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    Cell Site Design

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    Rina Dwi Yunitasari
    This document provides an introduction to cellular radio access systems and cell site design. It discusses the basic components of transmitters and receivers used in cellular systems including signal sources, modulators, power amplifiers, filters, feedlines, antennas, and more. It also covers performance criteria for receivers such as sensitivity, dynamic range, and selectivity. The document summarizes different types of antennas including omnidirectional, sectoral, and base station antennas. It describes concepts like antenna downtilt, link budget, and types of cell sites.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cell Site Design

    Uploaded by

    Rina Dwi Yunitasari
    320 views37 pages
    This document provides an introduction to cellular radio access systems and cell site design. It discusses the basic components of transmitters and receivers used in cellular systems including signal sources, modulators, power amplifiers, filters, feedlines, antennas, and more. It also covers performance criteria for receivers such as sensitivity, dynamic range, and selectivity. The document summarizes different types of antennas including omnidirectional, sectoral, and base station antennas. It describes concepts like antenna downtilt, link budget, and types of cell sites.

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    pengenalan cell site design

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    This document provides an introduction to cellular radio access systems and cell site design. It discusses the basic components of transmitters and receivers used in cellular systems including signal sources, modulators, power amplifiers, filters, feedlines, antennas, and more. It also covers performance criteria for receivers such as sensitivity, dynamic range, and selectivity. The document summarizes different types of antennas including omnidirectional, sectoral, and base station antennas. It describes concepts like antenna downtilt, link budget, and types of cell sites.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    320 views37 pages

    Cell Site Design

    Uploaded by

    Rina Dwi Yunitasari
    This document provides an introduction to cellular radio access systems and cell site design. It discusses the basic components of transmitters and receivers used in cellular systems including signal sources, modulators, power amplifiers, filters, feedlines, antennas, and more. It also covers performance criteria for receivers such as sensitivity, dynamic range, and selectivity. The document summarizes different types of antennas including omnidirectional, sectoral, and base station antennas. It describes concepts like antenna downtilt, link budget, and types of cell sites.

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    TE 4103 SISTEM KOMUNIKASI BERGERAK

    Pengenalan Cell Site Design

    Cellular Radio Access System

    PSTN
    MSC

    BTS1/cell site 1

    Packet/IP
    Network
    BTS1/cell site n

    Radio (Tx & Rx) System

    Signal
    Source
    (Voice,
    data, etc)

    propagation
    Txer

    PA

    Rxer
    Tx filter

    feedline

    Signal
    Information

    Rx filter Pre-Amp

    Signal Source: Informasi & Baseband Processing.


    Tx-er: Modulator, Channel Encoder, Interleaver, etc.
    PA: Power Amplifier.
    Feedline: Cable, Connector and Jumper.
    Pre-Amp: LNA.
    Rx-er: Demodulator, Channel Decoder, De-Interleaver, etc.

    Structure of Transmitter

    Connector
    Info
    Signal

    BB
    Processing

    Jumper
    Mod

    PA

    Depend on
    type of Mod used

    Jumper

    Cable

    BB Processing: to process analog signal into digital signal & other


    processing
    Mod: translate from BB freq. To RF freq depend on type of cellular
    system being used e.g. G-MSK modulator for GSM.
    Power Amp:
    - Class A: high linearity
    - Class B: greater output power more efficient than Class A, but less linear
    - Class AB: combined adv. of class A & B become widely used in
    wireless.
    - Class C: more power efficient widely used in wireless

    Generic Structure of Rxer


    Antenna

    Rxer

    jumper
    PA

    filter
    feedline

    1
    2
    .
    .
    .
    N

    Multicoupler/
    RF Distributor

    IF

    IF

    Chanel
    Encoder

    LO

    Block diagram of Rxer varies depend on type of modulation, encoder, and/ or base
    band processing.
    Parameters to be considered are:
    - frequency range
    - dynamic range
    - sensitivity
    - distortion
    - noise
    - tuning speed

    Data/
    Signal

    Transmitting Combiners

    Allows multiple transmitters to feed


    single antenna, providing
    Minimum power loss from transmitter
    to antenna
    Maximum isolation between
    transmitters

    Combiner types
    Tuned
    low insertion loss ~1-3 dB
    transmitter frequencies must be
    significantly separated

    Hybrid
    insertion loss -3 dB per stage
    no restriction on transmitter

    frequencies
    Linear amplifier
    Linearity and intermodulation are
    major design and operation issues

    Receiver Components
    Antenna: to convert electromagnetic energy from atmosfer electric
    energy and transfer it to feed line
    Feed line
    = Connector

    Jumper

    Cable

    Jumper

    Jumper to ease maintenance and installation

    Filter & Pre-Amplifier:


    Filter: to pass the wanted signal & attenuated the
    interference designed to work according to the intended
    bands
    Pre-Amplifier is used to increased S/N of received
    signals.

    Receiver Components
    Multicoupler:
    - used for RF distribution
    - many signals/users can share the same receive antenna:
    signal
    1:4
    Splitter

    RFin

    #1
    #2
    #3
    #4

    1:4
    Splitter
    1:4
    Splitter

    # 13
    # 14
    # 15
    # 16

    Performance Criteria of Receivers


    Sensitivity:
    - ability to detect a weak signals, measured by minimum discernible signal
    (MDS).
    - MDS is measured by turning off the AGC, input a signal with correct BW, and
    increasing the signal output from generator until S + N = 3 dB higher than 0 when
    there is no signal.
    - Sensitivity incorporate thermal noise, NF and BW, defined as:

    Sen = 10 log (kTB) + 10 log (Channel BW) + NF


    where: 10 log (kTB) = -174 dBm/Hz for T = 25oC,
    B = 840 MHz and k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

    Sen = -174 + 10 log(W) + NF

    where: W = Channel Bandwidth


    e.g. for IS-9 W = 1.23 MHz
    S = -174 + 10 log (1.23 x 106) + 4 = 109.1 dBm
    GSM W = 200 kHz
    S = -174 + 10 log (2 x 105) + 4 = -117 dBm

    Performance Criteria of Receiver


    Dynamic Range
    a range of levels of the signal that receiver can handle accurately.
    blocking DR is defined from MDS to 1 dB compression point.
    spurious free DR (SFDR) is defined from MDS to a specified 3rd order intermodulation level.

    Intercept point

    Output power, dBm

    1-dB compression

    Linear operation

    Signal slope
    Spurious free
    dynamic range
    Input power, dBm

    - e.g. a range from -13 to -104 dBm DR = 91 dB

    Third order
    Input power
    causing burnout
    Noise level

    Performance Criteria of Receiver

    SINAD (signal to noise and distortion) :

    SND
    dB
    ND
    Noise = thermal noise + other noises:
    affect overall performance of receiver
    quantified by Noise Figure, NF:
    S
    N input
    NF 10 log
    S
    N output
    SINAD

    Selectivity :
    a measure of protection from off channel interference.
    depend upon filtering.
    greater selectivity means better rejection to unwanted signal
    however if too selective, the signal could be distorted.

    4 Basic Antenna System

    Ground plane

    G=2.14 dBi

    G=4 dBi

    a. Dipole

    b. monopole

    conductor

    Feed point
    dielectric

    Ground plane

    c. Loop

    d. Microstrip/ patch

    Base Station Antenna


    Use antenna with higher gain
    Could be omnidirectional or sectoral depending on cell type
    Collinear antenna:

    feeder

    Omnidirectional
    Radiation
    Pattern

    main lobe

    S
    line

    boresight

    (elevation)
    side lobe

    Base Station Antenna


    Log periodic dipole array (LPDA)

    Transmission
    line

    Directional Radiation
    Pattern

    Dipoles

    - very wide BW, with constant SWR


    - typical gain 10 dBi

    Yagi antenna

    main lobe

    Reflector Driven element (dipole) Directors

    - BW is smaller than LPDA


    - typical gain 12 14 dB

    back lobe

    side lobe

    main lobe

    Omni Antennas
    Collinear Vertical Arrays
    The family of omni-directional
    wireless
    antennas:
    Number of elements determines
    Physical size
    Gain
    Beamwidth, first null angle

    Models with many elements have


    very narrow beamwidths
    Require stable mounting and
    careful alignment
    be sure nulls do not fall in
    important coverageareas

    Rod and grid reflectors are


    sometimes added for mild
    directivity

    Sector Antennas
    Reflectors And Vertical Arrays
    Typical commercial sector antennas
    are vertical combinations of dipoles,
    yagis, or log-periodic elements with
    reflector (panel or grid) backing:
    Vertical plane pattern is determined
    by number of vertically-separated
    elements
    varies from 1 to 8, affecting mainly
    gain and vertical plane beamwidth

    Horizontal plane pattern is


    determined by:
    number of horizontally-spaced
    elements
    shape of reflectors (is reflector
    folded?)

    Vertical Depression Angles

    Types Of Downtilt

    Antenna Downtilt

    Antenna Downtilt : Reduce


    Interference

    Antenna Downtilt : Avoid Overshoot

    SWR of Antenna
    Amplitude
    Vmax

    Vmin

    SWR = Vmax/Vmin, define the matching level between antenna and


    feeder line
    Reflection coefficient:

    SWR 1
    SWR 1

    where represent a percent of reflected power defined by:


    2

    Re turn Loss 10 log 2

    Performance Criteria of Antenna


    Front to Back Ratio, is ratio between main lobe & back lobe,
    very impotant for directional antenna.
    Spatial diversity:
    d

    Rx2

    Rx1

    d
    h

    h 835
    x
    11
    f

    ( feet )

    where f is in MHz

    Performance Criteria of Antenna

    Antenna pattern, defined at azimuth and elevation orientation either


    omni or bidirectional antenna
    Main lobe & side lobe, the lower side lobe the better resistance to
    interference
    Input impedance, usually complex matching input ipedance and feeder line
    impedance is very critical to have maximum power transfer from feeder to
    antenna
    Beamwidth, usually defined as angular separation where there is 3 dB
    reduction from bore-sight
    Directivity & Gain, is ratio of radiation intensity at wanted direction and
    coverage radiation intensity over all direction

    G .D

    Bandwidth, define operating range of antenna, limited by SWR. A typical


    BW is for SWR 1:1.2 at the band edge.
    Polarization, defined by orientation of

    Antenna Installation
    d

    Rx2

    Tx

    Rx2

    Tx

    Rx1

    a) Tower
    Rx1

    b) Roof Top, Edge of Building

    c) Roof Top

    Rx1

    sector 1
    Rx2

    Tx

    d
    d
    Tx

    2
    Rx1
    3

    Rx2

    d) Wall Mounting

    Antenna Installation Tolerance


    Apply to physical oriented & plumbness of its installation
    For omnidirectional antenna, it is unnecessary. But for directi-onal
    antenna it is very critical
    Usually taken +/- 5% from antenna horizontal/azimuth pattern.

    Table: Horizontal Antenna Tolerance


    Azimuth/Horizontal Pattern

    Tolerance from Bore


    Sight

    110O
    92O
    60O
    40O

    +/- 5.5o
    +/- 4.5o
    +/- 3.0o
    +/- 2.0o

    Antenna Isolation
    Tx

    x
    Tx

    y
    Rx

    Rx

    a. vertical

    b) horizontal
    y
    dB

    VI 28 40 log
    where y

    x
    HI 22 20 log dB

    where x 10

    c. slant

    HI dB
    o
    90
    where slant angle
    SI VI HI

    Link Budget

    TXer

    path loss
    Txer
    component

    Rxer
    component

    link budget component

    RXer

    Dasar Pemahaman Link Budget

    Parameter yang harus diperhatikan pada Link Budget


    1. Ptx = Daya pancar BTS
    2. Daya Threshold = level tertentu, tergantung dari service yang
    diberikan, dan QoS yang dicapai
    3. FM = Fading Margin, diberikan jika diperlukan (pada siskomsat
    tidak perlu FM)
    4. Lp = Loss Propagasi
    5. Prx = Level daya penerima MS
    6. Lfr = Rx filter loss (dB)
    7. Grx = Gain antena MS
    8. Lp = redaman propagasi (dB)
    9. Gtx = Gain antena BTS (dB)
    10. Lft = Tx filter loss (dB)
    11. Energy to Noise Density Ratio (Eb/No) = kualitas sinyal di
    penerima sangat baik

    Link Budget Up Link


    Frequency range, MHz
    Mobile parameters
    - Tx PA output (max)
    - Cable loss
    - Antenna gain
    -------- (Subsc. ERP max,
    dB)
    Environmental margins
    - Fading margin
    - Environmental attenuation
    - Cell overlap
    -------------------- (dB)

    Base station parameters


    - Rx ant. gain Rx jumper
    loss
    - Rx tower top amp gain
    (net)
    - Rx cable loss
    - Rx ligthning arrester loss
    - Rx duplexer loss
    - Rx diversity gain
    - Rx coding gain
    - Rx sensitivity
    ------- Up-link budget, dB

    Link Budget Down Link


    Environmental margins
    Frequency range, MHz
    - Tx diversity gain
    Base station parameters
    - Fading margin
    - Environmental
    - Tx PA output power
    attenuation
    - Tx combiner loss
    - Cell overlap
    - Tx duplexer loss
    (dB)
    - Tx ligthning arrester loss
    Mobile parameters
    - Tx cable loss
    - Antenna gain
    - Tx jumper loss
    - Rx diversity gain
    - Tx tower top amp gain
    - Antenna cable loss
    - Coding gain
    - Tx antenna gain
    - Rx sensitivity
    (Cell ERP,
    ---------- Down-link budget,
    dB)
    dB

    Type of Cell Site/BTS (1)


    Tx
    Rx11
    Rx1

    Rx1

    Tx

    Rx2

    Rx21

    Tx1

    Rx2
    Rx12

    120o
    Tx2

    Rx32
    Tx3

    Monopole

    a) Omni cell

    Roof Top

    b) 3 Sectors

    Rx22
    Rx31

    Type of Cell Site/BTS (2)


    Micro- or pico-cell antenna

    1
    R

    Traffic light
    R

    2
    T

    60

    R
    R

    R
    T

    3
    T

    R
    R

    R
    R

    c) 6 sectors

    d) Microcell or picocell

    Cell Site Design (1)


    Search area
    Site Qualification Test
    (SQT)

    Site
    Accepted?

    Planning and
    Zoning Board
    EMF Compliance
    Site activation

    Cell Site Design (2)


    Search Area:
    - searching area to place cell site/BTS that meet the specifications
    - plot the propagation path, including clearance
    - mapping the area for planning & documentation

    SQT:
    - to assure the area is a viable candidate for a cell site by
    measurements
    - include a sketch of the location, antenna type, height, ERP, path
    clearance,
    and do callibration

    Site acceptance:
    - if SQT is positive then the area is accepted to place a cell site
    - if not, then area is rejected
    - both site acceptance and rejection should be documented

    Cell Site Design (3)


    Planning and zoning board:
    - why the site is needed
    - how the site will improve the network
    - drawing the sketch of site

    Electromagnetic Force (EMF) Compliance:


    - EMF identify the source of EM from the site itself and surrounding
    area
    - to ensure it complies with personal safety and government regulation
    - incorporated the type of Txer, power, frequency range, etc
    - method for calculating EMF, e.g. IEEE C95.1 1991 standard

    Site activation:
    - when every steps above is OK, the cell site/BTS could be placed and
    turn on

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