CONSTRUCTION 2010

MAKERERE

UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM: BSc CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ASSSIGNMENT: CONSTRUCTION MODULE REPORT NAME: KALULE ISAAC REGISTRATION No: 09/U/625 STUDENT No: 209000864

INSTRUCTOR: Mr. RWENDEIRE IVAN

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is Sufficient in terms of scope and quality.

Signature: . Name of Supervisor:

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I declare that this practical report entitle CONSTRUCTION is the result of my own research except as cited in the references.

Signature: Name: KALULE ISAAC

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is really a hard task for me to complete this study without the help from those people around me. I would like to express my gratitude of thanks to Mr. Rwendeire Ivan who spent time to guide and help us patiently on what should be included in this report. I wouldnt never been able to get through this without your advice. Besides, I would like to thank my parents and family for their support and encouragement. It is meaningful and helpful to me. Lastly thank you to all my friends who willing to help me and giving a full concern to me especially during the discussions we together, thank you very much.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ACKNOLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.2.1 Applications of construction 1.3 Building Construction 1.31 Principal factors of construction 1.4 Design process 1.41Building team 1.5 site works and setting out 1.5.1 Clearing site 1.5.2 Hoarding 1.5.3 Leveling 1.5.4 Setting out 1.6 Sub structure 1.61 Foundations 1.7 Super Structure 1.7.1 Walls 1.7.1.1 Walling materials 1.7.1.2 Block and brick bonding 1.7.2 Beams columns and slabs 1.7.2.4 False work and form work 1.7.3 Roofs 1.8 Scaffolds 1.9 Services 1.9.1 Drainage systems 1.9.1.1 Types of drainage systems 1.9.2 Septic tank 1.9.3 Stabilization ponds 2.0 Water supply

PAGE i ii & iii iv vi 1 1 1 2

6 6 6 6 7 9 9 14 14 14 14 15 16 19 24 29 29 29 31 32 33
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2.1Indirect water system 2.2 direct water supply 3.0 conclusion References 35 36 38 38

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CONSTRUCTION 1.1 OBJECTIVES To create an understanding of the basic component of a building, documentation and materials quality and selection. To explain the main components of a building structure, major sections, elements and materials. To understand the roles played by of the different parties involved in the execution of a given construction projection. 1.2 Introduction Construction is the process which involves assembling different structural element in order to come with a stable structure backed up with the proper planning, execution, and control of construction operations of a given projects . 1.2.1 Applications of construction In civil engineering construction can be witnessed on a number of project which among others include the following; 1.3 Highways/ roads/ bridges Building construction Dams Railway lines Retaining structures Water resource engineering facilities Airport runways/ air fields Recreation facilities

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Building construction is a process which involves enclosing space (hoarding) where construction of a given structure is going to be executed, in order to create a favourable internal working environment, assembling both structural and architectural elements while following the relevant documents (structural
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drawings, architectural drawings etc) and sustaining the structure throughout its working life time by regular maintenance. 1.3.1 PRINCIPAL FACTORS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Capital This is measure of the accumulated financial strength of an individual, firm, or nation, created by sacrificing present consumption in favor of investment to generate future returns above investment costs. Capital plays different roles in the execution of the proposed project which among others include the following; payment for both structural element (like reinforcing steel bars, aggregates, cement etc) and architectural element (like tiles, fitting, paint etc), payment for service offered by the different parties (like engineers, surveyors, casual labourers etc) involved in the execution of the proposed project Land Land refers to the space or ground on which the proposed project is to be executed whose ownership is clearly shown by legal document like land titles. In Uganda there are mainly four categories of land ownership viz; i) Customary land Customary land is land which is owned by indigenous communities and administered in accordance with their customs, as opposed to statutory tenure usually introduced during the colonial periods. Common ownership is one form of customary land ownership. ii) Leasehold land This is land which is owned by the government or a landowner and then leased to a tenant for a fixed period of time. iii) Milo land This is form tenure where land ownership is in the hands of tribal or clan leaders and under this category land is administered by the local land boards. iv) Freehold land Here ownership is in perpetuity, and a certificate of title is issued.

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Labour This refers to human. Labour may either be skilled (this constitutes technical effort forwarded towards the execution of the proposed project by engineers, quantity surveyors, land surveyors, etc) and unskilled (this constitutes casual and physical effort forwarded towards the execution of the proposed project mainly by foremen, clerks of works, porters etc) Other factors which affect building construction among others include: Intended purpose of the proposed building, material availability, topography, available infrastructure, security, space etc. 1.4 DESIGN PROCESS The design process includes the active and continuing participation of users, code officials, building technologists, cost consultants, civil engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers, structural engineers, specifications specialists, and consultants from many specialized fields. The illustration in figure 1below shows a simplified layout of the design process:

Figure 1 (adapted from: /www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/sus-dev/integrated-wholebuilding-design-guidelines/html/images/figure1.gif)

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Preparation for the project can be led by many players but generally comes from the user/client who identifies the need for building on the basis of quantifiable requirements for space and budgetary capacity to undertake the activity. A needs assessment often accompanies this planning activityit can describe existing space use; develop realistic estimates of requirements, both spatial and technical; and arrive at a space program around which Once the Pre-design activities are complete, the architect or other prime consultant, in consultation with his or her team of sub-consultants, may produce initial graphic suggestions for the project or portions of it. Such suggestions are meant to stimulate thought and discussion, not necessarily to describe the final outcome. Gradually a design emerges which embodies the interests and requirements of all participants while also meeting the overall area requirements which the project budget will have established during Pre-Design activities. The resulting Schematic Designs produced at this stage show site location and organization, general building shape, space allocation, and an outline specification which makes an initial list of components and systems to be designed and/or specified for the final result. It is often useful to have a cost estimate performed by a professional cost estimator called a quantity surveyor at this point. Cost estimations is done by preparation of a bill of quantities. They are prepared by a taking off process in which the cost of a building or other structure is estimated from measurements in the architect's drawings. These are used to create a cost estimate such as in regard to the square area in meters of walls and roofs, the numbers of doors and windows, and systems as heating, plumbing and electrics. An example of a bill of quantity is as illustrated in figure 2 : The approved definitive design documents are developed into comprehensive construction drawings and specifications that are submitted to the concerned authorities for endorsement or approval of the proposed project. The approval is effected by issuing of a building permit. After approval, a cost estimate (bill of quantities) can be used for the selection process of the building company or contractor a process known as tendering or bidding. Tendering may either be open or restricted

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i) Open tendering: Bidding process that is open to all qualified bidders and where the sealed bids are opened usually in public for scrutiny and are chosen on the basis of price and quality. Also called competitive tender or public tender. ii) Restricted tendering or bidding: Invitation to bid (ITB) sent only to selected contractors who have been pre-qualified through a screening process. After the general contractor is selected construction commences and it is done with the whole of building team collectively participating.

Figure 2 (adapted from; www.ajk.ie/pages/products/images/clip_image006.jpg)

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1.4.1 THE BUILDING TEAM

Building is essentially a team effort in which each member has an important role to play. Figure 3 shows the organization structure of a typical team;
BUILDING OWNER ARCHITECT

CONTRACTOR

CLERKS OF WORKS

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS SURVEYORS ESTIMATORS BUYER ADMINISTRATOR ENGINEERS SITE AGENT

GENERAL FOREMAN TRADES FOREMAN OPERATIIVES

COSTING ACCOUNTING OFFICE STAFF Figure 3

1.5

SITE WORKS AND SETTING OUT

When the site has been taken over, the task of preparing for and setting out the building can be commenced. These operations can be grouped under four categories viz: 1. Clearing site 2. Hoarding site 3. Establishing levels 4. Setting out the building

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1.5.1 Clearing site

This may involve demolition of existing buildings, the grubbing out of bushes and trees or existing tree stumps and removal of soil to reduced levels. 1.5.2 Hoarding

Hording involves enclosing the site using iron sheets of inferior gauge or fencing using wire mesh. The law requires that building sites should be hoarded before construction commences. The hoarding needs to be accurately constructed in order to provide protection to the public, resist impact damages, resistance anticipated by wind pressure and adequately lit at night. Figure 4 shows the typical hoarding details. 1.5.3 Leveling Levels can be established using the following methods; 1. Cut and fill 2. Cut 3. Fill

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Figure 4 (adapted from construction technology handbook by R. chudley an R. Greeno 5th edition page 86)

1.5.4

Setting out

This task is usually undertaken once the site has been hoarded, cleared of any debris or obstruction and any reduced level excavation works are finished. Accurate setting out is of paramount importance and should therefore only be carried out by competent persons and all their work thoroughly checked. This involves setting out the building outline followed by setting out trenches 1.5.4.1 Setting out the building outline

The first task in setting out a building out line is to establish a baseline to which all the setting out can be related. Usually the longest side of the building is chosen for convenience. Figure 5 illustrates this.

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Figure 5 (adapted from construction technology handbook by R. chudley 8 th edition page111)

1.5.4.2

Setting out trenches

The objectives of this task are: To establish the excavation size, shape and direction and To establish the width and position of the wall. The outlines of the building will have been set out and using this out line, profile boards can be setup to control the position, width and possible depth of the proposed trenches. Profile boards should be set up at least 2.000metres clear of the trench position so as not to obstruct the excavation work. Figure 6 illustrates this.
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Figure 6 (adapted from construction technology handbook by R. chudley 8th edition page112)

1.6

SUB-STRCTURE: FOUNDATIONS Sub structure is the portion or part of the building below the ground level. It normally includes foundations and the ground floor slab. The purpose of the sub structure is to firmly anchor the building to the ground, transfer and distribute all the loading to the ground.

1.6.1

FOUNDATIONS The function of any foundation is to safely sustain and transmit to the ground on which it rests the combined dead, imposed and wind loads in such a manner so as not to cause settlement or other movements which may impair the stability and/ or damage to any part of the building.
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1.6.1.1 FOUNDATION TYPES

There are four types of foundation types namely: strip, pad, raft, and pile. These foundation types are either used individually or in combination on a building project.

STRIP FOUNDATION This type involves construction of a plinth wall on mass concrete along the trenches. The trenches are normally dug where actual walls of the super structure are erected. The details of strip foundations are shown in figure 7. Application These are more suitable for most subsoils and light structural loading such as those encountered in low to medium rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be used.

Figure 7 (adapted from construction technology handbook by R. chudley an R. Greeno 6th edition page 208)

PAD FOUNDATION
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These are foundations with reinforced concrete bases and columns. The columns are usually rectangular or circular in shape. Pad foundations are either combined (with one column fixed on one base) or combined (with more than one column fixed on one base) Figure 8 gives details of both isolated and combined pad foundation Application Pad foundations a usually applicable in storied building where the structure is susceptible to heavy loads.

Figure 8 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 191)

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PILE FOUNDATION These can be defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the load(s) of a structure to a lower level of subsoil. Application Piled foundations can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not present at or near ground level making the use of deep traditional foundations uneconomic. The lack of suitable foundation conditions may be caused by:1. Natural low bearing capacity of subsoil. 2. High water table giving rise to high permanent dewatering costs. 3. Presence of layers of highly compressible subsoils such as peat and recently placed filling materials which have not sufficiently consolidated. 4. Subsoils which may be subject to moisture movement or plastic Classification of foundations Pile foundations can either be friction or end bearing depending on the way they transmit the loads to the sub soil. Figure 9 show detailed information of both friction and end bearing foundations.

Figure 9 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 205)

RAFT FOUNDATION These are used to spread the load of the superstructure over a large base to reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground. Figure 9 illustrates typical details of a raft foundation.
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Figure 9 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 203)

Application This is particularly applicable where low bearing capacity soils are encountered and where individual column loads are heavy.

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1.7 SUPER STRUCTURE

Sub structure is the portion or part of the building above the ground level. It normally includes the walling, windows, doors, beams, slabs, columns, and the roof. 1.7.1 WALLS

These are structures of bricks, stones, or blocks used to enclose (external walls), divide (partition and party walls) or support a building. Walls can be constructed from different materials and using different bonding for the case of brick and block walls 1.7.1.1 WALLING MATERIALS The different materials that can be used in the construction of a walling unit among others include the following: 1.7.1.2 Bricks Mortar Concrete Steel Mud and wattle Grass and wattle Timber Stones

BLOCK AND BRICK BONDING

Bonding refers to an arrangement of bricks or blocks in a wall, column or pier laid to a set pattern to maintain an adequate lap. Purposes of Brick Bonding 1. Obtain maximum strength whilst distributing the loads to be carried throughout the wall, column or pier. 2. Ensure lateral stability and resistance to side thrusts. 3. Create an acceptable appearance. FORMS OF BONDING There are mainly four forms of brick bonding used in construction and these include the following:
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Stretcher bond; this involves laying all courses of stretcher. Figure 10 illustrates this form of bonding.

Figure 10 (adapted from: /sites.google.com/site/building4today/_/rsrc/1267550154565/B4TBrick-Stretcher-custom-size-364-264.jpg)

Header; this involves laying all courses of header. Figure 11 illustrates this form of bonding.

Figure 11 (Adapted from; /sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=be22f126cbf9071afb2ff900498c5c8d)

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English Bond; formed by laying alternate courses of stretchers and headers it is one of the strongest bonds but it will require more facing bricks than other bonds. Figure 12 illustrates this form of bonding.

Figure 12 (Adapted from:/sites.google.com/site/building4today/_/rsrc/1267550153936/B4TBrick-English-custom-size-406-307.jpg)

Flemish Bond; formed by laying headers and stretchers alternately in each course. Not as strong as English bond but is considered to be aesthetically superior uses less facing bricks. Figure 13 illustrates this form of bonding.

. Figure 13
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1.7.2

BEAMS, COLUMNS AND SLABS

1.7.2.1 BEAMS These are horizontal load bearing members which are classified as either main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to the columns or secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams. Figure 14 illustrates typical details of beam. 1.7.2.2 COLUMNS These are the vertical load bearing members of the structural frame which transmits the beam loads down to the foundations. They are usually constructed in storey heights and therefore the reinforcement must be lapped to provide structural continuity. Figure 15 illustrates typical details of column. 1.7.2.3 SLABS Reinforced concrete slabs are mainly of two type namely hollow (which comprise of maxpans commonly known as kajjansi) and solid (which are made from concrete and reinforcements) Figure 16 illustrates typical details of rectangular and square solid slab. 1.7.2.4 FORM AND FALSE WORKS Concrete when first mixed is a fluid and therefore to form any concrete member the wet concrete must be placed in a suitable mould to attain the desired shape, size and position as it sets. These moulds are called formwork. Formwork is supported by temporary structures known as falsework. Falsework refers to temporary structures or elements used to support formwork in order to hold the concrete components in place until it has sufficiently advanced to support its self. Figures 17 and 18 illustrate typical details of a beam and column formworks respectively. 1.7.3 FINISHES Finishes include all final surfaces provided to roofs internal and external walls, floors, stairs and ceilings to render the structure habitable as per the needs of the client. The figure below illustrates details of tile floor finish Common finishes include: Plastering
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Painting Tiling Terrazzo Asphalt or bitumen

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Figure 14 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 380)

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Figure 15 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 384)

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Figure 16 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 377)

Figure 17 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 395)
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Figure 18 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 396)

1.7.3 ROOF Roofs can be classified as being either; 1. Flat: pitch from 0o to 10o. Figure 19 below illustrates typical details of a flat roof. or 2. Pitched: pitch over 10o. Pitched roofs can further be sub-divided into the following forms Lean to roofs Monopitch roofs Gamble end roofs Hipped end roofs Mansard or gambrel roofs Figure 20 and 21 below illustrates typical details of these forms of pitched roofs. or

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Figure 19 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 435)

ROOF STRUCTURE A roof is in a very exposed situation and must therefore be designed and constructed in such a manner as to:1. Safely resist all imposed loadings such as snow and wind. 2. Be capable of accommodating thermal and moisture movements. 3. Be durable so as to give a satisfactory performance and reduce maintenance to a minimum. ROOF TRUSSES These are triangulated plane roof frames designed to give clear spans between the external supporting walls. They are usually prefabricated or partially prefabricated off site and are fixed at 1800mm centres to support purlins which accept loads from the infill rafters. Figure 22 below illustrates typical details of a roof truss.

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Figure 20 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 436)

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Figure 21 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 437)

ROOF COVERING MATERIALS These among others include the following; Iron sheets Tiles Slates Timber Grass

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Figure 22 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 441)

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1.8 SCAFFOLDS These are temporary working platforms erected around the perimeter of a building or structure to provide a safe working place at a convenient height. They are usually required when the working height or level is 1500mm or more above the ground level. 1.8.1 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS These include among others the following. 1. Putlog Scaffolds; these are scaffolds which have an outer row of standards joined together by ledgers which in turn support the transverse putlogs which are built into the bed joints or perpends as the work proceeds, they are therefore only suitable for new work in bricks or blocks. Figure 23 shows typical details of a putlog scaffold 2. Independent Scaffolds; these are scaffolds which have two rows of standards each row joined together with ledgers which in turn support the transverse transoms. The scaffold is erected clear of the existing or proposed building but is tied to the building or structure at suitable intervals. Figure 24 shows typical details of an independent scaffold. 3. Mobile Scaffolds; otherwise known as mobile tower scaffolds. They can be assembled from pre-formed framing components or from standard scaffold tube and fittings. They can be easily transferred from on part of the building to another due to presence of caster wheels at its bottom. Figure 25 shows typical details of a mobile scaffold. 4. Truss-out Scaffold; this is a form of independent tied scaffold used where it is impracticable, undesirable or uneconomic to build a scaffold from ground level. The supporting scaffold structure is known as the truss-out Figure 26 shows typical details of a truss out scaffold.

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Figure 23 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 122)

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Figure 24 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 123)

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Figure 25 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 127)

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Figure 26 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 132)
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1.9 1.9.1 SERVICES DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Drains; these can be defined as a means of conveying surface water or foul water below ground level. Sewers; these have the same functions as drains but collect the discharge from a number of drains and convey it to the final outfall. 1.9.1.1 TYPES OF DRAINGE SYSTEMS There are main two types of drainage systems namely: Combined and separate drainage systems. 1. SEPARATE DRAINAGE SYSTEM This is the most common drainage system in use where the surface water discharge is conveyed in separate drains and sewers to that of foul water discharges and therefore receives no treatment before the final outfall. Figure 27 below illustrates this type of drainage system.

Figure 27 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 132)

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2. COMBINED DRAINAGE SYSTEM This is the simplest and least expensive system to design and all forms of discharge are conveyed in the same sewer. Figure 28 below illustrates this type of drainage system. DISADVANTAGE The whole effluent must be treated unless a sea outfall is used to discharge the untreated effluent.

Figure 28 (adapted from construction technology handbook by R. chudley and R. Greeno 6 th edition page 661)

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1.9.2

SEPTIC TANKS

How it works? The septic tank system work by separates wastewater to separate into layers. The bacteria present in the tanks decomposes the solid wastes that have settled to the bottom of the tank thereby transforming most of the wastes in solids and gases. The outflow pipe in the tank drain out the access liquid in the drainage system. The outflow, through a series of subsurface pipes is distributed throughout the drain field. Here effluent undergoes final treatment as the soil absorbs and filters the liquid whereas rest of the materials is broke down by the microbes. Figure 29 below illustrate the plan and section of a septic tank.

Figure 29 (adapted from google.com/images/septic tank)

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1.9.3 STABILIZATION PONDS Categorization Of Stablisation Pond Stablisation or stabilization pond can be categorized as follows; Aerobic Ponds An aerobic pond throughout its entire depth has varying concentration of oxygen. Anaerobic Pond Anaerobic pond is devoid of any oxygen except in the top at the air liquid interface. Facultative Pond Facultative pond is a combination of both aerobic and anaerobic pond. That is, in its top zone it is aerobic whereas it is anaerobic at its lower zone The amount of oxygen present in the pond depends upon the following factors:

Temperature Organic loading Sunlight

Maturation ponds Maturation ponds are the ponds that receive effluent from a facultative pond. They are shallow, with less vertical stratification and are well oxygenated.

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2.0

WATER SUPPLY

An adequate supply of cold water of drinking quality should be provided to every residential building and a drinking water tap installed within the building. The installation should be designed to prevent waste, undue consumption, misuse, contamination of general supply, be protected against corrosion and frost damage and be accessible for maintenance activities. Figures 30 and 31 show a typical layout of a domestic water supply.

Figure 30 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 660)
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Figure 31 (Adapted from: building construction handbook 6th edition by R. Chudley an R. Greeno page 661)

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2.1 INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY An indirect water supply system is the most common type found in modern houses. The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap at the kitchen sink with potable water (i.e. water which is fit for drinking, cooking etc) and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc. The rising main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water is fed to all the other taps etc using gravity. Figure 32 illustrates this form of drainage

Figure 32 (Adapted from; /www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/indirectwater-supply.php) The items identified in the illustration above (NOTE that the central heating has been omitted for clarity) of an indirect water supply are: 1. Water company stopcock 2. Householders stopcock. 3. Draincock
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4. Storage tank with a ballcock float valve to control the water stored 5. Gate valve which can isolate the cold water feed to the hot water tank. 6. Gate valve which can isolate the cold water to the WC and taps etc. 7. Hot water cylinder. 8. Gate valve which can isolate the hot water to the taps. 9. Storage tank overflow pipe 10. WC overflow pipe 11. Inline valves to isolate water feeds to washing machine or dishwasher etc. Advantages of an indirect water supply It does overcome the problem of furring, therefore suitable for hard water areas. It reduces the risk of back syphonage and hence limiting contamination. It provides a reserve of water should the mains supply fail or be cut off. Disadvantages of an indirect water supply This system requires more pipework than the direct system 2.2 DIRECT WATER SUPPLY A direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold water taps and a multi point water heater. The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds all the cold taps and a multi point water heater - so all the taps and other water feeds are at mains water pressure. Figure 33 illustrates this form of drainage Advantages of a direct water supply The main advantage is that drinking water is available from all cold water outlets. Disadvantages of a direct water supply These systems are suitable only for areas with high level reservoirs with a good supply and pressure. Lack of reserve in case of supply cut off.
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Risk of back syphonage due to negative mains pressure and a risk of reduced pressure during peak demand periods.

Figure 33 (adapted from /www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/directwater-supply.php) The items identified in the illustration above of a direct water supply are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Water company stopcock Householders stopcock Draincock. Stopcock. Gate valve which can isolate the cold water feed to the multi point water heater. Gate valve which can isolate the hot water from the multi point water heater to the taps etc. Multi water heater. Inline valves to isolate water feeds to washing machine or dishwasher etc. WC overflow pipe.

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3.0 Conclusion During the four days of the practical part of this module different aspects with in this scope of construction have been undertaken in and have yielded a positive impact on my career development within the field of building construction. References Construction technology hand books by R. Chudley and R. Greeno: Editions 5th ,6th, and 8th www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/direct-water-supply.php www.practicaldiy.com/plumbing/water-supply/indirect-water-supply.php www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/sus-dev/integrated-whole-buildingdesign-guidelines/html/images/figure1.gif www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php Building technology hand book R. Chudley and R. Greeno 8th edition

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