA ;g kwU; lk/kuk vYi kwU; Lo;a kwU; mRiUUk izosk
vuarkuar izosk kwU; lekf/k gSaA
kwU; dk leFkZu%
35
Jh ukxlsu eqfu rRokuqkklu esa dgrs gSa %
vr,okU;&kwU;ksfi ukRek kwU;% Lo:ir%A
kwU;kkwU;&LoHkkoksekReuSoksiyH;rsAA173AA
HkkokFkZ&vr,o vU; ls kwU; gksrk gqvk Hkh vkRe Lo:i ls kwU; ugha gksrk(vkSj ;g
kwU;kkwU; LoHkko vkRek ds gh }kjk miyC/k gksrk gSaAvkRek ,dkxzrk dk Qy
gSaA
lq..ka .k gksb lq..ka nhlb lq..kaa pfrgqo.ks lq..ka A
36
vogjb iko iq..ka lq..k lgkos xvks vIik AA213AA ikgqM nksgkAA
vFkZ&lc nzO;ksa esa vHkko dk uke kwU; ugha gS A ;g dgk tkrk gS fd
kwU;okn esa lkekU; vkSj foksk Hkkoksa jfgr gS] fdUrq tks iki&iq.; ls jfgr
fufoZdYi LoHkkoh vkRek gS] og kwU; gSA
lq..ka im >k;arkga ofy ofy tksb;Mkg A
37
lejfl & Hkkm ijs.k lgq iq..kq foikm .k tkgaAA 159 AAv 2AA
&eueksgu tSu
82
lqau lqHkko
83
lqau lqHkko
lqau lqHkko
lanHkZ%
84
&eueksgu tSu
vFkZ & fodYijfgr czin dks /;kous okys ;ksfx;ksa dh eSa ckj&ckj eLrd
uekdj iwtk djrk gw ]ftu ;ksfx;ksa ds vU; inkFkksZ ds lkFk lejlh Hkko gSa] vkSj
ftuds iq.; vkSj iki nksuksa gh mikns; ugha gSaA
Vhi& kwU; dk vFkZ fodYiksa ls jfgr kwU;ysuk pkfg,A fufoZdYi] ohrjkxh]
fut kq)kRek kwU; ;k cz dk okpd gSA
38
/oLrseksgareL;Urg kkLrs{k&euksfuysA
kwU;ksI;U;S% LorkskwU;kse;knk;s;eI;ge~ AA46AA
vFkZ& eksgkU/kdkj ds uV gksus vkSj bfUnz; rFkk eu :i ok;q dk lapkj :dus ij
;g vU;ksa ls kwU; ij inkFkksZa ls rFkk Lor% vkwU; vius lE;XnkZukfn xq.kksa las
kwU; ugha]fdUrq ifjiw.kZ gS A eSa gh vUrZn`fV ls esjs }kjk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gw A
thou&eqfDr 39
vdZ lekusk fcanq esa] fcanq lekuksa lqau esaA
lqau lekuks vkSdkl esa] vkSdkl lekuks fl) esa AAfBdkuklkAA
85
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
lalkj esa gj oLrq dk ,d bfrgkl gS ftlls mlds vrhr o Lo:i dk
Kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA mlh rjg gj 'kCn dk Hkh bfrgkl gSA 'kCnksa ds bfrgkl
ls 'kCn ds orZeku Lo:i] mlds izkphu Lo:i mlesa vk, fed ifjorZu] mlds
viHkza'k :i rFkk 'kCn dh O;qRifk vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ukjh ds fy,
iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa ls Hkh ukjh ds fo"k; esa cgqr dqN tkuk tk ldrk gSA
izeq[kr% L=h] ukjh] efgyk lqanjh vkfn 'kCn ukfj;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
ijarq osnksa esa ukjh ds lkezkKh] dY;k.kh] iqjfU/k] dqyik vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh
fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa eSaus ukfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys dqN uohu
oLrqr% izkphu 'kCnksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
esuk&
_Xosn esa ukjh ds fy, ^^esuk** 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA ^^eku;fUr ,uk%**
1
iq#"k%A iq#"kksa }kjk vknj fd, tkus ds dkj.k ukjh dks _Xosn esa esuk dgk x;kA
O;ogkj :i esa blh ^esuk* 'kCn ls ^ekU;k* 'kCn Hkh izpfyr gqvkA ;Fkk&
esuk&ekuk&ekU;kA ekU;k vFkkZr~ ftudh ckrksa dks ekU; ekuk tk,A ifjokj esa
ukfj;ksa dk vknj fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% ukfj;ksa ds fy, esuk] ekU;k 'kCn iz;qDr
fd, x,A
Xuk%&
_Xosn esa ukfj;ksa nsoifRu;ksa ds fy, vkSj czke.k xzaFkksa esa lk/kkj.k
ukfj;ksa ds fy, ^Xuk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA laLr dk xE;k 'kCn xe~ /kkrq
ls cuk gSA bl izdkj Xuk&xek&xE;k vFkkZr~ ftuds ikl iq#"k xeu djrs gSaA
xeu djuk vFkkZr~ lalxZ dh dkeuk ls tkuk iq#"kksa dk lalxZ dh dkeuk ls ;k
lUrkuksRifk dh dkeuk ls ukfj;ksa ds ikl tkukA blh ls ukfj;ksa ds fy,
Xuk@xE;k 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA2
L=h&
izkphu dky ls gh ukfj;ksa ds fy, lokZf/kd izpfyr 'kCn jgk gS ^L=h*A
lEHkor;k L=h ds izeq[k xq.k yTtk ls 'kekZuk fldqM+uk ds dkj.k ukjh dks L=h
dgk x;kA D;ksafd L=h 'kCn ^LR;S* /kkrq ls cuk gSA ikf.kuh ds vuqlkj LR;S dk vFkZ
3
^'kCn djuk* cksyuk] galuk rFkk bdV~Bk djuk gSA vFkkZr~ tks gal&cksydj
le; O;rhr djsa vkSj ifjokj ds fy, ,df=r djsA ,df=r djus ds vFkZ esa
lEifk] tehu] ?kj] i'kq] xgus dksbZ Hkh vFkZ xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkjEHk ls
gh ;g ekU;rk jgh gS fd ladV ds le; L=h ennxkj lkfcr gksrh gSA pkgs og
iRuh] iq=h] ek fdlh Hkh :i esa gksA ladV dh ?kM+h esa viuh lw>cw> ls og lnSo
gh lgk;d gksdj lEekfur gksrh jgh gSA
okek&
ukjh dks lkSUn;Z dh ewfrZ dgk tkrk gSA ;g t:jh ugha fd mldk ek=
jax] :i ukd&uD'k gh lqanj gks] oju~ Hkkjr esa rks eu dh lqanjrk dks gh egRo
iznku fd;k x;k gSA okek vFkkZr~ oke tks izfrdwy ckr dgrh gSA ;Fkk& gk ds
cnys ij ^^ugha** ;k ^^uk** vkfnA ukjh nwjn`f"V j[krh gS] nwj dh] Hkfo"; dh ckr
lkspdj gh og viuk i{k j[krh gSA tks dHkh&dHkh udkjkRed izrhr gksrk gSA
5
vr% mls okek dgk tkrk gSA nqxkZ nsoh dks Hkh okek dgk x;k gSA ukjh dks okekaxh]
v/kkZafxuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ og iq#"k dk vk/kk Hkkx fgLlk gSA ;Fkk&
v)Z&ukjh'oj :i esa tc f'ko&ikoZrh ds lkFk ,dkdkj gq,A rc og ,d vuks[ks
eu&eksgd uohu :i esa utj vk;sA
vcyk&
izkphu dky ls gh L=h dks vcyk vFkkZr~ ftlesa ^^cy 'kkjhfjd cy
de gks** ,slk dgk x;k gSA oLrqr% ukjh dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk iq#"k ls fHkUu gSA
blhfy, mlesa og 'kkjhfjd cy ugha gksrk] tks iq#"kksa esa gksrk gSA blhfy, mls
6
vcyk dgk x;kA ;|fi ekufld cy esa L=h lnSo iq#"k ls vkxs fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
fdlh dfo us dgk gS&
vcyk thou gk;! rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuh
vkpy esa gSa nw/k vkSj vk[kksa esa ikuhA
'kkjhfjd :i ls v'kDr gksus ds dkj.k gh ukjh dks lfn;ksa ls vU;k;]
mRihM+u o 'kks"k.k >syuk iM+k gSA orZeku le; esa rks vcyk dgh tkus okyh ukjh
pkn ij Hkh igqp x;h gSA
lqanjh&
ukjh dks lqanjh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd lq$mUn xhyk
djuk nzfor djuk $ m $ hi lqUnjhA vFkkZr~ ukjh dks ns[kus ek= ls gh
7
iq#"k dk fpk xhyk n`for ;k papy gks mBrk gSA lqanjh dsoy dk;k ls gh ugha
oju~ tks eu ls Hkh lqanj gksA _Xosn esa mek ds fy, ^lwujh* 'kCn iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA8 lwujh dk vFkZ gS& 'kksHkk'kkyh] 'kksHkk;qDr] lqanjhA vFkkZr~ lqanj ukjh ftldh
,d >yd Hkh cjcl viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA blfy, izkphu dky esa ukjh
dks ^^gs lqanjh** dg dj Hkh lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
ekfuuh&
ukjh dks ekufiz; vfHkekuh ekuk x;k gSA blh dkj.k og :Brh gSA
ukjh LokfHkekuh gS] mlesa Lo&vfHkeku vf/kd gSA vr% og fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
vkykspuk dks lgu ugha dj ikrhA vkykspuk mlds jax] :i] xq.k] dk;Z] f'k{kk]
;ksX;rk fdlh dh Hkh gks] ukjh mldk izR;qkj vo'; nsrh gSA vr% ukjh dks ekfuuh
dgk x;k gSA /;krO; gS fd ekfuuh gksus ds dkj.k gh ukjh vU; yksxksa dks Hkh
lEeku iznku djrh gSA ifjokj esa vius ls cM+ksa dk vknj] lEeku dj og viuh
iqjkru ijEijkvksa dks thfor j[krh gSA vius ls NksVks vkSj cPpksa dk ykM+&nqykj
dj mUgsa Hkh ;Fkk&;ksX; eku iznku djrh gSA
efgyk&
eg~$byr~$vk efgykA eg~ vFkkZr~ iwtk] iwT; gksus ds dkj.k ukjh dks
efgyk dgk tkrk gSA _Xosn vkSj vFkZoosn esa Hkh efgyk dks iwtuh; ekuk x;k gSA
;Fkk& cU/kqesa ekrk i`fFkoh egh;e~A9 ekrk Hkwfe iq=ksaga i`fFkO;kA10 ekrk :i esa ukjh
dks iwtuh; ekuk x;k gSA osnksa ls ukfj;ksa ds osn fo/kkvksa esa ikjaxr gksus ds
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
WOMEN STUDIES
86
87
lUnHkZ %
1- egf"kZ ;kLd ^esuk* 'kCn dh O;qRifk djrs gq, dgrs gSa eku;fUr ,uk%
iq#"k%&fu:Dr 3@21@2
2- egf"kZ ;kLd ds vuqlkj& Xuk xPNfUr ,uk%A vkSj nqxkZpk;Z ds vuqlkj
ukfj;ksa dks Xuk dgus ds ihNs dkj.k gS iq#"kksa dk muds ikl lalxZ dh
dkeuk ls tkukA fu:Dr 3@21@2
3- LR;S'kCn la?kkr;ks%& /kkrq ikB 1@935 ;kLd ds vuqlkj Hkh 'kCn Li'kZ
vkfn dk la?kkr L=h gSA fL=;% ,o ,rk% 'kCn Li'kZ :i ijl xa/k
gkfj.;%A & fu:Dr v 14 [k 20
4- okekxh
5- nsohiqjk.k v 46& okea fo:) :ia rq foijhra lqxhr;sA
okesu lq[knk nsoh okek rsu erk cq/kS%AA
6- _Xosn 8@33@17& fL=;ka v'kkL;a eu%A
7- {khj Lokeh] vej 3@1@52
8- vk ?kk ;ks"kso lwu;qZ"kk ;kfr izHkqtrhA _Xosn 1@48@5
9- _Xosn 1@164@33
10- vFkoZosn 12@1@12
11- eU= nf'kZdk _f"kdk & fo'ookjk] vkes;h& _Xosn 5@28] vikyk
ogh& 8@91] ?kks"kk] d{kh&orh&ogh 10@39&40
12- Hkkjr esa ekU;rk gS fd iq=&dqi= Hkys gks tk,A ?kj ekrk dHkh dqekrk
ugha gksrhA
13- v|ks ok ,"k% vkReu% ;r~ iRuhA rSfkjh; czkg~e.k@czkge.k 3@3@3@5
14- _Xosn 10@85@33
15- iR;quksZ ;K l;ksxsA & v"Vk/;k;h 4@1@33
16- eRL; iqjk.k& 58@21
17- vkiLrEc /keZ lw= 2@6@17&19
18- xksfey xz;kfXu& 1@3@15
19- _Xosn& 3@53@6] 3@53@4] vkfn ioZ 74@37 ouioZ 12@70
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
88
lkFk&lkFk] ;K djus] 'kkL=kFkZ djus o ea= nf'kZdk gksus ds Hkh mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs
11
gSA ,slh lHkh ukfj;ksa ds iwtuh; gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa efgyk dgk x;kA
ekrk&
ek dk LFkku LoxZ ls Hkh apk ekuk x;k gSA ^^tuuh tUe Hkwfe'p
LoxkZfi xjh;lhA** ekrk lnSo ekrk gksrh gSA12 ekrk dk vFkZ gS vknj.kh;]
lEekuuh;A ek dk LFkku gj izk.kh ds fy, loksZPp gksrk gSA ek ds :i esa ukjh
lnSo iwtuh; jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa vkfn dky ls gh nsoh iwtk vius
fofHkUu :iksa esa fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
nqfgrk&
ukjh dks iq=h] csVh] yM+dh] cgu :i esa nqfgrk dgk tkrk gSA izkphu
dky esa dU;k;sa vius firk ds ?kj xk; dk nw/k nqgk djrh FkhaA vr% mUgsa nqfgrk
dgk tkrk FkkA ysfdu ckn esa muds fookg vkfn esa firk }kjk vf/kd /ku [kpZ
djus ds dkj.k] rht&R;kSgkj o vU; voljksa ij /ku [kpZ djus ds dkj.k mUgsa
13
nqfgrk lnSo nksgu djus okyh dgk tkus yxkA nqfgrk] nqfgZrk] nqjsfgrkA tks
nwj fuokl djsA dU; ds pys tkus ij gh firk pSu dh lkal ysrk gSA vFkkZr~ dU;k
ds fookgksijkar gh firk lq[kh gksrk gSA Lora= Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh ekU;rk fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA ;g de rks gq;h gS ij lekIr ughaA
iRuh&
iRuh :i esa ukjh dks iq#"k dh v/kkZafxuh ekuk x;k gSA13 fcu ?kjuh ?kj
Hkwr dk Msjk vFkkZr~ iRuh ds fcuk ?kj] ?kj ugha gksrkA iRuh gh ifr dk] ifjokj dk]
14
iq=&iq=h dk Hkyk o eaxy pkgus okyh gksrh gSA
15
L=h dks iRuh rHkh dgk tkrk gS] tc og ifr ds lkFk la;qDr gksrh gSA
eRL; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj ;Kh; e.Mi esa liRuhd izos'k djuk eaxy&nk;d ekuk
x;k gSA16 fookgksi'pkr~ ukjh iRuh :i esa ifr ds izR;sd dk;Z esa lgHkkfxuh ekuh
tkrh gSA17 xksfHky x`g;lw= esa iRuh dks x`g~;kfXuh Hkh dgk x;k gSA18
tk;k&
ukjh ds fy, iRuh :i esa tk;k 'kCn dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tk;k
vFkkZr~ ftlus tUe fn;kA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd iq#"k ifr iq=@iq=h :i esa Lo;a gh
tk;k ls tUe ysrk gSA blfy, ukjh dks tk;k mRiUu djus okyh dgk tkrk
19
gSA bl fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa ukjh dk gj :i esa lEeku FkkA iRuh
iq=h] ek] cgu] csVh] HkkHkh vkfn ds fcuk lEcU/kksa esa vkReh;rk o LFkkf;Ro dh
dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA vkt la;qDr ifjokj dh ijEijk Hkys gh de
fn[kkbZ nsrh gksA ij ukjh vkSj mlls tqM+s gj fj'rs esa tks viukiu gSA og ukjh ds
fy, iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA
89
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