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    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

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    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    This document contains a lecture summary on C programming fundamentals including: - Announcements about upcoming lab exams and end of semester exams. - A recap of macros, #define, and common pitfalls when using macros. - An explanation of writing programs across multiple source files, including how to declare functions and variables across files. - A discussion of static and external variables, and their differences from automatic variables.

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    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    14 views11 pages
    This document contains a lecture summary on C programming fundamentals including: - Announcements about upcoming lab exams and end of semester exams. - A recap of macros, #define, and common pitfalls when using macros. - An explanation of writing programs across multiple source files, including how to declare functions and variables across files. - A discussion of static and external variables, and their differences from automatic variables.

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    lec34-oct27

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    This document contains a lecture summary on C programming fundamentals including: - Announcements about upcoming lab exams and end of semester exams. - A recap of macros, #define, and common pitfalls when using macros. - An explanation of writing programs across multiple source files, including how to declare functions and variables across files. - A discussion of static and external variables, and their differences from automatic variables.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views11 pages

    Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing Esc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    Uploaded by

    Mukesh Kumar Dewra
    This document contains a lecture summary on C programming fundamentals including: - Announcements about upcoming lab exams and end of semester exams. - A recap of macros, #define, and common pitfalls when using macros. - An explanation of writing programs across multiple source files, including how to declare functions and variables across files. - A discussion of static and external variables, and their differences from automatic variables.

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    You are on page 1of 11

    ESc101: Fundamentals of Computing

    2011-12-Monsoon Semester Lecture #34, October 27, 2011

    Please switch off your mobile phones.

    Announcements
    Lab 11 starts from Friday, 28th October. Thursday ( y (Todays) section will do lab on 29th October (Saturday) y ) ( y) Lab 12 starts from Thursday, 3rd November.
    Monday section will do lab on 5th November (Saturday)

    Lab exam in the week of 14th to 18th November Labs 11 and 12 will not be pre-announced to give you practice pre announced End-sem exam is on 25th November, 8:00 AM Copies can be seen on 28th afternoon.
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 1

    Recap
    Assignment operator Comma operator #define Macros using #define
    Pitfalls

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: #define
    A very common use of #define is the following:
    #define MAXSIZE 100 int students[MAXSIZE]; char grades [MAXSIZE];

    If we want to change the size, we only need to do it once.

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Macros using #define


    #define MAX(X, Y) z = MAX(i, j); Compiler will change this to: z = i > j ? i : j; j X>Y?X:Y

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Macros
    Useful when something needs to be done multiple times in the program One can always write a one-line function But functions have performance overhead O li Macros are a good solution in such cases One line d l i i h Macros are type independent single Macro for all types is possible Be careful with parenthesis No space between macro name and opening parenthesis #define SQUARE(X) X * X SQUARE(5) SQUARE(4+1)

    // Problem

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Recap: Macros: Pitfalls


    #define MAX(X, Y) i = MAX(square (p), q); will get replaced by: i = square (p) > q ? square (p) : q ( ) ( ) X>Y?X:Y

    Note that the function square (p) may be called twice unnecessarily
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 6

    Recap: Macros: Pitfalls


    #define MAX(X, Y) i = MAX(p++, q); will get replaced by: i = p++ > q ? p++ : q ++ ++ X>Y?X:Y

    Note that p may have been incremented twice


    that may not have been the intention
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 7

    #define
    Scope: definitions are valid till end of file (not restricted to functions or blocks like variable declarations) We can change the definition through another #define We can stop the use of a definition through #undef
    #define MAXSIZE 100 #undef MAXSIZE
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 8

    Conditional Compilation
    #define DEBUG 1 #ifdef DEBUG printf (This is printed only if I am debugging the code\n); #endif

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    Program in multiple source files


    A C program can be written in multiple files
    Different programmers may be writing code for different parts of the problem You may want to write related functions in a single file which may be reused in another problem solving

    There can only be a single main ( ) function. From any function in any file, you can call functions of any other file
    We have already seen this we can call C library functions C The prototype of functions in file2 that we call from any function of file1 should be mentioned in file1 also
    Again, we have been doing this through including header files
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 10

    Program in multiple source files


    Let file1.c contain file1 c
    main ( ) compute ( )

    Let file2.c contain


    double square (double x) double sqrt (double x)

    Functions in file2.c do not call any functions in file1.c Compute( ) function in file1.c calls square( )
    but does not call sqrt ( )
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 11

    Program in multiple source files


    In file1 c we need to include the prototypes of called file1.c, function of file2.c
    The following line should be included in file1.c
    double square (double x)

    But no need to mention sqrt( ), since it is not being called

    We compile both the files together


    gcc fil 1 file2.c file1.c fil 2 The executable file, a.out, can now be used as usual

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    12

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    13

    Global variables in case of multiple files


    We have seen that variables could be declared at the beginning of the file before any function is defined.
    We have been calling them global variables These can be used from any function in that file Technically correct term for them is external variables as they are external to each function which is using them If a global variable is defined in file1.c, how do we use it in functions in file2.c
    W could declare them explicitly in each function that uses We ld d l h l l hf h them as follows: extern int roll_numbers [ ]; Or such a declaration could be done in the beginning of file2.c, before any function is defined
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 14

    Scope of external variables


    External variables are defined in one file, and are declared in all such files where a function may access them In the file where an external variable is defined, the scope is from the d fi i i till the end of the file f h definition ill h d f h fil
    extern keyword is not used memory allocation takes place while compiling this file

    In other files, there is only a declaration


    extern keyword is to be used no memory allocation takes place if the declaration is outside all functions, then scope is from th d l ti i t id ll f ti th i f the declaration till the end of the file if the declaration is inside a function, then scope is from the declaration till the end of that function Defining global (external) variables in multiple files is an error
    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 15

    Static variables
    Normally declared variables are called automatic variables
    The memory is allocated for each invocation of function For a recursive function, memory is allocated for each recursive call function The memory is taken away when the function returns Previously stored value is not available to the next invocation of the same function

    By declaring a variable static


    the variable becomes a permanent variable memory allocation takes place only once, even across recursive calls y p y memory is not taken away after the function call, hence one can access value stored during the previous function call

    there is no change in scope of the variable though


    Lec-34 Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon 16

    Static variables
    Within a function we can define static variables as: function,
    static int roll_numbers[500];

    If static is not used, and it is recursive function, then every call would have needed such a large memory area, and there th was no way to access what previous call to the t h t i ll t th function was doing.

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    17

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    18

    Four types of variables


    There are four classes of variables in C
    automatic external static register

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    19

    10

    Any Questions?

    Lec-34

    Dheeraj Sanghi, CSE Dept., IIT Kanpur ESc101, 2011-12-Monsoon

    20

    11

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