Chapter 1 Number System

PRM 1016 : MATHEMATICS 1
MISS FARAH LIYANA

Email: afliyana@preuni.unimas.my
2
CHAPTER 1 : NUMBER SYSTEM

3
1.1 REAL NUMBERS

4
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Learning Outcomes:
To define and understand natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, prime numbers, rational numbers and irrational numbers.
To represent rational and irrational numbers in
decimal form.
To represent the relationship of number sets in a real number system diagrammatically.

5
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Natural numbers, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

Counting things or objects.
Whole
numbers, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

Natural numbers together with 0.
Prime numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, }

Whole numbers that is only divisible by itself or 1 is called a prime number.
6
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Integers,
Z = { ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

The negative of natural numbers together with 0 and the natural number .
Positive
integers, Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...}
Negative
integers, Z- = {-1, -2, -3, ...}

7
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Rational numbers, = {: =
, ,
, 0}
For example: 1 2 7 , 3 , 5 , and many more. 2
Decimal representations of rational numbers are repeating or terminating.
Examples:
1 9
= 0.1111 ,
3 8
3 11
= 0.272727 (repeating)
= 0.375,
6 25
= 0.24 (terminating)
Irrational
numbers, = { , , , 5, 2, }
Numbers that cannot be written as fractions.
8
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Example
Express the following decimals as fractions.

(a)
0.454545 = 0. 45
Solution:
Let = 0.454545 (1)
(1) 100:
(2) (1):
100 = 45.454545
100 = 45 99 = 45 =
45 99
(2)
5 11
9
Therefore
0. 45 =
5 11
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Ex. 1.1 Write the following numbers in fractions: a) 2. 7 b) 0. 14 c) 3.6
Ex. 1.2 Express the following decimals in fractions: a) 0.125 b) 4. 6 c) 9. 91
10
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Real Number Line/Basic operations on real

numbers/Properties of real numbers.
Learning Outcomes:
To state the properties of real numbers such as closure, commutative, associative, distributive, identity and inverse under addition and multiplication
11
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Number Line
Real numbers can be represented geometrically by points on a straight line, called a real number line.
A point called the origin is chosen to represent 0. Points to the right of the origin represent positive numbers and points to the left represent negative
numbers.
12
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Note: 1. Every point on the line represents one real number.
2. Every real number is represented by precisely one

point.
13
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Basic operations on Real Numbers
Two real numbers can be combined by using the
operations of addition (+), subtraction (),

multiplication (), and division (). The result is
still a real number.
For example,
1 3 5 , 2 4 4
3.87 1.92 1.95
14
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Properties of Real Numbers
Closure property: For real numbers a and b, = , where (* denotes any of the four operations) Commutative property: For real numbers a and b,
+ = + and =
Associative property: For real numbers a, b, and c, + + = + + and = Distributive property: For real numbers a and b, + = + and = Identity property: For real numbers 0 and 1, + = + = and = = where a is a real number Inverse property: For real number a, + = + = and

= where
15
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Ex. 1.3:
Identify the real number property illustrated.

3 2 is a real number
5(3 2) = (5 3)2 2) 4 = 1 4
Closure property Associative property
1 ( 2

Inverse property Identity property
13= 3
5 + (3 + 2) = (3 + 2) + 5
5 + (3 + 2) = (5 + 3) + 2
Commutative property
Associative property
16
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Intervals / Finite Intervals / Infinite Intervals / Union and Intersection

Learning Outcome:
To understand open, closed and half-open intervals and their representations on the number line. To understand that the endpoints of an open interval on the number line are usually represented as empty circles, whereas the endpoints of a closed interval are represented by dense circle. To simplify union and intersection of two or more intervals with the aid of a number line.
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
INTERVALS
Given two real numbers a and b, the possibilities are

a is equal to b, written as a = b a is greater than b, written as a > b a is less than b, written as a < b
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
FINITE INTERVALS
If a and b are real numbers such that a < b, then the set of all real numbers x satisfying

a < x < b is called the open interval from a to b a < x < b is called the closed interval from a to b a < x < b is called the half-open (or half-closed) interval from a to b
a < x < b is called the half-open interval from a to b

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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
INTERVAL NOTATION
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
a<x<b
(a, b)
open interval
a<x<b
[a, b]
closed interval
a<x<b
(a, b]
half-open
a<x<b
[a, b)
half-open
Notes: Point a and b are called endpoints of the interval. Endpoint for open interval on the number line are represented as empty circle. Endpoint for close interval on the number line are represented as dense circle.
22
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
INFINITE INTERVAL
If a is a real number, then the set of all real numbers x satisfying the conditions : x<a x<a x>a x>a is called an infinite interval.
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
INFINITE INTERVAL (CONT...)
There are 4 possible "infinite ends":
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
UNION AND INTERSECTION
The union of sets A and B denoted by is the set of all elements which belong to A or to B.
The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by

is the set of elements which belong to both A and B.
25
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
26
1.1 REAL NUMBERS
CONCLUSION
An Interval is all the numbers between two given numbers. Showing if the beginning and end number are included is important There are three main ways to show intervals: Inequalities, The Number Line and Interval Notation.
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Ex. 1.4 Write the following inequalities using the interval notation. Also present each inequality on a real number line.
Ex. 1.5
Simplify the following using a real number line. Express the simplified answer using interval notation.
a)
b)
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1.1 REAL NUMBERS
Ex. 1.6 Simply the following using a real number line. Express the simplified answer using interval notation.
a)
b)
29
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS

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1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Learning
Represent Perform
Outcomes:
a complex number in Cartesian form.
algebraic operations on complex numbers. the conjugate of a complex number. the equality of two complex numbers.
Understand Understand Find
the square root of a complex number.

31
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
The
square of any real number is a positive
number.
Example
32 = 9
Then
(-2)2 = 4
what is the value of 1 ?
To
find this value, there should be a number
such that = -1
Is it possible??
32
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Clearly
there is no real number that satisfies
this equation.
Therefore
1 is not a real number. It is an
imaginary number which is denoted by i.

1 = i 4 = 4 1 = 4 = 2 3 = 3 1 = 3
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1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Imaginary
numbers are of the form ai where a
is a real number.
In
addition,
= = =
= = () =
Imaginary
numbers can be added or subtracted. and =

34
+ =
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Multiplication
and division of two imaginary
numbers give a real number. = = =

Numbers
of the form a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers and = 1 are called complex numbers.

imaginary part
real part
35
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
1)
Addition and subtraction :

combining complex numbers using these operations, real terms and imaginary terms are separated into two groups.
When
+ + = +
Example:
+ + = + + = +
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1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
2) Multiplication:
The
distributive law of multiplication applied to
two complex numbers gives their product.
+ + = + +
Example:
+ = +
= +
= +
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1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Any
pair of complex numbers in the form of
have a product which is a real number since:
+ = + = +
The
complex number + and are
called conjugate numbers.

38
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
3)
Division:
Direct division of complex numbers cannot
(a)
be carried out because the denominator is

made up of two independent terms.
(b)
This difficulty can be overcome by
multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
39
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example:
+ + = + +
If
two complex numbers + and + are equal, then = and =
40
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex.1.7: Find the values of m and n: (a)

(b)
41
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.8: Find the values of p and q: (a)

(b) + + = ( + )
42
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.9: Solve: (a) + + ( ) (b) ( ) (c) ( + )
43
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.10: Solve: (a) +

2
(b) + (c) +
44
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.11:
Express the following in the form of + : (a)
+
(b)
45
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.12:
Express the following in the form of + : (a)

(b)
46
1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Ex. 1.13:
Find the square roots of the complex number 7 + 24i.
Ex. 1.14: Find

a) b)
3 + 4 9 + 40
47
in the form of + .
1.3 INDICES,
SURDS AND LOGARITHMS

48
1.3 INDICES, SURDS AND LOGARITHMS
INDICES
Learning
Outcomes:
To To
define indices state the rule of indices
49
INDICES
If a is a real number and n is a positive integer
then,
=
The number a is called the base and n is called

the index.
50
Rules of indices:
= +
= ,
( ) = () =
=
>
51
1) Zero index
From rule (2) = =
By division Therefore
= =
52
2) Negative Index
From rule (2) =
=
By division
Therefore
In general
53
3) Rational Index
From rule (1) =

+
=
Also =
=
+ +
In general
54
Index property of equality

For
positive real number ( ), If = , then = property can be used to solve equations where
This
the index is not known.
Example:
=
Then,
= =
55
Ex. 1.15: Find the values of : (a) / (b) (. )/ (c) ()/ (d) (/ / )
56
Ex. 1.16:
Evaluate: (a) /
(b) ( )
(c) ( )/
57
Ex. 1.17:
Simplify: (a)
( )
(b) ( ) ( )

(c)
58
Ex. 1.18:
Simplify:
3 2 5 4
(a)
6 3
(b)
(c)

59
Ex. 1.19:
Solve the following equations:
(a) 22 9 2 + 8 = 0 (b) 22+1 + 4 = 2+3 + 2
60
SURDS
Learning
Outcomes:
To
explain the meanings of a surd and its
conjugate and carry out algebraic operations on surd
61
SURDS
WHAT
IS SURDS?
A surd is an irrational number of the form

number which is not a perfect square.
where is a positive integer and is a real
62
WHAT IS PERFECT SQUARE?
A number which is the square of a whole number such as =
For example, surds are: , , , and
63
But is not a surd since =
1)
Addition and subtraction :

of the same kind can be combined by
Surds
addition and subtraction.

Example
: = and 3 + =
64
2) Multiplication: =
Example:
=
Or conversely,
=
= =
65
3) Division:
Example: =
= =
66
Rationalising the denominator
is the conjugate of +
If a fraction has a surd in the denominator, the evaluation of the fraction is made easier by rationalising the denominator of the fraction.
67
Ex. 1.20:
Express the following as the simplest surd:
1) 2) 3)
68
Ex. 1.21:
Express the following as the simplest possible surd:
1) 2) 3)

69
Ex. 1.22:
Rationalise the denominators and simplify:
1)

2)
3)
70
Ex. 1.23:
Simplify the following by rationalising the
denominator:
1)

2)
3)
71
Ex. 1.24:
Simplify the following expressions.
a) ( )( + )
b) +
+
c)
72
Ex. 1.25:
Simplify the following expressions:
(a) 7 5 2 (7 + 5 2)
(b) (c)
(b) ( 6 + (c)
5 5 33
7)2
73
Ex. 1.26:
Simplify the following as a single fraction:
(a)
1 6+1
1 61
(b)
5+ 3 5 3
5 3 5+ 3
Ex. 1.27: Simplify the following as a single fraction:

1 (a) (2+ 5)2
1 (2 5)2
(b)
1 2 31
13+ 2 13 2
74
Ex. 1.28:
Find the square roots of +
Ex. 1.29: Find the square roots of 11 6 2.
75
Ex. 1.30:
Solve the following equations:
a)
+ 10 5 = 2 + 2 + 3 = 8
3 +
b)
Ex. 1.31:
(a) (b)
7 = 5 + 5 + 2 = 3 +
76
LOGARITHMS
To To To To
understand the meaning of ln M and log M state and prove the laws of logarithms change the base of logarithms solve equations involving indices and
logarithms
77
A logarithms is an index.
The logarithm of 2 to the base of 10 is

0.3010 is written as:
= .
78
The logarithm of a positive number N to a
given base a (a>0) is the power to which the base a must be raised in order to give the number: = = Example: = = = =
79
In special case:
=
=
= Logarithm of M to the base e is called the natural logarithm and is written as or (pronounced as lon M).
80
Laws of Logarithms:
(1) = + (2)

(3) =
81
(1)
= =
Let
and
Therefore, =
Or
= +
= +
= +
82
(2)
= =

=
=
83
(3)
= =
Therefore,
=
=
84
If x, y and a are positive real numbers such
that 1, then = =
Example:
= =
85
If x, y and a are positive real numbers such
that 1, then = =
Example:
=
=
86
Changing the base of logarithms

= M = =
Given then
=
= Therefore, =

87
Example:
Let then = = =
=
= Therefore,

x = .
88
Example:
Solve the equation + = .
Solution:
+ = .
=
=

89
(log ) + log
( ) + =
( )( ) =

or

=2 or or = =
90
= =
Ex. 1.32:
Without using a calculator, evaluate the following :
1) 2) 3) .
91
Ex. 1.33:
Without using a calculator, evaluate the following: (a)
1 log 3 81
(b) log 2 0.25

92
Ex. 1.34:
Find the value of (a) 83 log8 2 Ex. 1.35: Find the value of log 2
93
(b)
2 log 4
Ex. 1.36:
Express each of the following terms of log a, log
b, log c:
1) log 2) log
3) log
94
Ex. 1.37:
Express y in terms of x for the following equations: (a) log = 2 log (b) 2 log + 3 log = 0 Ex. 1.38: Express y in terms of x for the following equations :
1) + = 2) + =
95
Ex. 1.39:
Find the value of the following:
1)
4 +

2)
96
Ex. 1.40:
Find the value of the following: (a)
1 log 4 64 4
log 4 0.25 + log 4 1 lg 0.5
(b) lg 40 +
1 lg 8
Ex. 1.41:
Express each of the following as a single logarithm. (a) lg + (c) (b) log 2 ( + 3) log 2 (2 9)
7 (log 9 3 lg 4
5 lg
+ 3 log )
97
Ex. 1.42:
Express each of the following as a single logarithm. (a) log 8 + log 9
3 log 2 1 log 4
(b) 5log log log (c) 2 log 3 5 2 log 3 10 + log 3 8 Ex. 1.43: Determine the value of the following to four significant figures: (a) log 5 2 (b) log 3 7 (c) log16 32
98
Ex. 1.44:
Determine the value of the following to four significant figures: (a) log 40 9 (b) log 0.8 6 (c) log 2 7
99
Ex. 1.45:
Solve each of the following, giving your answers to three decimal places, whenever possible.
(a) =
+ ( )
(b)
(c) = (d) + =
100
Ex. 1.46:
Give the answer to the following, correct to three decimal
places, where necessary.

(a) 492 = 7+2
(b) 4 22 = ( )3+1
(c) 92 = 14 (d) 6
1 2
1 16
=3
101
Ex. 1.47:
Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to two decimal places where necessary. (a) 4 2 6 = 16 (b) 52 3 14 5 + 8 = 0
Ex. 1.48:
Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers correct to two decimal places where necessary. (a) 22 + 4 = 2 5 (b) 16 5 4 + 6 = 0
102
Ex. 1.49:
Find the possible values of x if (a) log 2 +3 log 2 = 4 (b) log 2 4 2 + 7 15 = 1 + 2 log 2
103

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PRM 1016 : MATHEMATICS 1

MISS FARAH LIYANA

CHAPTER 1 : NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

To represent rational and irrational numbers in

To represent the relationship of number sets in a real number system diagrammatically.

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Natural numbers, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

numbers, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

Prime numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, }

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Z = { ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

integers, Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...}

integers, Z- = {-1, -2, -3, ...}

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

For example: 1 2 7 , 3 , 5 , and many more. 2

Decimal representations of rational numbers are repeating or terminating.

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Express the following decimals as fractions.

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Ex. 1.1 Write the following numbers in fractions: a) 2. 7 b) 0. 14 c) 3.6

Ex. 1.2 Express the following decimals in fractions: a) 0.125 b) 4. 6 c) 9. 91

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Real Number Line/Basic operations on real

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Note: 1. Every point on the line represents one real number.

2. Every real number is represented by precisely one

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Basic operations on Real Numbers

Two real numbers can be combined by using the

operations of addition (+), subtraction (),

still a real number.

3.87 1.92 1.95

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Properties of Real Numbers

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Closure property Associative property

Inverse property Identity property

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Intervals / Finite Intervals / Infinite Intervals / Union and Intersection

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

Given two real numbers a and b, the possibilities are

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

a < x < b is called the half-open interval from a to b

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

INFINITE INTERVAL (CONT...)

There are 4 possible "infinite ends":

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

UNION AND INTERSECTION

The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1 REAL NUMBERS