Scales: Engineering Graphics
Scales: Engineering Graphics
Scales: Engineering Graphics
Sheet 2 SCALE
SCALES
DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE
ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE
OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION..
SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE
AND
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR.
SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED
FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE.
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.
=
=
DIMENSION OF DRAWING
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
LENGTH OF DRAWING
ACTUAL LENGTH
AREA OF DRAWING
V ACTUAL AREA
=3
V ACTUAL VOLUME
= 10 HECTOMETRES
= 10 DECAMETRES
= 10 METRES
= 10 DECIMETRES
= 10 CENTIMETRES
= 10 MILIMETRES
TYPES OF SCALES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLAIN SCALES
DIAGONAL SCALES
VERNIER SCALES
COMPARATIVE SCALES
SCALE OF CORDS
PROBLEM NO.1:- Construct a plain scale with R.F. = 1: 50 to read meter and decimeter.
It should be long enough to read 5 meter. Show (a) 0.7m, (b) 3.3m and (c) 4.9m on the scale.
CONSTRUCTION:(a) Calculate R.F.=
PLAIN
SCALE
DIMENSION OF DRAWING
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
R.F.= 1/ 50
Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance
= (1/50) X 5 m = 0.1 m
= 10 cm
(b) Draw a line 10 cm long and divide it in 5 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division unit.
(c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
(d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
(e) After construction of scale mention its RF and name of scale as shown.
(f) Show the distance 0.7, 3.3 and 4.9 m, it as shown.
4.9 m
3.3 m
10
DECIMETERS
4
METERS
R.F. = 1/100
PLANE SCALE SHOWING METERS AND DECIMETERS.
Prof. Naman M. Dave
PROBLEM NO.4:- Construct a plain scale to show kilometers and hectometers when 25 mm is
equal to 1km and long enough to measure up to 6 km. Find RF and show a distance of 3 km and
4 hectometer on the scale.
PLAIN
SCALE
10
HM
5
KM
PROBLEM NO.6:- On map of Ahmedabad city 1 cm represents 1 Km. Construct a plain scale to
measure the distance between Gujarat Technological University and Lal Darwaja which is 6 Km. Also
indicate on scale , the distance between Geeta mandir and Kankariya lake
which is 3 Km and 7 hectometers.
PLAIN
SCALE
10
HM
5
KM
We have seen that the plain scales give only two dimensions,
such as a unit and its subunit or its fraction.
The diagonal scales give us three successive dimensions
that is a unit, a subunit and a subdivision of a subunit.
DIAGONAL
SCALE
Y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Z
Prof. Naman M. Dave
PROBLEM NO. 3 : A distance of 30 cm measured on a map amounts to 450 meter. Draw a diagonal scale
showing division of 50 cm capable of measuring 300 meter. Mark on it. 255.5 meter and
177.5 meter.
SOLUTION STEPS:
DIAGONAL
SCALE
Draw a line 20 cm long. It will represent 300 km. Divide it in six equal parts.( each will
represent 50 km.)
Divide first division in ten equal parts. Draw a line upward from left end and mark 10 parts on it
of equal distance.
Name those parts 0 to 5 as shown. Join 9th sub-division of horizontal scale with 10th division of the vertical divisions. Then
draw parallel lines to this line from remaining sub divisions and complete diagonal scale.
177.5
DM
255.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
50
25
50
100
150
200
250 M
R.F. = 1 / 40,00,000
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS.
PROBLEM NO.5: The length of the Khandala tunnel on the Mumbai-Pune expressway is 330m. On the
road map, it is shown by a 16.5 cm long line. Construct a scale to show meters and to
measure up to 400m. Show the length of a 289 meter long on the expressway.
DIAGONAL
SCALE
289 meters
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100
50
100
200
300
R.F. = 1 / 4000
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING METERS.
Prof. Naman M. Dave
PROBLEM NO.2: Construct a diagonal scale of R.F.1:48 showing yard, feet and inches to represent a
maximum length of 8 yards. Mark on scale (a) 5 yard 5 feet 8 inch, (b) 3 Yard 3 feet 6 inch
& (c) 3 yard 1 feet 3 inch.
DIAGONAL
SCALE
R.F. = 1/48
AL= R.F. x Max. Dist.
= (1/48) x 8 yard
= 1/6 yard
= 3/6 feet
= 1/2 feet
= 6 inch
Prof. Naman M. Dave