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    Structure of Plants

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    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    The document defines key plant structure terms and describes the basic anatomy and functions of plant cells, tissues, and transport systems. It explains that stems bear buds and leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Meristems produce the plant body and vascular tissues transport water and nutrients. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots through transpiration and tension, while the phloem transports sugars and other substances bidirectionally through pressure flow.

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    Structure of Plants

    Uploaded by

    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    49 views9 pages
    The document defines key plant structure terms and describes the basic anatomy and functions of plant cells, tissues, and transport systems. It explains that stems bear buds and leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Meristems produce the plant body and vascular tissues transport water and nutrients. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots through transpiration and tension, while the phloem transports sugars and other substances bidirectionally through pressure flow.

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    The document defines key plant structure terms and describes the basic anatomy and functions of plant cells, tissues, and transport systems. It explains that stems bear buds and leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Meristems produce the plant body and vascular tissues transport water and nutrients. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots through transpiration and tension, while the phloem transports sugars and other substances bidirectionally through pressure flow.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views9 pages

    Structure of Plants

    Uploaded by

    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    The document defines key plant structure terms and describes the basic anatomy and functions of plant cells, tissues, and transport systems. It explains that stems bear buds and leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Meristems produce the plant body and vascular tissues transport water and nutrients. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots through transpiration and tension, while the phloem transports sugars and other substances bidirectionally through pressure flow.

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    Structure of Plants

    Denitions Pasture: A grazing management unit - but can include a unit that is cut and carted rather than grazed. Permanent Pasture: Pasture that comprises perennial or selfseeding annual plants that are grazed annually for 10 or more years in succession. Forage: Edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that provides feed for animals. Cropland: Land devoted to the production of a cultivated grain or root crop, that might also be harvested for silage or hay. Cropland Pasture: Cropland that is grazed for part of the year, often after harvest or before reproductive growth starts. Agro-forestry: Forest with cropland between trees. Silvopasture: Agro-forestry, where land between the trees is managed pasture. Grassland: Any plant community, including harvested forages, in which grass or legumes make up the dominant vegetation. Plant Structure Most owering plants: monocots and eudicots

    The Vegetative Organs Roots, which form a root system. Stems, and leaves, which form a shoot system. Stems and Leaves

    Stems bear embryonic shoots called buds. Axillary buds can develop into branches. Apical buds found at the tips of stems and branches produce cells for the elongating shoots.

    Leaves are primary sites of photosynthesis. The leaf blade is attached to the stem by a petiole. How are plant cells unique? Having chloroplasts or other plastids, vacuoles, and cellulosecontaining cell walls. Walls of cells separated by a middle lamella; each cell also has its own primary wall, and some produce a thick secondary wall. Lignin binds all of these together

    Plant Cell Functions Parenchyma cells store starch or lipids; some carry out photosynthesis. Collenchyma cells provide exible support. Sclerenchyma cells include bers and sclereids that provide strength and often do not function until they die.

    Conduction Cells Tracheids and vessel elements are conducting cells of the xylem. Sieve tube elements are the conducting cels of the phloem. Phloem sap passes from cell to cell through sieve plates.

    Meristems (localized regions of cell division) generate the plant body. Apical meristems at the tips of stems and roots produce the three tissue systems. Apical meristems are responsible for primary growth (in length). Leaf primordial on the sides of the apical meristem develop into leaves.

    Lateral meristems, the vascular cambium, and cork cambium, are responsible for secondary growth (growth in width).

    How does leaf anatomy support photosynthesis? Veins bring water and minerals to the mesophyll (the photosynthetic tissue) and carry the products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant body. A waxy cuticle retards water loss from the leaf and is impermeable to carbon dioxide. Guard cells control openings (stomata) in the leaf that allow CO2 to enter, but also allow some water to escape.

    How do plant cells take up water and solutes? Water moves through biological membranes by osmosis, always moving toward cells with a more negative water potential. Tendency to take up water, the water potential, , psi) of a cell or solution is the sum of the solute potential and the pressure potential.

    How are water and minerals transported in the xylem? Root pressure is responsible for the oozing of sap from cut stumps, but it cannot account for the ascent of xylem sap in trees. Water transport in the xylem results from the combined effects of transpiration, cohesion, and tension. Evaporation from the leaf produces tension in the mesophyll cells... Which pulls a column water water - held together by cohesion - up through the xylem from the root. Dissolved minerals are carried passively in the water.

    How are substances translocated in the phloem? By way of living sieve tube - elements Can proceed in both directions in the stem, although in a single sieve tube it goes only one way. Translocation requires a supply of ATP. Translocation in the phloem is explained by the pressure ow model. The Pressure Flow Model The difference in solute concentration between sources and sinks creates a difference in (positive) pressure potential along the sieve tubes, resulting in bulk ow. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire9e/ default.asp#542578__591496__ http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire9e/ default.asp#542578__591497__

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