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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 Edition Computer Evolution and Performance

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The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer built in 1946, to the development of stored-program computers based on the von Neumann architecture in the early 1950s. It also discusses the transition to transistor-based computers in the late 1950s and the development of microelectronics that allowed integrating more components on computer chips leading to smaller sizes and lower costs over subsequent generations.

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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 Edition Computer Evolution and Performance

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Ajmal Khan
15 views13 pages
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer built in 1946, to the development of stored-program computers based on the von Neumann architecture in the early 1950s. It also discusses the transition to transistor-based computers in the late 1950s and the development of microelectronics that allowed integrating more components on computer chips leading to smaller sizes and lower costs over subsequent generations.

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The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer built in 1946, to the development of stored-program computers based on the von Neumann architecture in the early 1950s. It also discusses the transition to transistor-based computers in the late 1950s and the development of microelectronics that allowed integrating more components on computer chips leading to smaller sizes and lower costs over subsequent generations.

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© All Rights Reserved
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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15 views13 pages

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 Edition Computer Evolution and Performance

Uploaded by

Ajmal Khan
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer built in 1946, to the development of stored-program computers based on the von Neumann architecture in the early 1950s. It also discusses the transition to transistor-based computers in the late 1950s and the development of microelectronics that allowed integrating more components on computer chips leading to smaller sizes and lower costs over subsequent generations.

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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition
Chapter 2
Computer Evolution and
Performance

ENIAC - background
Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
Eckert and Mauchly
University of Pennsylvania
Trajectory tables for weapons
Started 1943
Finished 1946
Too late for war effort

Used until 1955

ENIAC - details

Decimal (not binary)


20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second

von Neumann/Turing

Stored Program concept


Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by
control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS

Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine

IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit words
Binary number
2 x 20 bit instructions

Set of registers (storage in CPU)


Memory Buffer Register
Memory Address Register
Instruction Register
Instruction Buffer Register
Program Counter
Accumulator
Multiplier Quotient

Structure of IAS
detail

Commercial Computers
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
Faster
More memory

IBM
Punched-card processing equipment
1953 - the 701
IBMs first stored program computer
Scientific calculations

1955 - the 702


Business applications

Lead to 700/7000 series

Transistors

Replaced vacuum tubes


Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.

Transistor Based Computers


Second generation machines
NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
IBM 7000
DEC - 1957
Produced PDP-1

Microelectronics
Literally - small electronics
A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnections
These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
e.g. silicon wafer

Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
Transistor - 1958-1964
Small scale integration - 1965 on
Up to 100 devices on a chip

Medium scale integration - to 1971


100-3,000 devices on a chip

Large scale integration - 1971-1977


3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991


100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Ultra large scale integration 1991 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

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