Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition

Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition
Clayton T. Crowe, ISBN: 978-0-470-25977-1
Chapter 2- Fluid Properties

Lecture Two Fall 2010
Dr Hassan-Sayed for ENGR 261 @AUC
This is no substitution for reading the book

The Système International (SI) units
Base Quantity Base Unit

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Time t second s
Length l metre m
Mass m kilogram kg
Temperature T,Ө kelvin K
Properties
Phase - a quantity of mass that is homogeneous throughout

State - condition specified by phase, pressure, temperature,
density, etc.
Property – quantitative value that depends on the state of a
substance and is independent of the path to the state
Intensive – independent of mass, constant throughout mass
(pressure, temperature, density)
Extensive – Varies directly to mass (mass, energy)
Density
Density compares the mass of an object to its

volume
D = mass = g or g
volume mL cm3
Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3
4
Learning Check D1
Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its

density in g/cm3 if 50.00 g of the metal occupies
a volume of 2.22cm3?
1) 2.25 g/cm3
2) 22.5 g/cm3
3) 111 g/cm3
5
Solution
2) Placing the mass and volume of the osmium metal

into the density setup, we obtain
D = mass = 50.00 g =
volume 2.22 cm3
= 22.522522 g/cm3 = 22.5 g/cm3
6
Learning Check
What is the density (g/cm3) of 48 g of a metal if the
metal raises the level of water in a graduated
cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?
1) 0.2 g/ cm3 2) 6 g/m3 3) 252 g/cm3
33 mL
25 mL
7
Solution
2) 6 g/cm3
Volume (mL) of water displaced
= 33 mL - 25 mL = 8 mL
Volume of metal (cm3)
= 8 mL x 1 cm3 = 8 cm3
1 mL
Density of metal =
mass = 48 g = 6 g/cm3
volume 8 cm3
8
Specific Weight
• Specific Weight is defined as weight per unit
volume. Weight is a force.
γ = ρ g
• where
– γ = specific weight (N/m3)
– ρ = density (kg/m3)
– g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
• The SI-units of specific weight are N/m3. The imperial units are lb/ft3.
The local acceleration g is under normal conditions 9.807 m/s2 in SI-
units and 32.174 ft/s2 in imperial units.
specific gravity
• the density of a substance relative to the density of water
• The ratio of the mass of a substance to that of an equal
volume of water at 4°C
• SG = = ρ / ρH2O
– SG = specific gravity
– ρ = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3)
– ρH2O = density of water (kg/m3)
• It is common to use the density of water at 4 oC (39oF) as reference
- at this point the density of water is at the highest - 1000 kg/m3 or
62.4 lb/ft3.
• If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, 7.85
grams per cubic centimeter (cm3), 7.85
kilograms per liter, or 7.85 metric tons per
cubic meter - the specific gravity of iron is:
SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3)

= 7.85
Equations of state for the vapor phase of a compressible substance
From chemistry, we know that for an ideal gas,
Pv = RT (1)
Where v is V/n (no of moles)
and R = 8.3145 kN·m/kmol˚K
If we divide (1) by M, the molecular weight (kg/kmol):
Pv /M = RT/M (2)
or: Pv = RT (3)
where R is the gas constant for a particular gas
and v is the specific volume
Multiplying by mass (m), we get:

PV = mRT (4)
What will we get if we dived both sides by V

Shear
• Shear (τ) - exerted Force to surface
Shear (τ) = F/A
= velocity gradient
Viscosity
• Viscosity is a measure of the
resistance of a fluid which is
being deformed by either shear
stress or tensile stress. In
everyday terms (and for fluids
only), viscosity is "thickness".
Thus, water is "thin", having a
lower viscosity, while honey is
"thick", having a higher viscosity
Viscosity
• Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
– Molecular cohesiveness
– Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)
• Dynamic viscosity = µ = shear stress/rate of change
velocity with distance


du / dy
= velocity gradient τ = Shear Stress
Kinematic Viscosity
 μ = viscosity
v ρ= density

• Kinematic viscosity determines extent to which fluid
flow exhibits turbulence
Temperature Effect on Viscosity
• Liquids Temperature up = Viscosity Down

• Gases Temperature up = Viscosity down
Surface tension
• The surface of a liquid behaves like a membrane
under tension and it tries to contract.
• Surface tension: the force of contraction acting
across a line of unit length on the surface. The line
and the force are perpendicular to each other and
both are in the plane of the liquid surface.
• In general F=σL
• Case A F=pπr2= 2πr σ p=(2σ)/r
• Case B p=4r/σ
• Case C Wt=2F=2σL
• Case D F= Fi+Fo=σπ(Di+Do)
• How density differs from specific weight?
Density is a [mass]/[unit volume], and specific

weight is a [weight]/[unit volume]. Therefore,
they are related by the equation γ = ρg, and
density differs from specific weight by the
factor g , the acceleration of gravity.
Example 2
• Situation:
• An engineer needs to know the local density for an experiment
with a glider. z = 2500ft.
• Find:
• Calculate density using local conditions.
• Compare calculated density with the value from Table A.2, and
make a recommendation.
• Properties:
• From Table A.2, Rair = 287 Jkg·K, ρ = 1.22 kg/m3.
• Local temperature = 74.3 ◦F = 296.7K.
• Local pressure = 27.3 in.-Hg = 92.45 kPa.
Q 2.26
Q2.29
Q2.49

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Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition

Clayton T. Crowe, ISBN: 978-0-470-25977-1

Chapter 2- Fluid Properties

This is no substitution for reading the book

Base Quantity Base Unit

Phase - a quantity of mass that is homogeneous throughout

Density compares the mass of an object to its

Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its

2) Placing the mass and volume of the osmium metal

= 22.522522 g/cm3 = 22.5 g/cm3

SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3)

Multiplying by mass (m), we get:

What will we get if we dived both sides by V

• Liquids Temperature up = Viscosity Down

Density is a [mass]/[unit volume], and specific

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