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    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys

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    Adil Jan Katlang
    When Cu-Ni alloys are slowly cooled, concentration gradients form due to the slow diffusion of atoms in the solid state. This results in a "cored" microstructure with regions of different chemical composition. Specifically, the outer dendrite arms have a different composition than the inner regions. To eliminate coring, homogenization heat treatments are performed to accelerate solid-state diffusion and produce a homogeneous structure.

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    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys

    Uploaded by

    Adil Jan Katlang
    4K views6 pages
    When Cu-Ni alloys are slowly cooled, concentration gradients form due to the slow diffusion of atoms in the solid state. This results in a "cored" microstructure with regions of different chemical composition. Specifically, the outer dendrite arms have a different composition than the inner regions. To eliminate coring, homogenization heat treatments are performed to accelerate solid-state diffusion and produce a homogeneous structure.

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    When Cu-Ni alloys are slowly cooled, concentration gradients form due to the slow diffusion of atoms in the solid state. This results in a "cored" microstructure with regions of different chemical composition. Specifically, the outer dendrite arms have a different composition than the inner regions. To eliminate coring, homogenization heat treatments are performed to accelerate solid-state diffusion and produce a homogeneous structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4K views6 pages

    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys

    Uploaded by

    Adil Jan Katlang
    When Cu-Ni alloys are slowly cooled, concentration gradients form due to the slow diffusion of atoms in the solid state. This results in a "cored" microstructure with regions of different chemical composition. Specifically, the outer dendrite arms have a different composition than the inner regions. To eliminate coring, homogenization heat treatments are performed to accelerate solid-state diffusion and produce a homogeneous structure.

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    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys

    •When Cu-Ni alloys were cooled through the two phase liquid + solid regions, the
    compositions of the liquid and solid phases had to readjust continuously by solid
    state diffusion as the temperature was lowered.

    • Since atomic diffusion is very slow in the solid state, an extensive period of time
    is required to eliminate concentration gradients.

    • The as-cast microstructures of slowly solidified alloys usually have a cored


    structure caused by regions of different chemical composition.

    •Coring happens when a heated alloy, such as a Cu-Ni system, cools in non-
    equilibrium conditions. This causes the exterior of the material to harden faster
    than the interior. Coring causes the exterior layers to retain more of the higher
    melting temperature element. In this case, the dendrite arms formed from the
    exterior have a different composition than the alloy in the inner regions, resulting
    in a local compositional difference.
    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys
    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys
    • The Cu-Ni alloy system provides a good example to describe how such a cored
    structure originates.
    • Consider an alloy of 70%Ni-30%Cu that
    is cooled from a temperature T0 at a
    rapid rate.

    • The first solid forms at temperature T1


    and has the composition α 1.

    • Upon further rapid cooling to T2 ,


    additional layers of composition α 2 will
    form without much change in the
    composition of the solid primarily solidified. The overall composition at T2 lies
    somewhere between α 1 and α2 and is designated as α2`. Since diffusion is too
    slow to keep pace with crystal growth, not enough time will be allowed to
    achieve uniformity in the solid.
    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys
    • Since the tie line α2` L2 is longer than α2 L2 , there will be more liquid and less
    solid in the rapidly cooled alloy than if it were cooled under equilibrium
    conditions to the same temperature.

    • So, solidification has been delayed at


    that temperature by rapid cooling.

    • As the temperature is lowered to T3 & T4


    the same process occurs and the average
    composition of the alloy follows the
    non-equilibrium solidus α1 α2` α3`……….. .

    • At T6 the solid freezing has less Cu than the original composition of the alloy
    which is 30% Cu. At temperature T7 the average composition of the alloy is 30%
    Cu and freezing is complete.
    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys
    • Regions in the microstructure of the alloy will thus consist of compositions
    varying from α1 to α7` as the cored structure forms during solidification.

    • Most as-cast microstructures are cored to


    some extent and thus have composition
    gradients. In many cases this structure is
    undesirable, particularly if the alloy is to be
    subsequently worked. The final structure
    which will be cored structure will have
    higher melting central portion surrounded
    by the lower melting, last to solidify shell.

    • To eliminate the cored structure, as cast


    ingots or castings are heated to elevated temperatures to accelerate solid-state
    diffusion. This process is called homogenization since it produces the
    homogeneous structure in the alloy.
    Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Alloys or Coring
    • The homogenizing heat treatment must be carried out at a temperature that is
    lower than the lowest melting solid in the as-cast alloy or else melting will occur.

    • For homogenizing the 70%Ni-30%Cu, a


    temperature just below T7 should be used.

    • If the alloy is overheated, local melting or


    liquation may take place. If the liquid phase
    forms a continuous film along the grain
    boundaries, the alloy will loose strength
    and may break up during subsequent
    working.

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