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Rubber Processing - Overview

This document provides an overview of the rubber processing and vulcanization. It discusses the key steps in rubber processing including ingredients, vulcanization, and curing. Vulcanization is the process of adding sulfur crosslinks between polymer chains, which increases the rubber's elasticity and retractive force while decreasing plasticity. The document outlines the characteristics of vulcanization such as scorch resistance and reversion. It also examines the effects of vulcanization on various physical properties including tear strength, modulus, hardness, hysteresis, and tensile strength.

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Tamoor Tariq
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

Rubber Processing - Overview

This document provides an overview of the rubber processing and vulcanization. It discusses the key steps in rubber processing including ingredients, vulcanization, and curing. Vulcanization is the process of adding sulfur crosslinks between polymer chains, which increases the rubber's elasticity and retractive force while decreasing plasticity. The document outlines the characteristics of vulcanization such as scorch resistance and reversion. It also examines the effects of vulcanization on various physical properties including tear strength, modulus, hardness, hysteresis, and tensile strength.

Uploaded by

Tamoor Tariq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rubber Processing - Overview

Rubber Processing-Ingrediants of raw mixture

Rubber processing Vulcanization


Vulcanization
A process which increases the retractile force and reduces the amount of
permanent deformation remaining after removal of the deforming force.
Thus vulcanization increases elasticity while it decreases plasticity.
Vulcanization

chemical network

By the insertion of cross links between polymer chains.


The retractile force is proportional to the number of network supporting
polymer chains per unit volume of elastomer.

Rubber processing Vulcanization

Rubber processing Vulcanization

Rubber processing Curemetry: Crosslinking isotherm


(rheometer chart, rheograph, or cure curve)

Rubber processing Characteristics of Vulcanization


There must be sufficient delay or scorch resistance (resistance
to premature vulcanization) to permit mixing, shaping, forming,
and flowing in the mold before vulcanization.
Reversion:

Creeping:

If chain scission and/or crosslink breakage become


dominant during prolonged heating, the torque passes
through a maximum and then decreases, a phenomenon
termed reversion.
Some compounds show a slowly increasing torque at
long cure times, or "creeping cure."

Rubber processing Effect of vulcanization

Rubber processing Effect of vulcanization

E ects of vulcanization on physical properties. 1, Tear strength; 2, dynamic mod9


ulus; 3, hardness; 4, hysteresis, permanent set; 5, static modulus; 6, tensile strength.

Rubber processing Effect of vulcanization


Hysteresis is the ratio of the rate-dependent or viscous component to the
elastic component of deformation resistance. It is also a measure of
deformation energy that is not stored (or borne by the elastic network)
but that is converted to heat.
Static modulus is more correctly the equilibrium modulus,
approximated by a low strain, slow-strain-rate modulus.
Dynamic modulus is generally measured with the imposition of a
sinusoidal, small strain at a frequency of 1100Hz.)
The dynamic modulus is a composite of viscous and elastic behavior,
whereas static modulus is largely a measure of only the elastic
component of rheological behavior.
The properties are not functions only of crosslink density. They are
also affected by the type of crosslink, the type of polymer, and 10type
and amount of filler, etc.

Rubber processing Mixing process

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