Datapath Output ENIAC - background • Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer • Eckert and Mauchly • University of Pennsylvania • Trajectory tables for weapons • Started 1943 • Finished 1946 —Too late for war effort • Used until 1955 THE ENIAC ENIAC - details • Decimal (not binary) • 20 accumulators of 10 digits • Programmed manually by switches • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 30 tons • 15,000 square feet • 140 kW power consumption • 5,000 additions per second von Neumann / Turing • Stored Program concept • Main memory storing programs and data • ALU operating on binary data • Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing • Input and output equipment operated by control unit • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies —IAS • Completed 1952 Structure of von Neumann machine IAS COMPUTER IAS - details • 1000 x 40 bit words —Binary number —2 x 20 bit instructions • Set of registers (storage in CPU) —Memory Buffer Register —Memory Address Register —Instruction Register —Instruction Buffer Register —Program Counter —Accumulator —Multiplier Quotient Structure of IAS – detail Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation • UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) • US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations • Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation • Late 1950s - UNIVAC II —Faster —More memory • Punched-card processing equipment • 1953 - the 701 —IBM’s first stored program computer —Scientific calculations • 1955 - the 702 —Business applications • Lead to 700/7000 series IBM Transistors • Replaced vacuum tubes • Smaller • Cheaper • Less heat dissipation • Solid State device • Made from Silicon (Sand) • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs • William Shockley et al. Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines • IBM 7000 • DEC - 1957 —Produced PDP-1 Microelectronics • Literally - “small electronics” • A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections • These can be manufactured on a semiconductor • e.g. silicon wafer Generations of Computer • Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 • Transistor - 1958-1964 • Small scale integration - 1965 on —Up to 100 devices on a chip • Medium scale integration - to 1971 —100-3,000 devices on a chip • Large scale integration - 1971-1977 —3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip • Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991 —100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip • Ultra large scale integration – 1991 - —Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip Internet Resources • http://www.intel.com/ —Search for the Intel Museum • http://www.ibm.com • http://www.dec.com • Charles Babbage Institute • PowerPC • Intel Developer Home References • AMDA67 Amdahl, G. “Validity of the Single-Processor Approach to Achieving Large-Scale Computing Capability”, Proceedings of the AFIPS Conference, 1967.
