Fluid Mechanics-1

Lecture - 1

Properties of Fluids

Dr. Mansoor Ahmad

 Fluid
 A fluid is defined as:
“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.
 It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
 Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials which take the shape of
their container.” Or
“Branch of Engg. science that studies fluids and forces on
them.”
 Solid Mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest
shape.”
 Fluid Mechanics can be further subdivided into fluid statics, the
study of fluids at rest, and kinematics, the study of fluids in motion
and fluid dynamics, the study of effect of forces on fluid motion.
 In the modern discipline called Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD), computational approach is used to develop solutions to fluid
mechanics problems.
 Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid

Solid Fluid
 Definite Shape and definite  Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume. volume & it assumes the shape
 Does not flow easily. of the container which it
occupies.
 Molecules are closer.
 Flow Easily.
 Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to  Molecules are far apart.
retain its shape.  Attractive forces between the
 An ideal Elastic Solid deform molecules are smaller.
under load and comes back to  Intermolecular cohesive forces
original position upon removal of in a fluid are not great enough to
load. hold the various elements of
 Plastic Solid does not comes back fluid together. Hence Fluid will
to original position upon removal flow under the action of applied
of load, means permanent stress. The flow will be
deformation takes place. continuous as long as stress is
applied.
 Distinction between a Gas and Liquid

 The molecules of a gas are  A liquid is relatively

much farther apart than incompressible.
those of a liquid.  If all pressure, except that
 Hence a gas is very of its own vapor pressure,
compressible, and when is removed, the cohesion
all external pressure is between molecules holds
removed, it tends to expand them together, so that the
indefinitely. liquid does not expand
 A gas is therefore in indefinitely.
equilibrium only when it is  Therefore a liquid may
completely enclosed. have a free surface.
SI Units
FPS Units
 Important Terms
 Density (r):
Mass per unit volume of a substance.
 kg/m3 in SI units m
 Slug/ft3 in FPS system of units r=
V
 Specific weight (g):
Weight per unit volume of substance.
w
 N/m3 in SI units g=
 lbs/ft3 in FPS units V
 Density and Specific Weight of a fluid are related as:
g = rg
 Where g is the gravitational constant having value 9.8m/s2 or
32.2 ft/s2.
 Important Terms
 Specific Volume (v):
Volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.

 It is commonly applied to gases, and is usually expressed in

cubic feet per slug (m3/kg in SI units).
 Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣 = 1/𝜌

 Important Terms
 Specific gravity:
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water at 4°C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4°C.

g l rl
s liquid = =
g w rw
 Example
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:

1. r water = g water / g = 62.4/32.2 = 1.938 slugs/ft 3

2. g mercury = s mercury g water = 13.56 x62.4 = 846lb / ft 3
3.r mercury = s mercury r water = 13.56 x1.938 = 26.3slugs / ft 3

(Where Slug = lb.sec2/ ft)

 Example
A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume,
and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m3
Solution:

1. Density ρ = γ /g
ρ = 16/9.81 = 16.631 kg/m 3

2. Specific volume υ = 1/ρ

u = 1/1.631 = 0.613 m 3 /kg

3. Specific gravity s = γ f /γ air

s = 16/12 = 1.333
 Example
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3. compute its density
and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in kN/m3
Solution:

1. Density r = g / g
r = 78.6/32.2 = 2.44 slugs/ft 3
2. Specific gravity s = g l / g w
s = 78.6/62.4 = 1.260
so r = 1.260x1000kg/m 3
r = 1260 Kg/m 3
3. Specific weight in kN/m 3
g =r xg
g = 9.81x1260 = 12.36 kN/m 3
 Example
Calculate the specific weight, density, specific volume and
specific gravity of 1litre of petrol weights 7 N.
Solution:
Given Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3
Weight = 7 N
1. Specific weight,
w = Weight of Liquid/volume of Liquid
w = 7/ 10-3 = 7000 N/m3
2. Density, r = g /g
r = 7000/9.81 = 713.56 kg/m3
Solution (Cont.):
3. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/713.56
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
 Example
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
1. Density of Liquid, r = s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/ r
= 1/700
= 1.43 x 10-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
 Compressibility
 It is defined as:
“Change in Volume due to change in Pressure.”
 The compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional to
Bulk Modulus (volume modulus of elasticity).
 Bulk modulus of a substance measures resistance of a
substance to uniform compression. − dp
E =
v
(dv / v)
 v 
Ev = − dp
 dv 
 Where; n is the specific volume and p is the pressure.
 Units: Psi, MPa , As n /d n is dimensionless, the units of E
and p are identical.
 Example
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 81.8Mpa. Assume
that the specific weight of sea water at the surface is 10.05 kN/m3
and that the average volume modulus is 2.34 x 109 N/m3 for that
pressure range.
(a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface and at that depth?
(b) What will be the specific volume at that depth?
(c) What will be the specific weight at that depth?
Solution:

(𝒂) v𝟏 = 𝟏/𝝆𝟏 = 𝒈/𝜸𝟏

= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟔𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 Using Equation :
𝜟𝒗 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟔(𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 − 𝟎)/(𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 )
− p
= −34.1x10−6𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 Ev =
(v / v)
(𝒃) v𝟐 = 𝐯𝟏 + 𝜟𝐯 = 0.000942 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈 dv p
−
(𝒄) 𝜸𝟐 = 𝒈/𝒗𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏/𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝟑 v Ev
v2 − v1 p 2 − p1
−
v1 Ev
 Viscosity
 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform
under shear stress.
 It is commonly perceived as thickness, or resistance to flow.
 Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and
may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Thus, water
is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is
"thick" having a higher viscosity.
 The friction forces in flowing fluid result from the cohesion
and momentum interchange between molecules.
 All real fluids have some resistance to shear stress, but a fluid
which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal
fluid.
 It is also known as Absolute Viscosity or Dynamic
Viscosity.
Viscosity
 Dynamic Viscosity
 As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed
in it, the magnitude of which depends on the
viscosity of the fluid.
 Shear stress, denoted by the Greek letter (tau),

τ, can be defined as the force required to slide

one unit area layer of a substance over
another.
 Thus, τ is a force divided by an area and can

be measured in the units of N/m2 (Pa) or lb/ft2.

 Dynamic Viscosity
 Figure shows the velocity gradient in a moving fluid.
U
F, U

AU
 Experiments have shown that: F
Y
 Dynamic Viscosity
 The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as F U du
 = =m =m
A Y dy
 where the constant of proportionality m (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
 Kinematic Viscosity
 The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as:
“Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.”
m
n=
r
 Newtonian Fluid
 A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly
proportional to rate of strain, and (named for Isaac
Newton) is a fluid that flows like water, its stress versus
rate of strain curve is linear and passes through the
origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the
viscosity.
 A simple equation to describe Newtonian fluid behavior
is
du
 =m
dy

 Where m = absolute viscosity/Dynamic viscosity or

simply viscosity
 = shear stress
 Example
Find the kinematic viscosity of liquid in stokes whose
specific gravity is 0.85 and dynamic viscosity is 0.015
poise.
Solution:
Given S = 0.85
m = 0.015 poise
= 0.015 x 0.1 Ns/m2 = 1.5 x 10-3 Ns/m2
We know that S = density of liquid/density of water
density of liquid = S x density of water
r = 0.85 x 1000 = 850 kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity ,
u = m/ r = 1.5 x 10-3/850
= 1.76 x 10-6 m2/s = 1.76 x 10-6 x 104cm2/s
= 1.76 x 10-2 stokes.
 Example
A 1 in wide space between two horizontal plane surface is
filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 80 F. What
force is required to drag a very thin plate of 4 sq.ft area
through the oil at a velocity of 20 ft/min if the plate is 0.33
in from one surface.
Solution:

m = 0.0063 lb.sec/ft 2 ( From − A.1)

F U du
 = =m =m
A Y dy
 1 = 0.0063 * (20 / 60) /(0.33 / 12) = 0.0764lb / ft 2
 2 = 0.0063 * (20 / 60) /(0.67 / 12) = 0.0394lb / ft 2
F1 =  1 A = 0.0764 * 4 = 0.0305lb
F2 =  2 A = 0.0394 * 4 = 0.158lb
Force = F1 + F2 = 0.463lb
 Ideal Fluid
 An ideal fluid may be defined as:
“A fluid in which there is no friction i.e Zero viscosity.”
 Although such a fluid does not exist in reality, many fluids
approximate frictionless flow at sufficient distances, and so
their behaviors can often be conveniently analyzed by
assuming an ideal fluid.
 Real Fluid
 In a real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or
shearing forces always come into being whenever
motion relative to a body takes place, thus giving
rise to fluid friction, because these forces oppose
the motion of one particle past another.
 These friction forces give rise to a fluid property
called viscosity.
 Surface Tension
 Cohesion: “Attraction between molecules of same surface”
It enables a liquid to resist tensile stresses.
 Adhesion: “Attraction between molecules of different surface”
It enables to adhere to another body.
 “Surface Tension is the property of a liquid, which enables it
to resist tensile stress”.
 At the interface between liquid and a gas i.e at the liquid
surface, and at the interface between two immiscible (not
mixable) liquids, the attraction force between molecules form
an imaginary surface film which exerts a tension force in the
surface. This liquid property is known as Surface Tension.
 Surface Tension
 As a result of surface tension, the liquid surface has a
tendency to reduce its surface as small as possible. That is
why the water droplets assume a nearly spherical shape.
 Capillary Rise: The phenomenon of rising water in the tube of
smaller diameter is called capillary rise.
 Metric to U.S. System Conversions,
Calculations, Equations, and Formulas

 Millimeters (mm) x 0.03937 = inches (")(in)

 Centimeters (cm) x 0.3937 = inches (")(in)

 Meters (m) x 39.37 = inches (")(in)

 Meters (m) x 3.281 = feet (')(ft)

 Meters (m) x 1.094 = yards (yds)

 Kilometers (km) x 0.62137 = miles (mi)

 Kilometers (km) x 3280.87 = feet (')(ft)

 Liters (l) x 0.2642 = gallons (U.S.)(gals)

 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Bars x 14.5038 = pounds per square inch (PSI)

 Kilograms (kg) x 2.205 = Pounds (P)

 Kilometers (km) x 1093.62 = yards (yds)

 Square centimeters x 0.155 = square inches

 Liters (l) x 0.0353 = cubic feet

 Square meters x 10.76 = square feet

 Square kilometers x 0.386 = square miles

 Cubic centimeters x 0.06102 = cubic inches

 Cubic meters x 35.315 = cubic feet

 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Inches (")(in) x 25.4 = millimeters (mm)

 Inches (")(in) x 2.54 = centimeters (cm)

 Inches (")(in) x 0.0254 = meters (m)

 Feet (')(ft) x 0.3048 = meters (m)

 Yards (yds) x 0.9144 = meters (m)

 Miles (mi) x 1.6093 = kilometers (km)

 Feet (')(ft) x 0.0003048 = kilometers (km)

 Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Gallons (gals) x 3.78 = liters (l)

 Cubic feet x 28.316 = liters (l)
 Pounds (P) x 0.4536 = kilograms (kg)
 Square inches x 6.452 = square centimeters
 Square feet x 0.0929 = square meters
 Square miles x 2.59 = square kilometers
 Acres x 4046.85 = square meters
 Cubic inches x 16.39 = cubic centimeters
 Cubic feet x 0.0283 = cubic meters