University of Engineering & Technology (UET)

Taxila
Computer Communication Networks LAB

EXPERIMENT # 10: Dynamic Routing (Link State)

Name of Student: ..
Roll No.:
Date of Experiment: ..
Report submitted on: ..

Marks obtained:
Remarks:
Instructors Signature: ...
Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 1

Dynamic Routing (Link State)

1. Objective
This lab exercise is designed to understand routing and procedure to setup OSPF on
routers.
2. Resources Required
Computer
Packet Tracer (version 5 or higher)
3. Introduction
A routing protocol is a protocol that specifies how routers communicate with each other,
disseminating information that enables them to select routes between any two nodes on a
computer network, the choice of the route being done by routing algorithms. Each router has a
priori knowledge only of networks attached to it directly. A routing protocol shares this
information first among immediate neighbors, and then throughout the network. This way,
routers gain knowledge of the topology of the network.
3.1 Types of Routing Protocols
There are two main types of routing protocols:
a) Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) is a routing protocol that is used to exchange routing
information within an autonomous system (AS). Examples are RIP, OSPF
b) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is for determining network reachability between
autonomous systems and makes use of IGPs to resolve routes within an AS. Examples
are BGP & EGP.
3.2 Types of Interior Gateway Routing Protocols
IGPs can be divided into following three types:
a) Distance vector: The distance-vector protocols find the best path to a remote network by
judging distance. Each time a packet goes through a router, thats called a hop. The route
with the least number of hops to the network is determined to be the best route. The
vector indicates the direction to the remote network. Both RIP and IGRP are distancevector routing protocols. They send the entire routing table to directly connected
neighbors.
b) Link state: In link-state protocols, also called shortest-path-first protocols, the routers
each create three separate tables. One of these tables keeps track of directly attached
neighbors, one determines the topology of the entire internetwork, and one is used as the
routing table. Link state routers know more about the internetwork than any distancevector routing protocol. OSPF is an IP routing protocol that is completely link state. Link
state protocols send updates containing the state of their own links to all other routers on
the network.
c) Hybrid: Hybrid protocols use aspects of both distance vector and link statefor
example, EIGRP.
Theres no set way of configuring routing protocols for use with every business. This is
something you really have to do on a case-by-case basis. If you understand how the different
routing protocols work, you can make good, solid decisions that truly meet the individual needs
of any business.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 2

3.3 Administrative Distance & Metric

Metric is a property of a route in computer networking, consisting of any value used by routing
algorithms to determine whether one route should perform better than another. It is used to
choose the best route among the routes found by same routing protocol.
Administrative distance is the measure used by Cisco routers to select the best path when there
are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols.
Administrative distance defines the reliability of a routing protocol. Each routing protocol is
prioritized in order of most to least reliable (believable) using an administrative distance value.
Remember! Smaller value (metric or administrative distance) means better route and
Administrative Distance has preference over Metric.
4. Procedure
1. Open Packet Tracer 5 and setup a network similar to the following network. Use
Cisco 2950T switch & Cisco 2621XM router.

2. The different thing is the red link which is serial link (used for WAN). By default,
it is not available so we have to add the modules to the router. Double click on
any router. Turn it off by using power button on the router figure in Physical tab.
On left side modules bar is present. Drag two WIC-2T to smaller blank space and
one NM-8A/S to larger blank space. Now, turn on the router using power switch.
Do the same on second router. Then use Serial DTE or Serial DCE link from
Connections. The router interface that is chosen first becomes that of that type
while the second one becomes the other e.g if you choose DTE and click first
router, it becomes DTE while the second one becomes DCE and vice versa. Just

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 3

remember that by default all serial interfaces are DTE so we have to provide
clocking on the DCE one!

3. Use the following values to setup IP addresses on respective interfaces.

Router
Lab_A
Lab_A
Lab_A
Lab_B
Lab_B
Lab_B
Lab_C
Lab_C
Lab_C

Network Address
192.168.10.0
192.168.20.0
192.168.50.0
192.168.30.0
192.168.20.0
192.168.40.0
192.168.60.0
192.168.40.0
192.168.70.0

Interface
fa0/0
s1/0
s1/1
fa0/0
s1/0
s1/1
fa0/0
s1/0
s1/1

Address
192.168.10.1
192.168.20.1
192.168.50.1
192.168.30.1
192.168.20.2
192.168.40.1
192.168.60.1
192.168.40.2
192.168.70.1

A sample configuration is given as under

Router>en
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname Lab_A
Lab_A(config)#interface fa0/0
Lab_A(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Lab_A(config-if)#description Lab_A LAN Connection
Lab_A(config-if)#no shut
Lab_A(config-if)#interface serial 1/0
Lab_A(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Lab_A(config-if)#description WAN Connection to Lab_B
Lab_A(config-if)#no shut
Lab_A(config-if)#interface serial 1/1
Lab_A(config-if)#ip address 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0
Lab_A(config-if)#no shut

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 4

Lab_A(config-if)#exit
Lab_A(config)#banner motd #
This is the Lab_A router
#
Lab_A(config)#^z
Lab_A#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]? [Enter]
Lab_A#
Before you jump in and configure a serial interface, there are a couple of things you need to
know. First, the interface will usually be attached to a CSU/DSU type of device that provides
clocking for the line to the router. But if you have a back-to-back configuration (for example,
one thats used in a lab environment), one endthe data communication equipment (DCE) end
of the cablemust provide clocking. By default, Cisco routers are all data terminal equipment
(DTE) devices, so you must tell an interface to provide clocking if you need it to act like a DCE
device.
To check the DCE interface, just bring your mouse over serial link, the interface with whose
name you see a
(clock symbol) is the DCE one. You configure a DCE serial interface with the
clock rate command:
Lab_B(config)#interface serial 1/0
Lab_B(config-if)#clock rate ?
<300-4000000> Choose clockrate from list above
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Notice that the clock rate command is in bits per second.
Configure the PCs and Switches too. Make sure all devices are communicating with each other
(use ping to verify).
Now you must have noticed that routers can communicate with devices directly connected to
them. PC0-PC2 and Switch0 can communicate with Lab_A router & in between themselves but
cant with Lab_B router and Switch1 & PC2-PC5 and vice versa.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 5

4.1 Configuring OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Configuring basic OSPF isnt as simple as RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP, and it can get really complex
once the many options that are allowed within OSPF are factored in. The following sections
describe how to configure single area OSPF.
These two elements are the basic elements of OSPF configuration:

Enabling OSPF
Configuring OSPF areas

4.1.1 Enabling OSPF

The easiest and also least scalable way to configure OSPF is to just use a single area. Doing this
requires a minimum of two commands.
The command you use to activate the OSPF routing process is:
Lab_A(config)#router ospf ?
<1-65535>
A value in the range 165,535 identifies the OSPF Process ID. Its a unique number on this
router that groups a series of OSPF configuration commands under a specific running process.
Different OSPF routers dont have to use the same Process ID in order to communicate. Its
purely a local value that essentially has little meaning, but it cannot start at 0, it has to start at a
minimum of 1.
You can have more than one OSPF process running simultaneously on the same router if you
want, but this isnt the same as running multi-area OSPF. The second process will maintain an
entirely separate copy of its topology table and manage its communications independently of the
first process. Objectives of this lab only cover single-area OSPF with each router running a
single OSPF process.
4.1.2 Configuring OSPF Areas
After identifying the OSPF process, you need to identify the interfaces that you want to activate
OSPF communications on, as well as the area in which each resides. This will also configure the
networks youre going to advertise to others. OSPF uses wildcards in the configuration.
Heres an OSPF basic configuration example for you:
Lab_A#config t
Lab_A(config)#router ospf 1
Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area ?
<0-4294967295> OSPF area ID as a decimal value
A.B.C.D OSPF area ID in IP address format
Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Remember, the OSPF Process ID number is irrelevant. It can be the same on every router on the
network, or it can be differentdoesnt matter. Its locally significant and just enables the OSPF
routing on the router.
The arguments of the network command are the network number (10.0.0.0) and the wildcard
mask (0.255.255.255). The combination of these two numbers identifies the interfaces that OSPF

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 6

will operate on, and will also be included in its OSPF LSA advertisements. OSPF will use this
command to find any interface on the router configured in the 10.0.0.0 network, and it will place
any interface it finds into area 0. You can also label an area using an IP address format.
A quick review of wildcards, a 0 octet in the wildcard mask indicates that the corresponding
octet in the network must match exactly. On the other hand, a 255 indicates that you dont care
what the corresponding octet is in the network number. A network and wildcard mask
combination of 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 would match 1.1.1.1 only, and nothing else. This is really useful if
you want to activate OSPF on a specific interface in a very clear and simple way. If you insist on
matching a range of networks, the network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.0.0
0.0.255.255 would match anything in the range 1.1.0.01.1.255.255. Because of this, its simpler
and safer to stick to using wildcard masks of 0.0.0.0 and identify each OSPF interface
individually.
The final argument is the area number. It indicates the area to which the interfaces identified in
the network and wildcard mask portion belong. Remember that OSPF routers will only become
neighbors if their interfaces share a network thats configured to belong to the same area number.
The format of the area number is either a decimal value from the range 14,294,967,295 or a
value represented in standard dotted-decimal notation. For example, area 0.0.0.0 is a legitimate
area, and is identical to area 0.
Lets configure our network with OSPF using just area 0. The simplest and easiest way to
configure OSPF is to use the wildcard mask of 0.0.0.0. We can configure each router differently
with OSPF and still come up with the exact same result.
Lab_A
So heres the Lab_A routers configuration:
Lab_A#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_A(config)#router ospf 1
Lab_A(config-router)#network 192.168.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Lab_A(config-router)#network 192.168.20.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Lab_A(config-router)#network 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Lab_A(config-router)#^Z
Lab_A#
So why did we use OSPF 1? It really doesnt matterthe number is irrelevant!
The two network commands are pretty straightforward. We typed in the IP address of each
interface and used the wildcard mask of 0.0.0.0, which means that the IP address must match
each octet exactly. Now, lets go on to Lab_B. Were going to use a different configuration.
Lab_B
The Lab_B router is directly connected to networks 20, 30 and 40. Instead of typing in each
interface, we can use one network command and still make it work:
Lab_B#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 7

Lab_B(config)#router ospf 132

Lab_B(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Lab_B(config-router)#^Z
Lab_B#
This is a fast and efficient configuration. We turned on OSPF routing process 1 and added the
network command 192.168.0.0 with a wildcard of 0.0.255.255. What this said is just, Find any
interface that starts with 192.168, and place those interfaces into area 0. Quick and easy!
Lab_C
Lets give the Lab_C router thats directly connected to networks 40, 60 and 70 some attention:
Lab_C#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_C(config)#router ospf 100
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.60.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.70.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Lab_C(config-router)#^Z
Lab_C#
Now that weve configured all the routers with OSPF, what do we do next? We still have to
make sure that OSPF is really working! We will do that in the next section.
4.1.3 Verifying OSPF Configuration
There are several ways to verify proper OSPF configuration and operation, and in the following
sections Ill show you the OSPF show commands you need to know in order to do this. Were
going to start by taking a quick look at the routing table of each router.
So, lets issue a show ip route command on the Lab_A router:
Lab_A#sh ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:30, Serial1/0
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/128] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:30, Serial1/0
O 192.168.60.0/24 [110/129] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:30, Serial1/0
Lab_A#
The Lab_A router shows the OSPF found routes for networks 30, 40, and 50, with the O
representing OSPF internet routes.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 8

Now lets see what the Lab_B router found:

Lab_B#sh ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.20.1, 00:07:02, Serial1/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O 192.168.60.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.40.2, 00:07:02, Serial1/1
Lab_B#
The Lab_B router shows the OSPF found routes for 10 and 60nice!
One more router to verifyLab C:
Lab_C#sh ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/129] via 192.168.40.1, 00:02:14, Serial1/0
O 192.168.20.0/24 [110/128] via 192.168.40.1, 00:02:14, Serial1/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.40.1, 00:02:14, Serial1/0
C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 192.168.60.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Lab_C#
The Lab_C router shows all the routes in the network, so even though each router was
configured differently with OSPF, notice that everything is working great.
a) The show ip ospf Command
The show ip ospf command is used to display OSPF information for one or all OSPF processes
running on the router. Information contained therein includes the Router ID, area information,
SPF statistics, and LSA timer information. Lets check out the output from the Lab_A router:
Lab_A#sho ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 192.168.50.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
Area has no authentication

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 9

SPF algorithm executed 3 times

Area ranges are
Number of LSA 3. Checksum Sum 0x017ee0
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Notice the Router ID (RID) of 192.168.50.1, which is the highest IP address in the router.
b) The show ip ospf database Command
The information displayed by the show ip ospf database command indicates the number of links
and the neighboring routers ID and is the topology database mentioned earlier. The output is
broken down by area. Heres a sample output, again from Lab A:
Lab_A#sh ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (192.168.50.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum Link count
192.168.50.1 192.168.50.1 1728
0x80000005 0x0078fb 3
192.168.40.1 192.168.40.1 1728
0x80000005 0x009067 5
192.168.70.1 192.168.70.1 1728
0x80000004 0x00757e 3
Lab_A#
The router output shows the link ID (remember that an interface is also a link) and the RID of the
router on that link under the ADV router (advertising router).
c) The show ip ospf interface Command
The show ip ospf interface command displays all interface-related OSPF information. Data is
displayed about OSPF information for all interfaces or for specified interfaces. The information
displayed by this command includes:
Interface IP address
Area assignment
Process ID
Router ID
Network type
Cost
Priority
DR/BDR election information (if applicable)
Hello and Dead timer intervals
Adjacent neighbor information

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 10

Heres the output from the Lab_A router:

Lab_A#show ip ospf interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.10.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.50.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.50.1, Interface address 192.168.10.1
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:00
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 192.168.20.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.50.1, Network Type POINT-TO-POINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT-TO-POINT, Priority 0
No designated router on this network
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:00
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1 , Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.40.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
d) The show ip ospf neighbor Command
The show ip ospf neighbor command is super-useful because it summarizes the pertinent OSPF
information regarding neighbors and the adjacency state. If a DR or BDR exists, that information
will also be displayed. Heres a sample:
Lab_A#sh ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
192.168.40.1
Lab_A#

Pri State
0 FULL/ -

Dead Time Address

Interface
00:00:39 192.168.20.2 Serial1/0

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 11

e) The show ip protocols Command

The show ip protocols command is also useful whether youre running OSPF, EIGRP, IGRP,
RIP, BGP, IS-IS, or any other routing protocol that can be configured on your router. It provides
an excellent overview of the actual operation of all currently running protocols.
Check out the output from the Lab_A router:
Lab_A#sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.50.1
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
192.168.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
192.168.20.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
192.168.40.1
110 00:03:29
192.168.50.1
110 00:03:28
192.168.70.1
110 00:03:29
Distance: (default is 110)
Lab_A#
Based upon this output, you can determine the OSPF Process ID, OSPF Router ID, type of OSPF
area, networks and areas configured for OSPF, and OSPF Router IDs of neighbors thats a lot.
4.2 OSPF and Loopback Interfaces
Configuring loopback interfaces when using the OSPF routing protocol is important, and Cisco
suggests using them whenever you configure OSPF on a router. Loopback interfaces are logical
interfaces, which are virtual, software-only interfaces; they are not real router interfaces. Using
loopback interfaces with your OSPF configuration ensures that an interface is always active for
OSPF processes.
They can be used for diagnostic purposes as well as OSPF configuration. The reason you want to
configure a loopback interface on a router is because if you dont, the highest IP address on a
router will become that routers RID. The RID is used to advertise the routes as well as elect the
DR and BDR.
Lets say that you are not using loopback interfaces and the serial interface of your router is the
RID of the router because it has the highest IP address of active interfaces. If this interface goes
down, then a re-election must occur on who is going to be the DR and BDR on the network.
What happens if this is a flapping link (going up/down)?
The routers will not converge because the election is never completed. This is obviously a
problem with OSPF. In the following sections, you will see how to configure loopback
interfaces, and how to verify loopback addresses and RIDs.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 12

4.2.1 Configuring Loopback Interfaces

Configuring loopback interfaces is the easiest part of OSPF configuration. From previous lab
first, lets see what the RID is on the Lab_A router with the show ip ospf command:
Lab_A#sh ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 192.168.50.1
[output cut]
We can see that the RID is 192.168.50.1, or the serial 1/1 interface of the router. So lets
configure a loopback interface using a completely different IP addressing scheme:
Lab_A#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_A(config)#int loopback 0
Lab_A(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.255
Lab_A(config-if)#no shut
Lab_A(config-if)#^Z
Lab_A#
The IP scheme really doesnt matter here, but each router has to be in a separate subnet. Lets
configure lab_B now:
Lab_B#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_B(config)#int lo0
Lab_B(config-if)#ip address 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.255
Lab_B(config-if)#no shut
Lab_B(config-if)#^Z
Lab_B#
Here is the configuration of the loopback interface on Lab_C:
Lab_C#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_C(config)#int lo0
Lab_C(config-if)#ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.255
Lab_C(config-if)#no shut
Lab_C(config-if)#^Z
Lab_C#
You may be wondering what the IP address mask of 255.255.255.255 (/32) means and why we
dont just use 255.255.255.0 instead. Well, either mask works, but the /32 mask is called a host
mask and works fine for loopback interfaces.
The only question left to answer is whether you want to advertise the loopback interfaces under
OSPF. There are pros and cons to using an address that wont be advertised, versus using an
address that will be. Using an unadvertised address saves on real IP address space, but the

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 13

address wont appear in the OSPF table, so you cant ping it. So basically, what youre faced
with here is a choice that equals a trade-off between the ease of debugging the network and
conservation of address spacewhat to do? A really tight strategy is to use a private IP address
scheme as we did here in configuration.
4.2.2 Verifying Loopbacks and RIDs
To verify your loopback addresses, use show running-configits the easiest way to do it:
Lab_C#show running-config
!
hostname Lab_C
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.255
And to verify the new RIDs of each router, you can use the show ip ospf interface command, the
show ip ospf database, or just the show ip ospf command. All three are shown below:
Lab_C#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (172.16.30.1) (Process ID 100)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum Link count
172.16.30.1 172.16.30.1 206
0x80000003 0x004d72 3
172.16.10.1 172.16.10.1 208
0x80000003 0x004cf6 3
172.16.20.1 172.16.20.1 203
0x80000005 0x009f44 5
The show ip ospf database shows the RID in the first line of output. The show ip ospf interface
also displays this information, but you have to dig for it a little more:
Lab_C#show ip ospf interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 172.16.60.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 100, Router ID 172.16.30.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 172.16.30.1, Interface address 172.16.60.1
No backup designated router on this network
[output cut]
The show ip ospf command shows the RID in the first line of output:
Lab_C#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 100" with ID 172.16.30.1
[output cut]
An important thing to keep in mind is that for some models the new RIDs didnt show up after
setting the loopback interface on each router until routers are rebooted.

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 14

University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Taxila

Computer Communication Networks Lab
LAB WORKSHEET (Lab # 10)
Q.1 Write one example each of Distance Vector, Link State & Hybrid IGPs.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Q.2 What OSPF stands for and what is its Administrative Distance?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Q.3 What is the difference between subnet mask and wildcard mask?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Q.4 Differentiate Distance Vector and Link State routing protocols.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Computer Communication Networks Lab

Page 15