BAKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

I. Baking wares are made of glass or metal containers for

batter and dough with various sizes and shapes.
1. Cake pans - comes in different sizes and shapes and may
be round square rectangular or heart shaped.
1. Tube center pan deeper than a round pan and with a
hollow center, it is removable which is used to bake chiffon
type cakes
2. Muffin pan - has 12 formed cups for baking muffins and
cup cakes
3. Pop over pan is used for cooking pop over
4. Jelly roll pan is shallow rectangular pan used for baking
rolls
5. Bundt pan is a round pan with scalloped sides used for
baking elegant and special cakes
6. Custard cup is made of porcelain or glass used for
baking individual custard
7. Griddle pans are used to bake griddles
8. Loaf Pan is used to bake loaf bread
2. Biscuit and doughnut cutter is used to cut and shape biscuit
or doughnut.
3. Cutting tools include a knife and chopping board that are
used to cut glazed fruit, nuts, or other ingredients in baking.
4. Electric mixer is used for different baking procedure for
beating, stirring and blending.
5. Flour sifter is used for sifting flour.
6. Grater is used to grate cheese, chocolate, and other fresh
fruits.
7. Kitchen shears - are used to slice rolls and delicate cakes.
8. Measuring cups consist of two types namely:
a. A graduated cup with fractions (1, 3/4, 2/3, , 1/3, , 1/8)
marked on each side.
b. A measuring glass made of transparent glass or plastic is
more accurate for measuring.
9. Measuring spoons consist of a set of measuring spoons used
to measure small quantities of ingredients.
10. Mixing bowl comes in graduated sizes and has sloping sides
used for mixing ingredients.
11. Mortar and Pestle is used to pound or ground ingredients.
12. Paring knife is used to pare or cut fruits and vegetables into
different sizes.
13. Pastry bag a funnel shaped container of icing or whipped
cream
14. Pastry blender has a handle and with wire which I used to
cut fat or shortening in the preparation of pies, biscuits or
doughnuts.
15. Pastry brush is used in greasing pans or surface of pastries
and breads.
16. Pastry tip- is a pointed metal or plastic tube connected to the
opening of the pastry and is used to form desired designs.
17. Pastry wheel has a blade knife used to cut dough when
making pastries.
18. Rotary egg beater is used in beating eggs or whipping cream.
19. Rolling pin is used to flatten or roll the dough.
20. Rubber scrapper is used to remove bits of food in side of the
bowl.
21. Spatula comes in different sizes; small spatula are used to
remove muffins and molded cookies from pans which is 5 to
6 inches; large spatula for icing or frosting cakes; flexible
blade is used for various purposes.
22. Strainer is used to strain or sift dry ingredients.
23. Timer is used to in timing baked products, the rising of
yeast and to check the doneness of cakes.
24. Weighing scale is used to measure ingredients in large
quantities.

25. Utility tray is used to hold ingredients together.

26. Wire whisk is used to beat or whip egg whites or cream.
27. Wooden spoon is also called mixing spoon which comes in
various sizes suitable for different types of mixing.

OVEN
Ovens are the workhorses of the bakery and pastry shop and are
essential for producing the bakery products. Ovens are enclosed
spaces in which food is heated, usually by hot air.
Several kinds of ovens are used in baking.
A. DECK OVENS are so called because the items to be baked
either on sheet pans or in the case of some bread
freestanding are
placed directly on the bottom, or deck
of oven. This is also called STACK OVEN because several
may be stacked on top of one another. Breads are baked
directly on the floor of the oven and not in pans. Deck
oven for baking bread are equipped with steam ejector.
RACK OVEN is a large oven into which entire racks full of
sheet pans can be
wheeled for baking.
2. MECHANICAL OVEN The food is in motion while it
bakes in this type of oven. The
most common types are a revolving oven, in which his
mechanism is like that of a
Ferris wheel. The mechanical action eliminates the problem
of hot spots or uneven
baking because the mechanism rotates throughout the oven.
Because of its size it is
especially used in high volume operations. It can also be
equipped with steam
ejector.
3. CONVECTION OVEN contains fans that circulate the
air and distribute the heat
rapidly throughout the interior. Strong forced air can distort
the shape of the products
made with batter and soft dough.
Dutch oven is a thick-walled (usually cast iron) cooking pot
with a tight-fitting lid. Dutch
ovens have been used as cooking vessels for hundreds of
years. They are called casserole dishes in English speaking
countries other than the USA, and cocottes in French, They are
similar to both the Japanese tetsunabe and the Sa, a traditional
Balkan cast-iron oven, and are related to the South African
Potjie and the Australian Bedourie oven.

Lesson 2
Perform mensuration and calculation
STANDARD TABLE OF WEIGHT AND MEASURES
1 tablespoon (T or tbsp)
= 3 teaspoon ( t or tsp. )
2 tablespoon
= 1/8 cup
4 tablespoon
= cup
5 1/3 tablespoon
= 1/3 cup
cup plus2 tablespoons = 7/8 cup
16 tablespoon
= 1 cup( c. )
2 cups
= 1 pint
4 cups
= 1 quart
16 ounces
= 1 pound
COMMON UNITSOF WEIGHT
1 pound ( lb.)
= 463.59 grams
1 ounce
= 28.35 grams
1 kilogram ( kg. )
= 2.21 pounds
1 gram
= .035 ounces
1 medium orange
= to cup ( slice )
1 medium apple
= 1 cup slice
14 oz. can condensed milk
= 1 cups
14 oz, can evaporated milk
= 1 2/3 cups
1 lb. brown sugar
= 2 cups (packed)
1 lb. confectioner sugar
= 3 cups
1 lb. confectioner sugar
= 2 cups
1 lb. nuts
= 4 cups
1 lb. dried nuts
= 2 cups
5 whole eggs
= 1 cup
12 egg yolks
= 1 cup
8 egg whites
= 1 cup
COMMON UNITS OF VOLUME
1 bushel (bu )
= 4 pecks
1 peck (pk )
= 8 quarts
1 gallon (gal.)
= 4 quart
1 quart
= 2 pints
= 964.4 milliliters
1 teaspoon ( tsp. or t.)
= 4.9 milliliters
1 tablespoon (T. or tbsp. )
= fluid ounce
= 14.8 milliliters
15 ounces raisins
= 3 cups
1 pound dates
= 2 - 3 cups
pint whipping cream
= 2 cups whipped creams
Exercise:
Directions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 2 cups = _________Tbsp
2. 6 cups = _________quarts
3, 2 kilo = _________ lbs.
4. c = _________ tablespoon
5. 3 cups = _________ pints
6. 2 pounds = _________ ounces
7. 4 tablespoon = _________ cup
8. 2 gallon = _________ quarts
9. 1/8 cup = _________ tablespoon
10. 2 gram = _________ ounces.

OVEN TEMPERATURE
C = F-32 X 5/9

F = C x 9/5 + 32

Given :
OF
= 100
Solution :

Given :
=
50
Solution

C = 100-32 X 5 /9
= 68 x 5 / 9
= 340 / 9
O
C = 37.78

50 x 9/5 +32
=
90 +32
= 122

Measure dry and liquid ingredients accurately

Note : for this lesson you need to see Operation Sheet
3.1

Lesson 3
SPECIFICATION OF TOOLS
Kitchen tools make cooking easier. There are different kinds
of kitchen tools, utensils, small appliances and cookware in the
market. Each has a different use and function.
A. Knives
Sharp, quality knives are important in the kitchen. They cut
better and are easier to work with than dull knives. Select knives
that are light, comfortable and balanced in your hand. It is
necessary to have the following knives in your kitchen:
1. Paring Knife is helpful for peeling fruits and vegetables.
2. Serrated Knife is ideal for cutting bread.
3. Chef's Knife is useful for most cutting and chopping jobs.
B. Cutting Boards
Always keep your counter tops clean and scratch-free. It is
important to have separate cutting boards for meat and vegetables
to prevent germs and cross contamination. Cutting boards are
made of many different materials from wood to plastic.
C. Measuring Cups/Measuring Spoons
Measuring cups is a necessity in the kitchen and of various
sizes which come in glass, metal or plastic. An angled measuring
cup is easy to read when measuring liquids.
Measuring spoons are also important for determining the
correct amount of dry or wet ingredients.
D. Spoons and Whisks
Long-handled, wooden or plastic spoons are necessary for
mixing and stirring. Other useful spoons are slotted spoons for
draining, ladles for serving soups and gravies, and pasta spoons
for keeping pasta separated. Whisks are useful tools for mixing
sauces, pancake batter, and whipping egg whites. An electric hand
mixer is important for mixing cakes and whipping potatoes.
E. Tongs and Spatulas
Tongs are useful for many jobs including turning food and
come in a variety of sizes.
Spatulas come in different materials like metal or plastic and
their purpose is to slide under food like burgers, cookies or
pancakes.
F. Mixing Bowls
Mixing bowls are essential in every kitchen. A variety of
sizes is useful for mixing ingredients and also for serving food.
These come in many colors and materials from stainless steel, to
plastic or colored glass.
G. Colander
You need to have at least one colander for draining liquid
from canned or cooked vegetables and pasta. Use it for washing
fresh fruits and vegetables. It's a good idea to select a colander
with stand, so it doesn't sit in the liquid which is draining in the
sink.
H. Miscellaneous Tools
A grater for shredding, shaving and zesting is a versatile tool
to have in the kitchen. Also, useful is a can opener, bottle opener.
A potato masher and vegetable peeler are always part of a wellstocked kitchen. A kitchen timer is important for timing recipes
accurately. A meat thermometer will assure the proper temperature
for food safety.
I. Safety tools of and equipment
The safety of tools and equipment is not only the concern of
the management, but of the workers who use the equipment as
well.

Proper maintenance and safety of tools and equipment

are important for the following reasons:
1. Good quality of service. Modern equipment has built-in
controls, thermometers and timing and regulating
devices. A breakdown of these devices may affect the
quality of the food being prepared and caused
slowdown in production and service.
2. Sanitation. Mechanical function of equipment like the
refrigerator and freezers encourages the development of
disease causing bacteria. Negligence of their cleanliness
leads to the growth of food-borne bacteria.
3. Fire prevention. Grease and dirt that gather in stove rims
and hoods are fire hazards. Daily inspection of
grease collecting equipment will minimize the
danger of fire.
4. Safety. Most food service accident happens in the kitchen.
This is due to lack of knowledge and training of
food worker in the use of tools and equipment.
5. Less cost of production. Expenses will be minimized if
tools and equipment are in good condition.

d. Bacteria-free sponge and some muscle

Sponges are great scrubbers which help to disinfect
your kitchen by cleaning away the food debris that bacteria
thrive on. To keep your sponges disinfected, wet them down
and place them in the microwave and heat for one minute
each.

Safety measures in the use of tools and equipment.

1. Store knives, choppers and cutting blades in designated
places. Label them.
2. Repair broken tools and equipment immediately.
3. Check wiring of electrical equipment regularly. Report
kitchen equipment that are not functioning.
4. Handle fragile tools or those tools made of glass with care.
Those with breaks should be discarded.
5. Store tools and equipment in a clean dry place. Do not
keep them when wet.

Other uses of disinfectants

1. Use a plain, liquid, vegetable-based soap or rub a
sponge with bar soap. You may add a few slices of
lemon to the water to help cut grease and make
dishes smell like lemon.
2. Use soap, water, and borax or sodium carbonate
monohydrate (washing soda). Wash large surfaces
with a solution of one-half cup borax dissolved in
one gallon of hot water.
3. Oven Cleaner
If there are spills, wipe away along with any
grease after each meal. Periodically clean with
baking soda and water.

TYPES AND USES OF CLEANING MATERIALS /

DISINFECTANT
Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms,
especially nonresistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than
sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical
process that kills all types of life.
Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms,
especially nonresistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than
sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical
process that kills all types of life.
1. Natural Cleaning Materials
a. Vinegar
Vinegar is a great natural cleaning product
as well as a disinfectant and deodorizer. Mix a solution of 1
part water to 1 part vinegar in a clean spray bottle and you have a
solution that will clean most areas of your kitchen. Don't worry
about your kitchen smelling like vinegar. The smell disappears
when it dries. You can use it in the kitchen for cleaning the stove
top, appliances counter tops, and floor. Improperly diluted vinegar
is acidic and can eat away tile grout. Never use vinegar on marble
surfaces.
b. Lemon juice
Lemon juice can be used to dissolve soap scum and
hard water deposits. Lemon is a great substance to clean and
shine brass and copper. Lemon juice can be mixed with
vinegar and or baking soda to make cleaning pastes. Cut a
lemon in half and sprinkle baking soda on the cut section.
Use the lemon to scrub dishes, surfaces, and stains. Mix 1
cup olive oil with cup lemon juice and you have a
furniture polish for your hardwood furniture
c. Baking Soda
Baking soda can be used to scrub surfaces in much the
same way as commercial abrasive cleansers. Baking soda is
great as a deodorizer. Place a box in the refrigerator and
freezer to absorb odors. Put it anywhere you need
deodorizing action.

e. Borax.
This common household product is another natural
cleaning powder, and like baking soda (but stronger) acts as
a kitchen disinfectant and stain remover. Borax is also used
to kill mould and mildew spores while removing their stains
making it great for mopping floors.
f. Tea tree oil
This natural, essential concentrated oil from the tea
tree is a natural disinfectant which removes mould and
mildew while also working to remove build-up from dirty
kitchen surfaces. Its completely non poisonous and perhaps
a bit more expensive than other natural cleaning products but
worthy due to the aromatic fragrance that will freshen up
areas as well as clean them.

Remove baked grease or spills by scrubbing with a

nonmetallic metal brush using a paste made of baking
soda, salt, and water.
Another option is to mix two tablespoons of liquid
dish soap, two teaspoons of borax into two cups of
warm water. Apply and let sit for 20 minutes and then
scrub.
Do not use any abrasive cleaning materials on
self-cleaning ovens.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE
Establishing a preventive maintenance program helps to
ensure that all equipment and tools function as intended.
Failure to perform maintenance activities during production
may increase the risk of microbial contamination. Preventive
maintenance includes periodic examination and maintenance
of tools and equipment. Saving money is one good reason in
performing preventive maintenance.
Preventive maintenance practices
Cutting Tools
1. Sharpen knives frequently including retractable
knives and disinfect before use.
2. Replace knives if damaged or if they cannot
otherwise be maintained in sanitary condition.
3. Frequently inspect cutting blades before and during
operation for damage, product residue build up or cleaning
needs.
4. Remove the blades and clean separately, and
remaining parts are disassembled (if possible) and cleaned
on regular basis.
5. Store them in their designated places.

Handy Tools
1. Protect all handy tools from dirt, rust and corrosion
by air drying them.
2. Wash and dry utensils with a clean dry rag before
storing them.
3. Rinse tools and utensils in very hot clean water to
sterilize them.
4. Have a periodic inspection and cleaning of tool.

Equipment
For longer and efficient use of baking equipment the
following pointers will be helpful:
Cleaning the Range
1. Switch off and remove the electric plug to allow the
range to cool before cleaning.
2. Remove and wipe food particles, burnt sediments and
grease away from top of the range.
3. Clean the parts thoroughly particularly those that are
removable. Clean the burners with a dry brush or with a
clean dry cloth.
4. Remove the grates before cleaning the entire oven.
Scrape the food particles carefully. Wash and dry the
removable parts very well.
Cleaning the mixer
1. Remove the detachable parts.
2. Wash the beaters and bowls after use.
3. Wipe the parts with dry cloth thoroughly.
PROPER STORAGE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
The proper care and storage of tools and equipment are
not only the concern of the management but of the workers
who use the equipment.
Importance of proper storage of tools and equipment
1. It is an important factor for safety and health as well
as good business.
2. Improves appearance of general-shop and
construction areas.
3. Reduces overall tool cost through maintenance.
4. This also ensures that tools are in good repair at
hand.
5. Teaches workers principles of (tool) accountability.
Pointers to follow in storing tools and equipment:
1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
2. Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for
immediate finding.
3. Store them near the point of use.
4. Wash and dry properly before storing.
5. Store knives properly when not in use with sharp
edge down.
6. Put frequently used items in conveniently accessible
locations.
7. Gather and secure electrical cords to prevent
entanglement or snagging.
8. Cutting boards should be stored vertically to avoid
moisture collection.
9. Metal equipment can be stacked on one another after
drying such as storage dishes and bowls.
10. Make sure the areas where you are storing the
equipment are clean, dry and not overcrowded.

Answer the following :

Write true if the statement is correct and false if the
statement is wrong.
_____1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
_____2. Label storage cabinet for ease of locating.
_____3. Put frequently used item far from the point of
use.
_____4. Store knives with sharp edge up.
_____5. Make sure that the areas used for storing
equipment are clean and dry.
_____6. At all times metal equipment cannot be stacked
on one another.
_____7. Cutting board should be stored horizontally to
avoid moisture collection.
_____8. Dry then wash properly before storing.
_____9. Do not overcrowd storage area.
_____10. Secure electrical cords to prevent
entanglement.

Lesson 4
Practice Occupational Safety and Health Procedures
HAZARD AND RISKS IDENTIFICATION AND
CONTROL
Hazards and Risks in the Workplace
Hazard is a term used to describe something that has
the potential to cause harm or adverse effects to individuals,
organizations property or equipment. Workplace hazards can
come from a wide range of sources. General examples
include any substance, material, process, practice, etc that
has the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a
person under certain conditions.
Types of workplace hazards include:
1. Safety hazards: Inadequate and insufficient machine
guards, unsafe workplace conditions, unsafe work
practices.
2. Biological hazards: Caused by organisms such as
viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
3. Chemical hazards: Solid, liquid, vapor or gaseous
substances, dust, fume or mist
4. Ergonomic hazards: Anatomical, physiological, and
psychological demands on the worker, such as
repetitive and forceful movements, vibration,
extreme temperatures, and awkward postures
arising from improper work methods and
improperly designed workstations, tools, and
equipment.
5. Physical hazards: Noise, vibration, energy, weather,
electricity, radiation and pressure
6. Psychological hazards: Those that are basically
causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard
troubles an individual very much to an extent that
his general well being is affected

****See What are Examples of Hazard *****

What is an adverse health effect?
A general definition of adverse health effect is
"any
change in body function or the structures of
cells that can lead to disease or health problems".
The following are adverse health effects.
Bodily injury
Disease
Change in the way the body functions, grows, or
develops
Effects on a developing fetus (teratogenic effects,
fetotoxic effects)
Effects on children, grandchildren, etc.
(inheritable
genetic effects)
Decrease in life span solvents
Effects on the ability to accommodate additional
stress

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letters

only.
A
B
_____ 1. is the chance or the probability
a. Adverse health
effect That a person will be harmed
b. Hazards
_____ 2. caused by organism such as
c. Chemical hazards
viruses, bacteria fungi and parasites
e. Physical
hazards
_____ 3. Is a source of potential damage, g. Ergonomic
hazards
harm or adverse health effects
i.Unsafe workplace
_____ 4. safety hazard d. Risks
j. Biological hazards
_____ 5. Vapor or gaseous substance
k. Trip hazards
_____ 6 . Slips, falls f. Wet floor
_____ 7. Noise vibration energy g. Ergonomic hazards
_____ 8. Decrease in life span h. Psychological hazards
_____ 9. Those that are basically causing
stress
_____10. Awkward posture arising from
improper work methods
k. Trip hazards