Ch.

22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31

1. Throughout the 1920s, the performance of the United States economy

A. saw ten straight years of continuous growth.
B. struggled with a persistent high rate of inflation.
C. saw per capita income flatten while manufacturing output soared.
D. saw nearly uninterrupted prosperity coupled with severe inequalities.
E. experienced a severe recession in 1923 that lasted two years.

2. During the 1920s, airplanes

A. experienced a great increase in commercial travel.
B. had no practical use.
C. were used almost exclusively for military purposes.
D. saw the development of the first experimental jet engines.
E. were largely a source of entertainment. Pg 634

3. During the 1920s, the trend toward industrial consolidation

A. was most pronounced in the large-scale, mass-production sector.
B. was slowing considerably throughout the decade.
C. encouraged new competition. PG 635
D. was most rapid in industries less dependent on technology.
E. bypassed the steel and automobile industries.

4. In the 1920s, “welfare capitalism”

A. encouraged employees to form single-industry labor unions.
B. was a paternalistic approach used by corporate leaders on their workers. PG 635
C. gave workers a measure of control over their industry.
D. required corporations to provide some relief for unemployed workers.
E. forced workers to donate much of their salaries to the less fortunate.

5. In the workplace, the “open shop” meant

A. no worker was required to join a union. PG 637
B. skilled workers were required to join a craft union.
C. labor unions had the right to organize that particular industry.
D. workers had no right to join a union.
E. workers would be allowed to come and go as they pleased.

6. In the 1920s, the idea of agricultural “parity” was

A. to match crop production with demand.
B. to ensure farmers would at least financially break even.PG 638
C. strongly opposed by Congress.
D. to equalize the average farmer income with the average industrial worker income.
E. invalidated by the passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.

7. The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921

A. promoted the establishment of daycare centers for the children of working women.
 B. provided federal funds for child health-care programs. PG 645
C. was criticized for its promotion of birth control.
D. was promoted by the American Medical Association.
E. was promoted by the National Women’s Party.

8. The National Origins Act of 1924

A. entirely banned immigration from East Asia to the United States. PG 649
B. discriminated against northwestern Europeans.
C. was designed to alter the sources but not the overall number of immigrants.
D. included a quota system for the first time.
E. set a rigid limit of 150,000 immigrants a year.

9. The Scopes trial of 1925 was a legal battle between

A. blacks and whites.
B. urban and rural society.
C. nativists and immigrants.
D. U.S. Steel and the Amalgamated Steelworkers’ Union.
E. creationism and evolution. PG 652

10. In the 1920s, Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon succeeded in

A. cutting taxes on corporate profits and personal incomes.
B. eliminating half of the federal debt.
C. trimming dramatically the federal budget.
D. both eliminating half of the federal debt, and dramatically trimming the federal budget.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 655

11. To Herbert Hoover, “associationalism” meant

A. states and the federal government working together to restrain business.
B. Congress and the President working together on economic legislation.
C. the formation of federal boards to oversee various aspects of industry.
D. businesses being run by a governing board of management and labor representatives.
E. the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries.

12. On October 29, 1929, the American stock market

A. saw fewer than one million shares of stock traded.
B. lost all the gains of the previous year.
C. experienced its first sharp decline in values since the War.
D. was forced to suspend business because of staggering declines in values.
E. rebounded slightly from the tremendous losses of “Black Thursday.

13. All of the following factors were causes of the Great Depression EXCEPT
A. an unstable European economy.
B. a lack of diversification in the United States economy.
C. a misdistribution of purchasing power.
D. conservative banking policies that restricted the availability of loans.
E. weak consumer demand. PG 661

14. In 1931, the severity of the depression increased when the Federal Reserve Board
 A. closed all financially-ailing banks.
B. declared bankruptcy.
C. weakened the value of the dollar.
D. expanded the money supply.
E. raised interest rates. PG 663

15. In the 1930s, the “Dust Bowl”

A. was created by the national economic collapse.
B. stretched from Kansas to California.
C. experienced years of heavy rainfall.
D. was created by grasshoppers.
E. was a product of changing environmental conditions. PG 666

16. The 1931 Scottsboro court case saw

A. black teenagers accused of rape by two white women. PG 667
B. a Georgia jury convict all of the black youths.
C. the Supreme Court reaffirm the death penalty convictions.
D. eight of the convicted youths executed for crimes they did not commit.
E. All these answers are correct.

17. In response to the Great Depression, many Mexican Americans PG 668

A. migrated to the South.
B. left the United States entirely.
C. moved into California.
D. successfully organized agricultural unions.
E. migrated into rural areas, where work was more available.

18. In the 1930s, the director Frank Capra typically displayed in his films PG 672
A. a populist admiration for ordinary Americans.
B. the cultural backwardness of small towns in America.
C. praise for the “rugged individualism” of American business.
D. the grasping materialism of most Americans.
E. a harsh critique of the heartlessness of capitalism.

19. The “Abraham Lincoln Brigade” is to be associated with

A. the radical Right.
B. the Spanish Civil War.
C. veterans of World War I.
D. the “bonus marchers.”
E. the Civilian Conservation Corps.

20. In 1939, after the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany, the American
Communist Party
A. reduced its criticism of the United States.
B. formed an American Nazi Party.
C. broke from the Soviet Union.
D. lost a significant portion of its membership.
E. disbanded.
21. President Herbert Hoover responded to the onset of the Great Depression by
A. proposing a series of economic reform programs.
B. shutting down the bank system until confidence in it could be restored.
C. urging voluntary cooperation from business leaders. PG 655
D. calling for a tax increase to prevent a federal deficit.
E. calling for a system of social security to alleviate individual suffering.

22. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 PG 677

A. gave incentives to Europeans to sell their goods in the United States.
B. was designed to stimulate United States exports.
C. increased tariffs on industrial products, but left farm products’ rates unchanged.
D. both gave incentives to Europeans to sell their goods in the United States, and was designed to
stimulate United States exports.
E. None of these answers is correct.

23. The Hoover administration addressed the economic situation of American farmers with
A. the Agricultural Marketing Act. PG 677
B. the Soil Conservation Act.
C. the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
D. the Farm Security Administration.
E. the Rural Electrification Administration.

24. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

A. was to provide federal loans to troubled banks and businesses.
B. was created in the last year of Herbert Hoover’s administration.
C. included a $1.5 billion public works budget.
D. both included a $1.5 billion public works budget, and was to provide federal loans to troubled
banks and businesses. PG 677
E. All these answers are correct.

25. All of the following statements regarding the 1932 “Bonus Army” are true EXCEPT
A. Hoover called some marchers’ behavior evidence of uncontrolled violence and radicalism.
B. several thousand American veterans camped out in Washington D.C.
C. Congress refused to formally consider the demands of the “Army.”
D. many Americans viewed President Hoover as unsympathetic to the veterans.
E. the “Army” demanded Congress create relief programs for World War I veterans. PG 678

26. The federal government’s response to the “Bonus Army” included

A. the use of six tanks to rout the veterans from Washington.
B. General Douglas MacArthur exceeding his orders to remove the veterans.
C. the injuring of over 100 marchers.
D. both the use of six tanks to rout the veterans from Washington, and the injuring of over 100
marchers. PG 678
E. All these answers are correct.
27. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt’s promise of a “new deal” for America included a commitment to
A. spend billions of dollars to assist in the economic recovery.
B. provide relief jobs to millions of unemployed Americans.
C. pass legislation establishing a nationwide program of social security.
D. both spend billions of dollars to assist in the economic recovery, and provide relief jobs to
millions of unemployed Americans.
E. None of these answers is correct. PG 679

28. Between his election in 1932 and the inauguration in 1933, Franklin Roosevelt PG 680
A. declared he would dramatically increase government spending.
B. promised to maintain a balanced federal budget.
C. made no public statements.
D. refused to make any agreements with the outgoing president, Herbert Hoover.
E. began laying the groundwork for his social security legislation.

29. In 1933, two days after he took office, President Franklin Roosevelt
A. took the country off the gold standard.
B. ended prohibition.
C. sent the National Industrial Recovery Act to Congress.
D. presented to Congress a relief plan for the unemployed.
E. closed all banks. PG 684

30. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established

A. the Federal Reserve Board in Washington.
B. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. PG 688
C. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
D. both the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities and Exchange Commission.
E. None of these answers is correct.

31. To oversee activities in the stock market, in 1934, Congress established the
A. Securities and Exchange Commission. PG 688
B. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
C. Federal Reserve Board.
D. Glass-Steagall Act.
E. Federal Emergency Relief Association.

32. The New Deal program which created utility cooperatives for rural Americans was the
A. Resettlement Administration.
B. Farm Security Administration.
C. Rural Electrification Administration.
D. Civilian Conservation Corps. PG 688****
E. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act.
33. The Tennessee Valley Authority of 1933
A. saw private farmers and business leaders dominate its planning process.
B. was the most controversial program of the early New Deal.
C. was one of the costliest failures of the Roosevelt administration.
D. was headed by former electricity magnate Samuel Insull.
E. was an experiment in regional planning by the federal government.

34. The Civilian Conservation Corps

A. was racially integrated.
B. put the unemployed to work on rural and wilderness areas. PG 688
C. included women.
D. mostly employed the jobless rural poor.
E. passed Congress despite Roosevelt’s ambivalence about the project.

35. In 1934, strong criticism of the New Deal came from

A. the political far right. PG 689
B. the political far left.
C. dissident populists such as Huey Long.
D. both the political far right and the political far left.
E. All these answers are correct.

36. In 1934, Dr. Francis Townsend attracted widespread national support for a plan that
A. offered medical insurance for the poor and elderly.
B. was strongly supported by Congress.
C. helped pave the way for the Social Security system. PG 689
D. guaranteed all able-bodied Americans over age twenty-one a full-time job.
E. provided below-cost health care to children and pregnant women.

37. Much of Father Charles Coughlin’s outspoken criticism of the Roosevelt administration revolved
around the issue of
A. the right of labor to organize in unions.
B. giving public relief jobs to women with children.
C. the repeal of prohibition.
D. changing the banking and currency system. PG 689
E. taxing excess corporate profits and surplus riches.

38. In 1935, Senator Huey Long

A. advocated a “flat tax” plan.
B. had a strong record of progressive accomplishments. PG 690
C. according to opinion polls, had as much popular support as Franklin Roosevelt.
D. declared he would seek the Democratic nomination for president in 1936.
E. advocated a $200 monthly pension for all Americans over the age of sixty.

39. The “Second New Deal” was launched in response to

 A. the growth of popular protests across the nation.
B. the persistence of the Great Depression.
C. the coming presidential election of 1936.
D. both the persistence of the Great Depression and the coming presidential election of 1936.
E. All these answers are correct.

40. The Social Security Act of 1935

A. initially only offered a pension for retired workers.
B. did not begin making payments to participants for years. PG 693 *********
C. covered all full-time working American citizens.
D. was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt as being too costly.
E. originally included a program for universal health care.

41. In the 1930s, the New Deal generally gave

A. work relief to both men and women.
B. cash assistance to both men and women.
C. work relief to women and cash assistance to men.
D. work relief to men and cash assistance to women.
E. both work relief and cash assistance to men and women.

42. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s call to expand the Supreme Court came from
A. complaints by several justices that they were being overworked.
B. a desire not to have to choose between two different popular candidates for Chief Justice.
C. a Democratic plan to gain the party permanent control of the federal government.
D. his opinion that the Court needed to review a larger number of cases.
E. his desire to change the ideological balance of the Court. Pg 697

43. By the end of 1938,

A. the nation had largely emerged from the Depression.
B. President Roosevelt began what became known as the “Third New Deal.”
C. Congress had come to accept the need for further reforms.
D. the American public had come to strongly oppose the New Deal.
E. the New Deal had largely come to an end. PG 699

44. The most influential advocate for African Americans in the Roosevelt administration was
A. Frances Perkins.
B. Harold Ickes.
C. Harry Hopkins.
D. Eleanor Roosevelt. PG 700
E. Mary McLeod Bethune.

45. African Americans employed by New Deal relief programs

A. were paid the same wages as whites doing the same jobs.
B. were among the first to be released when funds ran out.
C. saw existing patterns of discrimination dismantled.
 D. were both paid the same wages as whites doing the same jobs, and among the first to be released
when funds ran out.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 700*********

46. One long-term consequence of the New Deal was

A. the government effectively redistributed the wealth among the American people.
B. it demonstrated that sufficient government spending could resolve economic emergencies.
C. the national government assumed a responsibility for the basic welfare of the people. *****
D. the influence of the government on the economy became greater than that of private businesses.
E. the government substantially transformed the distribution of power within American capitalism.

47. The Washington Conference of 1921

A. attempted to prevent a global naval arms race. PG 710
B. saw the Harding administration refuse to participate in it.
C. sought to expand the global markets of the United States.
D. ended as a diplomatic failure for the United States.
E. attempted to create a world court.

48. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

A. was an alliance between France and the United States against Germany.
B. was to be enforced with multinational trade embargoes.
C. was signed with wide international acclaim. PG 710
D. stated that an attack on one nation was an attack on all nations.
E. was an alliance between France and the United States against Japan.

49. The Dawes Plan of 1924

A. called for the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments.
B. was designed to help England and France make their debt payments to the United States.
C. called for Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
D. called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and
Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments. PG 710
E. All these answers are correct.

50. Which of the following statements about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany is FALSE?
A. His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation.
B. Hitler displayed a pathological anti-Semitism and a passionate militarism.
C. Hitler believed in the genetic superiority of the Aryan people.
D. Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of lebensraum.
E. Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic.” PG
712

51. In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt carried out international policies which
A. kept the United States on the gold standard.
B. preserved the circular loan system of the Dawes Plan.
C. established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
D. allowed American banks to make loans to nations in default to the United States.
E. further soured relations with Latin America.

52. President Franklin Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy”

A. expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover. PG 714
 B. was designed to keep the peace in western Europe.
C. limited the land purchases by U.S. companies in neighboring countries.
D. was abandoned by the United States at the start of World War II.
E. gave nations allied against fascism preferential loan rates.

53. The Neutrality Act of 1935

A. sought to protect America’s international trade agreements.
B. prevented Americans from traveling on ships of warring nations.
C. did not prevent the United States from intervening when Italy invaded Ethiopia.
D. was passed by Congress with recent acts of Nazi aggression in mind.
E. included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict. PG 715

54. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech

A. saw the president call for further isolation from the nation’s enemies.
B. warned Japan it faced a U.S. embargo if it continued to be aggressive.
C. saw Roosevelt challenge England and France to limit the aggression of Germany.
D. received a decidedly hostile response by the American people. PG 717
E. was given in response to the Japanese sinking of the Panay.

55. In 1938, the Anschluss

A. proclaimed a union between Germany and Austria. PG 717
B. caused an uproar in the United States.
C. was created at the Munich conference.
D. led France to put its military on alert.
E. came to be identified with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

56. The Munich conference of 1938 was precipitated by a crisis over

A. Austria.
B. Poland.
C. Hungary.
D. Belgium.
E. Czechoslovakia. PG 717

57. The Munich agreement of 1938

A. was the result of negotiations involving the League of Nations.
B. put most of Poland under German control.
C. ended further German aggression until World War II began.
D. was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt. PG 717
E. was signed by Joseph Stalin despite misgivings of German intent.

58. In 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt’s decision to give fifty American destroyers to England
A. was cancelled by Congress.
B. circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts.
C. was in response to requests by the U.S. Ambassador to London.
D. both circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts and was in response to
requests by the U.S. Ambassador to London.
E. None of these answers is correct.
59. The America First Committee
A. was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war. PG 722
B. was opposed by both major political parties.
C. called for increased U.S. assistance to England without any actual intervention.
D. was made up largely of Democrats who favored diplomacy to end the war.
E. tried and failed to enlist the support of Charles Lindbergh.

60. In 1940, the “lend-lease” plan

A. allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England to be returned when the war was over. PG 722
B. saw England agree to allow jobless Americans to enlist in the British military.
C. saw England allow the construction of American military bases on British territory.
D. saw the U.S. lend funds to the Allies so they could lease war supplies from the U.S.
E. was extremely controversial and barely passed the Senate.

61. In 1941, the Atlantic Charter

A. was signed in Washington D.C.
B. was completed by senior military officials in the United States and England.
C. saw President Roosevelt agree to an eventual invasion of Europe to drive out the Nazis. PG 723
D. saw the United States and England claim to share common principles.
E. gave American merchants ships the authority to fire on German submarines.

62. In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,

A. Japanese troops attacked the Philippines.
B. the Japanese developed a new, unbreakable communication code.
C. Japan tried to repair relations with the United States in order to restore their flow of supplies.
D. President Franklin Roosevelt ordered Japan’s diplomats to leave Washington.
E. President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States. PG 723

63. Which of the following statements regarding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is FALSE?
A. The State department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests. x
B. The American aircraft carriers escaped the attack.
C. Few American authorities believed Japan was capable of an attack on Pearl Harbor.x
D. The Japanese suffered light losses in the attack.x
E. More than 2,400 American soldiers and sailors died in the attack. PG 724

64. The Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942

A. saw the Americans take the offensive for the first time.
B. saw the United States forced to withdraw its naval forces.
C. marked the major turning point of the war in the Pacific.
D. saw the Japanese lose most of its aircraft carriers.
E. marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan. PG 730

65. The Battle of Midway in 1942

A. saw the United States suffer great losses.
B. was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
C. lasted four days.
D. both lasted four days and was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 730
66. In 1943, the country that pressed for an immediate Allied invasion of France against Germany was
A. the Soviet Union. PG 730
B. China.
C. Great Britain.
D. the United States.
E. Canada.

67. In 1943, at the Casablanca Conference, the Allies decided they would next invade
A. Cyprus.
B. France.
C. Sicily. PG 732
D. Corsica.
E. Greece.

68. The Allied decisions that delayed an invasion of France

A. left the Soviet Union deeply embittered.
B. put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe.
C. occurred after the Soviet Union had won a significant victory in Stalingrad.
D. both put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe, and left the Soviet
Union deeply embittered.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 732,731

69. In regards to European Jewish refugees, between 1939 and 1945, the United States
A. refused to accept large numbers of refugees. PG 733
B. won an agreement by England to accept several thousand refugees.
C. made many efforts to help refugees escape the Nazis but not to enter the United States.
D. denied the Nazis were targeting Jews for murder.
E. rescinded the provisions of the 1924 National Origins Act dealing with Jewish immigrants.

70. Between 1939 and 1945, the federal budget of the United States
A. halved.
B. doubled.
C. tripled.
D. rose five-fold.
E. rose ten-fold.

71. Throughout World War II, in organized American labor

A. no major union went on strike.
B. “wildcat” strikes were quite common.
C. unions accepted a freeze on wages until the war ended.
D. many states passed laws expanding the influence of unions.
E. opposition to strikes was led by the influential United Mine Workers. PG 735

72. During World War II, the War Production Board

A. was maintained under the auspices of the Department of Labor.
B. was directed by Roosevelt ally Leon Henderson.
C. had complete control over military purchases.
D. favored large over small contractors. PG 736
E. won the support of small business.
73. In 1942, the United States and Mexico agreed to the braceros program which
A. increased the number of Mexican immigrants the United States would accept as new citizens.
B. allowed United States businesses to establish war production factories in Mexico.
C. admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time. PG 739
D. accepted Mexican citizens into the United States armed forces.
E. eliminated the tariff on goods produced in Mexico.

74. In 1943, the “zoot-suit riots” in Los Angeles

A. resulted from tensions between the African-American and Mexican-American communities.
B. led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits. PG 740
C. began when off-duty Mexican-American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms.
D. both began when off-duty Mexican-American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms,
and led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits.
E. All these answers are correct.

75. In 1942, when the United States interned Japanese Americans in “relocation centers,”
A. all of the affected Japanese were American citizens.
B. the West Coast of the United States was not an important military region.
C. all of those affected were first-generation Japanese immigrants.
D. the move was protested by California Attorney General Earl Warren.
E. there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk.

76. During World War II, American women who worked outside the home
A. tended to be older than women who worked in the past.
B. were barred from unions.
A. were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care.
D. both tended to be older than women who worked in the past, and were not allowed to have
children under the age of three in their care.
E. None of these answers is correct.

77. All of the following statements regarding the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 are true
EXCEPT
A. the attack saw perhaps the largest number of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one
place.
B. the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel. PG 746
C. Allied paratroopers were dropped behind German lines prior to the beach landings.
D. within a week, German forces had been dislodged from most of the Normandy coast.
E. American, British, and Canadian forces stormed the beaches on June 6, 1944.

78. In February 1945, an Allied bombing attack on Dresden, Germany

A. destroyed 75% of the previously undamaged city.
B. killed approximately 135,000 people.
C. resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
D. both killed approximately 135,000 people and resulted in mostly civilian casualties.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 746

79. The costliest battle in the history of the United States Marines Corps was
A. the Battle of Iwo Jima. PG 749
 B. the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
C. the Battle of Okinawa.
D. the Battle of Midway.
E. the Battle of Guadalcanal.

80. In 1945, the first atomic explosion in history took place in

A. Hiroshima, Japan. PG 753
B. the Bikini Islands.
C. Alamogordo, New Mexico.
D. the Salt Lake desert in Utah.
E. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

81. In August 1945, the primary reason the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan was
because
A. the Japanese did not immediately surrender after the first bomb was dropped. PG 751
B. the Soviet Union announced it would not enter into war against Japan.
C. the Japanese government announced that the United States had only one atomic bomb.
D. the emperor of Japan asked the United States for more time to consider surrendering.
E. the emperor of Japan declared that his country would fight to the death.

82. In early 1945, at the Yalta Conference

A. Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to attend.
B. Joseph Stalin withdrew a promise to enter the Pacific war.
C. Winston Churchill left early in a dispute with Stalin.
D. it was agreed the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. PG 758
E. Joseph Stalin refused to agree to Roosevelt and Churchill’s plans for the United Nations.

83. In designing the structure of the new United Nations, planners called for
A. each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others. PG 758
B. a General Assembly in which select nations would have voting rights.
C. the president of the UN to be selected from one of the five major powers.
D. membership to be limited to one hundred nations.
E. Germany and Japan to be added to the Security Council after twenty-five years.

84. At the conclusion of the Yalta Conference in 1945, basic disagreements remained on
A. the government of Poland.
B. the unification of Germany.
C. war reparations to the Soviet Union.
D. both the government of Poland and the unification of Germany.
E. All these answers are correct.

85. In 1945, when Harry Truman became president he

A. had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs. PG 760
B. believed Joseph Stalin could be trusted.
C. was already drawing plans for his “Truman Doctrine.”
 D. looked to Great Britain to contain the Soviet Union.
E. renounced the Yalta accords signed by Roosevelt.

86. President Harry Truman initially decided to “get tough” with the Soviet Union
A. following the end of the war in the Pacific.
B. once the United States had successfully used the atomic bomb.
C. at the Potsdam Conference.
D. after his first few days in office. PG 760
E. after it became clear Stalin was supporting communist forces in China.

87. By 1945, the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek had

A. grown antagonistic toward the United States.
B. designs on taking over conquered Japan.
C. little popular support. PG 761
D. drifted toward communism.
E. willingly ceded authority to Mao Zedong.

88. Beginning in 1947, the United States’ policy of “containment” was

A. the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years. PG 762
B. first applied in Poland.
C. an extension of the Atlantic Charter.
D. both the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years, and an extension of the Atlantic
Charter.
E. None of these answers is correct.

89. In 1947, the Truman Doctrine

A. asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world.
B. assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
C. was originally invoked to provide aid to Greece and Turkey.
D. both asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world,
and assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 762

90. Between 1947–1950, Marshall Plan aid

A. was offered to the Soviet Union.
B. failed to significantly revive European industrial production.
C. had little impact on communist influence within nations that accepted aid.
D. was opposed by many Republicans in Congress.
E. grew more controversial after a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948. PG 762

91. In 1948, the Soviet Union’s blockade of West Berlin was primarily a response to
A. the Marshall Plan.
B. the United States putting nuclear missiles in Turkey.
C. the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
D. the Truman Doctrine.
E. the creation of a unified West Germany. PG 763

92. The National Security Act of 1947 created

A. the National Security Council.
B. the Central Intelligence Agency.
 C. the Department of Defense.
D. both the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 763

93. In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A. was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact.
B. called for a de-militarized zone across western Europe.
C. declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. PG 764
D. both was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact, and declared that an attack on
one member nation was an attack on all.
E. All these answers are correct.

94. The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated
A. western allies must take the initiative in resisting communism in their region.
B. the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world. PG 765
C. the defense of western Europe was the key to winning the fight on communism.
D. the United States must gradually increase its level of defense spending.
E. that Chinese aggression against Taiwan would result in war.

95. President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal called for

A. a retraction of many New Deal programs.
B. an end to public housing.
C. a freeze on the minimum wage to combat inflation.
D. the creation of national health insurance. PG 766
E. an end to the Fair Employment Practices Act and other wartime measures.

96. In 1949, the Truman administration made progress in civil rights by

A. making lynching a federal crime.
B. abolishing the poll tax.
C. ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees. PG 768
D. establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission.
E. ordering the desegregation of public transportation.

97. In 1950, the immediate cause of the Korean War was the
A. decision by the United States to send troops to South Korea.
B. triumph of communism in China.
C. military invasion by North Korea into South Korea.
D. division of Korea into northern and southern halves.
E. military invasion of North Korea by China.

98. As a result of the Korean War, the

A. American economy was dragged into a recession.
B. American public felt reassured that communism was being contained.
C. stature of the American military increased.
D. American public believed there was something wrong with the United States. PG 772
E. government reduced the amount of money it was pumping into the economy.

99. In 1947, the first target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was
A. labor unions.
B. the Democratic Party. PG 772
 C. the State Department.
D. the American Communist Party.
E. the movie industry.

100. In 1947, the Truman administration responded to Republican attacks that it was weak on
communism by
A. ignoring them.
B. charging the Republicans with harboring communists within their own party.
C. beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees. PG 772
D. blaming lax security on the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
E. supporting passage of the McCarran Internal Security Act.

101. When Joseph McCarthy first leveled charges of communist infiltration in the government, he was a
A. member of the State Department.
B. private citizen.
C. first-term Republican senator. PG 773
D. member of the Defense Department.
E. Democratic member of the House.

102. During Joseph McCarthy’s investigation into alleged subversion in government

A. Republicans criticized his broad attacks on the Democratic Party.
B. Dwight Eisenhower spoke against him after McCarthy attacked George Marshall in 1952.
C. he never produced conclusive evidence that any federal employee was a communist. PG 774
D. much of the public criticized his blunt tactics and coarse behavior.
E. he drew particularly strong support from the “eastern establishment.”

103. In the early 20th century, the vaccine which raised the most safety concerns in the United States was
for the prevention of
A. typhoid.
B. tetanus.
C. small pox.
D. rubella.
E. tuberculosis. PG 783

104. During the 1950s, the United States government’s primary motive for the development of rocket
and missile technology was
A. for the exploration of outer space.
B. for the establishment of communication and spy satellites around the earth.
C. the quest to land a man on the moon.
D. for the long-range delivery of weapons. PG 785
E. to catch up with German knowledge of rocketry.

105. In 1961, the first American to be launched into space was

A. Yuri Gargarin.
B. John Glenn.
C. Alan Shepard. PG 786
D. Edwin Aldrin.
E. Neil Armstong.
106. Beginning in the late 1940s, William Levitt used mass-production techniques to sell
A. frozen foods.
B. appliances.
C. televisions.
D. houses.
E. automobiles.

107. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A. reaffirmed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
B. passed by a narrow 5–4 vote.
C. set specific timetables for enactment.
D. declared that separate educational facilities were unlawful. PG
E. arose from a case involving segregation in Mississippi.

108. In 1957, the effort to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas required
A. President Dwight Eisenhower to remove the governor of Arkansas from office.
B. the presence of federal troops to enforce court orders. PG 800
C. the replacement of many of the school’s teachers.
D. the arrest of hundreds of whites protesting at the school.
E. the Supreme Court to issue another decision, Brown II.
109. In the 1950s, factors in the rise of the civil rights movement included
A. the events of World War II.
B. the growth of the urban middle class.
C. the rapid spread of television.
D. Cold War politics.
E. All these answers are correct. PG 801

110. In 1954, under John Foster Dulles’s concept of “massive retaliation,” the United States would
A. counter any Soviet military move with a larger American force.
B. win the Cold War regardless of the financial cost.
C. use nuclear weapons against communist aggression. PG 803
D. use military force before diplomacy in dealing with the Soviet Union.
E. rely primarily on large conventional forces in local conflicts to defeat communism.

111. The Eisenhower administration responded to Fidel Castro’s coming to power in Cuba by
A. ending diplomatic relations. PG 806
B. blockading Cuban ports.
C. establishing a military presence in Guantanamo Bay.
D. All these answers are correct.
E. None of these answers is correct.

112. In his farewell address to the nation, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the dangers of
A. global nuclear war.
B. excessive consumer materialism.
C. “brinkmanship” diplomacy.
D. “the military-industrial complex.” PG 807
E. the growing communist threat.

113. In 1961, President John Kennedy saw most of his legislative success in the area of
A. civil rights.
 B. tariff reductions. PG 812
C. improved Soviet-American relations.
D. tax increases.
E. social spending.

114. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson’s Medicare program

A. made benefits available on the basis of need.
B. was similar in design to the Social Security system. PG 813
C. appealed mainly to poor and working-class Americans.
D. built on the success of his Medicaid program.
E. angered doctors by forcing them to lower their fees.

115. The Johnson administration’s Office of Economic Opportunity

A. eliminated poverty in many regions of the nation.
B. called for the relocation of many of the nation’s urban poor.
C. was criticized for its absence of minority appointments.
D. included a controversial community action program. PG 814
E. spent less than $500 million in its first two years of existence.

116. The Immigration Act of 1965

A. ended the strict limits on the total number of immigrants to be admitted each year.
B. allowed people from all parts of Latin America to enter the United States on an equal basis.
C. had little impact on the character of the American population.
D. maintained strict restrictions against immigrants from Africa.
E. eliminated rules which gave preference to immigrants from northern Europe. PG 815

117. Great Society reforms

A. were generally proven to be cost-effective.
B. improved the lives of whites far more than blacks.
C. contributed to the greatest reduction in poverty in American history. PG 816
D. grew in popularity over the next decade.
E. made no dent in reducing hunger in America.

118. Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream” speech

A. was given during the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation’s history to that point.
B. was made shortly after Lyndon Johnson become president.
C. saw King call for a significant shift in tactics in the quest of civil rights. PG 818****
D. was made before a joint session of Congress and the Senate.
E. was given to commemorate passage of the Voting Rights Act.

119. The Civil Rights Act of 1965 primarily focused on the issue of
A. desegregation of public accommodations.
B. voting rights. PG 819
C. fair employment practices.
D. housing discrimination.
E. violence directed against civil rights workers.

120. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

 A. resulted in a U.S. declaration of war on North Vietnam.
B. gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict. PG 829
C. called for 250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam.
D. both gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict, and called for
250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam.
E. None of these answers is correct.

121. The Civil Rights Act of 1964

A. gave women equal pay for equal work.
B. led to the creation of the National Organization of Women.
C. resulted in the creation of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women.
D. was amended for the benefit of women. Pg 853
E. made no mention of gender discrimination in its final form.

122. The Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade (1973)

A. made abortion legal for the first time in the history of the United States.
B. enabled women to obtain an abortion during any point of a pregnancy.
C. initially applied only to pregnancies resulting from rape or abuse.
D. invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the second trimester.
E. was based on a new legal interpretation of privacy rights. PG 855

123. During its first months, the Clinton administration was faced with controversy over
A. its attempt to end the policy barring gays and lesbians from serving in the military. PG 894
B. the suicide of a White House counsel and longtime friend of the president.
C. a banking and real estate venture involving the Clintons from the 1980s.
D. several early appointments, which Clinton was forced to withdraw.
E. All these answers are correct.

124. In 1996, significant reform legislation was passed by Congress concerning

A. primary school education.
B. rising health care costs.
C. occupational health care.
D. the criminal appeals process.
E. welfare programs. PG 895

125. In 2002, President George W. Bush described an “axis of evil” made up of Iraq, Iran, and
A. Syria.
B. Libya.
C. North Korea. PG 917
D. Lebanon.
E. Somalia.

Essay Questions:

1. What are the major interpretations regarding the causes of the Great Depression? Why is there little
 historical consensus regarding the causes?

2. Critics have charged the United States was morally irresponsible in using atomic weapons against
Japan during World War II. What are their arguments? What are the arguments in support of
dropping the bombs? Was the United States’ action moral or not?

3. What role did wartime diplomacy, personalities, and tensions play in the coming of the Cold War?

4. What were President Carter’s major political successes and failures?

5. Discuss America’s relationship with terrorism before and after the September 2001 attacks. In what
ways had the nation confronted terrorism before then? How were the September 2001 attacks
distinctive?