Pamphlet No. 119 August'1959 ,...

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS RELATED TO THE GEOLOGY OF IDAHO

1941-1957

By

Clyde P. Ross
t
Geologist, U ~ S. Geological Survey

IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY

MOSCOW, IDAHO

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey

United States Department of the Interior
 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS RELATED TO THE GEOLOGY

OF IDAHO o FOR THE YEARS 1941 TO 1957

By

Clyde Po Ross

FOREWORD

In December 1941 0 Pamphlet 57 of the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology was
published This report was entitled lithe metal and coal mining districts of Idaho o
0

with··rtotes~on· thenonmetallicminera-l·res-ources of the state". The major portion

of this report Was an annotated bibliography by Clyde P. Ross and Martha S.Carr
which attempted to include essentially all available publications regarding the geol-
ogic features of Idaho through April 15 1941. It now seems desirable to bring the
I

annotated· bibli-pgraphy up-to-date. However 0 the descriptions of mining districts

and similar Items included in Pamphlet 57 are not repeated hereo For many districts
little new information is available 0 and the present writer is not in a position to add
much to the published record for any of the recent developments. Those interested
in these can readily obtain the recent data from reports that have been or are in pro-
cess of being published.

The present bibliography starts with papers published in 1941 and not included
in Pamphlet 57. It goes through 1957 and includes such reports as have been pub-
lished in the early part of 1958 anq have come to the attention of the compilero A
few reports that escaped inclusion in Pamphlet 57 are inserted in the present bibli-
ographyo The purpose of the new compilq.tion is to include all reports that appeared
during the period indicated above that would be of interest to those concerned with
thegeolog}, of Idaho and its· .problems With this purpose in mindo news notes of
0 .

ephemer9,linterest and reports concerned with metallurgical and engineering matters

but with little original geologic information in them are omitted. Some engineering
reports that include data on the history and production record of districts in Idaho
are listed as of possible interest to geologists who might study these districts 0

The coverage of reports of this nature is not exhaustive. Insofar as possible the
bibliography lists not only formally published reports and books 0 but also abstracts 0
reports and maps placed on open file by the U S. Geological Survey,. and student
0 0

theses where these are so filed in the universities as to be accessible to interested

persons. Each item listed o whether a complete reporto an abstracto or some other
form of record of work done is abstracted The completeness of the abstracts var-
0

ies with the character of the items abstracted. The principal geologic reports are
abstracted at some length. Reports and books that deal only to a degree with the
geology of Idaho are abstracted primarily with matters pertinent to the purpose of
the present bibliography in mind. In many such instances matters not pertinent to
this purpose are omitted entirely from the abstracto a fact that can be inferred from
the title of the publication abstractedo Some purely descriptive articles dealing
with.part1pular,a,reas are abstr~cte4 brieflyo. eyen though they may be of g~eat in-
ter~st f~r, tl'~ose who may be concerned with the specific areas involvedo To be
 really usef~lo abstracts of some of these arttcles or reports would be dispropor-
tionately long In addition to papers direc;::tly concerning Idaho D a number of pub-
0

lications of interest to anyone concerned with general problems in regard to the

geology of the state are listed These publications give data on such thillgs as
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broad features of stratigraphy D structure, paleogeography and kindred matters. Where

possible, the abstracts of such general papers emphasize those parts that concern
problems of the geology of Idaho. Parts not of int~rest in connection with Idah0 are
omitted from the abstracts as far as practicable. However it has not been practi-
0

cable in all instances to be selective on this basis in abstracting, Thus I abstracts

of a few papers of broad scope include data on much of western North America in
order to furnish background material and also to suitably indicate the character of
the material abstractedo

To facilitate the use of the bibliography, cross indexing has been performed by
the staff of the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Gaology. Where the character of a pub-
lication permits, it has been indexed under the county or counties it covered Sub-
0

heads under each county indicate the general character of the reports cited. Those
publications that cover large parts of the state or that deal with general geologic
features rather than with areas cannot be indexed under the county headings but
0

are indexed under general headings indicative of the scope of the publicat1Qn~

1--'
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott, Agatin To

1. 1954, Monazite deposits in calcareous rocks, northern Lemhi County, Idaho:

Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 99, 24 p., incl. geol. map.

Between North Fork and Shoup, Idaho, several thin beds of marble are interbedded
in the gneiss and schist de~ived from the Belt series. These contain monazite and
other minerals. The monazite is of potential economic value.

_ _ _ _ _ (and Prater, Lewis Seward)

2. 1954, The geology of kyanite-andalusite deposits, Goat Mountaih, Idaho,

and preliminary beneficiation tests on the ore: Idaho Bur. Mines and
Geology Pamph. 100, 27 p. 0 incl. geol. map.

Potentially valuable deposits of kyanite and andalusite are present in T . 42 N. ,

R. 5 Eo, Shoshone County, Idaho. Anna Hietanen, U. S. Geological Survey,
called attention to the deposits in 1951, and fieldwork for the present report was
done in 1953.
The country rock is mainly highly metamorphosed rock of the Belt series
(Prichard?), including biotite schist and biotite paragneiss plus anorthosite, ap-
parently formed by repla.cement of lava or tuff and garnet amphibolite, regarded
as metamorphosed dike rock. The kyanite and andalusite are in the schist in four
restricted zones plus a zone of andalusite gneiss. The aluminum silicates are
thought to have been formed during and after regional metamorphism, perhaps more
or less contemporaneously with the Idaho batholith, but with little addition of ma-
terial from igneous sources. The four zones are esthnated to contain 341,000 tons
of aluminum silioate minerals down to a depth of 50 feet ..
Preliminary tests indicate the kyanite would be amenable to flotation concentra-
tion and a fairly clean mica concentrate could be obtained by selective flotation.

Adamson, Robert D. (Hardy Clyde Thomas, andWHliams, James Stewart)

0

1. 1955, Tertiary rocks of Cache Valley, Utah and Idaho, in Tertiary and
QUaternary geolqgy of the eastern Bonneville Basin, A. J. Eardley,
Ed., Utah Geol. Soc., Guidebook no. 10, p. 1-22.

This paper subdivides sedimentary rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary age in Cache
Valley, Utah and Idaho, in comparative detail" It lists "Wasatch" conglomerate
(Paleocene and Eocene), Salt Lake group (Miocene and Pliocene) subdivided into
Collinston conglomerate, Cache Valley formation, Mink Creek conglomerate (in
ascending order) and, in the Pleistocene, the pre- and post-Lake Bonneville
groups. The Wasatch outcrops are apparently all in Utah.

Alden I William Clinton

1. 1953, Physiography and glacial geology of western Montana and adjacent areas:
U S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 231, 200 p., incl. geol. map.
0

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 -2-

This paper records many traverses and local studies related to geomorphic features
in Montana, plus some in Idaho o terminating in 1938. The major points brought out
bearing on the geomorphic history of Idaho include the following: In western Montana
the Eocene epoch was one of extensive erosion but erosion surfaces that old are not
known. Volcanism and probably also glaciation occurred in Eocene time in Montana.
The intermontane valleys there have diverse faulted and tilted sedimentary fill of
Oligocene to Pliocene age The Tertiary fill was deposited in a topography similar
0

to that of today but possibly more subdued. Remnants of gravelly deposits now0

deeply eroded, are preserved high on the east front of the Rocky Mountains and far-
ther east. These postdate the valley fill just mentioned and were eroded during
regional uplift of late Tertiary and Quaternary date Perhaps the Clark Fork deepened
0

its valley 800-1, 000 feet in Pliocene-early Pleistocene time. Some smooth tracts
may be remnants of Pliocene(?) erosion surfaces but the mountains may have been up-
lifted in one epi$ode of the Laramide orogeny and the continuous, subsequent erosion
has not gone beyond maturityo An old alluvial fan on the crest of the Beaverhead
Mountains near Bannock Pass is mentioned. Deposits near here contain Miocene(?)
bones but doubt is cast on Atwood s idea that these were laid down in streams trib-
0 I

utary to Snake River. Canyon Creek, a tributary of Lemhi River may have pushed the
Continental Divide northward 4-5 miles from its position in late Tertiary or early
Pleistocene time. In and near northern Idaho the Purcell Trench and adj acent valleys
may have been deepened by faulting and erosion in Oligocene and Miocene time. The
Latah formation and Columbia River basalt reached far up these northern valleys but
were largely removed before the advance of the Rathdrum lobe of the px:-e-WiscoI'lsin
iceoOnly sc~nty evidence of early Pleistocene glaciation and remnants of terraces
of similar date are knowno The terraces may belong to the Yarmouth interglacial stage o
The Wisconsin ice was widespr ead in British Columbia and may have largely submerged
.,
the mountains of northern Idaho, blocking Clark Fork and producing Lake Missoulao

Allen, Rhesa McCoy" Jr 0

10 1952, Geology and mineralization of the Volcano district, Elmore County, Idaho:
Econo Geologyo v" 47, no. 80. po 815-821, inc!.. geo1. sketch map.

The Volcano district is astride the boundary between Elmore and Camas Counties, Idaho 0
and has veins that have been mined principally for gold although silver and base metals
are presentc! They are in a tilted mountain block along the south boundary of Camas
Prairie They are in the Idaho batholith, in part cutting related aplite dikes and in part
0

cutting granophyte dikes regarded as of early Tertiary age The lodes are much older
0

than rhyolitic flows (Pliocene) and basalt flows (Pleistocene). They are believed to
have developed along one of the east-trending zones of structural weakness developed
in the batholith during the Laramide orogenyo There is marked wall-rock alteration o
Deposition of vein minerals was in three stageso

Allen 0 Victor Thomas 0 (Nichols, Robert Leslie o and Scheid o Vernon Edward)

10 1944 8 Cenozoic weathering profiles in the Northwest U. S. (abs): Geol o Soc.

America Bulle!' v. 55 no o 12, p. 1463.
0

During the Cenozoic, northwestern U. S. was.a land area except for a coastal belt
that was flooded at times. There was intermittent deposition of continental
 -3-

sediments and pyroclastic rocks and intermittent extrusion of lava. Successive

land surfaces were formed and at most places buried. More than 12 profiles have
been recognized and there are undoubtedly others They were developed on var-
0

ious rocks, mostly igneous 0 and vary in thickness and in climatic conditions dur-
ing formation" Kaolinite 0 halloysi te 8 montmorillonite 0 beidellite u no ntroni te I gib-
bsite 0 diaspore, bochmi te I limonite q garnierite I and other materials were formed
in themo Most of the high-alumina clays in the regionD plus some nickel and iron
deposits I are genetically relat~d to these profiles These include the Benson I Idaho
0

clay deposits and the sedimentary high-alumina clay deposits at Troy and Moscow,
Idaho 0 all in Latah County 0 as well as many in other states 0

Allen, Victor Thomas (and Scheid, Vernon Edward)

2. 1946 u Nontronite in the Columbia River region (abs 0): Amo Mineralogist,
vo 310 nos .. 3-4, po 189-1900

Investigations of high-alumina clay by the U. So Geological Survey have resulted

in new discoveries of occurrences of nontronite. The nontronite forms from basaltic
glass palagonite, iddingsite, and augite under conditions of poor drainage in the
0

presence Qf alkalies or alkaline earths Under opposite conditions kaolinite and

0

halloysite formed from plagioclase and nontronite migrated into vesicles and cracks 0

3. 1946, Nontronite in the Columbia River region: Am. Mineralogist, v., 31,
no s 5 - 6, Po 294 - 312
Q 0

Several occurrences of nontronite have been found recently in Washington, Idaho

and Oregon. The mineral forms through the weathering of basaltic glass palagonite,
I

iddingsite u and augite under conditions of poor drainage in the presence of al-
kalies, magnesium, and probably ferrous iron.. Under conditions of through drain-
age with neutral or slightly acid solutions kaolinite and halloysite are formed from
plagioclase and nontronite migrates into vesicles and cracks in the rock 0

4" 1946 u Origin of the Benson. clay deposit, Latah County, Idaho (abs): Geol"
Soc. America Bull. I v. 57 uno. 12 q pt. 2, p. 1173.

The Benson clay was formed by weathering I not by hydrothermal action o Weather-
ing reached 100 feet or more below the surface. The amount of fresh feldspars and
biotite increase downward. No dickite was found. Irregularities in clays of the
Benson type depend on the nqture of the parent rock I local structures control-
ling permeability I duration of the weathering, and irregularities in the ground sur-
face.
Anderson I Alfred Leonard
1. 1941 u Geology of the Idaho Almaden quicksilver mine near Weiser 8 Idaho:
Idaho Bur Mines and Geology Pamph. 55 9 po
0 Q

Development of the Idaho Almaden mine began in 1937 and a large production rate
 -4-

was attained by 1939.. Anderson visited the mine in August 1939, at which time 464
flasks of quicksilver had been producedo The sandy and clayey beds containing the
deposit are assigned to the Payette formation (Miocene), which is overlain by the
Columbia River basalt and this in turn by the Idaho formation (Pliocene and
Pleistocene). The deposit is on the crest of one of a series of anticlines of north-
west trend at a place where minor faulting and flexure have produced a local structural
depression. This depression rna y be younger than the first of two Pleistocene erosion
surfaces inferred by Kirkham to exist in the regiono
The deposit is believed by Anderson to have formed from a hot alkaline hydro-
thermal solution that ascended close to the surface at temperatures of 1000 -150 0 C,
and at pressures close to atmospheric o The initial solutions are supposed to have
permeated and dissolved the rocks and filled the openings with opalo As all voids
then formed were not filled, collapse followedo Successive solutions introduced
more opal and later, chalcedony, both accompanied by cinnabar n

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

2. 1941, A copper deposit of the Ducktown type near the Coeur d 'Alene district,
Idaho: Econ. Geology, v ~ 36, no. 6 8 po 641-657 0

The Mizpah copper deposit, 40 miles southwest of the Coeur d 'Alene mining district,
formed hydrothermally under rather intense temperature conditions but possesses
many features of pyrometasomatic depositso It formed by replacement along bedding
plane fractures and fissures in quartzite of the Belt series, and its ore consists
chiefl y of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and cubani te in a silicate (diopside, amphibo-
lite, microcline, etc.) and carbonate gangueo There were three stages of minerali-
zation; some of the quartzite nearby shows incipient granitization 0

The mineralizing solutions might well have come from the Idaho batholith. How-
ever the wall-rock al tera tion re semble s tha t a s socia ted with a monzos yeni te stock,
Q

inferred to be of early Tertiary age, 12 miles west o Anderson, therefore, infers an

early Tertiary age for the Mizpah deposits 0

3. 1941, Physiographic subdivisions of the Columbia Plateau in Idaho: Jour.

Geomorphology, v. 4, noo 30 po 206-2220

Fenneman's five sections of the Columbia Plateau province are reviewed and mod-
ifications are proposed on the basis of Anderson's fieldwork in Idaho o He proposes
that the Snake River Plain section be redefined to include the whole of that Plain
instead of the eastern part alone, which requires abandoning the Payette section of
Fenneman. The parts of that section not annexed to the Snake River Plains section
are renamed the Owyhee section and the Seven Devils section o Further Fenneman's
0

Walla Walla section is subdivided into the Craig Mountain section (north of the
Seven Devils section) and the Palouse section, still farther north Brief descrip-
0

tions of each of the five proposed subdivisions are given o

4. 1942, The Boise Basin, Idaho, .!n.. Newhouse W. H., ed., Ore deposits as
3

related to structural features, p. 132-134.

I-~"
 -5-
The principal feature that has controlled the distribution of veins in the Boise Basin
is the porphyry belt, a zone of structural weakness deformation, and intrusion be-
Q Q

lieved to be part of a belt of Tertiary deformation that extends northeast acros s the
state In the Boise Basin this zone and its two most productive districts are entirely
0

within the Idaho batholith., Disturbances in the porphyry belt were recurrent through-
out late Mesozoic and all of Tertiary time and were accompanied by intrusion of var-
ious kinds of stocks and dikes and by ore depositiono The lodes, which were de-
posited after all but the latest of the dikes were intruded, are in two kinds of open-
ings" relatively continuous fissures mainly in granodiorite and groups of closely
spaced tension cracks in sheared dikes of rhyolite
I
porphyry., Mineralization took
place in three stages the precious metal ore-minerals being introduced in the
Q

second stage o Base metal sulphides came in during the first stageo In the continu-
ous fissures the ore shoots are in areas of relatively low dip. The lodes along the
porphyry belt are related u not to the Idaho batholith o but to much younger magmas.
The lodes are mostly concentrated in two areas u thought to be loci of maximum dis-
turbanceo Early deformation in the porphyry belt was by horizontal shear, later de-
formation may represent collapse along longitudinal and traverse faults o The
structural arrangement of the ore deposits is similar to that of the intrusions. The
deposits strike obliquely across the porphyry belt and are more nearly parallel to the
rhyolitic bodies to which they are most clpsely related in time and genesis u than to
the other intrusions0

Anderson u Alfred Leonard

5. 1942, Endomorppism of the Idaho batholith: Geol. Soc. America Bull. 6 v. 53 u

noo 8, po 1099-1126 0

In the broadest senseu the Idaho batholith. has two main facies; a broad u marginal
and roof zone of relatively calcic rock, and an inner less calcic zone that consol-
idated when stresses were less intense o In some places calcic rocks fringe the
batholith, apparently intruded ahead of the main marginal masso The m9in marginal
mass is estimated to make up roughly half the mass of the entire batholith.
Much of the marginal facies is quartz diorite b~t much granodiorite and some
quartz monzonite are included., More calcic rocks are present but escaped gen-
eral endomorphism and are not further discus sed here. In the marginal facies the
mineral grains are intricately penetrated or irregularly penetrate neighboring grains
in a manner that suggests not or:detlY. crystallization:, but ra:therreplacement such
as that in alteration zones in wall rock bordering high-temperature ore depositso
It is argued that hornblende, biotite, andesine, etco in the early consolidated
rocks have been added to and replaced by biotite microcline, quartz, and various
Q

accessory minerals The inner facies is calcic quartz monzonite with local var-
0

iations to granodiorite and granite. The mineral relationships are reported to be

similar to those in the marginal facies Minerals thought to result from normal
0

crystallization from a consolidating magma include biotite u o11goclase o orthoclase Q

and quartzo Those formed by later replacem~nt include some biotite, orthoclase,
microcline, quartz and accessories. Locally aplite is present and is regarded as
showing the same two sets of processes as the larger masseso In the pegmatite
nearly all the minerals now visible are thought to represent a second generation o
formed by replacement of the original rock of the inner and outer facies of the
bathol! th and of the aplite.
 -6-
Anderson, Alfred Leonard

60 1942, Granite and ore: Econo Geology, Vo 37 J noo 6 po 510-5190

0

This paper favors the concept that "metamorphic" granite has formed through addi-
tion of magmatic emanations to such rocks as schist and quartzite rather than by
simple recrystallization of these rocks, which is the mode of genesis advocated
by Agustus Locke (Econo Geol. v. 36, po 445-454 u 1941) Anderson cites the
0

"Cassia batholith, the marginal zone of the Idaho batholith o the Nelson batholith u "
all in Idaho u in support of his concept. He thinks that in spite of earlier ideas
to the contrary I no ore bodies were formed by means of the emanations from any of
these batholiths Such ore bodies as do occur are ascribed to much younger in-
0

trusi ve dikes and stocks Most of the ore deposits examined by him in Idaho u he
0

regards as genetically related to magmas of early Tertiary or of "mid-Tertiary"

age 0 whereas the batholiths are of late Mesozoic age Nevertheless u some ore
0

deposits are associated with products of local granitizing solutions and these
solutions (related to the batholiths) "may possibly be looked upon as the earliest
phase of the mineralizing processo" He thinks the composition of these solutions
was similar to that of the later ore-bearing solutions. The Boise Basing Blue Wing ,
and Coeur d 'Alene areas are cited as illustrating his concepts. In all these the
ore bodies are in or closely associated with granite masses of the kind regarded by
him as of Mesozoic age.

7. 1943 6 A preliminary report on the cobalt deposits in the Blackbird district,

Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho Buro Mines and Geology Pamph. 61 u 34 p.

This report gives results of a brief visit early in the reopening of the Blackbird dis-
trict in search of cobalto The principal rocks belong to the Belt series and show in-
crease in metamorphism northward toward a granitic mass regarded as belonging to
the Idaho batholith There are poorly exposed intrusions of gabbro (pre-mineral)
o

and of lamprophyre (post-mineral)" The mineralized fracture zones are diverse in

trend. Schistosity is local u parallels bedding, and developed during mineraliza-
tion. Folding is of pre-batholith age. Some of the faults are pre-batholith; others
developed during batholithic emplacement. Lodes dominated by a content of cobalt
are widely distributed. Others containing gold copperu and cobalt occur mainly in
Q

the northern and central areas, and many have formed by addition of gold and copper
compounds to the cobalt lodes. Lodes in the central part of the district are irregu-
lar lenses in broad ~hear zoneso The prinCipal minerals include cobaltite, chalco-
pyrite, pyrite, quartz, biotite, chlorite, carbonate, and tourmaline" Oxidation has
had only minor effect on cobalt distribution but chalcocite and related secondary
minerals reach depths of 100-300 feet. The deposits formed at fairly high tempera-
tures and under varying strains in different parts of the district" They are geneti-
cally related to the Idaho batholith and except for the cobalt, resemble those near
Q

Salmon formed in deep fracture zones in the final stages of consolidation of the
Idaho ba tholi th
0
 -7-

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

80 1943 ,1 Copper mineralization near Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho Bur 0

Mines and Geology Pamph. 60, 15 po

The report deals mainly with the Pope-Shenon mine, the only copper deposit in the
area that had had much work done on it since about 1925. This mine has yielded
over 2,400,000 pounds of copper and has possibilities for the future. The mine
was developed, at the time of this study, by a series of 6 tunnels and had more
than 3,610 feet of drifts and crosscut~ with stopes at intervals between the no o 4
and noo 6 tunnels.
The country rock is impure quartzite and quartzitic argillite of the Belt series,
somewhat schistose and largely recrystallizedo The mineral deposits are in shear
zones that cut the bedding and schist planes The presence of a broad shear zone
0

made up of smaller overlapping and branchinq zones was not appreciated until the
no" 6 tunnel was extended The mineralogy and structure of the ore shoots are
0

summarized The deposit differs from those Anderson regards as of Tertiary age
G

and he re<,;Jards it as related to the Idaho batholith and I therefore, of Cretaceous

age.

9 () 1943, The antimony and fluorspar deposits near Meyers Cove, Lemhi Co,-,nty 0

Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology P amph 62, 20 p., incl. geol"
0

maps.

One antimony and several fluorspar deposits in tuff in the Casto and Challis vol-
canics are described. The deposits are fillings and replacements in fissure and
fracture zones.. The antimony deposit consists of barite with minor quantities of
stibnite, fluorite, and chalcedony. The fluorspar deposits are composed largely
of fluorite with variable amounts of barite and chalcedony" Some range up to 20
feet in width and several hundred feet in length The report is based on field-
0

work in 1942, before the deposits had received much development ..

10. 1943 u Geology of the gold-bearing lodes of the Rocky Bar district, Elmore
County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geol. Pampho 65, 39 po, incl.
geolo sketch maps.

The Rocky Bar district is an old one, started as a placer campo Lode mining be-
gan early but so little has been done in recent years that very little information
could be obtained underground during the present investigation. Fieldwork was
done in 1938 and 1939 and included a topographic map made by Warren Ro Wagner
and Rhesa M. Allen, showing the principal lodes\>
The district is underlain by the Idaho batholith (Mesozoic) which is reported
to show evidence of endomorphism. A few small bodies of porphyritic rock are
present. Those interpreted as pre-ore (dacite porphyry, quartz monz,onite por-
phyry, granophyre, etc are regarded as of early Tertiary age and the rhyolite is
Q )

regarded as Miocene Lamprophyre may have come in at about the time of min-
0

eralization.
 -8-

Miner alized faults and fault zones trend No 70 0 -80 0 Eo with a few of other trends 0

The main faults are roughly parallel to the dikes but some cut dikes There has 0

been repeated movement in these faults In addition there are transverse 0 post-
0

mineral faults Mainly on geomorphic grounds the suggestion is made that the
0

basinlike area in which the district lies is cut by a fault mosaic and is the result
of structural collapse 0

The deposits are mainly valued for their gold content. Total production may ex-
ceed $3 0 000 000 mainly from the shallow oxidized zone The deposits contain
Q 0

quartz (deposited in three stages) with minor amounts of arsenopyrite o pyrite 0 sphal-
eri te galena, chalcopyrite and sericite Some of the gold is free in the quartz
0 0 0

and some is associated with the sulphides Mineralization is supposed to have

0

taken place early in the Tertiary Twenty-four properties are described and a number
0

oJ:' others are mentioned o '

Anderson 0 Alfred Leonard 0 (and Wagner, Warren Richard)

110 1944 0 Lead-zinc-copper deposits of the Birch Creek district o Clark and
Lemhi Counties o Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pampho 70 0
43 po, incL geo1o maps.

Gi ves fairly detailed maps and descriptions of the mines Does not map general
0

geology except in the immediate vicinity of mines where faults are plentiful The 0

oldest rock is Ordovician quartzite 0 600 feet thick with the base hiddeno This is
best exposed in Skull canyon below the Weimer mine The lower 400 feet is mainly
0

wel~-bedded, maroon and pink quartzite, which grades upward into massive white
vitreous quartzite, sandy in the upper 75 feeto At the Viola mine dark-gray dolomite
overlies the quartzite, apparently conformablyo Similar beds are present at other
mines but no good section was found o At some mines, especially the Worthing-
Kauffman, there are several hundred feet of dark fissile shale and thin-bedded, bluish-
gray magnesian limestone in part with much black chert (supposedly Devonian)
I 0

Shenon got Upper Devonian fossils Mississippian limestone with some shale is
0

plentiful" and Pennsylvanian buff sandstone o grayu sandy'limestone n and light- and
dark-bluish-gray limestone with some intercalated shale is present Tertiary sed- o

iments lie on irregularly eroded surface There is a variety of igneous rocks

0 0

120 1945 0 Lead-zinc mineralization in the Moyie Yaak district near Bonners Ferryo
Boundary County Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology P amph 73 u 9 po
3 0

Rather recently discovered lead-zinc deposits in the Moyie Yaak district o Boundary
County are regarded as similar to those of the Coeur d'Alene regiono They are in
g

high-angle reverse faults in the Nelson batholith (Cretaceous) The pres:ence of

0

gold and arsenopyrite in them distinguishes the deposits from many in the Coeur
d 'Alene region. Both of these formed at a late stage. The fault pattern is' said to
be similar to that in the Clark Fork district and is regarded as of early Tertiary age u
unrelated to the intrusion of the Nelson batholith. There may be a zone of struc-
tural weakness along the part of the valley of Meadow Creek that trends easto and
this zone may have influenced localization of the ore deposits 0 Production has
not been large but further exploration is regarded as' warranted 0

1--"'
 -9-

Anderson, Alfred Leonard (and Wagner, Warren Richard)

13 0 1946, A geological reconnaissance in the LittleWood River (Muldoon) district,

Blaine County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 75 0 22 po
incl. topog-geolo map 0

This is a report of a reconnaissance in the LittleWood River district, Blaine County.

The principal rock unit (Wood River(?) formation) consists of massive quartzitic brec-
cia above light-gray limestone and a thick succession of calcareous shale and quartz-
ite. Neither the top nor bottom is exposed but the thickness exceeds 8,000 feet.
It is scantily fos siliferous There are a few dikes and two small bodies of quartz mon-
0

zonite porphyry (Tertiary) probably post-Idaho batholith o Several thousand feet of

0

flows and tuffs of the Challis volcanics are presento Some alluvial and glacial de-
posits are noted. The rocks are folded and cut by several groups of faults, -of which
some of the largest are mapped on topographic evidence.
The principal mining activity was in 1881-1886, with various revivals since then.
The principal miner the Muldoon, has yielded $200,000. The deposits seen are re-
placements along bedding planes and strike-slip faults in the Wood River(?) formation;
with argentiferous galena o arsenopyrite, some sphalerite, and pyrite, 'and chalcopyrite,
with quartz in altered limestone and quartzite. Ore bodies are small. Only two mines
could be examined o the Muldoon mine being inaccessible.

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

14. 1946, Lead-silver mineralization in the Clark Fork district, Bonner County II
Idaho: Econ. Geologyo v. 41, no. 20 p. 105-123.

The lead-silver deposits of the Clark Fork district resemble those in the Coeur d IAlene
region, but are mineralogically more complex because of late introduction of silver
and antimony minerals. Nine complex and in part rare minerals are identified in this
report 0

Localization of dikes of diabase n granodiorite, quartz monzonite, granite, rhyo-

lite porphyry, and of the lead-silver deposits along the zone of weakness associated
with the Hope fault indicates genetic relationships. Early solutions rich in potash are
thought to have reacted strongly with the country rock, sericitizing it. Latersolu-
tions carried ferrous iron and carbonates, then silica with a little barium sulphate,
and finally came solutions carrying the metals. The early metallization, that resem-
bling that of the Coeur d'Alene, is regarded as mesothermal, and that with the com-
plex metallic minerals as epithermal.

Anderson g Alfred Leonard (and Wagner, Warren Richard)

15 0 1946, A geologic reconnaissance of the Hailey gold belt (Camas district),

Blaine County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 76,
26 po incl. geolo sketch maps.
The Hailey gold belt now little known but formerly productive is in west-central
Blaine County. It contains numerous mesothermal gold...,.quartz veins in rock of the
Idaho batholith, in part under Tertiary(?) basalt (apparently older than Snake River
basalt and like Columbia River basalt). The veins are in reverse faults apparently
related to the Laramide orogenyo They are fissure fillings, 300-1,000 feet long and
 -10~

up to 15 and locally 40 feet wide The ore shoots are 200-400 feet long and 3-8 feet
o

wide The veins have an early 0 barren coarse quartz to which a younger coarse comb
0

quartz o with gold, has been added Sulfides comprise less than two percent of the
o

vein matter. Some veins contain siderite and show transitions into siderite-galena
veins like those of the Wood River region o The veins are associated with lampro-
phyre dikes and probably of early Tertiary age The outlook for the future is goodo
0

Anderson" Alfred Leonard

16. 1946, Drainage diversion in the northern Rocky Mountains of east-central Idaho
(abs.): Geolo Soc America Bull. v. 57, noD 12, pto 2, p" 11740
o l ,

Piracy and large-scale faulting have had an important role in disrupting a drainage
system of Tertiary age in east-central Idaho. The northeast trend of the, Salmon
River 0 its main tributaries I and Big Lost River and parallel streams are interpreted
as formed in a drainage system of early Tertiary age which extended across the Con-
tinental Divide and perhaps to the Missouri River 0 Diversion of the; Salmon River
is supposed to have been brought about "by headward erosion of a west-flowing stream
in late Tertiary time, whereas diversion of the Big Lost River and similar streams is
ascribed to block faulting in late Tertiary or early Quaternary time o during which the
Continental Divide was shifted about 100 miles eastward.

17. 1947, Geology of the lead-silver deposits of the Clark Fork district, Bonner
County, Idaho: Uo S. Geol., Survey Bull. 944-B, p. 37-118, incL geoID
map"

The deposits resemble those of the Coeur d 'Alene region. They are fillings and're-
placements along minor thrusts and reverse faults 0 genetically related to the Hope
fault, in the Wallace and Striped Peak formations I and are regarded as of early
Tertiary age.. They are comparatively small but rich 0 The ore contains galena, sider-
ite o quartz, and sphalerite with pyrite u arsenopyrite, tetrahedr1te, and calcite and
some is enriched by hypogene lead sulphantimonites and sulpharsenites copper-lead
g

sulphantimonites and ruby silver" The district has not yet been adequately exploredo
Over a dozen properties are described o

180 1947, Geology and ore depOSits of Boise Basino Idaho: U .. So Geol. Survey
Bull. 944-C, incl o geoID mapso

The report discusses 300 square miles in Boise Basin, Boise Count Yo The basin
yielded $59,649,673 in gold from 1863 through 1940, of which $5,966 0 902 was from
lodes in 1900 through 1940 Total production from lodes is estimated at over
0

$10,000,000. The area is underlain by quartz monzonite of the Idaho batholith" then
regarded as probably of Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous age, with marginal masses
of quartz dioriteo Both have suffered compositional changes through introduction of
late-stage fluids. Pyroxene-hornblende diorite and granodiorite are thought to have
 .-11-

come in early in the Tertiary" These are components of the "porphyry belt" that
extends diagonally across the basin and includes dacite porphyryo quartz monz~
nite porphyry, granophyre u etco all of early Miocene age. Minor areas of lake
0

beds Columbia River basalto and Snake River basalt, plus Pleistocene and Recent
0

alluvium remains.. The early Tertiary intrusives and related lodes are controlled
by fractures (probably reverse faults). Intrusives and lodes of early Miocene age
are related to horizontal fractures, perhaps related to collapse oyer a magma
reservoir 0 Faults not filled by intrusions are difficult to map but may be numer-
ous.. There were marked drainage changes prior to the eruption of the Columbia
River basalt.. Faulting, warping 0 and uplift produced Boise Basin in the Pleisto-
ceneo
Gold-quartz deposits and a few with other metals were formed in the early
Tertiary in three stages. Most of the placer gold came from these depositso
More complex fissure fillings and replacements including gold-bismuth o gold-
pyrite, and silver-gold deposits formed in the porphyry belt in Miocene time 0

The first stage of mineralization produced a quartz gangue; a second stage pro-
duced also barite, carbonates, and tremolite. The metallic minerals include
arsenopyrite, complex sulphobismuth and sulphantimonife minerals 0 etc.. The
deposits are more favorable to deep exploration than those here assigned to the
early Tertiary but few extend downdip more than 1 000 feet ..
0

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

19. 1947, Cobalt mineralization in the Blackbird district u Lemhi County,

Idaho: Econ.Geology, v. 426 no. 10 po 22-46.

This report includes the results of laboratory studies of collections from the
Blackbird district, not available for the writer's earlier report. The general geo-
logic data here are essentially those of the earlier report. The deposits are put
into four interrelated classes o The cobalt-tourmaline lodes (with biotite) are
typically in the southern part of the district. Th~y are as fine grained and dark
as the enclosing quartzite but tend to be more resistant to erosion. They are· re-
placements in fractured and sheared rock. Cobalt-biotite lodes extend through
the central into the northern part of the district. They are similar to the first
class but are zones of mineralized schist rather than quartzite and less resist-
ant to weathering.. The texture is a bit coarser than in the first type Cobalt-
0

quartz lodes are closely as sociated with the cobaltiferous schists in the central
part of the district and are commonly short and discontinuous The gold-cc opper-
0

cobalt lodes are in the central and northerly parts of the district, especially in
the area containing the principal cobalt-biotite lodes u some of which they have
replaced irregularlyo The first three classes of lodes appear to have formed in
two stages each while the fourth shows evidence of four stages The cobalt in
I>

the younger lodes was derived by solution from the older ones and redepositedo
The Idaho batholith is inferred to have had nothing to do with the minerali-
zation but the intrusion of gabbro formation of the lodes and the later inj ection
of lamprophyre dikes probably were closely related events.
 -12-

Anderson u Alfred Leonard

200 1947 0 Drainage diversion in the northern Rocky Mountains of east-central

Idaho: Jour Geology, v. 55 0 no o 2 u po 61-75 0
0

The upper Salmon River and other streams in the southeastern part of Central Idaho
flow northeast and then abruptly change direction o The Salmon makes an elbow
turn and crosses the state westward o Below the turn it has barbed tributaries and
above it has consequent ones in northwest-trending structural basinso Other north-
east-trending streams enter northwest-trending basins and are there directed south-
west to the Snake, River Plain o The interpretation offered is that an early north-
east-trending drainage system that extended through wind gaps in block mountains u
probably to the Missouri Rivero has been broken up by piracy and large-scale
block faultlng o Diversion of the· Salmon River westward probably resulted from
capture by a stream from the west as a consequence of crustal disturbance in the
late Tertiary or early Quaternary time Diversion of other streams into north-
0

west trending basins probably also took place theno The Continental Divide was
shifted about 100 ,miles east of its location in late Tertiary time The area of
0

northwest-trending ranges and basins is spoken of as the Basin and Range area
and apparently regarded as an extension of the Physiographic Province of that
nameo

21. 1947, Epithermal mineralization of the Last Chance and Horn Silver mines,
Lava Creek district, Butte County u Idaho: GeoL Soc America Bull
0 0

v. 58, no. 5,p. 451-482, in~lo geoL. mapso

The epithermal deposits in the Lava Creek district are in a zone of structural
weakness in Tertiary volcanics which facilitated intrusion of Miocene magma and
circulation of mineralizing solutions Early sericite o chalcedonyu pyrite, and 10-
0

call y alunite were followed by pyrite, marcasite, 5phaleri te, wurtz! te II galena, and
chalcedony After a more marked structural reopening quartz, bar! te u pyrite,
0 0

stann!te u klaprothite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, famatinite o enargite u and dickite

were addedo Early solutions were alkalic and hot; later ones were acidic and most-
ly below 135 0 Co The third stage was acid but hottero

22. 1947, Lead-silver mineralization in the Clark Forkdistrict, Bonner County,

Idaho: Econ o Geo!ogyu Discussion, Vo 420 noD 3, po 305-3060

This note records the fact that Charles Mil ton, U So Geological Survey, examined
0

Anderson s specimens from the Clark Fork district (See Anderson 194 no o 17 above)
I 0

by X-ray and other methods and failed to confirm some of the results of Anderson s I

polished-section work, an illustration of the uncertainties inherent in mineraliden-

tification by etch tests .alone o Milton confirmed the presence of semseyite, jordan-
ite, and bournonite 0 but could not verify the meneghinite, geocronite, boulangerite,
gui termanni te, and frei sIebe ni te or1g inall y reported
0
 -13-

Anderson q Alfred Leonard

23. 1947 q Structural control and wall-rock alteration at the Wilbert mineq Dome
district q Butte County Idaho: Econ o Geology I Vo 42 b no., 4, po
Q

368-3830

This gives summary data on history and geologic setting of the Wilbert mine taken Q

mainly from an earlier paper (Ross, C. P. 1933). The ore is confined to a dolo-
0

mite member of a quartzite assemblage and is mainly formed by replacement with

minor fillings of fissure and breccia openings. Primary ore is composed mainly
of fine-grained galena with sphalerite and pyrite that are commonly visible only
Q

under the microscope, in gangue composed of dolomite country rock with added
feldsparo calcite dolomite, chalcedony, quartz, and sericiteo There are occa-
0

sional grains of epidote, chlorite and tourmalitie ~

At the time of Anderson IS examinatton, ore had been mined almost continuous-
ly from the surface to a depth of 800 feet and laterally for about 2 0 000 feet with
a production up to 1931 of about $2,000,000. In the upper levels the ore bodies
were in fractures along the crest of an overturned anticline, in the intermediate
levels in a fissure in the plane of a curved thrust fault and in the lower levels in
a weak fissure along the contact of the dolomite with overlying quartzite.. Re-
placement was the dominant factor in the. mineralization but the fractures local-
ized it so as to produce ore bodies of commercial sizeo Small, much altered ig-
neous dikes are present.. Anderson infers that feldspathization of the original
dolorn.ite was followed by carbonatization and this in turn by silicification and
locally by sericitization and pyritization before the valuable minerals were de-
posited The epidote chlorite, and tourmaline may have formed even later
0 0 0

In line with his general ideas as to periods of mineralization in Idaho, Anderson

infers the deposit to be of early Tertiary ageo He speaks of the introduction of
feldspar as "granitization at a high temperature but thinks most of the mineral-
II

ization took place at low temperature and moderate deptho He suggests it may
belong to the telethermal zone of Graton (Graton, 1933, po 547-551) 0

24. 1947, Role of the Idaho batholith during the Laramide orogeny (abso):
Geol. Soc. America Bull., Vo 58, no. 12, pto 2, 1162 0

The Idaho batholith is interpreted as emplaced just before the beginning of the
Laramide orogeny and forming a part of the hinterland west of the Rocky Mountain
syncline. It transmitted orogenic stresses into the sedimentary rocks in the geo-
synclinal trough. It was itself locally deformed and controlled deformation in
the bordering formations.. It was broken both by low-angle thrusts and by trans-
verse strike-slip faults. These zones of weakness, according to Anderson's
view influenced igneous intrusion and mineralization both at the end of the
0

Laramide orogeny and also during a mid-'Tertiary disturbance. The batholith in-
fluenced deformation of the Belt series for scores of miles to the north forming
Q

transverse fault zones of E. to SEo trendso

 -14-

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

25.. 1947, Tungsten mineralizationat the Ima mine u Blue Wing district o Lemhi
County, Idaho (abs o ) : Geol o Soco America Bull. I Vo 58, no o 12, pto
2, po 11620

The mineralization in the Ima mine is confined to a group of fractures along the
crest of an anticline in Belt strata near a small mass of early Tertiary('?) graniteo
The fractures hold quartz vei~s; some near to the granite being relatively largeo
The veins also contain orthoclase, fluorite, muscovite sericite, rhodochrosite o
0

siderite, and other carbonates, and the metal-bearing minerals molybdenite, pyrite 0

sphalerite, tetrahedrite o chalcopyrite, galena, gratonite, scheelite o and hubner-

ite, of which tetrah~drite and pyrite are the most abundanto The scheelite and
molybdenite are formed near the graniteo The hubnerite is the widest distributed
and one of the youngest minerals o The granite may have formed, at least in part"
by granitization of quartzite and may have been the initial stage of mineraliza-
tion.

26. 1948, Role of the Idaho batholith during the: Laramide orogeny: Econo
Geology, Vo 43, no o 2, po 84-990

The Idaho batholith, emplaced just before the beginning of the Laramide orogeny,
formed a part of the hinterland on the west side of the Rocky Mountain geosyncline.
Acting as a strong rigid mass it transmitted orogenic forces into the trough where
weaker beds were foldedo The batholith was locally deformed and also controlled
deformation in the bordering formations o Transverse faults in the batholith local-
ized igneous intrusion and mineralization at the close of the orogeny and again in
middle Tertiary timeo

270 1948 I Tungsten mineralization at the Ima mine I Blue Wing dlstrict o Lemhi
County, Idaho: Econ o Geology, Vo 43 noo 3, p., 181-2060
0

The mineralization in the Blue Wing district is confined to a group of fractures

along the crest of an anticline in quartzitic beds of the Belt series near a small
body of 9rapi te of supposed early Tertiary age. The veins are mostly quartz but
include microcline, fluorite o muscovite seri~iteo rhodochrosite, siderite, and
0

calcite, of which the first three are near the granite The metallic minerals are
0

molybdeni te, pyrite, sphalerite tetrahedri te, chalcopyrite galena, graton! te,
I 0

scheelite, and hubneriteo The scheelite and molybdenite are in and near the gran-
iteo Hubnerite appears to be one of the youngest minerals The granite is thought
0

to be at least in part a product of granitization of the quartzite and may represent

the initial stage of mineralizationo

28. 1948, Monzonite intrusion and mineralization in the Coeur d'Alene district,
Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soco America Bullo, Vo 59 0 no o 120 pto 20 po 1308,
 -15-

The monzonite, to which the mineralization in the Coeur d-"Alene region is thought
to be related, apparently was intruded as a hornblende-augite diorite and changed
through later introduction of potash-bearing emanations from below. During late
stages the emanations became more sodic. The constituents of sphene apatite 0
Q

magnetite, and locally other minerals were also introduced in the emanations.
Elsewhere along zones of faulting rocks of the:Belt series have been bleached
(sericitized) assumed to result from potash-bearing emanations from buried magma,
Q

foHowed later by the ore-bearing solutions from the same source •

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

290 1949 I Silver-gold deposits of the Yankee Fork district, Custer County Idaho:
Q

Idaho BUfo Mines and Geology Pampho 83, 37 po incL geoL maps
I 0

The Yankee Fork district produced about $12,000,000 silver and gold in the 19th
Century, principally from the General Custer mine, which closed in 1905 Recur-0

rent activity since then has produced about $1,000,000 moreo The deposits are in
the Challis volcanics which rest on Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratified rocks and
the Idaho batholith 0 all cut locally by dikes I mostly dacite porphyry" The mineral
deposits follow some half dozen zones of fractured and altered volcanic rock, ap-
parently above old lines of weakness in the basement rocks developed in the Lara-
mide revolution. The.deposits are mostly breccia veins and lodes with some miner-
alized fracture zones of the chimney and stockwork type The fillings include fine
0

and coarse comb and drusy quartz, locally lamellar calcite with minor amounts of
chalcedony, adularia, barite and amethystine quartzo In material now exposed
Q

metallic minerals are sparse and fine grained. They include pyrite, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite, tetrahedrite, galena 0 arsenopyrite, enargite, stephanite, myargyrite o
pyrargyrite, argentite, electrium o gold o and apparently gold and silver selenideso
Most of this ore contains 80~90 times as much silver as gold The ore minerals
ct

are of irregular distributiono Most of the early production was from bonanza
pockets. The depos1ts have nowhere been found to extend downward more than a
few hundred feeto Most of the ore is primaryo More than 30 properties are describedo

300 1949, Monzonite intrusion and mineralization in the Coeur d 'Alene district,
Idaho: Econo Geology, Vo 440 no" 3, p. 169-185.

The monzonitic (and syenitic) rocks g the zones of bleaching and mineralization in
the Coeur d'Alene region o all show an intim·ate dependence on a deeply seated g

differentiating magma The intrusions are inferred to be of early Tertiary age and
0

not related to the Idaho bathol! th Locally portions of the magma, emplaced at
0

high levels, began consolidation as pyroxene-hornblende diorite but during con-

solidation differentiation below produced potash-rich solutions with subordinate
titanium, phosphorous, etc. These solutions replaced much of the consolidating
rock above, as well as parts of the bordering sedimentary rock, producing quartz
monzonite and syeniteo Orthoclase was formed earlyo followed by microcline dur-
ing cooling., Sodium freed early, entered the solutions giving rise to perthitic
g

albite in the microclineo Minor minerals came later" In other parts of the dis-
trict faults reached to magma depths and served as channelways for the potash-
rich solutions 8 resulting in bleached sericitic zones in the rocks of the Belt
I
 -16-

series. Metallization throughout the district has been more or less closely assoc-
iated with these zones Some ore was of contact-metamorphic type and formed at
0

the margin of the largest monzonitic body, but most deposits are in the sedimentary
rocks farther from the intrusives .
The intrusive bodies vary widely in composition and texture. Marginal zones
are generally finer grained and more calcic than the interior of the intrusive masses 0

Anderson v Alfred Leonard

310 1950 0 Geology and ore deposits of the Hailey-Bellevue mineral belt, .!!l
Anderson, Ao Lo, Kiilsgaard o To HOI and Fryklund o V.. Co Ir .. ,De-
tailed geology of certain areas in the Mineral Hill and Warm Springs
mining districts 0 Blaine County, Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology
0

Pamph. 90 D 1- 370 incL geol. maps .

The area mapped is 8 miles by 9 miles and most of the mines are tributary to
Bellevue. It contains representatives of the Wood River (Pennsylvanian) and Mil-
ligen (Mississippian) formations, volcanic and sedimentary rocks of supposed
Oligocene age, Quaternary deposits, and varied intrusive rocks, mainly diorite 0

quartz monzonite etc., regarded as of Cretaceous age but with a few dikes of an-
g

desite and dacite that appear to be pre-ore and of lamprophyre regarded as post-oreo
The andesite and dacite tend to fill northeasterly fractures and, hence, are thought
to be of early Tertiary (Laramide) age.. The Paleozoic rocks are bent into a broad
anticline but faulting is the dominant structural feature of the area.
Minj.ng began in the 1870's, was active in 1880-1900and has never entirely
ceased. The total production may be over $12,000,000. The principal deposits
are lead-silver veins and lodes with some pyritic gold veins in complex fracture
and fissure zones. There are also deposits in which zinc predominates.. These
seem younger and the gold veins older than the lead deposits although there is
0

some mingling. All three varieties are thought to be genetically related to the an-
desitic and lamprophyric dikes rather than to the older diorite and quartz monzonite ..
The d~posits are mesothermal and formed largely by replacement along fractures I

with little wall rock alteration.. More than 60 properties are described, especially
the Minnie Moore, by far the most productive in the areao

320 1951, Metallogenic epoch s in Idaho: Econ Geology I v 46

0 0 g no. 6. po
592-607.

Idaho appears to have had no less than five metallogenic epochs The earliest of
0

these is associated with the "Purcell sills II The deposits of this epoch are mag-
0

matic segregations containing pyrrhotite u gersdorffite, and chalcopyrite but, at

present, of small economic value. Minor copper deposits in Precambrian rocks
near Pocatello are also inferred to be Precambrian o The second epoch of minerali-
zation is the one commonly regarded as related to the Idaho batholith but here
held to be of early Tertiary age and not genetically related to the batholith, large-
ly because the deposits are supposed to be associated with andesitic and dacitic
dikes and lamprophyres thought to have been intruded into cold rocks and at com-
parati,vely shallow depths-., Anderson thinks the Idaho batholith was emplaced in
 -17-

three stages two of which were in the late stages of the Sierra Nevada orogeny 0
g

the third during the Laramide orogeny (late ,Cretaceous) The deposits in the
0

Wood River region o even those hitherto regarded as contact metamorphic deposits
along granitic contacts those of the Coeur d lAlene region where the monzonitic
0 g

stocks seem petrographically different from the Idaho bathol1th o also those in the
Clark Fork district, and various precious metal deposits 0 and copper-cobalt,
tungsten o and molybdenum deposits are all here regarded as early Tertiary. The
third epoch followed the extrusion of the Challis volcanics and is assigned a
• "mid-Tertiary'· age. Its deposits are associated with granitic and porphyritic
rocks that cut the volcanics. In this and the early Tertiary epoch mineralization
is thought to have just preceded intrusions of lamprophyre. A fourth epoch
(late Tertiary) is thought to be illustrated by the Silver City region, Owyhee
Count Yo where the deposits are associated with flows of post-Columbia River
basalt ageo The fifth epoch is reflected in cinnabar and gold deposits that cut
sedimentary rocks supposedly belonging to the Payette formation o

Anderson o Alfred Leonard

33. 1952, Multiple emplacement of the Idaho batholith: Jouro Geology, v. 60 0

no. 3, po 255-265.

Evidence is offered intended to cast doubt on the long-held view that the Idaho
batholith was emplaced essentially as a unito The batholith is composed of
discrete masses of granitic rock, some of which came into place under deep-
seated conditions o others at much shallower depths.. The deep-seated ones
evolved under deformative stresses at the close of the Sierra Nevada orogenyo
The others probably come from an unrelated source and are associated with Lara-
mide structures 0 hence Late Cretaceous. Granodiorite that cuts the main mass
of the batholith in Boise Basin and is genetically related to distinctive pyroxene-
hornblende-biotite granite that intrudes the batholith in the Basin and at Horse-
shoe Bend is mentioned. In the Hailey-Bellevue area this kind of diorite, is in-
truded by quartz monzonite that had previously been thought to be a part of the
main batholith. The intrusions of "mid-Tertiary" age in the Uporphyry belts"
are so young as not to be involved in the present discussiono The "marginal
facies II of the batholith has been traced from Horseshoe Bend and Boise Basin
and thence far to the north Much is quartz diorite but endomorphiC changes
0

have converted some into granodiorite and quartz monzonite The border zone
0

is older than the main batholith which is cut by aplitic quartz monzoniteo The
distinctive diorite at Horseshoe Bend is a stock 8 miles long and up to 1-1/4
miles wide and cuts the marginal facies. In Boise Basin several bodies of this
rock cut the main batholith o Near Bellevue the distinctive diorite forms a body
5 miles by 2-1/2 miles; is sill-like and intrudes the Milligen .. On the west it
is cut off by and at depth is underlain by quartz monzonite belonging to the
younger batholithic complexo In Boise Basin granodiorite belongs to this younger
complex. The irregular quartz monzonite masses in the Casto quadrangle are al-
so regarded as belonging to the complex. There may be others.

34" 1952 0 Magmatic source of Idaho ores: Northwest Science o Vo 26 8 noo 2, po

55-60.
 -18~

Except for local granitization as an early intense phase of wallrock alteration,

the ore deposits of Idaho show no relation whatsoever to large-scale granitiza-
tion such as is involved in batholithic emplacementse The Idaho batholith o a
notable product of recrystallization-replacement processes 0 is held to have
produced no mineral deposits except pegmatites The batholith is believed to
0

have been conceived of crustal materials; hence incapable of producing appre-

ciable amounts of ore" The ore deposits of Idaho, on the other hand I show
close association with igneous activity and orthomagmatic rocks and appear to
have had their source in the basic material beneath the granitic crustal shelf.. •
Doubt of an ore-batholith association came when Anderson was unable to
reconcile shallow (epithermal) characteristics with a deep-seated batholithic
environment. Many deposits were on zones of weakness (Laramide) also oc-
cupied by early Tertiary intrusions0

Anderson regards the stocks in the Coeur d nAlene as early Tertiary, not re-
lated to the Idaho batholith, and says the stocks follow a zone of weakness
dominated by the Osburn fault. In developing the stocks u quartz diorite was
changed to monzonite and nearby sedimentary rock into syeniteo Farther from
the stocks the sedimentary rocks were sericitized and bleached zones resy.lted"
The ore deposits are associated with pre-ore diabase and post-ore lamprophyreo
The Blue Wing tungsten district is cited as an instance of ore that originated
thrqugh granitization" The Dome district is also mentioned"

Anderson, Alfred Leonard (and Wagner 0 Warren Richard)

35 e 1952, Reconnaissance geology and ore depOSits of the Mineral district u

Washington County, Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology Pamph e
0

95, 26 po I incl. geol. sketch maps 0

The Mineral district, in western Washington County near the Snake River I has
produced more than 1,000,000 ounces of silver, plus copper and lead u from
lodes containing fine-grained pyrite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, galena 0 sphal·-
erite o marcasite, wurtzite, etc in a calcite gangue in broad fracture zones in
o

altered Permian(?) rocks A group of quartz-tourmaline veins with pyrite, chal-

o

copyrite 0 and sphalerite has not been productive The silver deposits have a
0

restr~cted vertical range and appear to have formed at rather low temperatures
in Tertiary time" The others may be mesothermal and of late Mesozoic ageo
The district contains folded and faulted sedimentary and volcanic rocks u
altered and intruded by intrusive rocks of various kinds and ages The vol~
0

canics have been regarded as Permian but their upper beds have Juras sic fos-
sils .. The slates, limestone o and gypsum are presumed to be Triassic" A
post-Triassic diorite stock is intruded by quartz diorite o regarded as related to
the Idaho batholitho Both may be of Cretaceous ageo Both are cut by diabase
and basalt, lamprophyre and granodiorite porphyryu the first two of which are
probably feeders of the Columbia River basalto There are two prominent fault
systems I each of which has directed mineralizing solutions There may have
0

been several periods of structural disturbance Fourteen mining properties are

0

described. The district was discovered in the 1870 Vs and at times has had
smelters in operation It has been inactive from 1940 to the time of visito
o
 -19-

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

36. 1952, Magmatic and granitized rocks in the Yellowj acket district 6 Lemhi County,
Idaho (abs.): Geolo Soco America Bullo v. 63, no o 12, pto 2, Po 1231-
g

1232; Am. Mineralogist, v. 38, nos 3-4, p. 328 1953.

0 I

The, Belt series in the district has been invaded by three unrelated groups of intrusive
rocks. The earliest one (pre-Cretaceous) is represented by small bodies of consider-
ably altered· gabbro; the second (late Cretaceous or early Tertiary) by dikes and stocks
of diabase, olivine gabbro, augite-hornblende-biotite diorite, hornblende-biotite
diorite pegmatite, lamprophyre 6 and marginal masses of biotite diorite and syenite
0

about the body of hornblende-biotite diorite plus a small pulaskite dike; and the
third (Miocene) by dikes, etc o I of granbphyre ," granite porphyry,' andvitrophyre Ex- 0

cept for the biotite diorite, syenite, and pulaskite, the rocks are hypabyssal and in
part show micrographic and microspherulitic intergrowths The exceptions are pro-
0

ducts of alkali-rich fluids from the hornblende-biotite diorite magma with the first
two formed by replacement of rocks of the Belt series and the pulaskite by consolida-
tion of the alkali-rich fluids along distant channels Mineralization accompanied the
0

second group of intrusives, just preceding the injection of lamprophyreo None of

the intrusive rocks are regarded as related to the Idaho batholith o

370 1953, Gold-copper-leaddeposits of the Yellowjacket district, Lemhi County 0

Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pampho 940 41 p., incl o geolo
maps.

This examination was undertaken primarily to look for possible copper and lead ore
in this old gold camp Most of the old workings were inacces sible Some hope is
0 0

held out for development of base-metal ore that ,also carries gold •. Two formations
of the Belt series, a small amount of Challis volcanics and unconsolidated sand and
gravel along stream courses are described briefly Igneous rock includes, altered
0

gabbro (Precambrian), diabase, olivine gabbro, augite-hornblende-biotite diorite,

biotite diOrite, syenite, pulaskite, pegmatite, and lamprophyre of late Cretaceous
or early Tertiary age All, except the lamprophyre are regarded as premineral. In
0 I

addition, granophyre, granite porphyry, and vitrophyre are regarded as Miocene o

The district is along a zone of weakness in which deformation began late in
Precambrian time and has continued intermittently to the present. Most mineralized
faults and fracture zones are in two zones, one trending east-northeast across
Yellowjacket Hill, the other west-northwest from the town across Columbia Hillo
Some are scattered elsewhere. Individual fractures are mostly short. Somepost-
minera~ faults are present. Two large (regional) faults are noted o At the close of
Pliocene time intermittent uplift is inferred which inaugurated the present canyons 0

Pauses in uplift are reflected in terraces The area was glaciated during the Pleis-
0

toceneo The modern streams have removed much of the glacial debris and are now
lowering their floors0

Mining began in 1868 and mostly stopped in,th~ la~e~Q_us., Some placer mining
.was done early in the present century and minor lode and placer mining has contin-
ued intermittentlyo In 1893-1897 the most productive period in the history
I r
 -20-

of the district, the Yellowjacket mine produced $121,7610560 The total district pro-
duction up to 1910 was estimated by Umpleby at $450,000. Production figures for
1902-1949, in terms of recovered metals, are tabulated o
The ore deposits include veins~ lodes, and stockworks with only sporadic bodies
of lead and copper; where minerals of these two metals are present in a single deposit
they tend to occur apart from each other The minerals of the deposits include calcite,
0

quartz, siderite, barite, pyrite, specularlte, chalcopyrite 0 tetrahedrite, galena, and

gold. The gold may have peen carried to higher levels than the base metals Anderson
0

puts the ore d~posits in his early Tertiary groupo

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

38. 1953, Magmatic source of Idaho ores: Northwest Science o reply by author o
v. 27, no. 2 I p. 77 -80.

Anderson in reply to a discussion by Wallace-Hobbs and Greggs says he has not

s.tated that the mineralization along the Osborn fault is directly related to the mon-
zonite but, on the contrary, thinks there is a close relation with diabasic and lam-
prophyricdikes. AU these are considered as offspring of a deep-seated magma
that differentiated at depth and gave rise to the monzonite o ore depOSits, and dilceso
The al1nement of the monzonitic bodies nearly at right angles to the fault may be re-
lated to complementary shears. The challenge to Anderson's statement that alteration
in the monzonite resulted from potash-rich emanations is met by the statement
(based on earlier papers) that emanations that extended beyond the stocks were so
hot they converted the sedimentary rock into syenite instead of producing sericitized
bleached zones in it. The positive form of some of the statements challenged is
d~fended. on the ba$is of the brevity of the paper that resulted in the challengeo

390 1954, A preliminary report on the fluorspar mineralization near Challis I

Custer County, Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology Pamph 101 0
0 0

13 p., incl. geolo map.

The fluorspar deposits are in the northern part of the Bayhorse district, mostly in
Keystone Mountain, along Daugherty Gulch and near Bayhorse The presence of
0

fluorspar became known during World War II although metallic deposits in the
Q

region have been mined for many years The fluorspar deposits are in fissures
0

.and breccias in fractured and faulted Bayhorse limestone (Cambrian?) along a

major fold here named the Bayhorse anticlineCl They appear to have formed mostly
in open spaces and later than the metallic depositso The depOSits are sufficiently
numerous and in part large enough to g1 ve promise for the future I although pro-
duction has been small.

40. 1954, Fluorspar deposits near Meyers Cove, Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho
Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph o 98, 34 p., inclo geolo sketch maps.

The fluorspar deposits along Camas Creek below Meyers Cove from June 1951 to
April 1953 yielded 10,978 tons of acid grade, 998 tons of ceramic grade, and 100
 -21-

tons of metallurgical grade fluorspar. Known reserves were then mostly used upo
Development had started in 1942 0 •

The deposits are in the Casto and Challis volcanics g here regarded as mainly
fragmentalg with small intrusives in botho They are in zones of fracture and alter-
ation which are complex so that openings filled with fluorspar are commonly not
parallel to the northeast strike of the magma zones Deposition was mainly in
0

open spaces, but, especially at deptho in part by replacemento Dip and stope
lengths of the shoots are mostly a few hundred feet but fluorspar is known through
a vertical range of over 20000 feeto Mineralization is of epithermal type and the
minerals include banded fluorite with smaller amounts of barite cryptocrystalline
0

fluorite, and chalcedony. Wall rock alteration is extensive and includes si11ci£1-
cation 0 sericitization o and "argillic alteration" Three kinds of faults are described
0

but none are large enough to show as such on the maps The outlook for discovery
0

of more ore is regarded as good.

Anderson, Alfred Leonard

41. 1956 0 Geology and mineral resources of the Salmon quadrangle 0 Lemhi
County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and GeologyPamph o 106, 102 po,
incl o geolo map.

The Salmon quadrangle contains a thick assemblage of quartzitic rocks of the Belt
series. These are in part covered by flows 0 tuffs I and ignimbrites of the Challis
volcanics (Oligocene) and by shale sandstone, lignite and clay here assigned to
0

the newly named Carmen formation (lower Miocene) The contained fossils were
0

not studied. The intrusive rocks include metagabbro (late Precambrian) granitic
outliers of the Idaho batholith dikes related to the Challis volcanics, and dikes
0

and small stocks of dacite and quartz latite porphyryo assigned an early Miocene
ageo There are glacial deposits of two stages, alluvium and landslide debris o
Deformation is evident in all but the youngest of the surficial deposits The 0

earliest may be Precambrian but most of the folding and fractUring ,is regarded as
Nevadan (Late Jurassic) The Challis volcanics were deposited ona hilly erosion
0

surface Local downwarping produced the basin filled by the Carmen formation o
0

An old erosion surface of Pliocene age was broken and eroded through late Plio-
cene warping and uplifto The two glacial stages were separated by up to I, 000
feet of down cutting0

The mineral resources include copper 0 gold I lead 6 pos sible radioactive ma-
terials, coal u building stoneD bentonite, clay, gravel, road metal and hot springsll 0

Gold mining was active in the early days but the copper deposits of the Pope-
Shenon mine are the only mineral resources of importance at the moment o

420 1957, Geology and mineral resources of the Baker quadrangle u Lemhi
County 0 Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology Pamph 112, 71.p
0 0 0

wi th geolo map 0

The Baker quadrangle is a 15 quadrangle without q topographic base" The north-

I

eastern part is in Montana and is not treated here The topography resembles
0

that in the Basin and Range province. The mountainous part of the quadrangle is
 -22-

underlain largely by impure quartzites of the Belt series q metamorphosed in vary-

ing "degrees. Flows and pyroclastic beds with some intercalated sedimentary beds q
assigned to the Challis volcanics, are distributed on both sides of the Lemhi Val-
ley . Three sedimentary units, here treated as post-Challis, are here. named, in up-
ward succession, the Kenney, Geertson, and Carmen formations No fossil identi-
0

fications are reported, although the presence of fossils is noted o At least two ages
of Pleistocene glacial deposits are recognized and alluvium forms three sets of ter-
races and floors modern valleys Intrusive rocks regarded as of JuraSSic-Cretaceous
0

(diorite or gabbro) (quartz monzonite, known only as float) early Tertiary and mid-
I I I

Tertiary ages are represented. All the consolidated rocks are deformed One major,
0

longitudinal fault near the crest of the Beaverhead Range is occupied by metagabbro
inferred to be of JuraSSic age. Mineral resources include gold, copper I radioactive
materials, gravel, l1gnitic coal, bentonitic clay, building' stone and thermal waters,
Q

but only the gold deposits have been significantly productive The copper deposits
0

are inferred to be of JuraSSic age and older than the Idaho batholith They have been
0

worked on a small scale only. Three are described.. The gold deposits are mostly
quartz veins, aSSigned to ~he late. Cretaceous, and have been fairly productive, but
available records include mines outside the quadrangle. Eight lode gold mines and
some placers are described. The placers yielded 11,970 ounces of gold and I, 157
ounces of silver. Other mineral resources are described brieflyo

Anderson, Roy Arnold

1" 1948, Reconnaissance survey of the geology and ore deposits of the south-
western portion of Lemhi Range, Idaho: Idaho Bur" Mines. and. Geology
Pamph. 80, 18 p., incl. geo~ maps.

This is the result of a rapid reconnaissance of 136 square miles in the southern
part of the Lemhi Range. The rock units distinguished are metamorphic rock (Cam-
brian or Precambrian), quartzite, gray dolomite, black shale, coral-bearing lime-
stone, basalt flows I alluvium. The sedimentary rocks are Paleozoico The dolo-
mite is Ordovician and the coral-bearing limestone is of Brazer ageo The sedi-
mentary rocks were intensely folded, with the development of stretch thrusts 0

One or possibly two periods of block faulting are deduced o

Mineral deposits are found mainly in the quartzite and dolomite Eleven de-
0

posits valued mainly for lead, are briefly described0

Andrews, Henry Nathanial, Jr., (and Kern, Ellen Mo)

10 1946, The Idaho Tempskyasand associated fossil plants (abs,,) Amo Jouro
Botany, v. 33, no. 3, po 225 0

In two collecting trips into southeastern Idaho during the past four years I Andrews
had searched for Tempskyas (Upper Cretaceous) In 1945 he found specimens near
0

Wayan, Idaho associated with conifers, dicotyledons, and cycads.

2. 1946, Craters of the Moon (Idaho): Earth Sci" Digest, v. I, no. 40 po 3-6.

This is a popular accounto giving routes to the National Monument o data on tourist
accommodations (now out of date), and summary statements as to the geology I at
 -23-

least in part, based on He T. Stearns' Guide to the,Craters of the Moon

National Monument.
Andrews, Henry Nathanial, Jr.
3 e 1946 , Some fos sil plant localities in Idaho and Wyoming (abs . ): Am.
Jour. Botany. Vo 33, no. 16, SUpPa p. 833.

In the little studied late-Tertiary beds south of Bruneau a few conifer cones
and a sporaphore were collected. Several spe~imens of TempskYa were found
near Wayan and Ammon, Idaho. Other collections were made in Oregon. and
.Wyomingo

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Lonz, Lee Wayne)

4. 1947, Fossil polypores from Idaho: Mo. Boto Garden AnnaTs;"'v. '34,
no.. 2, p. 113-114.
A collecting trip resulted in finding specimens believed to belong to Fornes
idahoensis 10.5 miles south of MountainHome and 005 mile east of State
Highway 51, in beds below a horizon yielding abundant fish jaws
(Mylocyprimus robustus Leidy).

----- , and Kern Ellen M.)

8

5. 1947, The Idaho Tempskyas and associated fossil plants: Mo. Bot.
Garden Annals, v. 34, noo 2, p. 119-1830
This is a botanical paper that gives an outline of the history of the study of
a Cretaceous tree fern Tempskyas and of the present status of knowledge re-
garding it. Previous information was based on poorly preserved or fra'gment-
ary specimens In southeastern Idaho, especially near Wayan, excellent and
0

abundant specimens have been found.. For example, at' one outcrop three
hours digging can be expected to yield 300 pounds of specimens. The' plant
I

is supposed to have grown with a vertical trunk, perhaps up to 20 inches in

diameter at the base I and with numerous short leafed branches that would
g

be convenient food for animals It is inferred from botanical characteristics

0

that the Tempskyas grew in tropical forests covering undulating hills up to

4,000-7,000 feet in altitude. The date was middle Upper Cretaceous 0 Cycads,
Cupressinoxylon and dictoyledons were found sparingly with the Tempskyas.

6. 1948, A note on Fornes idahoensis Brown (Idaho): Missouri Bot. Garden

Annal s v 35, no. 3, p. 207.
I 0

Newly acquired specimens of Fornes idahoensis confirm previous identifica-

tions 0

7. 1948, Fossil tree ferns of Idaho: Archaeology, v~ 1, no. 4, p. 190-195.

This report gives a picture of a restored TempskYa ,.describes-this·tree fern
and methods of studying this and similar fos sils 1t is based mainly on
0

large collections from the Wayan formation (middle Upper Cretqceous) at

Wayan, Idaho.
 -24-

Andrichuk, John Michael

1 Q 1954, Regional stratigraphic analysis of the Devonian system in Wyoming I

Montana southern Saskatchewan, and Alberta u revised in Clark, L. M ~ ,

i

ed. I Western Canada sedimentary basin--a symposium: Amo Assoc .

Petroleum Geologists, Ralph Leslie Rutherford Memo Volume, p. 68-108.

This paper gives a summary of data on Devonian rocks in the regiono They are re-
garded as groupable into (1) a basal unito (2) a dolomite-evaporite unitu and (3) a
post-evaporite unit. The basal unit is characterized by evaporites, including ha-
lite in association with dolomitized normal marine to reefoid carbonates. The
second unit has dolomitized limestone with bioherms with shale beds increasing
northward in Alberta. The third unit contains secondary dolomite, with undolo-
mitized limestone in places I plus evaporites and bioherms. This unit includes
. normal marine carbonates in southwestern Alberta and varicolored shalyo silty,
and sandy beds in other areas. The basal unit is pre-Jefferson.
One of the sections studied was in the Centennial Range in Idaho. Isopach
maps extend into Idaho and one of them into southcentral Idaho. This one is er-
roneous.

Anonymous

1. 1947, Sapphires in Idaho: Mineralogist, v. 150 no. 12, p. 625.

Gem sapphires in Idaho were first announced about 1912 from placers near
Meadows. The source is said to be basalt dikes in gneiss.

Anonymous

20 1949, Western phosphate output soars: Eng. Mineral Jour 0 v. 150, no . 7 Q

p. 130-133.

This is a news note with almost no geologic data. Has a graph showing a very
. rapid production rise from 19.45 to 1947 compared with ~lowerprevious ri$.e •.. Men-
tion'sl p'reo.ent and proposed plants at Pocatello o and Anaqonda's plant.at Conda"
plus plants in Montana 0

Anonymous

3 0 1953, Bibliography, Utah-Idaho thrust beltu in Intermountain Assoco

Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann. Field Conf., 1953, po 95-960

This is a general reference guide, not necessarily complete .

Anonymous

40 1956 8 Anderson Ranch Dam and Power Plant, Arrowrock Div. D Boise Project:
U So Bur. Reclamation, 231 p.
0

This is primarily an engineering report but has an outline of the geology on p Q

9 -17 with Fig. 9 showing the geology around the cutoff trench. No scale is
 -25-

givenB Further notes on geology relative to construction are giveno In general

the bedrock, largely granitic but variable and with numerous dikes, ,was found
to be much more sheared and weathered than was supposed prior to excavation o
This necessitated various modifications in construction plans It produced con-
0 .

ditions conducive to landslides 0

Armstrong 0 Frank Clarkson (and Weis I Paul Lo)

10 1955, The Garm-Lamoreaux mine, Lemhi County, Idaho: Uo So Geolo Sur-

vey open.-file re'porto 10 po

Analysis of samples from the Garro-Lamoreaux mine dumps indicates uranium ox-
ides (uraninite and zippeite) in sufficient quantity to warrant re-exploration of
the mine as a uranium prospect" The uranium presumably occu~s in fractured
quartz veins previously mined for gold and sulfides 0 "

20 1957, Dismal Swamp placer deposito Elmore County Idaho: U

Q 0 So Geol.Sur-
vey Bullo 1042-K, po 383-3920

The Dismal Swamp placer deposit was explored for niobium-tantalum- and uranium-
bearing minerals by the J Ro Simplot Company in 19530 It is underlain by the
0

Idaho batholith and is composed of gravel derived from streams and from slopewash 0

Columbite and samarskite o presumably from pegmatite o have been identifiedo

Most of the uranium is believed to be in multiple-oxide minerals The gravel con-
0

tains 1 040-1087 pounds of "weakly magnetic" material per cubic yard and this
averages 14-20 percent Nb205+Ta205 and between 0 015 and 0019 percent U3080

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Cressman o Earle Ruppert)

3 0 1957 n Reinterpretation of the Bannock overthrust o southeastern Idaho (abs o):

Geolo Soc o America BulL Vo 68, no o 120 pto 2q po 1697 0
Q

The Bannock overthrust was originally described as a single folded thrust but it
now appears that parts of the sUPI=0sed large thrust are separate faults and the
faults are not folded, except for slight original curvatureo The Bannock over-
thrust is reinterpreted as an imbricated thrust zone possibly several tens of miles
wide extending at least from southwestern Montana to northeastern Utah, and
should be renamed the southeastern Idaho thrust zoneo

------- Q (and WeisD Paul Lo)

40 1957 Q Uranium-bearing minerals in placer depOSits of the Red River Valley,

Idaho County, Idaho: Uo So GeoL Survey BulL 1046-C, po 25-26,
geolo sketch map 0

In 1951 or 1952 uranium-bearing multiple oxide minerals were recognized in jig

concentrates from a gold dredge 10 miles south of Elk Cit Yo ,The gravel in the
placer came from the Idaho batholith and a roof pendant of Precambrian rocks 0

The concentrate contained 00 11 percent uranium o The nonmagnetic radioactive

 -26-

fractions assayed 0.2 percent niobium. Brannerite, euxenite davidite, betafite,

g

and samarskite from the placer contain uranium. Euxenite, samarskite, betafite,
and perhaps also ilmenite contain niobium. The concentrates are not at present
valuable for tneir uran~um and niobium content but under different market condi-
tions recovery should not be a difficult job.

Atwood, Wallace Walter (and Atwood, Wallace Walter, Jr.)

1. 1948, Tertiary-Pleistocene transition at the east margin of the Rocky Mountains,

.!n. Cdlbert E. H., ed., Pleistocene of the Great Plains (symposium):
g

Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 59, no. 6, p. 605-608.

II

This paper barely mentions Idaho but the deductions in it are broad enough to in-
clude that state. The major points made are outlined below"
The widespread Rocky Mountain peneplain I probably completed in early or mid-
Pliocene time, had several areas of bold relief rising above it. The alluviation
east of the mountains during penepl~nation buried extensive areas, aided by vol-
canism. A monotonQus old-age landscape resulted Widespread conglomerates near
o

the close of the period may record rejuvenation of headwaters and perhaps increase
in aridity"
Late in the Tertiary, after the mid-Tertiary sediments had accumulated and the
great volcanic flows of Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho, plus their ejectaminta u had
formed; just before the opening of the Pleistocene, there was very widespread epeiro-
genic uplift accompanied by rej uvena tion of streams •. After a long time the quicken-
ing influenoe reached the mountain areas , and the mountain streams cut into the mid-
Tertiary alluvium and the hard rocks, producing superposed streams. The earliest
Pleistocene glaCial deposits are on high ridges, not related to modern glaciated can-
yons, and far beyond points reached by late Pleistocene ice. After the widespread
late Tertiary uplift there were several Lei nor uplifts, followed by a canyon-cutting
period when the present valleys were excavated.

2. 1948, Geomorphic relations of the Rocky Mountains (abs Q): Geol. Soc. America
Bul~ ~ I v. 59, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1309.

Studies commenced earlier have been extended into the Canadian Rockies and into
physiographic provinces adjOining the Rockies in the U. S. The writers believe defi-
nite correlations can be established between the geomorphic history of the moun-
tains and that of the Great Plains to the east and the Plateaus to the west.

3 0 1953, The geomorphic relations of the Rocky Mountains of western North America:
Pacific Sci. Cong., 7th New Zealand 1949, Proc. i v. 2 p. 18-20 ,
I I I

Wellington.

Near the close of the Mesozoic era the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata of the Rocky
Mountain Province were greatly deformed. Long erosion followed and was inter-
rupted by later mountain building uplift, extensive volcanism, and severe mountain
glaciation. Two generations of mountains have been removed and a third is now .
 ~27-
in the process of being removed, with related changes in the, Great Plains to the
east and the Plateau provinces to the west. 'There was at least one period, early
in the Pliocene g when widespread peneplanation was completed in t}:le mountains,
accompanied by volcanism. After Pliocene up'lift ot'the three provinces;, erosion
produced extensive superposition of major streamso This was follpwed by gla-
ciationo There was also Eocene glaciation in Colorado o In the closing stages
of the late Tertiary. plana:t1on/1ravel and boulder deposits were spread widely at
high levels along the mountain fronts. There may have been a marked and wide-
spread pause in mountain growth in very late Pliocene or early Pleistocene time.
After the Pleistocene glaciation, erosion has been renewed but so far has been
slighto

Axelrod ( Daniel Isaac

, '

10 1948, Climate and evolution in western North America during m1ddle Plio-
cene time: Evolution, v. 2 no. 2, p. 127-144.
Q

This paper has no specific reference to Idaho. In the middle Pliocene, western
North America south of latitude 42 0 is inferred to have had a mild ( warm, semi-
arid climate. This climate initiated grasslands and subdesert environments ,of
subcontinental extent. Evolution was rapid. The final breakup and segregation
of major continental Tertiary floras and their evplution ,into mode,rn plant com-
munities was initiated" '

Bailey, Earl Gordon

1. 1956, Index of surface-water records to, September 30,,1955, pt. 12,

Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper CO,lumbia River basin:
U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 392. 24 p. '

This index lists streamflow and reservoir stations in the Pacific slope basins in
,Washington and upper Columbia River basin where records have been made. '
Drainage areas and other data are given.

2. 1956, Index of surface-water records to September 3D, 1955, pt. 13,

Snake River basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 393, 19 p.

This index lists streamflow and reservoir stations in the Snake River basin where
records have been madeo Drainage areas and other data are given.

Bain, George, William

1. 1956, Reconnaissance for uranium in the Phosphoria formation: U., S.

Atomic Energy Cemmo, RME-3141, 59 p.
;'

Studies of a reconnaissance character were made of the literature" field rela-

tions and of laboratory procedure useful in studying the Phosphoria formation
I

with reference to its uranium content. The literature showed the most favorable
locality to be near Montpelier, ,Idaho. This favored area appeared to bea water
 -28-

depth zone about at the bottom of ocean wave disturbance, near a Permian sea
margin. Fieldsampl1ng showed uranium content was highest where opportunity
for leaching by groundwater was least, as in areas of low hydrographic relief ..
Carbonapatite is more favorable than fluorapatite, and the outer shells of phos-
phate pellets are depleted in uranium. The outer shells can be stripped off in
the laboratory.

Baldwin Ewart Merlin

0

10 1943, Structure and stratigraphy of the northern half of Lost River Range,
Idaho: Doctorate thesis, Cornell Uni v ., Ithaca, No Y.

This report covers most of the Borah Peak quadrangle and the northeast corner
of the Mackay quadrangle, Custer County, Idaho The Ramshorn? slate and
0

quartzite in the Lo~t River Range comprises 1,500+ feet of quartzite and 800+
feet of slate. Kinnikinic quartzite with carbonate beds, east of Borah Peak is
4 8 635 feet thick. The formation locally includes greenstone. Baldwin groups
the Laketown dolomite of Lone Pine Peak (Bayhorse quadrangle) with the Kinnik-
inic. He regards the-Saturday Mountain formation in the Lost River Range.as of
limited extent and unconformable under the Laketown dolomite, which is 2,450
feet thick in Mahogany Hill. The·Laketown seems conformable with the Jeffer--
son, even though Tower Devonian beds are missing. The Jefferson at Mahogany
Hill is 1,350 feet thick. The contact with the Grand View is gradational. At
Mahogany Hill the Grand View is I, 100 feet thick and overlain conformably by
the Three Forks followed by 2,400 feet of the Milligen. Near Freighter Springs
the Three Forks formation is 310 feet thick. Inoomplete sections of the Brazer
limestone are 3,000-3,500 feet thick. About 1,000 feet of glacial debriS fills
Doublespring Canyon. The sediments in Donkey Hills are mapped with the
Challis volcanics, which were deposited on an irregular surface. Folds of Cam-
bro-Ordovician I Laramide, and Miocene ages are reported. Parallel and trans-
verse normal faults, both pre- and post-Challis, are recognized but only one
minor thrust. A deformed Pliocene? erosion surface. is noted. It is suggested
that the region belongs in the Basin and Range Province rather than the Northern
Rocky Mountain Province.

20 1943, Three Forks fauna in the Lost River Range, Idaho: Am. Paleontology
Bull" v. 28 no. 110, l8p.
g

This notes that the author recognized 'Ule presence of a unit he correlated with
the Three Forks formation of ThreeJ Forks, Mont. in the Borah Peak quadrangle
in 1941 and 1942. Twenty-three fossils are listed with descriptionso

3. 1950, Summary of the structure and geomorphology of the Columbia River ba-
salt: Northwest Sci., v. 24, no. 2, p. 59-64.

"Columbia River basalt refers to the basaltic flows, generally assigned a Mio-
lt

cene age, that were described and restricted by Joe. Merriam in 1901. Other
 -29-

extrusi ve rocks, including much basalt, of Eocene, Oligocene, Pliocene, and per-
haps Recent age are found in the same region and were presumably included by
Russell in his Columbia River lavas. The thickness ranges up to more than a mile.
The flows were extruded on an irregular erosion surface. Lateral stripping over
large areas is regarded as doubtful. The formation has been affected by compression-
al folds and related faults and by broad warping with some faulting.
A brief summary of geomorphic features is given but does not include anything
bearing directly on Idaho.

Baldwin, Ewart Merlin

4. 1951, Faulting in the Lost River Range area of Idaho: Am. Jour. Sci., v.
249, no. 12 po 884-902.
I

'Faults similar to those of the BasIn and Range geologic proVince are inferred to
be present in the area of the Lost River Range, an interpretation differing from
that of recently published accounts. At least two stages of faults are present.
The older stage included normal faults tear faults, and minor thrus ts, older
I

than the Challis volcanics Of these the tear and thrust faults formed during
0

the deformation of the Paleozoic strata at the end of the Mesozoic, and the
normal faults may date from late in the Laramide orogenyo The faults of the
younger stage displaced both the Challis volcanics and a prominent post-Chal-
lis erosion surface, and formed the present broad basins and fault-block
ranges.

Ball, Max Waite (and others)

1. 1951, Rocky Mountain region, in Ball, M. W. 0 ed., Pos sible, future petro-
leum provinces of North America: Amo Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
Bull. v. 35, no. 2, p. 141-498, incl. geol. mapso

The Rocky Mountain region has produced oil in strata -ranging in age from Cambrian
to OligoceQe e The Rocky Mountain region in Idaho here described includes the
northern parts of the "Overthrust belt", mostly east of lorygitude 112 0 , and of the
Great Basin, east of 114 0 • Oil and gas occurrences are noted only in areas south
of Idaho.

Barghoorn, Elso Sterrenberg, Jr.

10 1953, Evidence of climatic change in the geologic record of plant life,

(Chap.) 20 of Shapley, H., ed., Climatic change, p. 235-248.

American early Tertiary flora were featured by a large exotic element which began
to decline in the late Eocene and Oligocene. Later and continuing into the Pleist-
ocene the influx of genera native at present to the respective localities increased
rapidly. The most significant feature of theCeno20ic migration of vegetation is
the steady retreat of the temperate forests from Arctic regions and the retrac-
tion of Tertiary tropical elements of mid-latitude flows into the present marginal
tropics 0

Stromatolites provide evidence of former widespread seas over areas now in

cold temper;ate and subarctic regions. Calcareous algae are now world-wide
I I
 -30-

but mostly in warm o shallow seas. Algal reefs record invasion of warm, shallow
seas poleward in the Cambrian and Ordovician.

Barraclough, Jack Thomas

10 1953, Record of wells in western Jefferson County ,Idaho: U. S. Geol.

Survey duplicated rept., 54 p.

Data for the 630-sq-mile area include 242 well records and 23 well logs 0

Barrette, Keith

10 1944, Tail end of creation (Idaho's Craters of the Moon): Nat. Historyo
vo 53, no. 4, p. 182-185.

This is a popular account of the Craters of the Moon National Monument, ap-
parently written by a non-geologist.

Bayless I John C.

1. 1950, A geologic reconnaissance of the post-Laramide geology of the south-

eastern Snake River plains and adjacent mountain ranges in Idaho:
Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers, Vo 34 (1948), p. 209-226, incl. geol.
sketch map.

The area covered is in Fremont, Madison" 'reton, Jefferson, and Bonneville

Counties, Idaho, and includes over 90 square miles. Pre-Tertiary rocks are
exposed in the mountains but are not described. The earliest of the Tertiary
sedimentary rocks are here correlated with the Camp Davis formation of WyO-
ming. Locally this unit is interbedded with or overlain by rhyolitic flows. It
is cut by andesitic sills. Deposition was in the Grand Valley fault trough
and around the Miocene highlands. The sediments were affected by faulting
and by an uplift complementary to the Snake River downwarp. These beds
have been correlated with the Salt Lake fo~mation and probably correlate in
age with the Payette formation. Erosion remnants of the rhyolitic rocks of
the region (which include quartz latite o trachyte, andesite and basalt) are
present in the area here mapped. The ancient valley of the Snake River was
carved in the two units above mentioned and partly filled with flows, pyro-
clastics, and lake beds inferred to be Pleistocene. Fi ve tuff cones are in th.e
map area. The Snake River basal to (or lava) here is also Pleistocene. Lake
beds occupy depressionsin it and are covered by wind deposits. Glacial de-
posits of pre-Wisconsin age extend from the mountains intQ Teton Basin.
Later glacial deposits a,re confined to the mountains. There is a series of
alluvial deposits and some Recent basalt. Low .... angle thrusts and parallel
folds were formed in Laramide time; block faults in the middle Tertiary and
the Snake River downwarp in Pliocene and Pleistocene time.

Berdan, Jean Milton (and Duncan, Helen)

1. 1955, Ordovician age of the rocks mapped as Silurian in western Wyoming,

in Wyo. Geol. Assoc. Guidebook, 10th Ann. Field Conf., p. 48.
I
 -31-

A typical Laketown. fauna from south of Paris Peak in the Pre ston quadrangle I Idaho n
is listed ~ None of the many collections from the lower Paleozoic rocks of Wyoming
has furnished good evidence that Silurian strata are present o

Billingsley Paul Raymond (and Locken Augustus)

p

10 1941, Structure of ore districts in the continental framework: Am. Inst" Mining
Metallo Engineers Trans. u Vo 1440 po 9-64 incl" discussion and geolo
maps"

This general paper makes only incidental reference to mining districts in Idaho 0 al~
though the state is included in two of the mapso The Coe~r d 'Alene district is
spoken of as along a tear faultu a term which was corrected to steep shear in the
dis.cussion" The east-by-north tension veins of Butt~ harmonize with larger fea"';;
tures" They carry quartz porphyry dikes that eire the local representatives of a
Tertiary dike zone traceable westerly and southwesterly from Butte into Idaho.
This zone is similar to the dike and mineral belt of the Colorado Front Range.

Bissell, Harold Joseph

10 1956 u Pennsylvanian and Permian correlations in the Cordilleran area (abs 0):
Geol" Soco America Bull 0 v" 670 no" 12~ pto 2, po 1789-1790"
0

Throughout much of the Cordilleran area, including Idaho, many of the formations
of Pennsy~"'\/anian and Permian age can be correlated with some accuracyo mainly
on paleontologic groundso Essentially all the Pennsylvanian rocks are marine q in
part metamorphosed Most of the Permian rocks are marine sediments but lo-
0

cally with thick sequences of interbedded volcanic and volcanic-derived rocks.

Thus both miogeosynclinal and eugeosynclinal facies are distinguished in both
systems ~'
Fusilinids permit wide-range correlations Representatives .of all Pennsyl-
0

vanian and most Permian series are present o

Bitten, Bernard 10

10 1951, Age of the Potato Hill volcanic rocks near Deary u Latah County,· Idaho:
Master's Thesis, of Uni v Idaho
0 o

The presence of a dike of volcanic rock intrusive into rock of the Idaho batholith
and inclusions of rocks from that batholith in part of the Potato Hill flows con-
firms a post-Idaho batholith age for these volcanic rocks The flows are rhyo-
0

lite, rhyodacite 0 and dacite o and probably are the same age as the Challis and
Kamiah volcanics in Idaho, either Oligocene or lower Miocene age 0

Blackstone 0 Donald LeRoy 0 Jr 0

1 0 1954 , Permian rock s in the Lemhi Range, Idaho: Am As soc. Petroleum

0

Geologists Bull., Vo 38 u no. 5, p. 923-935.

Reports Schagerina (determined by M. L. Thompson and considered by him as

middle Wolfcampian in age) from sec. 27, To 6 N., R. 30 E. in the southern
 -32-

end of Lemhi Range. State Highway 22 crosses a lava ridge southeast of the lo-
cality., Fossils are in gray-to-black dense limestone.

Blackstone 0 Donald LeRoy, Jr.

2., 1956, Introduction to the tectonics of the Rocky Mountains"..!n. Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists Bull., Rocky Mtn. sec. o Geol. Record, p., 3-19.

The Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas can be divided into five tectonic divi-
sions: (1) Cana~Han shield, (2) area in which the shield is only thinly covered by
sedimentary rocks, (3) area in which the basement is locally exposed, (4) area in
which the basement has been deflected down to great depths and covered by thick
sedimentary deposits, (5) areas of later igneous rocks where no Precambrian base-
ment is recognizable.. The structural significance of these divisions ·is shown by
generalized maps and text. For Idaho the most significant comment is that Mans-
field •s concept of the Bannock thrust may l:;>e in need of revision. The overthrust
belt of Idaho and Wyoming ma y be more like the sliced belt of Montana than has
been generally realized.

Blalock, J. L.

lq 1956, Gem sillimanite from Idaho: Rocks and Minerals" v. 31, no., 5-6, p.
240.

This notes the discovery of varicolored sillimanite 0 regarded as of gem quality in

gravel along the Cl~arwater River above Lewiston, Nez Perce County, Idaho" One
piece weighs 34 pounds.

Boardman 8 Leql\a

1. 1949, G·eol<;>gic maP index of Idaho (map with pibliography): U. ~. Geol •. Sur-
vey, Index to geologie mapping in the United States, scale 1: 750,000
or approx. 1 ine to 12 miles.

This is a map that shows by line patterns and colors the position, area covered,
and scale of available geologic maps in Idaho.

Bonini, William E. (and Lavin, Peter M·,)

1. 1957, Gravity anomalies in southern Idaho and southwestern Montana (abs.):

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68 g no. 12, pto 2, p. 1702.

A prominent maximum gravity anomaly is associated with the Snake River down-
warp from northeast of St. Anthony to west of Nampa. The maximum is -70 mgals
southwest of Mountain Home. A gravity gradient suggests the north edge of the
downwarp from Boise to Mountain Home and King Hill may be fault-controlledo
 -33-

Bostwick David Arthur0

10 1955 0 Stratigraphy of the Wood River formation I south-central Idaho: Jour G

Paleontology, Vo 29, noo 6, po 941-9510

Sections of the Wood River formation east of Bellevue were measured and the fu-
silinids in the rocks studied. The thickness measured was 120 190 feeto possi-
bly increased by undetected faultso The conclusions are that the lower third of
the formation is Pennsylvanian and the rest Lower Permian (Desmoinesian o Vir-
gillian o Wolfcampian)o There may have been sea connections with Utah, Wyo-
ming Montana, and Colorado and a trough from New Mexico and Texas to the
Q

Wood River areao

Bowyer 0 Ben (Rainey , H 0 Co 9 and others)

10 1954 Q Geologic map of the Wallace and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone

CountYD Idaho: U 0 S. Geolo Survey open-file repott g 1 map.

Geologic m·ap no texto

The map shows three subdivisions of the Prichard one each of the Burkel and
g

Revett, two of the Sto Regis six of the Wallace and one of the Striped Peak.
Q Q

Also mapped are monzonites and related rocks 0 dikes, and three unconsolidated
rocks The area is folded and faulted, and includes a portion of the Osburn
0

fa \.1.1 t zone •

. Bradley, John Do (and Mecia u Joseph Ao Q and Baker, Robert Eo)

1. 1943, Yellow Pine mine (Stibnite, Idaho): Engo Mining Joura Vo 144, noo I

4 p. 60-66, in-:2" 9'eo1. sketch map. (Reprinted in the 45th Ann.

D

Repto of the ivIinind' Industry of Idaho 0 p. 51- 5 7).

The Bradley Mining Co. has been interested in the Yellow Pfnemine since 1927
and started mining in 1932 Tungsten was discovered in the ore by Donald E.
0

White, U. S. Geological Survey, in February 19 41. Extensive drilling has been

done by the U. S" Bureau of Mines, and following White s discoveTY the drill I

cores were tested for tungsten. Since then the operation has been changed from
low-grade gold mining to production of tungsteno
The area of the mine contains quartz monzonite, aplite 0 pegmatite, and
alaskite, dacite and lamprophyre with some quartzite, dolomite, and other meta-
morphic rocks 0 Glacial depOSits covered most of the outcrop of the ore bodyo
The quartz monzonite is cut by numerous fracture zones, most of which trend
north to northeast and dip east and westo The ore is in shear zones in these.
Typical ore is a breccia of scheel! te and altered quartz monzonite, cemented
by stibnite. The gold was distributed in the principal fracture zone without
regard to a dacite dike but the tungsten and antimony ore is confined almost
I

entirely to the block west of the dike. The distribution of the metallic miner-
als is varied, and deposition took place in several stages.. Methods of mining
and smelting are described.
 -34-

Bradley, Worthen D.

1. 1946, Quicksllver.inJdaho: Idaho 48th Ann. Rept. Mining Industry, p. 98-

1010

Idaho had produced quicksilver to a value of about $2 000 ,000 to the date of this
I

report 0 Of this about 9, 000 flasks came from Valley County, nearly all from the
Hermes and 3, 000 flasks from the Idaho-Almaden mine, Washington County. Be-
I

yond these production figures, the report is mainly an outline of the ipternational
situation regarding quicksilver, arguing for protection for mines in the United
States and a price of at least $125 per flask.

Brandvold, G. E. (Sisco, H. G., and Carson, R. H.)

1. 1956, Idaho, in Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in

the United States in 1954: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper
1325, p. 33-59.

The observation-well program embraces 86 wells in 16 counties 0 Water levels

tended to decline in wells in most localities.

Bretz, J. Harlen

1. 1939, The physiography of North America, in Geologie der Erde, Erich Krenkel,
ed., North America q Y. 1, p. 1-40. Introductory chapters and geology
of the stable areas, 1939. Eds. RUdOlph Ruedemann 1927-1935, Robert
Balk 1936~1939 Berlin. Verlag von GebrUder Borntraeger.

Division of the Rocky Mountain system of the United States into provinces has
given rise to the terms of Southern, Middle" and Northern Rocky Mountains. But
there are two distinct provinces of the system north of the N.'orthern Rocky Moun-
tains. Hence it is better to "term that part of the system from south .... central Idaho
(United Stat~s) to northern Britisn Columbia (Canada) the Boundary Ranges or the
Boundary Range Province. The province is 1 q 300 miles long and its maximum width
at the southern end is 350 miles". The Rocky Mountains are bounded on the west
by Purcell Range but p. 22 indicates "Purcell Range" is bounded on the east by the
Rocky Mountain Trench, hence Bretz follows Canadians in his definition of ROCky
Mountains.

Brooks." Tames. Elwood·:(and AndriChuk., ·:John.;Micha.el)

1. 1953, Regional stratigraphy of the Devonian system in northeastern Utah,

southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming,..!n Intermountain Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann. Field Conf., p. 28-31.

The Devonian is thick in southeastern Idaho and part of south-central Idaho, but
thin in western· Wyoming and along its border with Idaho. In Utah there are De-
vonian rocks older than the Jefferson formation. A section in Grand View Canyon,
Custer County, Idaho, by Sloss, is given. It is over 2,200 feet thick and treats
the Grand View as the upper member of the Jefferson. It shows 300 feet of "Three
Forks", in quotes.
 -35-

Brown, Roland Wilbur

10 1940, A bracket fungus from the late Tertiary of southwestern Idaho:

Washington Acado Scio Jouro, v. 30, no. 10, p. 422-424.

The fungus specimen described) here named Fornes idahoensis Brown, N. sp. I
was collected in 1939 byJ. L. Morris . 1-1/2 miles east of a point 5 miles
south of Bruneau along the highway. Much fossil wood is associated with ito
The specimen is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. The containing beds
may belong to the Idaho formation and are probably not later than early Pliocene.

Bulla.7 Edward W.

1. 1951, A mineragraphicstudy of ore from the. Tamar,ack mine, Burke, Idaho:

Master's Thesis, Univ o Idaho.

Mesothermal galena-siderite veins occupy subsidiary faults that are transverse

to the Puritan-Standard fault. Simultaneous deposition of the minerals--ga-
lena, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite--is shown by exsolution textures. Thn minerali-
zation is generally uniform within the veins and various levels of the mine.

[-sutler, Arthur Pierce I Jr. (and Schnabel, Robert W'ayne)

1. 1956, Distribution of uranium occurrences i'n the United States . in Proc.

Interna t. Conf. on the Peaceful Use s of Atomic Energy I Geneva, 1955:
New York .. United Nations, Pub. v. 6, p. 224-230.

This is a summary of the geologic environments and geographic distribution of

uranium deposits in the United States.. An index map shows that Idaho has
uranium veins I deposits in igneous rocks, coal, and placer deposits. The Sun-
shine mine in the Coeur d 'Alene region is, mentioned and its deposits are said to
be Precambrian. Uraniferous coal in southeast IdahO'is referred to I also those
in placers in west-central Idaho and in the Phosphoria. None appear to be of
much economic importance at the moment.

2. 1956, Distribution and general features of uranium occurrences in the

United States, in Page, L .. R., and others, Contributions to the ge-
ology of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey
and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations International
ConL on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva 0 1955: U. S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 300 1 p. 27-40.'

This is a somewhat abbreviated version of the paper abstracted above"

 -36-

Butner, Daniel Worth

10 1949, Phosphate rock min!ng !n southeastern Idaho: -U. So Bur. Mines

Inf C irc. 7529, 18 p.
0

This report is concerned mainly with mining methods and costs. Idaho pro-
duced 90S, 000 tons of phosphate rock in 1947; over 75 percent of w~stern pro-
duction, mostly from two mines. Rock must have 30 percent P205 to be 1.Jsed
under methods in use at the time. A depth of 500 feet is the limit of practical
mining 0 The reserve under those conditions is 230,000 0 000 long tons. The
potential value of by-products such as fluorine is referred to. In 1926 Mans-
field estimated the total reserve to a depth of 5, 000 feet at 4,997,885,000
long tons. Much of this is too deep to be mined under existing conditions.
If low-grade rock could be treated, the re serve would increa se sh~rpl y •

Caldwell, Harry H.

1. 1951, Ed., Idaho Conservation Source Book: Univ. Idaho" Moscow,

Idaho, 228 p.

This book contains much data on subjects related to conservation, including

a section by L. S. Prater oalled Mineral resources, metals, nonmetallics,
and fuels, p. 210-217 that outlines for Idaho the items listed in the title,
with production figures taken from the Minerals Yearbook for 1948, U. S. Bur.
Mines, and a fiJection by A. W. Fahrenwald called Progress in the mineral
industry I p. 218-222, that outlines the subj ect for those not acquainted
with it, without particular reference to Idaho.

2. 1954~ Rocky Mounta~n Province, .!u.Freeman and Martin, eds. I The

Pacific Northwest, p. 79-87.

Most of this section of the book, The Pacific Northwest, is devoted to the
Northern Rocky Mountains in Idaho and western Montana but some data on the
southern Rockies, mostly in southeastern Idaho are given. The Okanogan
Highlands in Washington and adj acent Idaho are mentioned • The geology of
these regions is summarized and the topography described, mainly on the
basis of a digest of a few of the many reports published in the past.

Campbell, Arthur

1. 1941-1946 0 Annual reports of the mining industry of Idaho by years.

Each of these annual reports by the State Mine Inspector lists available data
on ownershipo development, etc., for all mines for which information is on
hand o segregated by counties. The reports also give data on mine accidents,
production, etc., and most include short articles either reprinted from current
literature or others written specifically for the rep.ort. Thus each annual fe--
port is a summary of mining conditions in the state for the year it covers.

1-'"
 -37-

Campbell, Arthur B.

1. 1953, Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, .Shoshone

County, Idaho:U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 1 map.

A geologic map, without text, showing the Prichard, Burke, Revett, and St. Regis
formations of the Belt series, dikes, and two unconsolidated rocks. The map al-
so shows folding and faulting ~

(Bowyer, Ben; ShE-non, Philip John; and McConnel, R. H.)

2. 1953, Geologic map of the Kellogg and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone County,
Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 1 map.

Geologic map , 7-1/2 -minute,,'quadrangle.on :.tbe·$cale of ,1;24,0 00 •. The,",Pr1chard ,

Burke, Revett, St. Regis, Wallace, and Striped 'Peak 'formations of the Belt
series are mapped. Also mapped are dikes, gravels, Quaternary deposits, and
structure.

Campbell, Charles Duncan

1. 1950, Petrology of the· Columbia River basalts; present status and ideas for
future work: Northwest Sci., v. Z4, no. 2, p. 74-83.

The components of the Columbia River basalt range in texture from glassy to holo-
crY$talline, Felted textures are common. Phenocrysts are common but rarely
plentiful enough for the rock to be considered porphyritic. Tachylyte and sidero-
melane glasses are known. TI,e minerals th~t have been recognized are listed.
They indicate most of the flows are basalt but some are pigeonite andesite. A
table giving seven chemical analyses and a calculated average indicates that
the flows conform in most respects in composition to plateau basalts in other
parts of the world. Temperatures during eruption varied from 5000 C. to 1545 0 C.
The scarcity of known dike feedersfor the laterfl6wssuggests these may have
erupted from centers lying, perhaps, along ~ few of the more persistentlyacttve
earlier fissure~.

Canney, Frank Cogswell (Hawkes, Herbert Edwin, Jr.; Richmond, Gerald Martin;
and Vhay, John Stewart).

1. 1953, A preliminary report of geochemicQI investigations in the Blackbird dis-

trict, Lemhi County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 20 p.

MetamorphQsed sedimentary rocks of the pre-Cambrian Yellowjacket formation

(Belt series) are cut by mineralized shear zones containing chalcopyrite, co-
baltite, pyrite, and pyrrhot~te. Weathering and oxidation are commonly deep,
and cobalt present in the primary ore suffers leaching in the zone of oxidation.
Soil samples taken at 6- to 9- inch depths and 10D-foot intervals were
taken along traverses and analyzed for cobalt and copper content. Results from
these analyses indicate a rel~able correlation between cobalt content, and in
some cases copper content, in the soir·sarripleand·cobaltmi·neralizationin the
 -38-

bedrock.
A study of the relation of soil profiles to the surficial deposits wa,s conducted
and indicates that a knowledge ofth,e Qrigin and source of surficial deposits, the
degree of development of soil profile e and the relative stratigraphic position: of a
soil is necessary for the Jnterpretationof geochemical anomalies in the soil.

Canney" ' frank Cogswell

2 0 1956, Geochemical study of soil contamination in the Coeur d 'Alene district,

Shoshone COlJnty, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report.

The report consists of a topographic map and graphs showing the amount of zinc
'and lead in the soil, and seoti-Gnsshowing the.vertical distributions of the metals~
The data relate to contamination by smelters.

Cannon, Ralph Smyser, Ir;. (and Grimaldi c Frank Saverio)

1. 1953, Lindgrenite and cuprotungstite from the Seven Devils district, Idaho:
Am. Mineralogist, v. 38, nos. 11-12~ p. 903-9110

Lindgrenite,' hitherto known only at Chuquicamata, Chile, was recognized by

Waldemar Schaller in contact metamorphic ore from the Seven Devils area. Chem-
ical and other properties of this mineral and of the cuprotungstite associated with
it are given.

Capps i Stephen Reid

1. 1940,' Gold placers of the 8ecesh Basine Idaho County:·, Idaho Bur. Mines and
Geology Pamph. 52, 42 p.

This report conSists largely of a discussion of the geomorphology of Idaho County

and especially of the Secesh Basin, although a number of placers in that basin are
described. The prodllction has been $450 000-$500,000. The basin contains q.uartz,-
I

ite, gneiss and schist of the Belt series, extensive exposures of the Idaho batho-
lith, Tertiary sedimentary rocks, and deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age. The
Pleistooene deposits include old and Wisconsin detritus ,and theRec~nt ones- in-
clude peat plus three layers of ash.
In central Idaho (primarily Idaho County and vicinity) the earliest land form dis-
cernible is q mature surface (the so-called Idaho peneplain) i thought to cut volcan-
ics of Miocene age and to be pre-Columbia River basalt (middle, or upper Miocene).
In the period between the eruption of this basalt and early or middle Pleistocene
time there was extensive block falllting, warping q and regional uplift. Prior to this
the Salmon River is thought to have pursued its present westerly course across the
State but one result of the orogenic movement was to divert it below Riggins north-
ward along a fault valley. In the SeceshBasin Lake Creek, which rises only 5
miles from the Salmon, flows away from that stream to the south and southeast along
a structural valley. After the uplift the streams of the region adj listed their courses ,
and lake and 'stream deposits resulted, and a'pa'rtial erosiOn surface via's formed.
In the meantime the master streams had been rejuvenated, in part as a result of th~
increased elevation of the mountains and in part because of the development of
deep canyons along the Snake and Columbia Rivers. By the end of the Pliocene

I'
 -39-

the canyon of the Salmon hc;id been incised almost to its present depth with com-
parable deepenings qf tributary canyons. This was followed by glaciqtion, per-
haps in four stages,! Soil creep has been extensive and has tended to produce
forms that could be ~onfused with remnants of old erosion surfaces. The amount
of lowering of ridge tops by creep since early Tertiary time is measurable in tens
if not hundreds of f~et.

Capps I Stephen Reid

2. 1941, Faulting in western Idaho and its relation to the high placer deposits:
Idaho Bur. Min~s and Geology Pamph. S6, 20 p. inc!. geol. sketch
maps.

It is postulated that western Idaho was subjected to elevation 'and extensive

block faulting, prohqbly in the Pliocene. The faults postulated have prevailing
north or northwest trends, displace'ments of a few hundred to 3 I 500 fee~ are
normal, and most faults have east-facing scarps and west-sloping back slopes.
Fourteen such faults are described. No evidence of a postfaulting mat~re ero-
sion surface is found.. Such major streams as the Salmon River are antecedent
but many of their tributaries were diverted into fault troughs. Many of the high
placer areas are in the fault valleys and thus are late Miocene or later. 'Three
stages of Pleistocene glaciation are recognized and glaciation has influenced
the distribution of certain placers. Nine types of placers are distinguished.
The gold placer production of western Idaho is estimated at $123,000,000+.
Except for minor changes, the present drainage pattern in west-ce~tral
Idaho was estq.blisned by' e(.\rly Pleistocene time. Locally the Columbia River
basalt 1s faulted. Elsewhere the evidence for faulting is mainly the drainage
pattern.

Carlson, Jphn E.

1. 1951, A lithologic study of some medium-grained Upper Cretaceous sedi-

mentary rocks of southeastern Idaho: ,Master's Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

A lithologiC study of the Frontier and Wayne formations of the Fall Creek Basin
and Horseshoe Creek district. Four types of sandstone are recognized, differ-
entiated on the bas~s of heavy mineral frequencies, light m'ineral frequencies,
tourmaline frequenoy, and grain morphology and mechanical composition~ 'Facies
changes are rapid within short distances grading from terrestrial to fresh water I

brackish, and marine deposits. Regional correlation is very difficult due to the
similarity of heavy mineral suites within the formations studied.

Carmichael, Virgil W.

1. 1956, The relationship of the .. soils" of the Palouse to the Columbia River
basalt: Master' s Thes~s, Univ. Idaho.

Up to 200 feet or more of soil overlies the basalt in some parts of th'e area
studied. Chemical analysis of the basalt, the subsoil, and the soi~ failed to
show any gen~tic relation. The parent material of the "Palouse soU" was pro-
bably loess.
 -40-

Carmichael t Virgil W.
. .
2. 1956, The relationship of the" seils lIef the Paleuse to. the Celumbia River
basalt (Washington-ldahe): The Compass, vo34, nOol, po 6-28.

This paper is based mainly on a study ef 50 square miles in Whitman Ceunty,

Washingten and Latah County, Idaho. There has been ene er mere leng perieds
of erosien between extrusien of parts of the Columbia River basalt" Much of the
Columbia River basalt came frem the Grande Rende region, Oregon o but that
alpng the margins of the basalt between Moscow and St. Jee, Idaho, had a dif-
ferent source. This basalt has been only lecally deformed in post-Miocene
time. Up to 800 feet ef basalt may have been eroded here before deposition of
the "Paleuse soil II parent material which is silt beneath the yeunger depesits
known to be 10essa1. That material was prebably loess, aportien ·of-which may
have been pumicite from the Cascade Mountains The "Palouse topography" may
0

result in part from "se11s" blown in from the northwest,modified by later winds
and dust from the southwest. .The amphitheatres that ar~ 'character~stic of the
Palouse hills result in part from so.il creep and mudflowaround and under winter
snowdrifts.

Carson, Ro H.

1. 1957, Idahe,.!!L Water levels and artesian pressures in observatien wells in

the United States in 1955: U •. S. Geel. Survey Water-Supply Paper
1408, p. 35-61.

The ebservation-well p~ogram embraced 72 wells in 16 counties. In most areas

well levels declined although in most places precipitation was above normal.

Carswell, Louis Duncan (and McKelvey n Vincent Ellis)

1. 1954, Effects of weathering on phosphate rocks, in Geologic investigations

of radioactive deposits: Semiann. Prog. Rept.,.June 1 to Nov. 30 n
1954, U q S. Geol. Survey Trace Elements Inv. Rept. 490 0 p. 193-194.

Samples of phosphate were obtained at Conda, Idaho and in the Crawford Moun-
g

tains. They show a steady decrease downward in phosphate content through a

range of ,scores or hundreds of feet. Some uranium is leached during weathering
and redeposited at depth, but there is no notable persistent enrichment 6f uran-
ium with depth.

Cary, Allen Stuart (and McGaroch, C. B. g Jr 0)

10 1947, Ramp valleys of northwestern Montana and northern Idaho (absjO):

Northwest Sci., v. 21, no. I, p. 31 •

. It is postulated that canyons along the Clark Fork, Flathead, Koetenai, and
Blackfoot· I9vers are ramp valleys with eppesing thrust faults on eppesite
II

sides qf the valley blocks. As faulting pregressedu the.previeus drainage sys-

tem slowly disintegrated and the Tertiary "lake beds" record the werk of streams
 -42-

Rqnge are correlative with the Wells formation. Exception is taken to their
statement that the Phosphoria is absent in the range.. Thick, high-grade phos-
phate bed~ have not been found but the Phosphoria is 10295 feet thick. Occur-
rence~ of Phosphoria in the Cas sia and Beaverhead Mountains in Idaho and in
various places in northern Utah and Nevada are mentioned.. The thickening of
the formation west of southeastern Idaho is ascribed to greater rate of subsi-
dence rather than greater depth of water. The Phosphoria here is thought to
have been deposited in an embayment whose limits to the northwest are un-
known.

Cheney, Thomas McGiffin (McKelvey, V. E. nand Gere, Wit C.)

2. 1956, Fusilinid-bearing rocks.in Sublett Range, southern Idaho: Am.

Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull .. , v. 40 8 no. 7, p. 1716-1719,
with a reply by Walter Youngquist on p. 1719-1723.

A reply to the above discussion, given on p. 1719-1723, points out deficien-

cies in general knowledge and probabilities of facies changes that made him
and Haegele reluctant to appl y established formation names to their rocks in
the Sublett Range. For examplen he notes that they might have correlated
with th~ Wood River formation just as well as with the Wells. As to deep
water, rather than subsidence, Youngquist cites a paper by McKelvey and
others in 1953 that seems to agree with Youngquist and Haegele on this
point. Incidentally he notes that in the 1953 paper the term Central Id?iho
I II II

appears to be intended to apply to areas near the middle of the southern

border of the state and south of the Snake River Plain, which would b~ incor-
rect usage.
YoungQ4ist notes tnat in the 1953 paper the age of the Phosphoria is un-
certain "but it cert~inly spans ml,.lch of Permian time". Youngquist thinks the
whole of the Phosphor~a s"lerywhere is now" safely post-Wolfcampian by all
opinions". He thinks the unit was deposited in a sea transgressive from a
westward direction. The special conditions under which the Phosphoria must
have been. laid down tend to confuse stratigraphic correlations.

_~___ ' (Gere, W. C. n and Wallace J.. H,)

I

3. 1956, Permian phosphate deposits in northeast Nevada and adjacent

parts of Idaho and Utah (abs.): Geol. Soc America Bull. 8
0

v. 67, no. 12, pt. 28 p. 1763'1"'1764.

A phosphatic shale of Permian age (680 ft.) crops out in the Leach Mountains
10 miles west of Montello, Nevadan and is overlain by beds similar to the
Dinwoody formation. Reconnaissance in northeastern Nevada and neighbor-
ing Idaho and Utah resulted in discovery of 75 miles of outcrop of rocks of
Phosphoria age not previously reported.
 -41-

adjusting themselves to this. Some streams spilled over saddles and are now
superimposed across hard rock ridges. Pleistocene glaciation concealed and
destroyed much evidence and itself probably made drainage changes.

Caywood, Louis Richard

1. 1948, Yuma point from western Idaho: Am. AntiqUity, v. 13, no. 3, p. 251.

At the Johnson Park Reservoir site, 18 miles east of Brownlee, Oregon, on the
Snake River, a projectile point of Yuma type has been found in a small stream
bed above a filled glacial lake •

Chaney, Ralph Works .

1. 1940, Tertiary forests and continental history: Geol. Soc. America Bull.
51, no. 3, p. 469-488.

Tertiary floras migrated southward in response to climatic changes. The coast-

line and topography of North America during the Tertiary can be reconstructed
from a study of the fossil flora. The west coast remained about where it is now
but in places there were inward, narrow encroachments, and during much of the
period there was a land link with Asia across the site of the Bering sea., The
Cascade Mountains were nonexistent early in the Tertiary, and the Sierra Nevada
were 10ca11 y low.

2. 1949, Early Tertiary ecotones in western North America (abs.) Science,

v. 109, no. 2835, p. 438.

The fossil record gives little support forth~ idea of cl_im~t191JnifQrmi_ty across
many degrees of latitude in past ages. T~rtiary flora show marked zoning.

3. 1949, Early Tertiary ecotones in western North America: Natl. Acad. Sci .
Proc., v. 35, no. 7 I p. 356-359.

This report contains nothing on Idaho specifically, but its generalizqtions would
apply to interpretation of floras collected in Idaho. The early Tertiary zones are
about 20 0 north of areas where similar vegetation is found at present. A zone
of Tertiary floras that includes Idaho is a subtropical assemblage" The climate
at the beginning of the Tertiary was warmer than at comparable latitudes now,
with the warm zone extending farther north near the Pacific Ocean than inland
so the Pacific shore was about at its present position"

Cheney, Thomas McGiffin (McKelvey, V. E., and Gere, W. C,)

1. 1956, Fusilinid-bearingrocks in Sublett Range~sbUther'il Idaho: - .Am. Assoc.

Petroleum Geologists Bull., v ~ 40, no" 7 I po 1716-1719"

It 1s ~oted that the rocks described by Youngquist and Haegele in the Sublett

r-
 -44-

Coats, Robert Roy

2" 1956, Uranium and certain other trace elements in felsic volcanic rocks of
Cenozoic age in western United States in Page, LoR .. 9 and others,
I

Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the U. S. Geol.

Survey and Atomic Energy Commission for the United Nations Internat.
Conf. on peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva, 1955: U S. Geol. 0

Survey Prof. Paper 300, p. 75-78.

This is the same as the paper cited immediately above n

Cole, John Wilson (and Bailey, H. D.)

10 1948, Exploration, development" mining and milling of a unique tungsten

ore body at the YellowPinernirie~ Stibniteu'Idaho:U So Bur. Mines
0

Inf. Circ. 7443 u 24 p.

Gold-antimony deposits were kncwn near the site of Stibnite 8 Valley County 6 in
1900. The first claims were located in 1914. In 1927 and 1933 groups of claims
were acquired by F. W. Bradley from the United Mercury Mines Co.. The operat-
ing company was known as the Yellow Pine Co. until 1938 when it was taken over
by its parent company, the Bradley Mining Co. Antimony-gold ore was produced
from the Meadow Creek mine, and milled there from 1932 to 1938 when this mine
was closed. Quarry-mining nearby was carried on in 1938 and 1939. The U. S.
Bureau of Min~;;s had a drilling program in the winter of 1939-40 and D .. E. White
noted scheelite in a drill core. A shaft was started in 1941" and by the end of
that year all mining had been shifted to the tungsten-antimony-gold ore body dis-
closed by the drilling. The t~~ngsten ore body was exhausted in 19450 Produc-
tion tables for the various principal ore bodies are given. The rest of the re-
port, except for a brief summary of the geology based on other reports, deals
with engineering features of the Bureau of Mines I work in the area 0

Cook, ,Earl Ferguson

1.. 1954, Mining geology of the Seven Devils region: Idaho Bur 0 Mines and
Geology Pamph. 978 22 p., incl. geol. maps.

The principal rocks of the Seven Devils region are the Seven Devils volcanics
(Permian and Triassic) which include sedimentary strata intercalated in the vol-
canic rocks. These rocks are largely metamorphosed. Unconformably on the
Seven Devils volcanics is a thick sequence of locally metamorphosed shale and
limestone that seems to be mainly of Triassic age, but may include some Jurassic
rocks.. There are masses of granodiorite, here interpreted as metamorphosed gab-
bro (Jurassic). A fresher quartz diorite which tends to wedge out downward o is
Q

later than the granodiorite and probably an extension of the Idaho batholith It

There is also some granite. The Columbia River basalt overlies all the older
rocks and fills valleys in an erosion surface with a relief of about 2,000 feet.
Its maximum thickness is about 2,500 feet., Alluvi.al and glacial deposits are
not abundant. Diversion of the Snake River in this region is thought to be after,
rather than before 0 Columbia River volcanism, and may have occurred in the
 -43-

Church, P. E.

1. 1954, Climates of the Pacific Northwest, in Freeman, o. W", and Martin,

H. H., eds. The Pacific Northwest, an overall appreciation, p. 95-
117.

This is a convenient summary of climatological data for the region. It uses phy-
siographic subdivisions that differ from those of other au'thorsbecause it is based
more on climate than on other factors. Most of Idaho is placed in the Northern
Rocky Mountains, Snake River Valley, and southern Idaho. The Snake River Val-
ley merges northward with the Columbia Basin. There are highly generalized
maps for temperatures, frosts, and precipitation.

Clabaugh, Patricia Sutton

1. 1946, Map of Permian phosphate deposits of Montana, Wyoming, Idaho,

and Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Prelim. Map 3-198.

This is a map with no text other than a list of references. It shows distribution
of the then-known phosphate deposits in the states listed o

Clabaugh, Stephen Edmund

1 •. 1945, Paragenesis of the tungs ten ore of the Ima mine, Idaho (abs.):
Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 25, no. 6, p. 198.

The Ima mine, Blue Wing district, was the second most important tungsten pro-
ducer in Idaho and contains the largest known hubnerite deposits in the western
states. Th~ productive veins occupy small faults in quartzite and granite with
associated pegmatite and pre-ore veins containil1g orthoclase u 'quartz, mica u
pyrite, and molybdenite. Most ore is banded. because of repeated fracturing.
The general mineral sequence is orthoclase, quartz, mica followed by pyrite
and ore, followed by quartz, rhodochrosite, hubnerite, sphalerite, and fi-
nally quartz, fluorite, tetrahedri te, galena, and chalcopyrite in the banded ore.
Scheeli te is in small seams and replaces hubnerite 0

Coats, Robert Roy

1. 1956, Distribution of uranium and certain other trace 'elements in fels.ic vol-
canic rocks of Cenozoic age of the western United States, .!n. Proc.
Internat. Conf. on peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva, 1955:
New York, United Nations Pub., v. 6, p. 248-251 •.

The volcanic rocks of the Columbia Plateau, among others u are completely lack-
ing in known uranium deposits. Rhyolitic and dacitic rocks of Cenozoic age from
several western states, including Idaho, were analyzed for uranium and certain
other trace elements. Maps indicating the uranium content of these rocks and
certain provinces set up to, show relatiorls~ip.s',.. show ura~um ocCun::~,11ges. in
such rocks in southern Idaho I and indicate that this part of the state is in the
Shoshone province, whereas the test of the state is in the -8hahaptinprovince.
The Shoshone province is a uraniferous province at the levels of concentration
here considered.
 -45-

Pleistocene but before the Wisconsin stage.

The ore deposits and placers have been intermittently worked since 1888 and
have an estimated production of $1, 000,000, mostly in copper with some lead,
tungsten, gold, and silver. The principal activity was in 1890-1900, 1925-28,
and the tungsten development began about 1952. Production tables are given.
The copper deposits are of hypothermal type in tactite related to the intrusion of
the quartz diorite. Disseminated deposits of copper in the Seven Devils vol-
canics are as yet unproductive but sh<;>w promise. There are a f~w chalcocite-
bearing veins in breccia zones in the Seven Devils volcanics. The only producer
in 1953 waf? the Alaska tungsten mine in tactite and marble. The ore contains so
much molybdenum as to be penalized for it" About 21 properties are described.

Cook, Earl Ferguson (and Larrison" Earl J.)

20 1954, Late Pleistocene age of the Snake River diversion (Idaho-Oreg.)
(abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pL 2, p. 1241.

The diversion of the Snake River, from a CQurse which may have taken it into
California, by the spilling over of an arm of Lake Idaho into a tributary of the
Salmon River probably occurred in the latter half of the Pleistocene. Outwash
gravel in sQuthwest Idaho and eastern Oregon occurs near the probable maximum-
level of the lake and probably records a late Pleistocene, pre-Wisconsin ice
age. The living mammal fauna of the Seven Devils Mountains is largely iden-
tical with that of the Wallowa Mountains. Hells Canyon, which intervenes,
is r~garded as an insurmountable barrier to most small animals. It is estimated
that the genetic drift on the opposite sides of the canyon represents not more
than 200,000 years, before that the canyon barrier did not exist. On the other
hand-, without any such barrier, the fauna of the Owyhee desert, 'south of the
Snake, is different, except for a few newly arrived species from the eastern
Oregon fauna, supporting the idea that the original course of the Snake was
southwest toward California~

3. 1955 6 Prospecting for ura,nium, thorium, and tung sten in Idaho: Idaho Bur.
Mines and Geology Pamph., 102 0 53 p.

Most of this paper is devoted to a general discussion of the mineralogy and mode
of occurrence of deposits of uranium, thorium 0 and tungsten, with suggestions
as to prospecting. It is noted that in Idaho uranium is known in veins in the
Coeur d 'Alene mining district, the Gibbonsville district, and in localities in
Boundary and Blaine Counties among others. Some is known in the Phosphoria
I

formation, in lignite in the Salt Lake formation (or similar rocks), and in coal
and carbonaceous rocks in the Bear River formation. There is a deposit of urano-
phane in rhyolite of the Challis volcanics near Salmon. Uranium minerals are
known in pegmatites in Garden Valley, Boise County, and near Deary, Latah
County; also in placers in a number of localities. Thorium is J<nown in various
placers and in lodes in Lemhi County. Neither uranium nor thorium are known in
commercially important deposits. Tungsten is known in deposits of widely differ-
 ..,46-

ent kinds throughout Idaho, and some of these have been richly productive. A
number are briefly described.

Cook, Earl Fergl,lson

40 1956, Radioactive minerals in Idaho: .!!l.57th ann" report of the mining

industry of Idaho for 1955, p . 42-46.

Uranium was discovered in Idaho in 1920 I and 13 uranium-bearing minerals are

known in deposits throughout the state and in many geologic environments. ' Idaho
is also favorable pro~pecting ground for thorium and the rare earths" The largest
known uranium reserves in Idaho. are in the Phosphoria formationo

5. 1956, Tungsten deposits of south-central Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and

. G~ology, Pampho l08, 39 po

This summary report divides the tungsten deposits of southcentral Idaho into schee-
lite deposits and black tungsten deposits. The first group includes over 20 de-
posits characterized as commonly found in tactite formed from an impure calcareous
rock near a granitic mass, either intrusive or metasomatic. An exception is the
Mackay area where the tactite comes from a pure limestone" . Several of the de-
posits are closely associated with alaskite or leucogranodiorite dikes containing
irregular quartz pods. In the northern part of the region the scheelite is not in
tactite but is associated with alaskite. The tungsten deposits seem to follow
structures of Laramide age, and are supposed to be in areas where the geothermal
gradient was high. The deposits were formed where conditions were favorable and
are not necessarily of the same age throughout. They are thought to be older than
any of Anderson's Tertiary metallogenic epochs but younger than the main mass of
the Idaho batholith.
The "black tungsten deposits contain members of the wolframite group rather
fI

than scheelite and were formed at lower temperatures and pressures than the schee-
lite deposits, with some exceptions. Some of the black tungsten deposits are of
mid-Tertiary age. About 8 such deposits are described"

6" 1957 , Radioactive minerals in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Mineral
0

Resources Rept. o no. 8,5 p.

Radioactive minerals in Idaho have been known since 1897 and monazite was first
produced in 1910. Uranium is present in veins in the Coeur d'Alene region, the
Gibbonsville district, the Hailey gold beItq and in the Stanley Basin. It is pres-
ent in pegmatite in Garden Valley and in the phosphate rock of the Phosphoria forma-
tion, also in lignite coal, and in the Challis volcanics (particularly in tuff con-
taining organic matter). Thorium is known in veins and replacements in Lemhi County,
and both uranium and thorium are present in placers. A uranium-bearing placer is
being worked in Bear Valley in Valley County. The major reserves of uranium in Idaho
are in the phosphate rock.
 -47-

Cooper, Chalmer Lewis (and Slos s, Laurence Louis)

1.. 1943, Conodont fauna and distribution of a Lower Mississippian black shale
in Montana and Alberta: Jour. Paleontology , v. 17, no. 2, p. 168-176.

Fifty-four species of conodonts are recognized in a black shale at the base of

the Lower Mississippian Mad~son group over an area from Alberta to southwestern
Montana. The conodonts indicate correlation with the Kinderhook of the Miss-
issippi Valley. Apparently the shale correlates with the basal Lodgepole shale
in Montana. The descriptions raise a query as to whether this shale may cor-
relate with the Milligen in Idaho o although this possibility is not mentioned in
the paper.

1.. 1942, Correlation of the Devonian sedimentary formations of North America

(Chart No.4):' Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 53, no. 120 pt. I, p.
1729-1793.

In Idaho the chart assigns part of the Milligen to the Upper Devonian (Cassadago),
the Three Forks to Cassadago and Chemung stages of the Upper Devonian, and the
Jefferson to the Chemung and Finger Lake stages of the Upper Devonian. The
Grandview is not mentioned. In the text a collection by Copper and Kirk. near
Freighter Spring, on the east side of Double Springs canyon is listed and the
statement is made that the lower part of the Milligen is shalyand contains spec~
ies of the Three Forks formation. This is the place Baldwin cited to show the
Three Fork.s is present in the Borah Peak quadrangle.

Cooper, John Roberts

1.. 1951, Geology of the tungsten, antimony and gQld.. d~PQsits ne.ar"Stibnfte,
Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 969-P, p. 151-197.

This report summarizes the history and general geology of the Yellow Pine mine.
The mine was the largest source of tungsten and antimony ores in the United
States from 1942 to 1944. It and the neighboring Meadow Creek mine have also
yielded gold and silver.
The first stage of metallization is represented by replacement by gold-bear-
ing pyrite and arsenopyrite, the second by less extensive replacement by schee-
li te, and the third by replacement by s tibnite and silver. The main ore bodies
are along the Meadow Creek fault, as much as several hundred feet wide, cut-
ting quart~ monzonite. Ore bodies are localized by changes in strike and dip
of the main zone and by related subsidiary faults. The tungsten ore body at the
Yellow Pine mine was exhausted in 1945 after prodUCing 831,829 units of W03,
antimony, and more than 20,000 tons in gold ore. The district was estimated to
contain about 740,000 ounces of gold. The report is especially valuable for
the numerous mine maps and sections it includes.
 -48-

Cooper Margaret
0

1. 1953" Bibliography and index of l~ terature on uranium and thorium and

radioactive occurrences in the United States--Pt. I, Arizona,
Nevada, and New Mexico: Pt. 2, California, Idaho, Montana
Oregon, Washington~ and Wyoming: Geol. Soc" America Bull.,
v. 64, no. 2, p. 197-234; no. 10 0 p. 1103-1171.

The bibliography gives references to published literature, pres s releases,

speeches, aJ'ld both open-file and other unclassified reports dealing with uran-
ium, thorium, and other radioactive occurrences, Part 2 contains the ref-
erences to Idaho"

Coulter, Henry Welty

1. 1955, Fuco!dal markings in the Swan Peak formation, southea stern Idaho:
Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 282-284; v. 26, no. 40
p. 369"

It is inferred that the fucoidal markings in the Swan Peak formation result from
incorporation of coarse sand particles and organic fragments in a gelatinous
organism (either plant or animal) with cementation aided by chemical changes
during decay of the organism.

2. 1956, Geology of the southeast portion of the Preston quadrangle, Idaho:

Id<tho Buro Mines and Geology Pamph. 107, 48 p.

The Cambrian beds total 7 ,800 feet in thickness in two formations: the Brigham,
2,800-4,800 feet; Lang$ton, 375 feet; Ute e 490 f~et; B~acksmithe 725 feet;
Bloomington, 14, 500 fe~t; Nounan, 985 feet; Sto Charles, 950 feet. The Ordo-
vician formations are the Garden CitYq 1,280 feet; S*an Peak, 640 feet; and
Fish Haven, 200~450 teet. The Laketown dolomite (Silurian) is 1350 feet thick.
The Water Canyon formation (Lower Devonian) is 357 feet thick and consists of
sandstone and dolomite. The Jefferson dolomite and Madison limestone are
represented in fault blocks. The Salt Lake formation (960 feet) and Lake Bonne-
ville sediments q plus hill wash and alluvium are present. The Paleozoic rocks
are in a syncline of NI0 0 E trend cut by branching longitudinal faults, apparently
steep and normal, plus transverse faults. No evidence of thrust faults was
found.

Cox, Doak Carey

1. 1954, Fluorspar deposits near Meyers Cove, Lemhi County, Idaho: U. S.

Geol. Survey Bull. 1015 -A, p. 1- 21, inc1. geol. map"

The fluorspgr deposits near Meyers Cove follow three groups of shear zones in
the Casto and Ohallis volcanics. Small intrus!ons of granophyre and larnprophyre
cut the volcanics" Many of the lodes are in or near granophyre. The lamprophyre
 -49-

is post-granophyre and pre-mineralizat~on.

The prinCipal vein minerals arefluorit~, chalcedonyu and barite. The de-
posits are epithermal and are formed by replacement and filling of spaces in
breccia along. shear zones. The wall rock is silicified. The total vertical range
through which fluorspar is exposed is about 4,000 feet and the veins formed
7 u500-11 500 feet below the original top of the 'Challis volcanics ~ Some ore
0

bodies are several hundred feet long and 20 feet wide. The ore can be concen-
trated by flotation but little of it is of direct shipping grade Over 20 fluorite
0

bodies are described.

Crandall, Lynn

10' 1948, Com~entQn. the Review Report. by. the, Corps of :&ngineers-.dated
October I, 1948: U. S. Geolo Survey open-file report.

A series of comments on specific portions of the review report attempting toI

clarify correct, and' supply additional information

I to
statements contained in
the report.

2. 1953 g Future upstream depletion 'of Snake River in Idaho above Hells Canyon:
U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report.

A discus $ion of the available surface and ground water in the area, summarizing
the possibledep~etion resulting from proposed future irrigation projects. Speci-
fic projects discussed are, Fort Hall, American Falls, tributary valleys from
Portneuf to Salmon: Falls River .. Bruneau Project, and Mountain Home. Charts out-
line the increa~ed water consumption between 1947 and 1953 q new land areas
irrigated froml94 7t9 2.010, annual precipitation anci. diversion graphs for the
years 1920 to 1950 6 and annual runoff graphs for the years 1920 to 1950.' .

3. 1953, Ground-water flows of the' Snake River Plain: U. S. Geol'. Survey

open-file report. 6 p.

A discussion of the present ground-waterflow patterns and volumes associated

with the Snake River Plain, with suggestions for greater uses for this ground
water, and capture of surplus flood waters by percolation down to the water
table using canals and drainage wells.

40 1954, Hells Canyon: U 0 S. Geol. Survey open-file report.

Two plans for the construction of a dam or dams in the Hells Canyon area are
discussed. The IdahoPowerC'ompahy'pfop6ses'as'eriesofthree rockfi!l dams
a
with power installation of 783,000 kilowatts u a live storage of 1,000,000
acre-feet of water, and at an estimated cost of $133~000uOOO. The Federal
Government proposes a single dam with a power installation of 800,000 kilo-
watts, a live water storage of 3,800,000 acre-feet, and at an estimated cost
of
-
$357 u 000,000. -~- -- ---
 -50-

The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of both plans, and in
view of feeling"in Congress towards the Federal plan, coupled with the present
condition of the Fec;:1eral budget, concludes the Idaho Power Company's plan may
be approved by the Federal Power Commis sion.

Crandall, Lynn

5. 1954, Remarks by Lynn Crandall to the Snake River water users upon the
occasion of his 25th election as watermaster: U. S. Geol. Survey
open-file report.

A summary of Mr. Crandall's career as engineer and watermaster in the Snake

Ri ver valley.

6. 1955, New storage on Snake River for irrigation use above Milner, Idaho:
U. S. Geol" Survey open""file report, 4 p.

A recc;:>rd of water spilled to waste past Milner andreservo!r holdovers on

Snake River sinc;:e construction of American Falls reservoir is presented.
The feasibility of building new surface reservoirs above Milner in order
to make water available during prolonged dry periods is discus sed, and the
effect such new reservoirs would have upon the rights of present water users 8

7. 1958, Snake River: U, S. Geol. Survey open-file report,

An outline of tile control of d~stribution and use of the water of the Snake River,
including summaries of the responsibilities of the State Engineer, State Recla-
mation Engineer, District Engineer, and districtwatermaster; the operation of
gaging stations and compilation of flow records, and the functions of the Com ...
mittee of Nine.
A maP indicates the principal streams and gaging stations of Water District
Noo 36.

Cressman, Earle Ruppert

1. 1952, Geology of the Dry Valley quadrangle, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey

open,..file report, 12 p.

A preliminary report of material subsequently published in more detail in U. S.

Geol. Survey Bull. lOIS-I, 1955, (listed below).

2. 1954, The Phosphoria formation in north~central Idaho, in U S. Geol. Sur··

0

vey TEI-490, p. 191, issued bYU'. S. AtomIc Energy Comm. Tech.

Inf. Service I Oak Ridge, ';['enn.
 -51-

Notes the discovery in 1952 by C .. P. Ross of phosphatic float along Hawley

Creek 9 miles east of Leadore and 20 miles west of known outcrops of the Phos-
phoria in this latitude. A visit there revealed th~ presence of float of phosphate
rock and of chert like the Rex chert. The Phospporia here is underlain by quartz-
ite similar to the Quadrant and overlain by mudstone like parts of the Dinwoody
formation. The Phosphoria consists of 700 feet of cherty dolomite overlain by
150 feet of pedded chert u wi,thphosphate rock at two horizons, possibly in min-
able thicknes ses •

Cres sman, Earle Ruppert (and Gulbrandsen Robert A.

I i
3.. 1955, Geology of the Dry Valley quadrangle I Idaho: U. S .. Geol. Survey
Sullo 1015-1 I po 257-270 0

The Dry Valley quadrangle, Caribou and Bear Lake counties, .wa~ geologically
mapped as part of ~n investigation of phosphate deposits.. It contains exposures
of Brazer limestone, Wells formation, Phosphoria formation, Dinwoody formation,
Thaynes' formation, and unnamed Tertiary and Quaternary beds There are open0

folds of ,norttl~northwe$t trend with a f~w large faults of similar trends and many
short transverse faults" Two zones of phosphate rock suitable for mining are
present in the Phosphoria.

Cres sman, Earle R\lppert

4. 1957 I Preliminary geologic map of the, Snowdrift Mountain quadrangle,

Car1bo~ County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field
Studies Map MF ... 118o

Black and white geologiC map with sections ll 1:24, 000, no t~xt"

,Crosby, G,arth M.

1. 1954, Geology of the He rcules mine (I~aho): Mining Cong. Jour., v. 42,
no. 6, p. 43-45, 82.

The Hercules mine in the Coeur d 'Alene area in Shoshone County was first lo-
cated in 1889 and production commenced in 1902 From 1912 to 1925 the mine
0

produced 2,500, 000 tons of silver-lead ore, with a gross value of about
$80, 000,0000 Operations were suspended in April 1925. The mine was reopened
in 1947. The mine is in the Prichard and Burke formations near a pre-ore mon-
zonite stock. Less wall .. rock alteration than is common in the~ district is pres-
ent" The minerals include magnetite, siderite, pyrite" pyrrhotite, grunerite o
biotite 0 garn~t, adularia, chlorite, chalcopyrite o arsenopyrite, jarnesonite u ga-'
lenai and sphalerite. The vein fissure appears to have little offset on it but is
cut bya cross fault with offsets up to 200 feet.
 ... 52-

Crosthwai te, Emerson Gerald

1. 1954, Ground ... water development and problems in Idaho: U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey open-file report, 17 p.

Ground-water development in Idaho has proceeded rapidly since 1945. The more
important areas of the Snake River Plain and its tributaries, the Rathdrum Prai-
rie, and the Malad River valley are discussed with respect to type and amount
of ground water available, irrigation requirements, use of excess flood water,
and recharge problems.

...
2. 1956, Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin
Falls and Pocatello: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file reporto incl.
geol. map.

The area south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello contains
180, 000 ~cres of irrigated land of which 35; 000 ~cres are irrigated wholly or
partly by ground water. Most of the surface water is already obligated. The
area also contains more than 200,000 acres that could be farmed if water was
available. On the basis of published and unpublished data and some original
geologic fieldwork, a geologic map (blue print) has been oompiled and ~round­
water conditions, so far as known, are outlined. Climatic and agricultural
da ta are summarized.
The rocks range in age from Precam~rian to Recent and include Cambrian t
Ordovician, Mississippian, Pennsylvaoian, and Permian marine beds q granitic
rocks, Miocene(?) to Recent silicic flows, and pyroclastic and sedimentary
rocks. Eleven Tertiary and Quaternary units are distinguished and these are the
principal aquifers.

3 0 1956, Ground-water use in Idaho: A talk at the annual convention of the

Idaho State Reclamation Assoc., Boise, Idal1o, April 30, 1956, U. S.
Geol. Survey open-file report, 7 p.

Use of ground-water has increased markedly in the past 10 years. So far there
has been no material interference between pumping projects or between the use
of ground and surface water. This may not continue to be true. Irrigation is a
major use of ground water but industry, public supply, and domestic uses have
had their share. The rural per-..capita use of water is about ·110 gallons daily,
chiefly from ground water. In 1955 ground-water withdrawals for irrigation
totalled over a million acre-feet, compared with 350,000 acre-feet in 1950.
The rate of increase may be decreasing. The principal areas of development
are the Malad Valley in Oneida County, the Mud Lake basin in Jefferson County,
the Little Lost River valley in Butte County, the Blackfoot-Taber and Aberdeen-
Springfield areas in Bingham County, the Miohaud Flats area adjacent to Ameri..;.
can Falls Reservoir, Minidoka North Side extension area in southern Blaine and
Minidoka Counties, the Raft River valley and Oa)dey basin in Cassia County,
 -·53-

and the vicinity of Murtaugh and Kimberly in Twin Falls County, with less ex-
tensi ve development in other areas. Industrial development in Idaho has in-
creased recently. Further studies leading to conservation and development of
ground water ~re needed.

Crosthwaite 8 E.merson Gerald (and Scott, Robert Clyde)

4. 1956 f Groundwater in the 'North Side Pumping Division, Minidoka Proj-

ect, Minidoka County" Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey eirc. 371, 2 a p. ,
incl, geol. map.

The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation proposes to irrigate 64, 000 acres north and
west of the Snake R1 ver from 175 wells, plus some surface water. Private
parties are d~veloping 2 aI. 000 addi~ional acres" The Snake' River basalt is the
principal water-bearing formation but ground water comes also from the Burley
lake bec;is and other' rocks. West of the project much water is discharged from
springs in the· Snake River basal~. The gross ground-water requirements on the
Federal project will be 235, 000 acre-feet annually. Data on exp~cte~ deple-
tion and other factors are given. Chemical analyses of the water are tabulated.

5. 1956, Well records and grQund-w~ter levels in western Jerome County,

Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 151 p.

In western Jerome County 763 wells have been measured and 8 observation wells
are maintained. Tables recording the well data compose most of the report.

6. 1951, Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin

Falls and Pocatello, Idaho: U S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper
II

1460-C, P. 99-145.

A: prelin'l!nary appraisal is given of the ground-water resources of 13 districts,

3 f 500 square mile~. The principal sources are extrusive volcanic rocks of
silicic and intermediate composition, sand and gravel in lake beds, basalt,
and alluvium. Water from the first two units is commonly under artesian pres-
sure; that from basalt and alluvium is not confined.

Curtis f G. H.(and Reynolds, J • H.)

1. 1958, 'Notes on the potassl\lm-argon dating of sedimentary roc:;ks: Geol.

Soc. Americ'a .Bull. , v. 69, no. 2, p. 151-160.

This paper is a general discussion of dating of geologic units and advocates

the potass1um~argon method. It notes that the Sierra Nevada, Idaho, }
and southernCalifo~nia batholiths have an age range of only 100-105 years by
the Lars~n method, but actually may range in age from the Portlandian (Upper
Jura~sic) to the Ce~9manian stage ,of the Upper Cretaceous.
 -54-

Dake o Henry Carl

10 1942 0 Latah petrified forests (Washington, Oregon, Idaho): Mineralogist,

v. 10" no. II, po 339-340, 352-353.

Most of the localities mentioned are in Washington and Oregon but Mann Creek,
Washington County, Idaho, is mentioned. It is thought most of the fossil wood
in and west of western Idaho is drift wood in Latah deposits.

20 1946,. Idaho star garnet: Mineralogist v. 14" no. 10, P. 556~ 558.

Asteriated or star garnet occurs at a number of localities in Idaho, notably

Emerald Creek in Latah County. Crystals from here are briefly described.

3 0 1954 0 Largest petrified trees (Idaho): Min~ralogist, v. 2'2, no. 4, p. 154"

156, 158 0

This refers to the fossil trees in the Germer Basin area and suggests the area be
made a State Park ..

40 1956 0 Northwest gem trails--a field guide for the gem h~nter, the mineral
collector and the tourist; includes Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Mon-
tana, and Wyoming: Portland, Ore., Mineralogist Pub. Co., 1st ed. ,
1950, 80 p; 2d ed., 1956, 80 p.

This is a general summary of collecting localities in Oregon, Washington,

Idaho Montana, and Wyoming I with 13 pages devoted to Idaho ~
q

Davidson o David Francis, (Smart, Ross A" Pierce, H. W., and Weiser, Jeann~ D.)

1. 1953 u Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho 1949, Pt.

2: U. S. Geol. SurveyCirc. 305, 28 p.

At its type locality in southeastern Idaho the Phosphoria consists of a lower

member the phosphatic shale, about 180 feet thick and an upper member, the
0 I

Rex chert, about 240 feet thick; another member, a thin-bedded cherty mudstone
15-75 feet thick overlies the Rex in most of southeastern Idaho and western
Wyoming but is not well defined at the type locality. 'Seven stratigraphic sec-
tions are tabulated.

_ _ _ _ _ _ (and Gulbrandsen, Robert A.)

20 1957 I Selenium in the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, Wyoming~ UtaJ'l, and

Montana (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 68, no. 12, pt. 2,
I

p .. 1714 ..
 -55-

The Meade P~ak phosphatic shale member of the Phosphoria formation contains
some of the most seleniferous sedimentary rocks known, and the richest of
these are in southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming, especially in carbona-
ceous mudstQne and in phosphate rqck. In the former the conc~ntration ranges
up to 1, 500+ ppm. and in the phosphate rock up to 300 ppm.

Da vidson, I)onald Miner

1. 1939, Geology and petrology ot the Mineral Hill mining district, Lemhi
CO\lnty, Idaho (abs.): Minnesota Univ., Summaries of Ph. D. the-
ses, v. 11 p. 218-221.

Metamorpho$ed PrecambriQ-n sedimentary roqks are exposed in the southeastern

part of the Mineral Hill district and as la.rge . lenses..along, theSalmGo"River
mingled w!throcks of grqnit!c aspect. They are traceable northeast into the
Belt series. Augen gneiss, Originated by crushing of porphyritic granite ,forms
a large area near Shoup. East of the mapped area the. augen gneiss grades i,nto
porphyritic 9rqm1te pl.us Qrbicular gr~nite. ,ApIite ano pegmatite are related to
the granitic rocks. Dacite porphyry and rhyo.litic and granitic porphyry dikes
are later and are cut by large faLJlts. ~amprophyre and basaltdikes follow the
fault plan~s. Two analyses are given.

Deiss, Charles Frederich

1. ~941, Cambrian geQgraphy Q-nd sedimentation in the central Cordilleran

region.: G~al. Soc. America Bull., v. 52, no. 7., p. 1085-1115.

This paper g1v~s brQad gen~ralizatiqns relative to Cambrian rocks in western

North America, but chiefly those in western Montana, northern Idaho, north-
eastern Wash~ngton, southeastern Alberta, and southeast~rn British Columbia.
Only thos·e portions of the. paper thCit .bear on proble~s in Idaho are ab~tracted"
here.
Deiss lndicate~ that no sediments of E",r}y.Cambrianage are present within
Idaho but ref~rs to tdiddle Cambrian rocks in northern Idaho. Most of the
Cambrian sediments came from the postulated land mass, Cascadia, to the west.
A map shows the western part of Idaho included in Cascadia, but roughly the
eastern half 1n the Eastern Rocky Mountain Basin, The northern half of the east
side of this b~s~n was Qounded Oy the land mass called Laurentia, with its
western shore in northernmost Montana and in Canada. In the Early Cambrian
the whole ofldaho 1s regarded as part of Montania. This .land mass was former-
ly called the Montana Island bqt i$ here regarded as joined -to other land areas
through much of its history. In Albertian time (Middle Cambrian) geosynclinal
seas entered eastern ldano for the entire length of the state and there were
epeirJ.c seas farther east. During part of the Middle Cambrian there was an iso-
lated land mass in northwestern Montana with the Idc;iho strait west of it. In
Late Cambrian 'Ume all of Idaho except itssoutneastern part was above the sea.
It appe~rs to h~ve remained so at least untilpos sibly late in the Devonian.
 ... 56-

Deis s, Charles frederiph

2. 1946, Stratigraphyanc;i structure of phosphate rock northeast of George-

town f Idaho (abs.) : Geol . Soc. America Bull., v. 57, no. 12,
pt. 2, p. 1265~1266~

This paper summarizes c;iata on the Deer Creek,.Wells Canyori di~trict, given in
greater detail in a later ofncial report, abstracted be~ow.

3. 1949, Phosphate deposits of the Deer Creek-Wells Canyon area, Caribou

County, Idaho; U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 95S-C o p. 61-101 •
...... ! ".,,',,"

The Deer Creek....Wells Canyon area, 18 square mj.les~ is in the southeast cor-
ner of southeastern Idaho. It w~s stuc;iied in 1944. The phosphatic lower mem-
ber of the Phosphoria is 179 to 200 feet thick, is overlain by the Rex member
and underlain by the Wells formation. Detailed lithologic and stratigraphic data
are summarized on the basis of stratigraphic measurement$ in 11 trenches and
analyses of 202 samples .. The inferred reserves total nearly 120,000,000 tons,
of which more than 27, 000,000 tons are high-grade nearly S3" 000,000 tons
I

medium-grade and nearly 40, 000, 000 tons low-grade rock.

I

Dings, McClelland G.(Whitebread, D. H" Yates, R. G.)

1. 1956, Geolog~cmap and sections of the Metaline mining district, Pend

Oreille County, Wash.: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report,
geol. map.

This comprises a topographic map, a geologic map, cross sections, and a map
explanation; no text. Thre~ units of Quaternary age, two igneous and one det-
rital unit of T~rtiary age, a unit of Silurian and Devonian age (chiefly argillite,
some limestone, etc.), Le<;lbetter $late (Ordovician) Metaline limestone
I I

Moulten phyllite and GypSY quartzite (all Cambrian) and Monk formation
I

(Cambrian?) plus two altered units, are mapped~

I

Dobbin, Carroll Edward

1. 1956, RoCky Mounta~nreg10n, in Guzman Jimenez IE.• J. ,ed. , Symposium

sobre yacimientos de petrpleo y gas: Internat~ Geol. Gong., 20th,
Mexico, v. 3, p. 189-219.

The Rocky Mountain region as defined in this report barely enters Idaho along
the Wyoming border. The eastern limit of the "Paleozoic.... Mesozoic. geosyn-
cline" is mapped in western Wyoming and Montana cutting throl,lgh a comer
I

of Idaho near Yellowstone National Park. It is shown that oil, with a wide
range in quality, has be~n found in the region in rocks ranging in age from
Precambrian to Tertiary, bu~ most is tho.ught to be deri veci from Cretaceous
strata beneath thrust faults,
 -57-

Dort, Wakefield, Jr.

1. 1949, Glaciation of the Coeur d 'Alene mining district, Idaho (abs J: Geol.
Soc. America Bull., v. 60, no .. 12, pt. 2, p. 1883-1884.

During the last glaciation a minimum altitud~ of 5,300 feet was necessary for
, the formation of minor ice masses in favorable locations, in the Coeur d'Alene
region. Ice streams formed at higher altit~des flowed down valleys to as low
as 3,900 feet, cutting cirques and V-shaped valleys. The longest, along Canyon
Creek, was about 5 miles long. No ice masses formed on south-facing slopes.
Boulder deposits, striations, and other evidence point to ice masses much more
extensive than is evidenced by existing cirques and glaciat~d valleys. Some of
the boulders appear to have come from Central Idaho to the south, There was a
perfodof" canyon,' cutting" between~o,glaGial>staqes".:the';.fh'st 'may 'correspond' to
the Spokane advance of Bretz. The second was Wisconsin.

2 . 1955, New evidence relating to th~ origin of c~rques (Idaho) (abs.): Geol.
Soc. America Bull. , v.66, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1551-;1552.

Cirques are well developed on north-facing slopes of the ai tterroqt Mountains in

the Coeur d 'Alene region at about 6,000 teet altitude. The smooth. cirque sur-
faces are striated and grooved and glacial striations are present on very narrow
di vides above cirque headwall s, on the crests of spurs between cirques, and on
small steps on the upper parts of cirque headwalls. The evidence suggests that
cirques are brimful or overfull during waxing and maximum stages of glaciation,
and that waxing glaciers accomplish little cirque enlargement.

3. 1957, Striated surfaces on the upper parts of cirque headwalls: Jour.

Geology, v. 65, no. 5, p. 536-542.

In the Coeur d 'Alene mining district, Shoshone County, glacially striated bed-
'rock surfaces high on cirque walls and on, narrow divides behind and between
cirques are interpreted to mean that during the, waxing phase of a glacial age
"
the developing cirques were brimful or overfull of snow, neve and ice, and a
carapace of ice may have capped summit areas above the cirques during maximum
glaciation.

Douglas, Edwin B.

1. 1949, Cobalt in Idaho: Mining Yearbook, 1949, p. 150-152, Denver, Colo.,

Colorado Mining Assoc.

The history of
t
the Blackbird district is summanzed.
and the comment is made that
the future depends on road construction bt90vernme~t agencies. Vhayras di-
vided the district into three structural block~ '(lrLookout, block , (2) 'Blackbird
block, (3) Haynes-Stellite block.:, The Blackbird block is the one in which the
Calera Mining Co. is mainly interested, is the most schistose in the district,

r-' :
 -58-

is lightly folded and much sheared in three sets. The Haynes .... Stellite block is
composed of nonscnistose, well-bedded quartzite with breccia zones healed by
tourmaline and a little quart~. The only mineralization is in these zones and
some of the cobaltite th~re is minus 300 mesh. In the Blackbird block there are
two principal types of deposit, (1) massive sulfides with pyrite, Pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite and cobalUte with a eu-co ratio of about 2: I, (2) finely disseminated
cobalt in schist with minor pyrite and chalcopyrite, the Cu-Co ratio being about
1:1.
Mining and treating methods are discl)ssed and remarks as to uses conclude
the article.

Douglass, Robert M. (and Mu,rphy, Michael J• ,and Pabst, Adolf)

1. 1954, Geocronite (tita~h':':Idaho:::"Ca.'hf.):· Arn. Mineralogist,' v. 39, nos. 11-

12, p. 908-928.

This is a mineralogic study, including X-rays of geocronite. The mineral is com-

monly assigned the forml)la PbS (Sb2AS)2 Sa. It is concluded that no simple for-
mula is strictly correct. Geocronite is easily confl)sed with)ordanite and bou-
langerite; it cannot be determined safely with polished surface observations
such as those A. L. Anderson used in the Clark Fork district. One of the spec-
imens used in the present study was from Mackay, .Idaho.

Dunham, Kingsley Charles

1. 1948, Introduction to the Symposium: Sympo$ium on the geology, para-

genesis, and reserves of the ore~ of lead and zinc: Intemat. Geol.
Congo 18th, London, p. 11-39.

Tables list gen~ral production fi9ures for the world, and geologic features of a
number of mines in Idaho.

Eakin, Thoma$ Emory

1. 1946, Idqho, ........

in Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in
the United States in 1943, pt. 5, Northwestern States: U. S. Geol.
Water-Bupply Paper 990, p. 8-10.

Four wells were measured in Idaho, all in the Rathdrum Prairie area in Bonner
and Kootenai Counties. Water levels in all rose, apparently largely because
of an un\,1s~ally heavy snow cover.

_ _ _ _ _ , (Nelson, W. B., and Dennis, P. E.)

2. 1947, Idaho, ....-

in Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells
~n the United States in 1944, pt. 5, Northwestern States: U. S.
Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1020, p. 6-26.

In Rathdr\lm Prairie, Kootenai County, 'measurements were made in three ob-

servati<;>n wel~s. Wat~r l~vels were low because of deficient precipitation.
 -59-

In Malad Valley, Oneida County, measurem~nts of wa ter levels, artesian pres-

s ure and flow of 164 well s were made in connection with an extensive ground-
I

water study. The total average annual discharge from the fresh- water artesian
system is about 15,000 gallons a minute or 24,000 acre feet a year.

Eakin, Thomas Emory (and Nace, R. L.)

3. 1948, Idaho, in Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1945, pt. 5, Northwestern States: U. S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1027, p. 54-74.

In Rathdrum Prairie measurements in three observation wells continued. Pre-

cipitation was normal and ground water storage increased. Measurements in a
well in Bonneville County and one inBoiseCounty<a~welFas''theln''ve'stlgation
in Malad Valley were continued. In southern Idaho the net storage of ground
water increased.

Eardley, Armand John

1. 1947, Paleozoic Cordilleran geosyncline and related orogeny: Jour. Geology,

v. 55, no. 4, p. 309-342.

The Cordilleran geosyncline in Paleozoic time consisted of two main troughs,

called the Pacific and Rocky Mountain troughs. The sediments of the Pacific
trough from California to Alaska have much volcanic material and graywacke in
every system. Phyllites, slates, argillites, schists, gneisses, recrystallized
chert, marble metaconglomerate, metaandesite, and pyroclastics make up the
I

thick sequences. Batholiths of Mesozoic a<]e invaded the Pacific tro~gh hut only
one; the Idaho batholith, reached the Rocky Mountain trough. The results of
dynamic metamorphism, batholithic intrusion and blanketing by Cenozoic deposits
have left the area between the troughs little known but it is here regarded as one
of heavy sedimentation. The Rocky Mountain trough contains mostly marine
limestone, shale, and sandstone, relatively little metamorphosed. It is suggested
that a volcanic archipelago flanked the Pacific trough on the west and was a site
of continuing orogeny during the Paleozoic. It was similar to the present Japanese
archipelago. Instead of a rigid land of continental proportions with a shore in
western Montana, a volcanic archipelago is believed to have been present,
mostly west of the modern Pacific coast. The maps with this paper show basins
of sedimentation throughout the Paleozoic. They are of various shapes but in-
clude Central Idaho. Part or all of the Panhandle of Idaho is represented as land
or shelf during much of the epoch.

2. 1949, Paleotechtonic and paleogeologic maps of central and western North

America: Am. As soc. Petroleum Geologi sts Bull., v. 33, no. 5,
p. 655-682.

Twelve paleotectonic and 5 paleogeologic maps present the major st~ges of the
evolution of the central and western part of the continent from early Paleozoic
to late Mesozoic. The Cordilleran geosyncline in Cambrian, Ordovician, and
 -60-

Silurian time was one of great subsidence. Its western part has an assemblage
principally of lavas, pyroclastic$, conglomerates, graywackes, black shales,
massive limestones and cherts, indicating the proximity of a volcanic archipelago
on the west. Their metamorphism and unconformities represent fairly continuous
orogeny in the volcanic belt. The eastern troughs of the geosyncline were filled
with sandstone, shales, limestones, and dolomites from the central part of the
continent. The basin of subsidence in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas was
small shallow, and intracontinental. In the Devonian the transcontinental
0

arch rose, and strata on it were removed at the close of the period except for
sags in Colorado and Arizona. Great tfansverse arches developed. The Cor-
dilleran Devonian basin was broad, and centered in Nevada where the most
complete Devonian section in Nc;>rth America is found. The Upper and Middle
Ordoviqian rocks overlap on the Lower Ordovician, Cambrian, and Precambrian
rocks. Mississipp~an seas were widespread, and in the Rocky Mountain region
a long narrow zone subsided to form the Madison basin. Subsidence exceeded
5,000 feet along the Idaho-Montana and British Columbia-Alberta boundaries.
A long eastward basin, the Big Snowy basin, sank in central Montana and con-
tinued to sink in Late Mississippian time. The Brazer basin sank in Idaho and
Utah in Late Mississippian time, and there was a broad basin of poorly known
limits in northern California, southern Oregon, and northwestern Nevada. The
rise of the Manhattan geanticline in Central Nevada marked the beginning of a
division of the Cordilleran geosyncline. In early Pennsylvanian a deep basin
sank rapidly in east Texas, southern Oklahoma, and western Louisiana, and the
Lasalle anticlinal belt began to rise .. The south-central part of the continent
was subject to unrest in the early Pennsylvanian. The volcanic archipelago
along the western margin of the continent persisted. There was extensive sub-
sidence in the Cordilleran geosyncline in the Pennsylvanian. A local basin in
w~st-central Utah was filled by up to 25 I 000 feet of beds. The Manhattan
geanticline continued to rise. If the western volcanic belt persisted it was
separated {fom the seaway by a piedmont. Among other movements, an exten-
sive ·area of Lower Pennsylvanian beds was gently elevated and eroded in
Wyoming and Montana. The Marathon orogeny, with thrusting, occurred then.
The Permian was markedby extensive volcanism, and the site of maximum fill
and subsidence was later the site of the Nevadan batholith. The Manhattan
geanticline shifted eastward and separated a deep, small trough in Utah from
the volcanic assemblage on the west. Extensive shelf seas stretched east and
south from Idaho and Utah. The Ouachita Mountain system may have received
its greatest growth at this time and there were various other areas of compres-
sion. In the Triassic the Manhattan geanticline developed northward into Canada
and was land except for a passageway in Nevada, to the Utah trough. East of
the trough the Triassic sediments are lqrgely continental. The western volcanic
archipelago apparently continued. The Manhattan geanticline, now called the
Cordilleran, became complete in Early J'~rassic time. The trough to the west
suffered extreme subsidence with accumulation of volcanic rock s, black shale,
etc. The eastern trough suffered marine transgression. Most of the continent
was being eroded in Early and Middle Jurassic time. The great Nevadan orogeny
occurred in the Late Jurassic with compression and batholithic intrusion. To
the west a new trouqh formed and filled. The Utah trough sank, and a shelf sea
spread over most of the Rockies and the Great Plains. The Cordilleran geanti-

I"
 -61-'

cline in the Early Cretaceous was composed principally of the Nevadan orogenic
belt and a new belt of moderate orog~nYi batholithic activity continued perhaps
as late as Middle Cretaceous. The Idaho batholith is one result although it may
be as late as Late Cretaceous. The squthern part; of the continent was very active
in Early Cretaceous. There was widespread crl,lstal unrest in the Late Cretaceous.
The batholith in the Sierra Nevada suffered erosion. The Late Cretaceous seas
were more widespread and deposits were thicker than in Early Cretaceous time.

Eardley, Armand John

3. 1951, Structural geology of North America: New York, Harper and Bros.,
624 p.

The main feature of this book is a series of paleogeologlcand paleotectonic maps.

The text comments on these. Most of Idaho is represented as submerged during
the Paleozoic. The Idaho batholith is said to be tectonically related to the Sierra
Nevada batholith but to be younger.
The tectonic map for Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian time shows all of
Idaho deeply buried in sediments. The tectonic map for Devonian time shows all
of Idaho except the panhandle deeply buried. The geologic map at close of the
Devonian shows Idaho and neighbo~ing regions covered by Devonian beds. The
tectonic map for Mississippian shows much of southern and south-central Idaho
deeply buried, with the Manhattan geanticline entering southwestern Idaho and
an orogenic belt along the eastern state boundary. That for the Early Pennsyl-
vanian shows all but the north tip of Idaho deeply buried. The geologic map in
mid-Pennsylvanian time shows the entire region covered by Mississippian and
lower Penns yl vanian rocks. The tectonic map for the late Pennsylvanian
is similar to the earlier one. The tectonic map for the Permian shows western
and most of central Idaho deeply b\1ried and all southeastern Idaho with less than
I, 000 feet of sediments. The geologic map at the close of the Permian shows
the entire region covered. The tectonic map for the Triassic shows thin deposits
along the west edge of Idaho, a drY-lanQ epeirogenic belt in the median portion,
with thin deposits east of it in southern Idaho and thick ones farther east. The
tectonic map for the Early and Middle Jurassic shows most of Idaho in a broad
epeirogenic belt with the Utah trough crossing the eastern part of southeastern
Idaho. That for the Late Jurassic shows the Nevaqan orogenic belt just entering
western Idaho, most of the state in an epeirogenic area and the Utah trough
widened in southwestern Idaho. The geologic map at the close of the Jurassic
shows Permian rocks covering most of the state except the panhandle, which is
in the Nevadan orogenic belt. Triassic rocks are shown in southwestern and
southeastern Idaho. The tectonic map for the Early Cretaceous shows most of
the state in the Cordilleran geanticline with a trough in southeastern Idaho.
The tectonic map for the late Cretaceous shows most of Idaho in an epeirogenic
belt belonging to the Cordilleran geanticline, an orogenic mel t in the we stern
part of southeastern Idaho, and a trough east of that.
The ,Cordilleran and Rocky Mountain geosynclines are distinguished but it
is noted that the area between them was "also one of heavy sedimentation".
This area would include central Idaho. T1:1e Montana Island or Montania is men-
tioned in and north of northern Idaho in Cambrian time but it is remarked that
Marshall Kay doubts its existence. The Permian volcanic trough is thought of
 -62-

as extending eastward to Bayhorse. The volcanic archipelago unit changes to

the western border of Idaho in the- Silurian. The belt of Laramide orogeny is
pictured through most of Idaho. The Idaho batholith is regarded as allied to the
Coast Range and Sierra Nevada batholiths, but largely of Laramide age (the last
major offspring of the great batholithic belt). The Idaho batholith is regarded
as composite with some of the smaller parts and satellites of Late Cretaceous
and early Tertiary age and some as young as Miocene. It is at the junction of
arcuate segments of the Laramide and Nevadan orogenic ~lt. It is similar to
the batholith of the Nevadan orogeny and dissimilar to the plutons of the Lar-
amide belt.

Eardley, Armand John

4. 1956, Thrust belt of northern Utah " southwestern (southeastern) Idaho

and western Wyoming, Abstract inAm. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
Rocky Mtn. Soc. Geol. record Feb. 1956, p. 171; Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologist Bull. 40, no. 4, p. 791.

The thrust belt is arcuate eastward and most thrusts moved east. The Bannock
thrust in Idaho is in the back part of the belt and, instead of one master thrust,
may be a complex of imbricate thrusts. Sharp anticlines and synclines in front
of or within the Bannock thrust sheet have been drilled without success, whereas
a disturbed belt in front of the thrusts and involving Cretaceous and early Ter-
tiary strata ha s yielded oil and gas.

----r---- (and Brasher, George Kirtley)

5. 1953, Tectonic map of northern Utah, southeastern Idaho, and western

Wyoming, in Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann.
Field Conf. 1953, p. 78-79.

The map adds little to data shown in the state map, so far as Idaho is concerned.
The "post Laramide" nonnal or steep reverse faults are emphasized by being in
red and some are added, apparently on the basis of physiographic evidence.

Eckelmann, Walter R. (and Miller, Donald S.)

1. 1956, New uranium-lead age determinations (abs.): Am. Geophys. Union

. Trans., v. 37, no. 3, p. 342.

New specimens of uranium minerals examined and subjected to chemical and

isotopic analYSis includes a specimen of pitchblende from the Sunshine Mine,
Shoshone County, Idaho. The pitchblende, which cuts the St. Regis quartzite '
(Belt series) at the north limb of the Big Creek anticline, is at least 1.2 bil-
lion years old, which is a minimum age for the deposition of the Belt series
previously thou9~t to be late Precambrian.
 -63-
Eggler, Willis Alexander

1. 1941, Primary succession on volcanic deposits in southern Idaho: Ecol.

Mon. Official Pub. Ecol. Soc. of America, v. 11, P. 277-298, Duke
Uni v. Press, Durham, N. C.

This gives brief historical, botanical, and climatic data and describes the
volcanic rocks in sketchy fashion. Comments are made on "fate of precipita-
tion", saying there is no surface runoff and water sinks in cracks and crevices.
Evaporation data, especially for crevioes, are given. Data on habitats of plants
relati ve to kinds of lava flows, crevices, etc., are included.

Eilertsen, D. -E., (and Lamb, F. D.)

1. 1956, - A comprehensive report of e'Xplora tion by the' Bureau of 'Mine~ for

thorium and radioactive black mineral deposits: U., S. AtomiC Energy
Comm., Tech. Inf. Service Ext., OakRidge, Tenn., RME: 3140, 46p.

The search for thorium and radioactive black minerals by the U. S. Bureau of
Mines 1n cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey was carried on in 1948
to 1955. In Idaho 27 projects were undert~ken. Of the 39 projects in thewes-
tern· United States, lOin Idaho are of comme'rcialinterest and the only one being
commercially exploited is that in Bear Valley, Idaho. Nine published reports on
areas in Idaho are abstracted separately. In addition there are 18 unpuQlished
reports on areas in Idaho. All alluvial deposits of economic interest in Idaho and
western Montana are associated with the Idaho batholith and found in depressions
in which the material weathered from the granitic host .rock had not been carried
far by streams and had been deposited under quiescent conditions.

Eisenlohr, William Stewart, Jr.

1. 1948, Effect of water temperature on flow of ariatural stream: Am. Geophys.

Union Trans., v. 29, no, 2, p. 240-242.

About three percent of the variation in streamflow of the Kootenai River near
Copeland Idaho, has been found to be associated with variation in water tem-
g

perature.

Emigh, G. Donald

1. 1956, Comments on the occurrence and origin of phosphate in Tennessee

and in the Phosphona formation of the west (abs.): Eeon. Geology,
v. 51, no. 1, p. 113.

The blue rock deposits of Tennessee are products of original deposition of phos-
phate in limestone. The brown rock deposits there result from the weathering
of carbonates from phosphatic limestone. The origin of the phosphate in the
Phosphoria is not so clear although a portion is phosphatized fossils as' in Tenn-
essee. The talk of which this, is an a,.pstract, is to describe the vari,ous. com-
I

ponents of the Phosphoria and give sugges,tions as to the origin of the oolitic
structure. The importance of weathering of the Phosphoria is mentioned.
 -64-

Erdmann, Charles Edgar

1. 1941, Geology of dam sites on the upper tributaries of the .Columbia River
in Idaho and Montana, pt. 1, K~tka Tunnel no. 8, and Kootenai Falls
dam sites, Kootenai River, Idaho and Montana: U. S. Geol. Survey
Water-Supply Paper 866...,A, p. 1-36, with geol. maps.

Conditions at three damsites on the Kootenai River between Katka, Idaho, and
Kootenai Falls, Mont. are discussed. Only one of these is in Idaho, but thi$
is regarded as the best natural location for a dam. If used, a railroad would
have to bemQved, which nullifies natural advantages. The country rock at the
Katka, Idaho, site is Prichard format~on plus younger units of the Belt series.
These rocks are cut by calcic sills, one of which is at the site itself.

Evans, Edna Hoffman

1. 1944, Phosphate facts: Nature Mag., v. 37, no. 9,p. 461-464.

This is a general discussion of the value of phosphate, pOinting out that some
of the battle ar~as of World War II were in part determined by the presence of
phosphate deposits. Idaho is mentioned as one of the states containing im-
portant phosphate deposits. The geology, and treatment of Florida phosphate
are summarized in the last half of th~ paper.

Everhart ~ Donald Lough

1. 1956, Uranium-bearing vein deposits in the United States, in Proc. Internat.

Conf. on peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva, 1955, New York,
United Nations Pub., v. 6, p. 257-264.

In this summary the· Sunshine mine, Coeur d 'Alene region, is listed in two tables
(p. 259, 262, and 263) and it is noted that the supposed Precambrian age of the
deposits here is the one exception to a Cenozoic age for uranium deposits in the
western United States.

2. 1956, Uranium-bearin9 vein depOSits in the United States, !!l.Page, L. R.,

and others, Contributions to th~ geology of uranium and thorium by
the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission
for the United Nations International Conference on peaceful uses of
atomic energy, Geneva, 1955: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 300,
p. 97-103.

This is the same as the paper cited ·immediately above.

 -65-

Fader o' Stuart Wesley

10 1951 Q Water levels in wells and ~akes in Rathdrum Prairie and contiguous
areas 0 Bonner and K.ooten~ Counties I northern Idaho: U 0 So Geolo
Survey duplicated repto 8 90 po

Data are given for a 270-square-mile area, including measurements of fluctua-

tions in water levels in wells 8 streams I and lakes.

20 1952, Records of wells and ground-water withdrawals for irrigation in Raft

. River valleyo Cassia County, I~aho: U oS. Geolo Survey open-file
report, 134 po

Data for the 800-square-mile area include 2~4 well records, 29 well logs, and
well-discharge measurements plus surface"!"'water datao
0

_ _ _ _- (and Mower Reed·W.) 0

3. 19520 Records of wells and ground-water levels in Minidoka County Idaho:

Q

U. So Geolo Survey open-file rept. 173 p.

Q

Data for approximately the southern two-thirds of Minidoka County consi$t of

canvasses and measurements of all deep wells and representative shallow wells:
479 wells were canvassedo Eleven well$ are measured 4 to 6 times a yeaI' and
4 wells have continuous-recording gages. Well logs are given where available.

Fahrenwald Arthur William

0

10 1941 0 Strategic minerals of Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology, Press
Bull 20 5 p
0 0 0

Of the 19 mineral substances regarded at the time as of strategic or critical im-

portance o antimony, tungsten, mercury, man~aneseo and cadmium were in pro-
duction in Idaho, and vanadium was coming into producti9no The first three
listed are of major importance. Deposits of several others were known in Idaho
but not then productive. These include chromite o nickel, mica, qu~rtz crystals Q

aluminum, graphite, asbestos, fluorspar and titanium" The then-current uses

0

and prices of strategic and critical mineral substances are summarized.

Fairbanks Ernest Emerson

0

10 1946 0 (Discussion) Lead-silver mineralization in the.·Clark Fork district

(Idaho): Econ. Geology, v. 41, no. 50 p. 554-555.

This notes that the criteria used by A. L. Anderson in the Clark Fork district
for the determination of microscopiC qr~ minerals are inadequate .
 -66-

Farwell Q Fred W. (and Full 0 ReP 0 )

1 0 1944 Q Geology of the; Empire Copper mine near Mackay, Idaho: U. S. Geolo
Survey open-file report o 45 maps and sections 0

The Empire Copper mine in the Alder Creek mining district in the White Knob
Mountains was first operated in 1884 and through 1942 yielded over 55 000 000
0 0 0

pounds of coppero mostly before 1931" Lead-zinc mines nearby have been pro-
ductive and a carload of tungsten ore was shipped from the Empire in 19420 The
deposits are on the margin of a granite stock intruded into Brazer limestone q

with a margin~l facies of granite porphyry. The limestone has been extensively
contact metamorphosed. Tongu~s and dikes of granite porphyry cut the lime-
stone c The .copper deposits are.pip~li~e.qn,rn,aJgim of tactite bodies. Most of
the lead-zinc deposits are veins. The irregular shapes of ore shoots necessitate
extensive exploration and ore reserves are small o but possibilities of finding
more ore are good.

Felix o Clarence Eo.

1. 1956 6 Geology of the eastern part of the Raft River Range o Box Elder
County 0 Utah q in Geology of parts of northwestern Utah: Utah Geolo
Soc. Guidebook to the geology of Utah 0 no 11 po 76-97 u geol. map
0 Q 0

The northern edge of the area covered by this report is in Cassia County, Idaho.
Schist and metaquartzite in the Raft River Range are provisionally called"Harrir-
son series" after Andersoq (19 31) ~ although differences are noted. Tentatively
the age is Cfiven as "intermediate Precambrian" whicho on the data presented,
would be pre-Belt. The old rocks are not mapped within Idahoo Three units
tentatively assigned to the Lower Paleozoic are mappedo Of these Unit A is
limestone, dolomite, quartzite, and schisto 3,500 feet thick with possible Q

duplications: unit B is white metaquartzite n 20-197 feet thick; unit C is dolo-

mite 0-100 feet thick. These look old but perhaps merely because so situated
D

as to have been much metamorphosedo Above is the Oquirrh formation (Pennsyl-

vanian). This is mostly limestone with some sandstone and quartzite, up to
2 000 feet thick, and seems to show onlap southward Scantily fossiliferous
0 0

Tertiary sediments are overlain by the deposits of Lake Bonneville and there
are glacial and alluvial deposits. Igneous rocks include amphibolite (Precam-
brian) granite of unknown age quartzite, latite flows (Tertiary) basalt of pre-
Q I

Bonneville and probably pre-Snake River basalt age. The quartz latite is the
only one of the igneous rocks that extends into Idaho. The range is anticlinal
and shows thrust and normal faults Most of the thrusts bring young rocks over
0

older ones 0

Felts Wayne Moore

I

1. 1954 I Occurrence of oil and gas ~nd its relation to possible source beds
in continental Tertiary of Intermountain region: Am. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Bull. v.38 Q no. 8~ p. 1661-1670.

This is a general paper which includes an index map that includes locations of
gas shows in Idaho. For western Idaho Kirkham's stratigraphy is accepted and
 -67-

for southern Idaho near Cache Valley that of Neal Smith The idea that the oil
0

and gas in both localities are derived from peat is accepted. The possibility
of obtaining gas of commercial interest from these beds is not ruled outo

Femquist o Charles O.

10 1945 0 Early placer gold mining in the Pacific Northwest: Mineralogist,

v. 13 noo 50 po 163-166.
0

About two columns on p. 164-165 contatn remarks about Pierce, Elk City,
Florence and Warreno
0

20 1945 0 pyromorphitef~~~ the Little Glanfmlrle'o"'rdaho: Rocks and Minerals I

v. 20 0 no. 7 0 p. 312 0 • '

This merely notes that Fernquist and a friend found pyromorphite in abandoned
mine workings near Mullano

30 1947, The gem minerals of Idaho: Mineralogist 0 v. 15 0 no. lao po 5l0-513o

A few diamonds have been found in placers in Little Goose Creek o Adams, County.
Quartz is mentioned from upper Lost River 0 Custer CountYo Warren o Idaho County 0
Shoshone County, Silver City, Owyhee. Count yo Amythyst is reported from Pole
Creek near Haileyo Blaine County, the low hills near Lost River, Custer CountYo
Silver CitYo Owyhee Countyo Chalcedony, jasper and agate are mentioned from
near Hailey, Blaine Count Yo near ~e; North Fork of Lost River , Custer CountYo
several places in Idaho County and Owyhee County the Parker mine Lemhi County
0 9

the cinnabar deposits near Yellow Pineo Valley County" the Alder Creek district o
Custer County, the Humming Bird mine, Bear Lake Countyu the'Skull Canyon dis-
trict, Fremont County, and 20 miles below Huntington in Washington, Count yo
Opal is mentioned from Moore· Creek Boise County u Whelan and other places in
6

Latah County u May and Panther Creeks, Lemhi County u Clover Creek, Lincoln
CountYo near Lewiston, Nez Perce· County , numerous places in Owyhee ,Count yo
Sapphires are reported in placers near Pierceu Clearwater County and in various
placers in Adams and Washington Counties. Malachite occurs at various places
but mostly not suited for cutting. Beryl is known in Latah and Nez Perce Counties.
Zircon, garnet, andalusite and peridot are present in many places. Topaz has
been found in placers at Warren, Idaho County. Kyanite of gem grade is known
south of Avon u Shoshone County • The best of the zoisite (var. thulite), chryso-
colla, and epidote comes from tne, Seven: Devils district ~ Adams County. Stauro-
lite is common south of Averyu Shoshone~County. Coars~ ilvaite crystals are
known from the South Mountain district, Owyhee County.
 -68-

Forrester James Donald

6

1. 1942 D Mica and beryl occurrence in eastern Latah CountYo Idaho: Idaho
Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 58 16 p. incl. geol. sketch maps.
0

The mica and beryl occurrences in To 41 N. R. 2 W. are described o with some

0

remarks as to market requirements for these minerals Total production has been
0

about $100,000. The two minerals occur as variable and sporadic constituents
of pegmatite dikes on the crest of a mountain spur accessible over an unim:-
I

proved road The dikes cut metamorph.osed rocks of the Belt series (perhaps in
0

part Prichard) and are roughly parallel to the attitude of the schistosity and
relict bedding. They are related to magma here supposed to have been intruded
in late Cretaceous or early 'l'ertiarytime. The mica is most suitable for use as
punch and ,circle mica. N one of the beryl is of gem quality. Quartz and feld-
spar in the pegmatite might also be marketable.

2. 1942 D A sillimanite deposit near Troy II Latah County n Idaho: Idaho Bur.
Mines and Geology Pamph. 59, lOp. incl. geol. maps.

Sillimanite is used for high-grade porcelain wares and similar products. An

extensive exposure of rock containing it was reported in T. 39 N. R~ 2 W. Q I

sees. 7-9, and was vi$ited in 1941. It h.as had no production. The area con-
tains Columbia River ba.salt and metamorphosed rocks pf the Belt series (possi-
bly Prichard). The Belt rocks show effects of dynamic metamorphism and also
of "soaking" and injection resulting from batholithic intrusion. They are in the
border zone of the Idaho batholith. They are biotite schist and quartzite gneiss,
with pegmatite pods. Sillimanite has been concentrated locally. The basalt
flows were, hot enough to produce a little contact metamorphism in the old rocks
but without effect on the sillimanite content. The sillimanite zones appear to
have been broken by faulting.
The sillimanite is amenable to concentration ~y flotation.

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Nelson, Vincent E.)

3. 1944, Lead and zinc ,deposi ts of the Pine' Creek area Coeur d 'Alene mining
0

region, Shoshone County II Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey StrategiC Min-

eral Inv,. Prelim '.' Rept. unnumbered.
I

The Pine Creek area in the southern half of T. 48 N . R. 2 E. and the northern
I I

ties of T. 47 N., R. 2 E., had; when examined a daily production of lead- zinc
I

are and ore reserves of 500 ,000 tons The production through 1943 was 731 u 284
0

tons having started in 191 0 ~ Veins are narrow with irregular and generally
0

small are shoots. Most of the area is underlain by the Prichard formation prob- l

ably over 12,000 feet thi~kD with two well-defined quartzitic.zones; one at the
top the other near the middle. A small amount of Burke quartzite crops out in
0

the area and there are small diabase and lamprophyre dikes. The rocks are
folded and complexly faulted. Most faults are steep and fracture movement has
 -69-

occurred both before and after mineralization. Thirteen mining properties are
described.

Freeman q Otis Willard

10 1940 ,'Physiographic divisions of the Columbia Plateau: Assoc. Pacific

,Coast Geographers Yearbook, v. 6, p. 12-20.

The: Columbia Plateau is really an intermontane'lava-covered region, rather than

a plateau. This area is here divided into 12 major divisions: (1) WaterVille
Plateau, (2) Palouse' Hills 0 (3) Channeled Scablands 0 (4) Central Plains I (5)
Yakima Marginal Folds (6) Blue~Wal1owa-Seven Devils Mountains and connect-
0

ing Snake: River High Plateau 0 (7) Tri-State Slopes 0(8) Deschutes-Columbia Pla-
teau (9) Payette Section; (1 0) 'Snake River Plain'/(11}Owyhee~S;ectiott~'{12)
I

Harney Basin. Of these, parts or all of nos. 3, 6 0 9 0 10 0 and 11 are in Idaho.

Each of the subdivisions is briefly desoribed.

- - - - - (and Martin, Howard Hanna, editors)

2" 1942 0 The Pacific Northwest, 1st ed. New York/John Wiley and Sons o 542 p.

This is a broad treatment of our northwest from the geographer's viewpoint.

There were 31 contributions to the various chapters which include data on
0

Indians o historyo climate, fisheries q forestry, agrIculture 0 manufacturing, and

population. From the standpoint of a geologist concerned with Idaho the second
and third sections of Chapter 3 "Physical Framework of the Northwest", written
respectively by Otis W. Freeman and J. D. Forrester are of special interest
g q

mainly because they set up physiographic subdivisions that differ in some re-
spects from those rendered standard by Fennaman in his "Physiography of .the
western United States I t . The changes are mainly in the direction of greater
subdivision. Subdivisions that are largely.in Idaho. include .the n~emRocky
Mountains parts of the Middle Rocky Mountains and the Basin and Range Province,
0

the Snake' River Plain and the Payette' Section (which together embrace the topo-
graphic feature known as the Snake River Plain), the Owyhee Plateau ,(a new unit) Q

the eas~ern parts of the Palouse Hills and Tri-State slopes, and the~ Seven Devils
portion of the Blue-Wallowa-Seven Devils Mounta!ns unit.

_ _ _ _ _ (and Forrester, James Donald and Lupher, Ralph Leonard)

30 1945 0 Physiographic divisions of the Columbia intermontan~ province: Assoc.

Amo Geographers Annals, v. 35 no~ 20 p. 53-75.
0

This is a suggested revision of Fenneman I s ~l1bdivision of the Columbia Plateau

here renamed the Columbia intermontane province with subd! visions called the
Columbia Basin subprovince (subdivided into the· Waterville Plateau; Yakima Falls 0
Central Plains, Channelled Scablands, and Palouse Hills of which the last named
extends into Idaho), the Central Mountains subprovince, including the Blue Moun-
tains Wallowa-Seven Devils section, ~nd Tristate upla I1ds, thelast:tylobeing
0

in part in Idaho, the High Lava Plains subprovince inchlding the Snake River
Plains Malheur- Boi se Basin and Harney-High desert of which only the last
0 0

named does not extend into Idaho, and the Owyhee Upland subprovince which is
largely in Idaho 0

" I
 -70 ....

Freeman 0 Otis Willard

4. 1954, Columbia Intermontane province l!lFreeman and Martin, eds., The

Pacific Northwest po 65-78.
Q

The Columbia intermontane province corresponds essentially to the Columbia

Plateau ot Fenneman. It is here subdivided into a number of subprovinces and
sections which differ in detail from those proposed in the first edition of the
same booKo Here the subprovinces are the Columbia BaSin, Central Highlands I

High Lava' Plains u and Owyhee Upland The only section of the Columbia Basin
0

subprovince that enters Idaho is the Palouse Hills. In the, Central Highlands
subprovince o the Tristate Uplands and theWallowa-Seven- Devils sections are
in part in Idaho. The eastern part of the Malheur-Boise Basin section and most
of the Snake· River Plain section of the:High Lava Plains 5ubprovinceare in Idaho.
Most of the unsubdi vided Owyhee Upland subprovince is in Idaho. It is pointed
out that the region is too diversified in topography and geology, and departs too
far from the standard copcept of a plateau to be well-described by Fenneman's
name. The uses to which the sections are put are outlinedo
The northern parts of the Basin and Range province extend into Oregon and
Idaho and their character and uses are outlined.

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Martin, Howard Hanna, editors)

5. 1954, The Pacific Northwest,2d ed., xvi, 540 p. New York, John Wiley
& Sons. Includes sections by O. W. Freeman, H. H. Caldwell,
P. E . Church and E. T . Hodge W. A. Rockie, and A. W. Freeman
/I

which ar~ cited individually. 30 contributions.

This is a thorough revision, largely by new authors of the first edition. Like
that 0 it gives a variety of geographic information on the Northwest, including
Idaho Those sections that give geomorphic or geologic data pertinent to Idaho
0

are cited individually.

Fryklund Verne Charles, Jr,

Q

1. 1950 0 The ore deposits of the Mayflower area 0 in Anderson, A. L.,

Kiilsgaard, T. H., and Fryklund, V. C., Jro Detailed geology
Q

of certain areas in the Mineral Hill and Warm Springs mining dis-
tricts, Blaine Co~ntyo Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph.
90, pt. 3, p. 63-73.

This report describes the Red Elephant, Mayflower 0 and associated lead-zinc-
silver oredepos1ts in T. 2 N. II R. 17 E. The country rock belongs mainly to the
Wood River fonna~ionH here somewhat metamorphosed. There are dikes altered
beyond recognition and one fresh lamprophyre d1 lee. There is intricate faulting
and most of the report is devoted to fault descr1pUons. Possibly all major faults
are preintrusive and, therefore, premineral. Fryklund is noncommittal as to
age but appears to favor a Cretaceous age.
 -71-

Fryklund II Verne Charles I Jr.

20 1951, A reconnaissance of some Idaho feldspar deposits q with a note on the

occurrence of columbite and samarskite: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geol-
ogy Pamph. 91, 30 po

General data on feldspar and markets for tt are given. Potentially valuable
feldspar in Idaho is in zoned pegmatite dikes but distance from markets has
hampered developmento Prospects in Adams 0 Boise, Cassia, Clearwater, Elmore o
Idaho and Latah Counties are briefly described. About 18 are mentioned. Those
0

in Garden Valley, Boise~Countyo contain columbium and uranium.

_____0 (and Hutchinson o Murl W,,)

30 1954 0 The occurrence of cobalt and nickel in the~ Silver Summit mine"
Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho: Econ. Geology, v. 49 no. 7, PI>
0

753-7580

Cobalt and nickel of possible commerci~l interest have been found in the Silver
Summit Mine 0 Coeur d'Alene. About 0.40 percent Co and 1. 0 percent Ni are re"!'""
ported. Gersdorffite occurs in tetrahedrite-siderite veins and appears to have
been the first formed of the valuable minera~s. As either cobalt bloom or gers-
dorffite are known elsewhere in the region, other bodies of cobalt-nickel ore
may exist.

(and Hamer, Richard Stanley)

40 1955,· Comments on minor elements in pyrrhotite (Idaho): Econ. Geologyo

v. 50 0 noo 3 0 p. 339-344.
The cobalt and nickel content of pyrrhotite from the Highland-Surprise mine I

Coeur d 'Alene district, Shoshone COUrltyo Idaho 0 were found to be so unsyste-

matically distributed with respect to position in ore shoots as to suggest caution
should be used in determinations of temperature conditions during depOSition by
means of minor elements prinCipally because these commonly did not attain
0

equilibrium concentrations.

_____0 (and Fletcher o Janet Do)

5. 1956, Geochemistry of sphalerite from the Star mine 0 Coeur d'Alene district o
Idaho: Econ. Geology, v. 51, no. 3 0 p. 223-247.

Forty sphalerite samples from the Star mine, Coeur d'Alene district, and 19 from
others in the district have been analyzed for Fe, CU o Pb o Caq Ga, Ge, In, Mn,
Coo and Hg. The sphalerite may have formed in equilibrium with iron, so the
iron content may be used as a relative temperature scale. On this basis the
lower portion of the Star ore body formed at lower temperature. than the upper por-
tion. Distribution of minor elements in the sphalerite 1s random. througnoiJi the
ore body and there is no correlation of Fe with· minor elements except I'An sug-
gesting that temperature had no influence on the distribution of minor elements
 -72-

other than Mno apparently because equilibrium concentrations were not reached.
It is suggested that in general the minor-element concentrations in all ore bodies q
except perhaps Mno cannot be a temperature indicator. Some doubt is cast on
application of study of an artificial system FeS-ZnS to temperatures of formation
of natural ore bodies.

Full 0 Roy P.

1. 1955, Structural relations north of the Osburn faulto Coeurd'Alene district o

Shoshone CountYo Idaho~ Master's Thesis Univ. Idaho
0 0

The Belt series and igneous rocks are discussed brieflyo The structure includes
folding and faulting produced by forces from the west o northwest o east and south-
east. The intrusion of a monzonite boefy ,believed to be contemporaneous with
the Idaho batholith o represents an early deformational featureo Repeated ad-
justment along major fault zones has contributed to the development and local ....
ization of ore shoots. No major postmineral faulting is apparent. The relation
of major faults to veins north of the Osburn fault is discussed .

Fuller Richard Eugene

0

1. 1928 0 The Asotin craters of the Columbia River basalt: Jour. Geology,
v. 36, no. 10 p. 56-74.

The Columbia River basalt has long been considered to have come from fissure
eruptions. South of Lewiston a line of vents that record explosive eruptions
crosses the· Snake 'River. This activity resulted from the contact at depth of
basaltic magma in fissures with water-saturated graveL

2. 1950 0 Structural features in'the Columbia River basalt: Northwest Scio q

v. 24, no. 2, p. 65- 73n

The term "Columbia River basalt" includes the Yakima basalt but not the Wenas
basalt or the Steens Mountain basalto and is presumably unrelated to the Snake
River basalt. Surface features such as pressure ridges or collapse surfaces
and aa and pahoehoe are commonly absent. Eruption was as thin tongues or
flow units that attained a level upper surface rapidly. Gravity differentiation
has been observed in the' Steens Mountain basalt but not in the Columbia River
basalt. The latter has no bombs but some components may be ejectamenta. In
areas to the northwest palagonite and pillow lava record intense chilling by
glacial or aqueous agencies and similar features have been noted in the east-
0

ern areas also apparently including Idaho. Vertical and other joints are lo-
I

cally p)romineIl,~~\_~n the- Columbia River basalt. Basaltic dikes are locally prom-
inent and w~re the source of manY of the flows but there is some evidence of
crater eruptions also.
 •.
}~~.
I~f~.'·.:'
.~.§!
.

:
~.;I:..,~ Ro
-73-

,
. am m. eI1 '48 , bert Mancel (and Hundhausen, Robert John)

1 19 Sidney Mine, Pine Creek Area, Shoshone County, Idaho: U. S. Bur.

Mines Rept. Inv. 4188, 11 p •
. ~~

~~;
. .
....
The Sidney mineln the Yreka mining district (Pine Creek area) was located in
1896. Its production record through 1944 is given in terms of metal content .
.. :~, ~4_'
The Bureau of Mines trenched extensively and did some drilling, con~iderable
sampling, and some metallurgical testing" They found one ore shoot. Samplin9
results are shown on 7 maps. J. D. Forres ter and V. E. Nelson prepared a mim·-
eographed geologic report on the area in 1944 for the U. S. Geological Survey,
which is drawn on for the geologic summary in the present report.

~ Gardner, Louis Samuel

1. 1944, Phosphate deposits of the Teton Basin area, Idaho and Wyoming:
U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 944-A, p. 1-36.

Permian phosphate deposits in the mountains bordering Teton Basin coosis.t of

many thin layers interbedded with phosphatic siltstone, shale, limestone, and
chert, intensely folded and faulted. The best deposits are in the shale at the
base of the Phosphoria but a few good ones are in the Rex chert. The deposits
were trenched and sampled. The best noted are in the Blghole Mountains, Mad-
ison and Teton Counties, where 7-10 beds contain 30-78 percent Ca3 (P04)2.

,~: Gillette, Norman John

~
1. 1954, Thuja (Thuites) from the Latah formation of Idaho: Northwest Sci. ,
v. 28, no. 2, p. 77-79.

Describes logs of fossil wood (Thuja) in basalt in a roadcut between Julietta

and Arrow Junction along Potlatch Creek, a tributary of the Clearwater River.

GOOd, Stanley Edgar

1. 1949, Preliminary report of the geology of some mineral deposits in the

Twin Crags Area J Kootenai County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey
open-file report, 11 p.

The geology and mine workings of the Palisades mine area are mapped. Carbon-
ate veins composed mainly of siderite, with minor amounts of magnetite, barite,
galena, and sphalerite. vary in width from one inch to 5 feet and have not con-
tained commercial quantities of ore. The relationship of carbonate veins to bi-
otite lamprophyre dikes is not clear, but both occur in the· St. Regis forma-
tion of the Belt series. The area has only limited commercial possibilities due
to the narrowness and discontinuity of the veins, although the veins m'ay be
more strongly mineralized at depth.
 -74-

Good, :S,tanley Edgar (and Campbell, Arthur B.)

2. 1952, Geologic map of the Twin Crags quadrangle, Idaho: U. S. Geol.

Survey open-file report, geo!. map.

Geologic map of the Twin Crags quadrangle in Benewah, Kootenai, and Shoshone
Counties; 7-I/2-minute quadrangle on the scale of 1: 24, 000. The Prichard,
Burke, Revett, St. Regis, and Wallace formations of the Belt series, metadiorit« :
and lamprophyre dikes, terrace gravels, and Quaternary alluvial deposits are
mapped, with structure.

Goodspeed, George Edward

1. 1942, Orbicular rock from Buffalo Hump, Idaho: Am. Mineralogist, v. 27,
no. 1, p. 37-47.

Within the area of the Idaho batholith remnants of schist, presumably of the
Belt series, contain zones of orbicular rocks interpreted as of metasomatic
rather than igneous origin.

Gott, Garland Bayard (and Erickson, Ralph Leroy)

1. 1953, Reconnaissance of uranium and copper deposits in parts of New

Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey
C irc . 219, 1 6 p.

In the course of a reconnaissance for possible uranium deposits in copper de-

posits in sandstone, 18 deposits were examined, of which two were in Idaho.
Commercial grade uranium was not found in any of the 18 deposits. Those in
Idaho are. near Montpelier. Probably both are in the Ankareh shale (Triassic).
In both, carbonized plant ·matecial.fs present and some of this is radioactive.

Gray, Frederick Anton

1. 1939, Ore deposits of the Mineral Hill district 1 Lemhi County, Idaho:
$ummaries of Ph.Do Theses, Unlv. Minn., v. I, p. 221-224.

The Mineral Hill district, discovered in 1882, was mainly productive in the
late eighties and early nineties. The total yield was $8,000 ,000 mainly from
the Kentuck mine. The district contains quartz-biotite schist, schistose quartz
ite, and nearly pure quartzite (all belonging to the Belt series.) Contacts are
gradational and dips a·re northward and westward. Veins are mostly on joints
but so"me·follow schistosity. The ve~nsare related to the granitic .rocksand
earlier than the rhyolitic dikes.· The vein matte.r ~ncl~des. p¢.te, arsenopyrite,
galena, sphalerite, calcite, magnetite, and muscovite.
 -75-

Grigg s, Allan Bingham

1. 1952, Geology and notes on ore deposits of the Canyon-Nine-Mile Creeks

area, Shoshone County, Idaho: Doctorate Thesis, Stanford Univ.

The Canyon-Nine-Mile Creeks district includes representatives of the Prichard,

Burke Revett St. Regi s Wallace, and Striped Peak formations of the Belt
0 0 Q

series u plus small monzonite stocks and dikes of diabase, lamprophyre u monzo-
nite u aplite and diorite.
0

The ore deposits include replacement veins in fracture and shear zones of
minor displacement, in which predominant values are gold, gold and tungsten,
lead and silver lead u zinc and silver, c;opper, silver and copper u silver lead
Q 0

and copper u and antimony. Those in t1)e Nine Mile Creeks district are mainly
valuable for lead zinc, and 811 ver, with the proportions Of lead and zinc dif-
Q

fering in different lodes. The principal ore minerals are galena, sphalerite,
tetrahedrite, and chalcopyrite. The gross value of metals produced in 1951 was
$63,779,925. Geologie maps of the area and of mine workings are included.

_ _ _ _-', (Wallace, Robert Earl, and Hobbs, Samuel Warren)

2. 1953, Geologic maps and structure sections of the Mullan and vicinity
quadrangle, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, geol. mapo

This is a geologic map of the Mullan and vicinity quadrangle in Shoshone CountYo
with structure sections, no text. The map shows four subdivisions of the Prichard,
one each of the Burke and Revett, two ~ach of the· St. Regis and Wallace, one of
the: Striped Peak, plus monzonite and related rocks, and dikes also three un-
0

consolidated units. The area shows folds and many faultsu including the Osburn
fault zone.

Gulbrandsen, Robert A. (McLaughlin,. Kenneth Phelps, Honkala, Frederick.Sauli,:

Clabaugh, Stephen Edmund, and Krauskopf, Konrad Bates)

10 1952 0 Geologie map and structure sections of the Johnson Creek quadrangle,
Caribou· County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report I geol.
map.

Geologic map 7-1/2 -minute quadrangle on the scale of 1:24,000. Topography

taken from aerial photographs by mult1ple~ methods in 1947, and field checked
in 1949. Sediments of Mississippian through Lower Tri?ls~dc, Tertiary, and
Quaternary ages are mapped, with structure and structure sections.

2. 1956, Geology of the Johnson: Creek quadrangle Caribou County, Idaho:

0

U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. l042-A, p. 1-23.

The Johnson· Creek 7-1/2-minute quadrangle includes the Aspen Range, and
study was directed mainly at detailed structural characteristics. The quad-
rangle contains only sedimentary rocks, ranging from Mississippian to Tri-
assic and Tertiary to Recent. It includes the Johnson Creek syncline and Aspen
 -76-

Range anticline o modified by many minor folds and by faults. Phosphate rock
g

being mined in 1955, is the only important mineral resource.

Gussman o Ro W.

1. 1941 0 The property of the Lincoln Mining Companyu Wallace u Idaho:

Bachelor thesis o Univ. Wash.

The property is 1-1/4 miles west of Osburn, Shoshone'County. The geographyu

historyo climate, and geology of the region are briefly summarized. The Lincoln
Mining Co. owns parts of three vein systems. Of these 0 the Chester vein
strikes E. dipping 65 0 S. parallel to the ,Polaris fault. It is traceable for two
0

miles on the surface. Where the footwall is soft the vein tends to pinch. It
contains argentiferous tetrahedrite, galena o and pyrite o siderite quartz and
0 0

complex carbonates. Deposition occurred in two stages. The other veins are
not well known. Stopes on the Chester are 30-50 feet long and 4-7 feet wide.
Ore in present workings is mined out. The geology is regarded as favorable
for development at depth. The ore was treated in custom mills at the time of
the examination but Gussman ran flotation tests to give data for a possible new
mill if de sired.
0

Haas 0 O. Ho

10 1953, Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru, pt. 2: Am. Mus. Nat.

History Bull. v ~ 10 I, p. 9-328.
0

Newell's (p. 304) collection near Lewi ston has the two rare genera Sororcula
and Kittlistylus, perhaps even a species of eacho in common with bituminous
limestone in one collection from Peru. Also the Idaho collection has the
Jurassic genus Lamelliphoris.

Halliday, William R.

10 1954, Ice caves of the United States: Natl. Speleol. Soco Bull. 16, p.3-28.

This is a general discussion of formation and preservation of ice in caves. Sev-

eral caves in Idaho are listed and a few are described. The latter include Swan
Lakes cave in the Bear River Range, Shoshone cave, north of Shoshone" and
caves in the Craters of the Moon National Monument.

Hamilton, Warren Bell

10 1953, Border rocks of the Idaho batholith near Riggins, Idaho (abs.): Geolo
Soc. America Bull. 0 v. 640 no. 120 pt. 20 p. 1531.

The northern part of the Riggins quadrangle contains about 35 000 feet of eugeo-
0

synclinal metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of Permian o Triassic u and

Jurassic(?) ages. From phyllites and greenstones on the west the rocks range
through schists and amphibolites to a complex of paragneisses I migmatites 0
and gneisses and massive granitic rocks in the border zone of the Idaho batho-
 -77-

lithe In this zone tabular bodies of granitic gneiss 1 inch to a mile thick are
0

conformable with complex structures in the metamorphic rocks. Gneissic quartz

diorite grades into paragneiss. These gneisses and the metamorphic rocks in-
tercalated with them are thought to have resulted from regional and plutonic meta-
morphism of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Some of the migmatites may have
resulted from differential fusion of metamorphic rocks and to have been mobile
enough to intrude upward The rocks described are intruded by several discord-
0

ant plutons of quartz monzonite and granodiorite"

The border zone near Riggins resembles the Shuswap terrane British Colum-
I

bia o and differs from some other parts of the Idaho batholith and from the rocks
of the Sierra Nevada batholith.

Hamilton Warren Bell

0

2" 1958 0 Plutonic history of west-central Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soc. America
Bull. v" 6 9 no. 12 pt. 2, p. 1727.
I 0

Work in and near the Riggins quadran9le Idaho and Adams Counties, has dem-
0

onstrated the presence of several assemblages of granitic rocks. Quartz dio+-

rites and more mafic rocks are intruded within the Seven Devils complex and are
mostly sheared o reconstituted and older than the thrusting Layered gneisses
0 0

largely diorite are thrust over the Seven~ Devils rocks" Younger quartz diorite
0

is noted north and south of the quadrangle. Eastward the older gneisses give
way to younger quartz diorite of simple structureo in part metamorphic o in part
intrusive" and this in tum is invaded by concordant quartz monzonite; the com-
plex being sheared and intruded by quartz diorite" granodiorite and other rocks.
Farther east the whole is intruded by the granodiorite and quartz monzonite of
the Idaho batholith proper (Late Triassic and Middle. Cretaceous)'

Hansen, Henry Paul

10 19420 Post-Pleistocene vegetation and climate of the Pacific Northwest

(abs.): Amo Jour. Botany, v. 29, no. 8, p. 693-694.

In northern Idaho the climax (post-Pleistocene) forests consist of western hem-

lock, western red cedar, and lowland white firo with western white pine persist-
ing due to recurrent fires" The pioneer postglacial forests were mainly lodge
pole and white pine. The former was superseded by white pine which remained
predominant during the rest of the post-Pleistocene. A definite trend towards a
climax forest occurred recently but was apparently interrupted by fire. Similar
data are given for other areas in the Northwest.

2. 1943 0 Post-Pleistocene forest succ;ession in northern Idaho: Am. Midland

Naturalist o Vo 30 no. 3 q p. 796-802.
0

Pollen profiles in a peat bog indic;ate th~t the principal postglacial arborescent
invader was lodgepole pine. It was superseded by western white pine.at an
early stage and the latter remains dominant. Changes related to forest fires
 -78-

are noted. No evidence for climatic trends was obtained 0

Hanson o Alvin Maddison

10 1953 0 Upper Cambrian formations in northern Utah and southeastern Idaho 0

in Intermountain As soc Petroleum Geologists 14th Ann Field Conf.
0 0 iJ

Vo 40 p. 19-210

Brief descriptions of tl1e Upper Cambrian formations are giveno These range up
to over 20000 feet in thickness mostly carbonates including the Nounan forma-
0 I

tion (whose lower part may be Middle~Cambrlan) and the: Sto Charles formation.
The Cambrian-Ordovician boundary is conveniently drawn at the top of the St.
Charles but may lie within ito

Hardy Clyde Thomas

0

10 1957 0 Structural features of parts of northern Utah and southeasterI'). I~aho

(absJ: Geol. Soc. America Bull" Vo 68 noo 12"0 pto 20 p. 18630
0 0

Numerous structures of regional importance are recognizec;i between Ogden, Utah 0

and Montpelier Idaho. Thrusts of this region are attributed to Laramide com-
<1

pressiono Eastward movement on the Bannock thrust diagonally opposes west-

ward movement on the Willard thrust. The thrusts may be related to vertical
movements resulting from Laramide compression with the fundamental stre~s
axis aligned E-NE Initial high-angle faulting occurred in association with
0

regional compression o probably Laramide" Later movement on these may ac-

count in part for Basin and Range faulting.

Harrington, Eldred Ray

10 1948 0 Black Butte n a recent subsidence crater (Idaho): Scio Monthly,

v. 66 0 nO 6 0 p. 451-4660
ft

This is a popular account of young volcaniC phenomena on the'Snake River Plain

north of Gooding and, Shoshone particularly of the volcano called Black Butte
0

15 miles north of Shoshone and its related lava. BigWood River flows across
the edge of the young flow from the Butte 1n a channel locally 50 feet deep and
only four feet wide at the top. Its channel upstream is the old one and is nor-
malo

Harris o A. Ho I and Jibson o W. H.

1. 1955, Bear River hydrometric data o tri-State investigations: U. S. Geol.

Survey I open-file report.

Only a small part of this report relates to Idaho. This includes parts of
Oneida o Bannock and Bear Lake Counties. The report comprises numerous
0

tables relating to streamflow. \

r--'"
 -79 ....

Harris Robert Alan (Davidson o David Francis, and Arnold, Bertha Pearl)
0

10 1954 I Bibliography of the geology of the western phosphate field: U So0

Geol. Survey Bull. 1018 89 p.

0

This comprehensive bibliography lists papers relating to the Phosphoria forma-

tion or its partial equivalents, the Park City and Embar formations, through
September 1952.

Harris, Sherod Ao

1. 1957 0 The tectonics of Montana as related to the Belt series 0 !!l Billings
Geol. Soco GUidebook o 8th Ann. Field Confo u po 22-33.

This paper advances the hypothesis that the Belt geosyncline with its eastward
extension here called the Big Snowy embayment, was influential in post-Belt
0

deformation. The Belt series is h~ld to be incompetent and to have constituted

a zone of weakness that controlled later deformation. The Belt geosyncline had
an axis of deposition east of and parallel to the major axis of the Cordilleran
geosyncline from northern Montana to south-central Montana where it turned
sharply westward and ran into and under the area of Cordilleran sedimentation
in Idaho. Post-Belt-pre-Laramide deposition of the area of the Belt geosyncline
was mainly of marine shelf and foreland type. The Belt trough acted as a buffer
between the eastward orogenic movements in the: Cordilleran geosyncline (mainly
in Idaho) and the craton (mainly in Montana) Emplacement of the Boulder batho-
0

lith is related to the effect of Laramide deformation on the portion of the Belt geo-
syncline lying outside of the Cordiller~n geosyncline, just as the Idaho batholith
is related to the Cordilleran geosyncline. Numerous speculations as to struct-
ural features in Montana are presented.

Hausen" Donald Mo

1. 1954 u Welded tuffs of Oregon and Idaho: Mississippi Acado Sci. Jour 0

1951-53 u Vo 5, p. 209-220.

Most of the welded tuffs in Oregon and Idaho vary in composition from dacitic
to rhyolitic and range up to 350 feet in thiqkness. They are mostly Miocene to
Pliocene and probably genetically related to the basalt flows of the Columbia
River Plateau and Snake River Plain. 'rheyare distinguished from silicic flows
by occurrence as extensive flat sheets rather than as domes coulees, and plugs
0 0

One idea is thqt they are pyroclastic, expelled from a conduit as hot clouds of
ash and gas, and fell while still hot enollgh to weld together. The other concept
,is that they are erupted as a lavalike mass. The pyroclastic hypothesis is the
most popular. Published reports from Idaho and Oregon are cited. Hausen's
ideas are derived from detailed study near Dorena u Oregon. He thinks the welded
tuffs in Oregon and Idaho result from a form of nuees ardentes in which siliceous
gas-charged lava welled through open fissures and flowed onto the surfaces, and
the escaping gas was accompanied by clouds of ash from the upper surfaces of the
flows. The "welded" structure in the part not converted to ash was produced by
 -80-

flowage along planes of minute vesicles within the partially expanded lava. If
correct, he comments that the term "welded tuff" is a misnomer 0

Hawley Robert W .
0

10 1950 u Phosphoria conodonts from southeastern Idaho~ Master's Thesis 0

Univo Idaho.

A systematic paleontological discussion of five conodont species from the Phos-

phoria formation o including three new species. Data are insufficient for region-
al correlation but a Lower or Lower-Middle Permian age is suggested.

Hazzard, John C. (and Turner 0 F Earl)

8

10 1957, Decollement-type overthrusting in south-central Idahoo northwestern

Utah u and northeastern Nevada (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull. 0
v. 68 0 no. 120 pt 0 20 po 1829.

A large overthrust of Paleozoic over Precambrian rocks has been described in

northeastern Nevada. Four occurrences of a similar and presumably the same
overthrust farther north are here described. The one in Idaho is in the Albion
Range and represents thrusting of Paleozoic rocks over Precambrian o not as Q

had been reported o Precambrian crystalline rocks over Carboniferous rocko The
thrusting is regarded as post-Early Triassic and pre-Early Cretaceous 0

Heikkila, Henry Herman

10 1953 0 Horseshoe Creek area o Teton County n Idaho o in Intermountain Assoco

Petroleum Geologists u 4th Ann. Field Conf. po 93-94.
0

Describes an area in T. 4- 5 N Ro 44 Eo u with structure section. Wells have

0 0

recovered gas but nothing of commercial valueo

Henry 0 Darold John

1. 1953 0 The rock collector's Nevada and Idaho: Long Beach, Calif. 0

Lowell Ro Gordon, 72 po

This cites areas of interest to "rock hounds" and gives sketch maps to aid
in finding the areas u also remarks as to rocks minerals u and fossils to be
Q

found in each. The latter part of the book refers to Idaho.

Herdlick, Jared Albert

10 1946 0 Little Pittsburgh lead-zinc mine, Shoshone County: U. S. Bur.

Mines Rept. Inv. 3999 0 8 p.

The Little Pittsburgh property was located about 1897 but little was done. In
1929; a small tonnage was mined and milled unprofitably. In 1941-45 0 111 0665
tons were milled. The topography 0 climate u and mining operations are described
 -81-

and the geology is outlined on the basis of published reports. The U. S. Bureau
of Mines drove a SOD-foot crosscut and fO\lT diamond drill holes.

Herdlick, Jared Albert

2. 1948, Be Van quartz crystal prospept, Lemhi County, Idaho: U. S. Bur.

Mines Rept. Inv. 4209.

The deposit was located for gold in 19180 and an attempt to work the quartz
crystals there was made by the Montana Coal and Iron Co. over a period of years
but the product could not be sold. In 1943 and 1944 the U. S. Bureau of Mines
worked the prospect but the quartz obtained was tested and found unsuitableo

Hietanen, Anna Martta

1. 1952, Structure and metasomati$m of the Belt series northwest of the Idaho
batholith (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull. u v. 63, no 12, pto 2 u 0

p. 1262-1263,1953: Am. Mineralogist, Vo 38 u nos. 3-4u p. 3440

The older rocks around the northwestern corner of the Idaho batholith belong to
the Belt series. The area is situated at the junction of two arcuate segments of
Nevadan folding and also on the western border of the Laramide orogenic belt.
The major fold axes parallel the trend of the northern Nevadan segment (N. 70 0 -
80 0 W) and the lineation and minor folds parallel the trend of the southern one
(N. 50 0 E.) Both are locally overturn~d to the south and are accompanied by
0

thrusts. The gentle north-trending fplds may be of Laramide ageo Block fault-
ing continued to Miocene time.
The main folding was accompanied by small intrusions of gabbro o diorite,
and tonalite, intense metamorphism and metasomatic introduction of hornblende 9

biotite, andesine, and accessories o Locally a second period of metasomatism

obliterated folds and is believed to have caused formation of monomineralic
rocks such as hornblendites and, anorthosi~es This second period may be syn-
0

chronous with the emplacement of the quartz dioritic border zone of the Idaho
batholith. Tonalite was intruded west of the batholith and the quartz monzonite
of the main body of the batholith was emplaced after the second period of meta-
somatismo

2. 1953 u Kyan1te, andalusite, and sillimanite in the schists in Boehl's Butte

quadrangle, Idaho (abso): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 64, no. 12,
pt. 2, po 1434.

This abstract is the same as that in the American Mineralogist.

3 . 1954 I Kyani te, andal usite,o. and."s.1,ll1mani te in the schi s ts in Boehl ' s Butte
quadrangle, Idaho (abs.): Am. Mineralogist u Vo 39 u nos. 3-4, 331-
332.
 -82-

Kyanite u andalusite u and sillimanite occur together in cordierite-bearing mica

schist of the Prichard formation in the Boehl's Butte quadrangle The following
0

inversions are inferred: ( 1) sillimanite4 kyanite 0 (2) kyanite~ andalusite I (3)

kyanite~ sillimanite o (4) andalusite4 sillimanite, probably because of variations
in temperature and stress Locally the three minerals may have crystallized to-
0

gether The association epidote-plagioclase in calcium-rich rocks nearby sug-

0

gests a temperature of close to 400 0 C during crystallizationo

Hietanen 0 Anna Martta

4. 1956 0 Anorthosite in Boehl's Butte quadrqngle o Idaho (abs.): Geolo Soc.

America Bull 0 v 0 67 u no 0 12, pt. 20 p. 17700
0

Three anorthosite bodies 10:"20 k~m-~'''Yon(~J''andseveralsmaller ones occur in' beds

as signed to the lower part of the Prichard formation (Precambrian) northwest of
the Idaho batholith in the Boehl's Butte quadrangle. Contacts are gradational
and diverse inclusions are present in the anorthositeo Emplacement is thought
to have been chemical rather than mechanical. The anorthosite is thought to
have been derived along with amphibol1te o by metasomatic differentiation of
constituents of gabbro or diorite 0

5. 1956 0 Kyanite, andalusite o and sillimanite in the schists in Boehl's ijutte

quadrangle, Idaho: Am. Mineralogist, v. 41, no. I, p. 1-27.

The author describes schist she says is Prichard as highly metamorphosed,

bedded and folded mica schist with fairly pure white to gray quartzite, 1 u 000
0

feet thicku close to the middle" Beds probably equivalent of the Burke, Revett,
Sto Regis, and Wallace formations are exposed in south part of quadrangleo

Hobbs o Samuel Warren (Wallace o Robert Earl and Griggs 0 Allan Bingham)

10 1950, Geology of the southern third of the Mullan and Pottsville quadrangles 0
Shoshone Countyu Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 24 po 0
geol. map.

This is a brief preliminary report with geologic map in which it is noted that the
area is underlain by the Sto Regis (with two members) and Wallace formation
(with four or five members) only the lowest member being present here. The
0

area has at least five metadiori te dikes and one lamprophyre dike, all post-ore.
The rocks are folded and faulted The Osburn fault skirts the northern ~dge of
0

the mapped area. At least half of the sedimentary rocks are in bleached zones
in which sericite content has been increased and carbonate has been added 0

It is not clear whether these changes represent introduction of material from

magmatic sources or recrystallization from existing rocks Chlorite is locally
0

prominent. Numerous carbonate veins are known o but production has been smalL
Five 0 not mutually exclusive, 'vein types-'are distinguishedo
 -83-

Hodge, Edwin,Thomas

10 ,1944, Limestone of the Pacific Northwest; available limestones suitable

for calcium carbide and/or fQr flint glass industries: U S. Office
0

of Administrator, Bonneville Power Admin., Diva Indus and Resources

0

Develo o Indus a Analysis sec., po 64-76.

This general report contains general data Q,S to costs 0 quality 8 and other eco-
nomj.c features of limestone depOSits and on the pages c1 ted above brief de-
scriptions of limestone deposits in Idaho, with index map~ These incll!.1de de-
0

posits in Blaine, Boise o Custer, NezPerce, Clearwater u Idahoo Valley" Lewiso

and Adams Counties The emphasis is on economic, rather than geologie fea-
0

tures. Analyses given show most of the deposits mentioned are high in calcium
carbonate Production has beerf'small 'but resources are largea
0

(and Freeman Otis Willard)

----- 8 0

20 1954, Northwest minerals 01n Freeman and Martino eds. 0 The Pacific
Northwest, p. 160-1770

This section of the book, The Pacific Northwest, lists the prinCipal mineral re-
sources and outlines their history and production recorda

Holland, Frank Delno 0 Jr.

1 a 1953, Mississippian stratigraphy in the Utah-Idaho-Wyoming area, !n..

IntermountainAssoc. Petroleum (;eologists 4th Anno Field ConL
Q f)

1953f} p. 32-37.

This summarizes history of the formation names and describes them along the
route of the conference 0 In th~ area the Madison and'B'razer are the principal
units but a thin shale unito the Leatham formationf} unconformably underlies
the, Madison near Logan, Utah .

Holland , John. S 0

1. 1941, Petrography and Petrology of th~ igneous rocks of the Avery district 0
Shoshone: CountYo Idaho: Master's Thesis, ,Univ .. Idaho.

The greater part of the area is underlain by rocks similar to the Belt series
in the Coeur d 'Alene district to the north. These rocks are intruded by a
quartz monzonite stock and related dikes and sl1l$ of various corpposit1ons I
all of late Mesozoic age. Petrographic evidence indicates that the igneous
rocks form an outlier of the Idaho batholith.

Honkala, Frederick Saul!

1. 1-9,53 8 Phospl1atic rocks in Jbe;pE)ntenntaJ Range, Montana-Idaho (abs,,):

GeoL Soco America Bull. I Vo 64, noo 12, pt. 20 po l541.

In the'Centennial Range the Phosphoria is divisible into members Ao B" 0/' Do

 -84-

Eo of which B andD contain phosphate rock, mostly in Bo. Member B has detrital
material believed to have been depoSited l1ear shore, perhaps in places on a
beach" The member is absent iri the western part of the range The phpsphate
0

rock in member D is composed of collophane oolites or ovules with collophane:

or francolite cement 0

Honkala Frederick Sauli

0

2. 1953, Preliminary report on geology of Centennial Range 0 Montana-Idaho:

U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report 0 19 p. 0 geol. map ..

This report gives detailed stratigraphic data on the phosphate deposits which in-
clude large high-grade res.erves,

Hopkins 0 Marie L.

1. 1955, Skull of fossil camelid from American Falls lake bed area of Idaho:
Jour. Mammalogyo v. 36, no. 2, p. 278-282.

A camelid skull o here tentatively referred to Camelops huerfanensis, was

0

found 33 yards out from a cliff of American Falls lake: beds (Pleistocene) from
which it is believed to have comeo The sk.ull is described in detail. The as-
signment of the beds in the cliff is based on H. T" Stearn's work o

Hosterman t J.W.

1. 1956, Geology of the Murray area, Shoshone"Countyo Idaho: U. S. Geol.

Survey Bullo 1027-P p. 725-748, with areal geolo map.
0

This paper is supplemental to the earlier one by Shenono Most of the depOSits
seen byShenon were inaccessible t6 Hosterman, and the whole. district shows
little activity. Most of the Belt sequence is present and there are many small
monzonite stocks, believed to be related to the Idaho batholith (Cretaceous).
The report deals only with the lead-zinc mines whose production reached ~ts
peak in 1911-1912(' There has been intermittent production since and the Jack
Waite mine has been very active since 19300 Production tables are given and
s-everal mines are described.

Howard o Arthur David

1. 1956, Upland surfaces of the Rocky Mountains in pt. 4 of Intemat. Geog.

UnionComm. for the study of correlation of erosion surfaces aroq,nd
the Atlantic 0 8th Rept.: Intema t. Geog. Cong 0 18th, and 9th Gen.
fI

Assemblyo Rio de Janeiro" pI! 28-40.

This paper deals mainly with areas south of Idaho but has a two-page summary
relating to the northern Rocky Mountains. In this the subsummit surface is con-
sideredmoretikely to have a pediment or1g111 than that of a peneplain (the com-
monly favored idea).. A late Tertiary age is favored
0
 -85-

Howell, Benjamin Franklin (and others)

10 1944, Correlation of the: Cambrian formations of North America (Chart

noo 1): Geolo Soco America Bull. v. 55, no. 8 p. 993-1003.
II 0

Cambrian formations in Idaho are not included in the chart but a section in U.tah
gives those in southeastern Idahoo Also a note indicates that the Gold Creek
quartzite 0 Rennie shale 0 and Lakeview limestone crop out in the Pend Oreille
district The quartzite is unfossilfferous.. The shale fauna has been compared
0

with .that in the Ptarmigan formation of Montana and that in the limestone with
that in the' Spence shale of Utah. Both are tabulated low in the Middle: Cambrian.

Iiubbard, Charles R.

10 1955, A survey of the mineral resources of Idaho (with m&ps): Iqaho Bur 0
Mines and Geology Pamph. 105 0 74 p .

This report contains brief summary data on each of the metallic and nonmetallic
mineral resources of Idaho with a map showing their distribution. Forty-nine
mineral resources are described. GQld mining started in 1860, and until 1870
placer mining was Idaho' s chief industry • Later gold-silver lodes 0 lead-silver
and lead-zinc lodes, in succession, attracted attention. About 1900 lead led
in values; zinc came later but was of importance during the two World Wars 0

Silver has recently markedly increased in importancee Recently, industrial

minerals I notably phosphate rock, have become significant.. In 1951 Idaho
ranked 27th in mineral production, and 6th in production of metallic minerals
175,079,000). It was first in the production of silver and second in that of
lead and zinc.

20 1956, Clay depOSits of north Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph.
109 ,36 ~ P_e"

Occurrences in Benewah, Clearwater, Nez Perce, LeWiS, Idaho, Kootenai,

and Latah counties are mentioned. Deposits of economic interest are mainly
in Latah County but one is in Kootenai County. The cl~y reserves of 8 deposits
as tabulated total 465,579 ,000 dry tons, and the production in the past 55 years
is estimated to be not over 250,000 tons. Some of the clay is in residual de-
posits on exposures of pre-Tertiary intrusive rocko Some of these are capped by
lava. Many of the deposits consist of clay that has been transported from such
residual deposits and collected in sedimentary beds intercalated in the Columbia
River basalt or on that basalt.. The prinCipal known deposits are described in-
di vidually.

30 1956, Geology and mineral resources of Nez Perce County: Idaho Bur.
Mines and Geology, County rept. no. 1 geol. map
Q 0
 -86-

Nez Perce County has large agricultural and forest resources and development .
Lewiston (747 feet above sea level) is a major supply pointo The county con~
tains the Uniontown Plateau, the Clearwater Escarpment, the Lewiston Plateau,
and the Cr~zy Mountain Uplifto Much of the county is covered by Miocene
basalt, resting on an irregular surface, and with intercalated sediments and
ash with some bituminous material (Latah beds). Rocks regarded as related to
the Belt series, gneiss, schisto and metasedimentary rocks and rocks related
0

to the Seven Devils volcanics which are extensively intruded by granitic Qikes
and stocks are exposed in places through the basalt cover. Placers and some
copper and gold lodes are knowno Inc;lustr~q.l rqineral deposits of interest in-
clude limestone, gravel o stone sand, and clay.
0

Hubbard, Charles R.

4. 1957, Mineral resources of Latah County: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology,
County rept no" 2, geol.. map.
0

Latah County is on the western border of the, Idaho Panhandle First comers
0

were miners but lumbering and farming soon became important. The county is
partly in the;Columbia Plateau Province and partly in the Northern Rocky Moun-
tain Province and includes part of the: Palouse country. The rainfall is 25 .. 30
inches annually and irrigation is unnecessary. The more rugged areas contain
the Belt series o in part metamorpho~ed to qu~rtziteu gneiss u and schist, and
outliers of the Idaho batholith., About a third Of the county is covered by basalt
flows I deposited on a terrain of considerable relief and with intercalated la-
custrin~ deposits. About ~9 percent of metallic mineral production has been in
gold but coppero silver o iron o tungsten, cobalt, and titanium are known.
g

No mining districts are described. The major potential mineral wealth is

in industrial minerals, especially high-grade fire clay and high-alumina clay.
Mica, beryl, and other nonmetallic materials are also present . A number of
deposits of the industrial minerals are described.

Hubbs o Carl Leavitt (and Miller, Robert Rush)

1 n 1948, The zoological evidence; Correlation between fish distribution and

hydrographic history in the desert pasins of western United States;
.ilL The Great Basino with emphaSis on glaCial and postglacial times:
Univ. Utah Bull 0 0 Vo 38, no. 20, p. 18-1660

This paper summarizes data on fishes in various localities in and near the
Great Basin in relation to their bearing on geomorphic history. Most of the
data are unrelated to Idaho but it is suggested that the assemblages of fishes
in the upper Snake River differ from those below the major falls; the fishes in
streams of the Snake River Plain were mostly killed during Pleistocene volcan-
ism; there was an interchange of fishes during the period in which Lake Bonne-
viile overflowed into the drainage basin of the Snake River; and streams such
as Big and Little Wood Rivers and Big and Little Lost Rivers that now are
0

largely or entirely cutoff from ,the ,main S.,nake Rivero havedistincti.ve fish as-
semblages suggesting that their present isolation dates back a long timeo
0
 -87".

Huff, Lyman Coleman (and Taylor 0 George Carroll)

1. 1942 6 Idaho, .!!l.Meinzer, O. Eo 0 and others; Water levels and artesian

pressure in observation wells in the United, States in 1942, pt. 5,
Northwestern States: U s. G~ol 0 Survey Water-Supply Paper 948 0
0

po 90

Six wells in the'Rathdrum Prairie area, in Bonner CountYo were measured and
two measurements were made in the Palouse: River area in Latah County.

Hulin o ' Carlton Dewey

10 1950, Mineral deposits of Idaho: in The 51st Ann . Repto I Mining Industry
of the State of Idaho for 194-g:; ':p ~ 60- 63 .

In the Coeur d 'Alene region vertical persistenc~ of mineralization has been

demonstrated down, to a deptQ of over 5 0 000 feeto an illustration of de~p-seated
ore bodies.. Certain deposits containing quicJtsilver I precious metals, and
tungsten illustrate the shallow type. Of the several main periods of mineraliza-
tion in Idaho the most important is related to the emplacement of the. Idaho batho-
lith. A second period is of late Tertiary date 0 and quicksilver minera1i~ation
was later still, probably near the end of the Tertiary Deposits of the first
q

period are around o rather than within, the main batholith. They inqlude those
of the Coeur d 'Alene and Pend Oreille r~gions 0 those near Salmon 11 Mackay"
Halleyo and others. They were originally noted mainly for production of lead,
zinc o coppero gold o and Silver, but th~ tungsten deposits of the Ima Mine.and
the cob~lt and copper of the Blackbird district are included Deposits of the
0

second and third periods are widely distributed in Idaho and include the; Silver
City,. Delamar, Thunder Mountain, Yankee Fork o and other districts; as well
as quicksilver deposits near Weiser, and tungsten o gold o and antimony de-
posits at Stibnite The future for development of metallic deposits in Idaho is
0

encouraging.. Phosphates and other nonmetallic mineral deposits are also en-
couraging 0

Imlay, Ralph Willard

1. 1945 0 Occurrence of Middle Jurassic rocks in western interior of United

. States: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. v. 29, no o 7, po
1019-10270

The presence of Middle Jurassic rocks in the western interior of the United
States is shown by Bajocian ammonites in the Twin Creek limestone of south-
eastern Idaho. Other Middle Jurassic ammonites (Tathonian) occur low in the
Ellis formation in Montana Marine Juras sic deposits older than tne Bathonian
o

stage appear to be limited to the center Of the sedimentary trough and will
probably be found only along the border between Idaho and Wyoming, in north-
central Utah and southwestern Montana 0
 -88-

Imlay, Ralph Willard

2. 1949 n Paleoecology of the Jurass~c seas in the western interior of the United
. States: in Report of the Committee on a treatise on marine ecology
and paleoecology; 1948-49, Harry· S Ladd chairman, Na tl Re s .,
0 0 0

Council Di v. Geology and Geog., rept. 9 po 72-104"

Q Q

This paper deals with the paleoecology of Juras sic rocks throughout western
North America o and especially the western interior of the United States. Its
maps show that Jurassic seas from the Arctic entered southeastern Idaho" Among
incidental remarks involving rocks in Idaho is the statement that limestone near
the base of the Twin Creek limestone is correlated with phosphatic shale in
western Montana and probably reflects incomplete aeration of the sea bottom.
Most of the upper part of the TWlnCre'ek"limes'tone may be of chemiC"al origin.,
The salt in the Preuss sandstone in Idaho indicates the presence of a dead sea
or saline lakes in and south of Idaho. Glauconite is present in sandstone in the
lowest limestone member of the Twin Creek limestone, representing the initial
deposits of a transgressive sea under reducing conditions shallow water and
0

slow deposition.

3. 1952 0 Correlation of the Jurassic formations of North America" exclusive

of Canada: Geolo Soco America Bull., Vo 63 0 noo 9 0 p" 953-992.

The prinCipal feature of this paper is a stratigraphie correlation tableo supported

by brief discussion of the literature The table contains no columns taken from
0

Idahoo but formations tabulated in adjacent states are also present in ldaho .

4. 1952 0 Marine origin of Preuss sandstone of Idaho, Wyomingo and Utah:

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 0 v . 36 0 no. 9, p. 1735-1753"

The red beds of the Preuss sandstone grade westward into fossiliferous, near
shore 0 marine sandstone and limestone. The red sandstone and salt beds ar~
considered to have formed in highly saline lagoons bordering a large island
that rose from the sea in southwestern Montana in middle Callovian time. La-
teritic soils on this island were a main source of iron oxide and sand in the Preuss
sandstone, which was formed during early part of the upper Callovian and at
about the same time as the red beds, at the base of the Upper Jurassic in the Gulf
region of the United States and Mexicoo A paleogeographic map indicates that
in Preuss time a narrow belt of dry land extended from Canada to cover essenti-
ally alPof the Panhandle of Idaho, widening southward to include all of that
part of the northern boundary of Nevada that borders Idahoo
 -89-

Imlay ( Ralph Willard

5. 1952, Summary of Jurassic history in the western interior of the United

Sta tes I in Sonneber9, F. P., ad. Billing s Geol. Soc. Guidebook,
3rd Ann. Field Conf., 1952, p. 79-85.

This is a general summary which includes a columnar section for the- Freedom
quadrangle in southeastern Idaho and incidental mention of I~aho in th~ text.

6. 1953, Characteristic marine Jurass~c fossils from the western interior of

the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 214-B, p. 13--:32.
", " "~' .." . . . /-"':"''''-.. .·,.'''''···'_''r..r·''·-'''' -'~'- --.-~ ","",.~"..;,.~ ..:;.".",-

Eight ammonite zones have been recognized in the ..marine Jurassic deposits of
the western interior of the United Sta~e~, three of which appear to be present
in southeastern Idaho. Systematic fossil descript.j.ons occupy m\1ch cr>f the re-
port.

7. 1953, Characteristics of the Jurassic Twin· Creek Limestone in Idaho,

Wyoming and Utah,.!n. Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists,
I

4th Ann. Field Conf. I 1953,.p. 54-62.

This is essentially a descriptive paper dealing with the Twin Creek limestone.
Two of the sections reach into Idaho from Wyoming.

Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists

l~ 1953, Guide to thegeoiogy"of northern Utah and southeastern·ldaho, 4th

annual field conf., (June 25-27) 1953. 143 p., incl. geol. maps
(Salt Lake City).

Contai~s papers by numerous authors which are cited indiv1duq.lly.

Jarrard" Leonard D. (and Moen, Wayne·S,)

1. 1955, Uranium in the Northwest--mineral1ze(i areas and prospecting sug-

gestions: Butte, Mont., pub. byauthors 93 p~ g

This is a general discussion of the occurrence of uranium and factors influen-

cing its discovery, mining, etc., in nontechnical language. A map and brief
descriptions of uranium occurrences in Idaho are 9~ven. These include de"",
posits !n rhyolitic rock near Salmon, one of which has shipped ore, deposits
in the Belt series near Gibbonsville, in a lead min~ near Hailey, and in tJ,e
Coeur d 'Alene area. The thorium deposits near Leadore are mentioned.
,. ", ':,.,_ • • ' -"\......... •• ~ ..... _ ........ '0_
 -90-

Jemmett o Joe Paul

1. 1955" Geology of some of the phosphat~ deposits in the Centennial Moun-

tains of Idaho and Montana: Master's Thesis 0 Univ. Idaho 0

The Phosphoria formation is divided' into five members (A-E). The B member con-
tains the only bodies of phosphate rock of minable thicknesses. Permian sedi-
mentation is inferred to have taken plaqe in a miogeosyncline" Factors of de-
position that relate to the genesis of phosphate are outlined. The calculated
phosphate reserves are over 400000000 tons and are confined to a single bed
3- 6 feet thick.

Johnson n Bertrand Leroy

10 1945, The phosphate rock deposits and industry of the western states
(abs.): Econo Geologyo v. 40, no. I, po 87-88.

The originally extensive Phosphoria formation was shattered during a series of

tectonic movements in late Cretaceous and early Tertiary times and the r~mnants
are scattered over a presently visible area of about 100,000 square miles from
the Garnet Range in southwestern Montana to the Uinta Mountains in northern
Utah and from the Owl Creek Mountains in central Wyoming to the Blackfoot
Mountains in southeastern Idaho. Distinctive structural provincesresulted.
Mountain arcs formed under forces from the southwest and west between the
stable area of the central U S .. and the' Colorado plateau u partly encircling
0

the latter. The western ends of three such arcs formed westward-pointing
buttresses which later stopped oyerthru$ts from the west. These bent into the
reentrant between the Uinta and Wind River Mountains and formed the Idaho-
Wyoming phosphate region. In Montana the structure was further complicated
by east-west faulting and batholithic intrusion and only scattered blocks of
the Phosphoria .remain. '. Theabstrac'l.,giy~s.J'l,O data on the industry, .in spite.
of its' title. " ' . .

Johnson C layton Henry

0

1. 1943, Igneous metamorphism in the Orofino region D Idaho:, Doctorate The-

sis, Cornell Uni v., ~eol. ,map.

The area mapped includes about 300 square miles around Orofino, and embraces
parts of Clearwater and Nez Perce 'Counties .. Much of it is in the Columbia
Plateau; the rest in the ClearwaterMQuntains. Deep canyons in the plateau
have bordering land slides.. Anderson,is quoted as now regarding his Orofino
series as of Paleozoic or early Mesozoic age. During Miocene time the: Col-
umbia River basalt covered a surface that had a relief of at least 2,000 feet"
The meta'sedim,entary rocks along the Cle~rwater River D its North Fork, and
Orofino ,Creek ~re mainly gneisses ranging from diorite to granodiori~e. Horn-
blendite" diorite, and marble ,are subordinate. The diorite and certain .masses
Ofqll~J1=z, diorite are regarded as igneous and the last named rock belongs to
the ma~gi~' of 1:he Idaho batholith': ':'The" metasedime~tary rocks retain' bedding
but emanations from the Idaho batholith have replaced most of them so as to
gi ve them appearance of granitic rocks.
 -91-

Johnson, Clayton Henry

20 1947 D Igneous metamorphism in the Orofino region, Idaho: Jour. Geology

Vo 55, noo 6, po 490-5070

The rocks exposed beneath the Columbia River basalt in the canyons of the
Clearwater River and its tributaries around Orofino are regarded as siliceous
sedimentary rocks largely so thoroughly metamorphosed by replaQement by so-
lutions from the Idaho batholith that the author calls them quart~ diorite, gran-
odiorite, etco They are gneissic, with schistose facies. Later ultrabasic
rocks in small bodies are presento
Johnson (p 491) notes that Anderson Originally called the metamorphic rocks
0

the' Orofino series and assigned them to the lower part of the Belt series, but
has told'Johnsonhe now 're'gards<them'as 'Paleozoic or early Mesozoic in ageo

Johnson, F o. Ao

10 1947, Report on water-utilization possibilities in the upper Bruneau· River

basin, Idaho-Nevada: U. So Geol" Survey open-tile report.

This report is a description of the general characteristics of tl'\e Bruneau River

basin, with some estimates of the water supply madeo Monthly precipjtation
and run-off data D and discharge records are presented in table and graph formo
Photogr~phs of the Bruneau River and of several proposed qam sit~$ are in-
cludedo
Water supply, utilization, regulation, and stQrage is discussed.

Johnson Po H
g 0

10 1956, An evaluation of the: Skyrocket and·Croesus claims, Camqs. CountYo

Idaho: Bachelor of Sci o Thesis , Univo Washington.

The claims examined are in To 3 No, R. 15 E.. Development and production

have been small but further exploration may be warranted The country rock
0

belongs .to the Milligen formation, plU$ intI'4sive rhyolite, both of whjch are
cut and altered in mineralized shear zones. Eleven samples show a maximum
of 0004 ounces Au, 0-37060 ounces Ag, 0-28 percent Pb, 0-4" 14 PEtrcent Zn.

Jones, Daniel John (and Anderson NormaI'} R,,)

0

10 1956, A faunule of unusual nonmarine Ostracoda from the' Pliocene of

Idaho (abso): Jouro Paleontologyu v. 3D, no. 4, p. 1010.

Ostracods of unusual type are prolific at a locality 60 miles south of Boise,

in Owyhee County, in fine siltstone. They include Candona, .. Cyprios l1mocy-
there I 11yocipris 6 Chytherissa« Tuberocypris, Tuberocyproides, Dprw1nula
in nighly ornate and spinose forms 0

r
 -92-

Kaiser, Edward Peck

1. 19-56, Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite thorite,

Q

and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County,

Idaho~ u. S. Geol Survey open-file reporto Geol. map series no.
o

390 0 45 po

This report covers the eastern part of the old Mineral Hill mining district and
the western part of the old Spring Creek mining district and concerns the rare
minerals listed in the title I rather than the gold and copper deposits for which
the area was formerly known. The,minerals described form small, irregular de-
posits in metamorphosed limestone layers less than 8 feet thick, typically in
or near small folds. They are thought to be metamorphiC segregations fonned
during-regional 'm'etamorphisms. There are at least 30 prospects but the deposits
have not been demonstrated to be of present economic value.
An inferred major fault separates moderately metamorphosed rocks on the
northeast from more intensely metamorphosed ones to the southwest. The former
definitely and the latter probably belong to the Belt series. The highly metamor-
phosed rocks southwest of the fault include feldspar-quartz-biotite gneiss, mica
schist n quartzite (or feldspar-rich rocks), limestone, amphibolite, metadi 9 base n
and pegmatite and are cut by rhyolite dike$. The coarse gneiss has an igneo\ls
appearance but is here interpreted as metasomatic. The amphibolite and es-
pecially the metadiabase could be igneous rocks but this interpretation is not
accepted here. There is a possibility that the limestone is of hydrothermal
. rather than sedimentary origin but ~his is here considered so unlikely that it
is not stres sed in the discussion.

Ka uffman, A. J. II Jr 0

1~ 1954,· The potentiality of titanium and zirconium from the alluvial sands
of Idaho: "in The 55th Ann. Report, Mining Industry of Idaho, 1953,
p. 49-58.

Large tonnages of alluvial gravel occur in Idaho 0 including substantial reserves

of monazite o ilmen1te o magnetite, zircon, gamet q and columbium-tantalum min-
eralsisome with gold. Monazite is being marketed and other minerals are be-
ing stocked pending a market. A firm local market would as sure continued
dredging for a long time to come.

Kay, George Marshall

10 1945, Paleogeographic and palinspastic maps: Am. Assoco Petroleum

Geologists Bull Vo 29 0 no. 4, pc> 426-450.
0 ,

The paper is mainly a discussion of preparation of paleogeographic and palin-

spastic maps but includes remarks regarding overthrusts in Idaho. Those,in
the, Wood River region are said to be possibly Nevadan and related to thrusts tn
central Nevada." The thrusts in southeastern Idaho are regarded as related to
Laramide deformation.
 -93-

Kay, George Marshall

20 1947 I Geosynclinal nomenclature and the craton (North America): Am.

Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 31, no. 7, p .. 1289-1293.

Geosynclines are the largest stratigraphic units.. Classification is based on

the rocks rather than on the form of the original surface of deposition. A craton
is a consolidated, rather immobile area. Monoclinal flexure or hinge delimits
the craton. That on the west of the early Paleozoic craton in North America is
the Wasatch line, extended from western Mackenzie through western Alberta,
Montana, and Wyoming to central Utah, southeastern Nevada, and western
Sonora.
This flexure enduring into the late Mesozoic (fig. 1) shows the Frazer
Belt, eugeosyncl1nal g covering Washi'ngton, Oregon, and western'Idaho; the
Millard Belt, miogeosynclinal, covering the eastern part of the Idaho Panhandle
and central and southwestern Idaho; the Wasatch line just nicks Idaho west of
Yellowstone Park. These belts are defined in this paper. East of the Wasatch
line is the hedrecraton, covering most of the continent. A miogeosyncline is
defined as near the craton, rather regularly sinking as deposition progresses
and lacking appreciable volcanic material. The more distant eugeosynclines
had rapidly sinking linear geosynclines with locally thick and abundant vol-
canic rocks as well as sediment eroded from rising narrow intervening lands
like island arcs.

3. 1951, North American geosynclines~ Geol. Soc. America Mem. 48, 143 p.

This memoir is concerned with the definition of the term IIgeosyncline" and the
definition and description of varieties of geosynclines as well as their distri-
bution in North America.. The maps and portions of the text that deal with the
distribution of the various geosynclines in the western part of North America
include much generalized information relative to Idaho. This information may
be summarized by the statement that in Paleozoic time most of Idaho belonged
to a major miogeosyncline g called the Millard belt, and that a large eugeosyn-
cline west of that belt extended into the extreme western part of Idaho.

Keenmon, ~ndall Andrews (Kupsch, Walter Oscar and Scholten, Robert)

0

10 1951, Tectonic history of the Lima region, southwestern Montana and ad-
j acent Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.6 2, p:.. 2, no.
12, p. 1454-1455.

The Lima region covers the Tendoy, Blacktatl, and portions of the Beaverhead
and Ruby ranges and the intervening valley. Pre-Beltian diastrophism, accom-
panied by intrusion of the Dillon batholith, is marked by regional metamorphism.
The geosynclinal margin fluctuated during the Paleozoic. The Laranude orogeny
began with northeast folding, probably in the Paleocene, followed by northwest
folds in the Eocene. Later intense thrusting took place in the western part of
the area, leaving the eastern shelf area unaffected" Block faulting along the
present northwest-trending mountains may have started locally as early as
late Eocene and in part continued into Recent time. Widespread volcanism ac-
companied these movements.
 -94-

Kennedy, George

1. 1949 I Preliminary report on the geology of a portion of the southeast quarter

of the Lyon quadrangle, Montana-Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-
file report 31, 19 p.

The rocks are metamorphosed Precambrian gneiss etc. Flathead quartzite, over-
0

lain by younger Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks. A major

normal fault bounds the north side of the Centennial Range. Extensive lake beds
and lava flows conceal the older rocks on both side s of the range. A stratigraph-
ic section and geologic map constitute the main part of the report.

Kennedy Vance Clifford

0

1. 1952, Geochemical studies in the Coeur d 'Alene mining district, Idaho:

U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 168, IS p.

Quick field tests were so succes sful that soil analysis for lead I zinc, and copper
would probably be an effective methoq of prospecting in the Coeur d'Alene re-
gion.

Kerr, Paul Francis (and Kulpo John Laurence)

10 1952, Precambrianuraninite, Sunshine Mine, Idaho: Science, v.l1S 8

no. 2978, po 86-88"

Uranium ore was first discovered in the Sunshine mine Coeur d'Alene region o
0

in 1949. Uraninite is in veins somewhat like the nonpegmatitic occurrences

in the northwestern Canadian shield. These are cut by silver-bearing siderite
veins but the uraninite has recently been regarded as later than the tetrahedrite.
Specimens studied at Columbia University indicate the uraninite is the older;
how much older, is not clear. The computed age for the uraninite is 750 M Yo 0

----- , (and Robinson, Raymond F.)

2. 1953, Uranium mineralization in the Sunshine mine, Idaho: Mining Eng. 8

v. 5, no. 5, p. 495-511.

Uranium mineralization in general preceded that in which silver was deposited

but in places the two seem to merge. The uranium came in after the major fold-
ing but before much of the complex faulting and brecciation. The major folding
was previously regarded as Mesozoic but now seems Precambrian. There were
three major stages of mineralization o each preceded and followed by deformation.
The mine is in one of the bleached zones of the region here regarded as result-
0

ing from sericitization.

Kiilsgaard I Thor H.

1. 1949, Descriptions of some ore deposits and their relationships to the

Purcell sills Boundary County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geol-
I

ogyPamph. 85 0 32 p.
 -95:""

This report summarizes a reconnaissance of mineral deposits east of the Pur-

celfTrench in Boundary County, Idaho. Mineral production has been slight,
in part because of ill-advised methods of operation q but there is hope for
future production. Eleven mining properties are described.
The area is underlain by metamorphosed rocks of the Belt series intruded by
large q differentiated sills up to 2, 000 feet thick, consisting largely of altered
0

gabbro and diorite but with granophyre locally in their lower parts. The sills
are regarded as of Precambrian age and the differentiation is regarded as gravi-
tational. The total thickness of the sills has been estimated at 10,000 feeto
A granitic stock with related dikes (Cretaceous?) is also present.
Several kinds of mineral deposits are described. One kind includes veins
in dilation joints formed during cooling of the sill rock These unproductive
0

veins contain quartzo calcite, and locally minor amounts of various sulfides.
The most common kind of veins is 'withfn shear zones that border the contacts
between sills and sedimentary rock; othe'r veins follow joints in granitic rock
but these do' not have an encouraging pa·stproduction record. Finally, there
are deposits called "immiscible liquid segregation deposits It, mainly known in
(),ne mine,: the Montgomery. In these deposits pyrrhotite and minor quantities
of'other ..sulphides q including pentlandite and gerrgoysite, are di~seminated in
the rock ot the sill and are interpreted as consolidated late in the differentia-
tion of the sills. The veins contain much the same assemblage of galena,
sphalerite" chalcopyrite q tetrahedrite, etc., in a gangue that includes quartz
and siderite with sericite and chlorite in the wall rocks that is common in the
Coeur d 'Alene region to the south. Presumably this is the principal reason the
deposits have been regarded as of Laramide age. It would seem from the de-
scriptions that the deposits filling dilation joints, and q especially, the immis-
cible liquid segregations are so closely akin to the sills as to be likewise of
Precambrian age.

Kiilsgaard, Thor H.

20 1949, TItt:>
g,eology and ore deposits of the Boulder Creek mining district,
Custer County, Idaho: IdahQ, aura Mines and Geology Pamph. 88,
28 p., geolo map.

The rep~rt d~scribes silver-lead deposits containing jamesonite. In the living-

ston, the principal mine 17 the ore is chiefly a replacement of a rhyolite porphyry
dike, cut by the Livingston fault which directed the flow of mineralizing solu-
tions The ore shoots tend to be at intersections of the fault and the western,
0

footwall part of the dike" Most activity ceased in 1930 but interest was re-
newed in 1946. The production from 1926 to 1930 totaled $650,752.23 gross
value.
The area includes part of the Idaho batholith, Paleozoic beds, mainly Mil-
ligen q numerous dikes and areas covered by Challis volcanics. Detailed data
on the Livingston workings, mineralo9Y of the ore o etc are given.
0 ,

3. 1950, The ge.ology and ore deposits of the Triumph-Parker mine mineral belt:
p'ar~ II., .!n..Anderson, A. L. 0 Ki~lsgaardq Thor H., Fryklund, V. Co Ir.,
Detailed geology of certain areas in the Mineral Hill and Warm Springs
mining districts~ Idaho Bur., Mines and Geology Pamph. 90, p. 39-62.
r ~ r '; ':" . '.f.\ •
 -96-

The area is underlain mainly by the Milligen formation (MississipP.ian) 5,500 to

7,500 feet thicko TbI1.Bt remnants of the Wood River formation cap some hills
and ridges Along the western border the Milligen is overlain by volcanic and
0

sedimentary rocks, here called Miocene(?) in ageo Andesite dikes and sills
are widespread and are pre-oreo The area has a series of major shear zones,
mostly with west-northwest strike and southwest dipo Many are mineralized,
principal values being in lead o zinc, and silvero Some ore bodies are fissure
fillings; others, replacement bodies in limestone. The district has been inter-
mittently productive since the 1880·s and many ore shoots were bottomed at com-
paratively shallow depths but ore should be present below the present levels
0

of mining.
The Milligen consists mostly of carbonaceous argillite but has limestone
beds that are locally converted to tactiteo In the Triumph mine area fo~r lime-
stone beds are of use in exploration for ore and are mapped in this report. The
Milligen is strongly folded and is cut by thrust, reverse, and normal faults.
Some normal faults are post-ore The minerals of the ore deposits include quartz,
Q

calcite o siderite o pyrite o galena o sphalerite, tetrahedrite u and ruby silvera De-
posits intactite are thought to be later than the contact metamorphismo Date of
origin is uncertain but a post-Idaho batholith 8 early Tertiary age is favored.
Twenty-one properties are described with maps 0

Kiilsgaard, Thor H.

40 1951, The geology and coal of the Horseshoe Creek district, Teton·County I
Idaho: Idaho Buro Mines and Geology Pampho 920 42 po, with geol.
map .

The district contains sedimentary rocks of Mississippian through Cretaceous

age with volcanic rocks of Tertiary age and alluvium above these. The coal is
in the Frontier formation (upper Cretaceous). The coal is of excellent qualityo
ranging from subbituminous to high-grade bituminous It tends to break into
0

fine sizes during mining but this would not be a disadvantage for use in stoker
and blower type furnaces The Frontier formation has been folded and faulted
0

but at practical mining depths these factors are not regarded as serious detri-
ments . There are believed to be 7 commercial coal beds, minimum thickne s s 2
feeto in the district. Past production is rouqhly estimated at 100 000 tons with
0

an indicated 4 523,650 tons still availableo One mine was successfullyop-

0

erated during the early 1900's and the poor record of the district since then is
attributed to poor management and ill-advised development work.
The report includes much information a s to the general geology of the dis-
trict plus descriptions of the various coal beds and the workings in them.

Kinnison 01 Phillip T.

1. 1954, A survey of the ground water of the State of Idaho: Master's Thesis 8
Univ. Idaho 0

Idaho is divided into ground water regions on the basis of accepted physio-
graphic units and each region is discussed. The principal environments in
I

which ground water is found are: (a) valley-fill sand and gravels 0 (b) basalt,
 ... 97-

(c) sand and gravel intercalated with basalt, and (d) lacustrine sands and
gravels.

Kinni ~on, Phillip T"

2 0 1955" A survey of the ground water of the State of Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines
and Geology Pamph" 103 8 40 p.

This report is based on a "questionnaire canvass" supplemented by field trips

and is a general summary of ground water data for Idahoo Mo~t of the water
from wells is derived from valley-fill, mu.ch comes from fractured basalt, some
from glacial fill, and from lake beds. The ground water features of the nine
ph ysiographic subdivisions of Idaho are outlined 0

Kline', M. H. (Carlson ll Eo J no and Griffith, R. HI")

1. 1950, Boise Basin monazite placers, Boise County, Idaho: RME 3129,
U. So Bur. Mines for U f S. Atomic Energy Comm., 37 p.

The U. S. Bureau of Mines explored monazite placers in Boise' Basin in 19490

Thirty-seven holes were drilled 17 trenches dug, and 12 shafts sunk; 404
Q

samples were takeno The principal reserves were tailings from earlY,operations
on Moores, Grimes o Granite, and Elk Creeks, with virgin ground along Wolf
Creek, Grassy Flats Moores Creek, and Fall Creek 0 The minera~s noted 1n the
Q

black sand included monaz;ite, samarskite?, llmen~teo magnetite garnet, zircon,

Q

gold, hematite, pyrite rutile, and a bismuth mineral. Lake beds near,Idaho
0

City were found to be 850 feet thick. Similar beds are present on Muddy" Granite ll
and Wolf Creeks The supposed salYlarski te contains 10- 20 percent U 30a"
e

Monazite in the black sand ranges up to 13 pounds per cubiC yard of gravel.
Relatively pure monazite from Boise Basin contains 302 percent Th02 and 0" 102
percent U308"

______0 (and Storch, R. H.)

2. 1951, Big Cree~ monazite placer~, Valley,Countyo Idaho: RME 3131, U. So

Buro Mines for U S. Atomic,Energy Comma 24 p.
o

Churn drill exploration in the Big Creek placer area in the southern part of Long
Valley was conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in 1950 Thirty-nine holes
a I

aggregating 2,355 feet o were drilled. No bedrock was reached, A total of 519
samples weighing over 28 tons wa.s recovered. The area is large and has much
0

gravel of a character physically favorable for dredging. The pounds of monazite

per cubic yard ranged from 3.37 to 0.33. In selected samples Th02 ranged up to
0" 48 percent and U30a up to 00041 percent. The gravel contains monazite I il-
menite, garnet" zircon, and magnetite. Gravel size is small, few pebbles
over three inches in diameter being encountered in drilling. The princtpal black
sand layers overlie impervious clay. Tables showing results of testing the
samples are given"

r
 -98-

Kline, M. H. (Carlson, Eo J. and Storch" Ro H.)

3. 1951, Scott Valley and Horsethief Basin monazite placers Valley County,
0

Idaho: RME 3133 0 U S. Bur o Mines for U. S. Atomic Energy Commol

o

22 p.

The gravel in Scott Valley and Horsethief Basin was studied by the U. S. Bureau
of Mines in 1950 by 16 drill holes in Scott Valley and three in the Horsethief
Basin. A total of 171 samples weighing about 805 tons was collected. Scott
Valley has a large volume of gravel but the smaller deposits in Horsethief Bas~n
had larger quantities of monazite per cubic yard.

_ _ _ _ _ , (Carlson o Eo J. 0 Storch 0 R. Ho, and Robertson o A. F.)

4. 1953, Bear Valley radioactive mineral placers Valley CountYo Idaho: RME
0

313q.U. S. Bur. Mines forU o S. Atomic'EnergyComm./23 p.

Three areas'in Bear Valley wer'eexplored by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in 1951

and 1952 q in 83 drill holes up to 120 feet deep, and 971 samples weighing 89, 779
pounds 'were obtained. The principal radiqactive minerals noted were monazite,
euxenite, samarskite, fergusonite, xenotime, zircon, allanite, and sphene. The
ilmenite contains variable amounts of minerals of the columbite-tantal1te group.
Substantial quantities are present. The monazite equivalent in pounds per cu-
bic yard of gravel ranged up to 0.730

_ _ _ _ _ , (Carlson, E. J.)

5. 1954, Pearsol Creek monazite placer area, Valley County, Idaho: RME
3134" U So Bur. Mines for U. S. Atomic Energy Comm.1 23 p.
0

The exploration of the Pearsol Creek area, 1,,1/2 miles from Cascade, by the
U. So Bureau of Mines was done in 19 51; involved 65 drill holes 0 totaling 3,898
feet; 780 samples weighing almost 36 tons were collected. The gravel area is
large and a third of it contains more monazite than the rest. The black sand
concentrates include monazite o ilmenite, magnetite o garnet, and zircon. The
richer lenses have three to 30 pounds of monazite per cubic yardo .

_____0 (Carlson o E. Joo and Hors·t, H. w.)

w1 J 6. 1955 17 Corral Creek monazite placer area 17 Valley County 0 Idaho: RME 3135,
\?~ u. S. Bur. Mines for U S. Atomic Energy Comm., 22 p.
0

J Exploration of the Corral Creek area in 1951 by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in-
volved 61 drill holes aggregating 3 q 518 feet and 773 samples weighing almost
35 tons. The black sands contained 4. 2 to 38. 3 percent monazite by weight.
The monazite contained 4.29 percent Th02 and 0.10 percent U3 08.
 -99-

Kul1erud 0 Gunnar

1. 1956, Geochemistry of sphalerite from the Star mineo Coeur d'Alene district o
Idahoo Discussion: Econ. Geologyo v. 510 noo 8 0 p" 828-830.

In reply to the article by Fryklund and Fletcher on the~ Star mineo Kullerud dis-
counts t.heir doubts as to application of deductions from an artificial system to
a natural one on the basis that small quantities of extraneous substances have
been shown not to affect the situation materially He further indicates that the
0

presence of water in natural solutions would be an important influence only where

hydrous minerals were found o which is not true in the sphalerite under duscussion.
He adds that the manganese content in the sphalerite in the Star mine cannot be
used in geologic thermometry because MnS is not presento

Kulp, John Laurence (Ault Wayne U.

Q o and Feeleyo HerbertW.)

1. 1956 0 Sulfur isotope abundances in sulfide minerals~ EconG Geology 0 v .. 510

no. 2 up. 139 -149.

The sulphur -32/sulphur -34 ratios in some 80 samples of sulfides have been
measured. These include three samples from the Minnie Moore mine ,Bellevue 0
Idaho. The sulphur isotopic abundances appear independent of the mineral spe-
cies 0 but the ratio cited is related to the source of the sulphur. A high ratio in-
dicates a source initially rich in sedimentary sulfide u a lovi one a source rich in
sulfate. Most have a ratio near 22" 2 that is that of meteoritic sulphur. The
three from the Minnie Moore give 21.92,21.99022.020 suggesting a sulfate dom-
inant source a

Kummel o Bernhard u Jr 0

1. 1953 0 Regional relationships of Triassic formations in eastern Idaho and

adjacent areas Q in Intermountain Assoc .. Petroleum Geologists 0 4th
Anno Field ConI. 1953 u p. 48-530

This paper gives formation deSCriptions and a correlation chart. The Lower
Triassic seaways in western North America were more widespread than those of
Middle or Upper Triassic time. In the Lower Triassic the pattern is similar to
that of the upper Paleozoic with eugeosynclines and miogeosynclinal belts and
abrupt thinning eastward of the 18Wasatch line" The miogeosynclinal facies
t)

disappeared after this u and later Triassic rocks are continental.. The eastern
Nevada geanticline of Nolan probably extended across Nevada and northward
at this timee Middle and Upper Triassic marine rocks are confined to western
Nevada o Californian Oregon 0 and western Idaho" The source of the Lower "Tri-
assic sediments in Idaho was to the east but Upper Triassic rocks had sources
peripheral to the area of deposition.

2. 1954 0 Triassic stratigraphy of southeastern Idaho and adjacent areas

(Wyoming-Montanah U S. Geol. Survey ProL Paper 254-H n
G

po 165-194.
 -100-

Thick marine strata of Early Triassic age occur in and near eastern Idaho along
the eastern margin of an ancient miogeosyncline. Basinward (west) the strata
are thick and fossiliferous Eastward they thin and intertonguewith red sand-
0

stones and shales The Dinwoody and Thaynes formation attain their thickest
0

marine development in the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. To the east, north and
south they intertongue with the red W oods,ide and .Chugwater formations The
0

Thaynes tongues cut eastward into the Arikareh and Chugwater formations. The
zone of intertonguing for the Dinwoody is along the Idaho-Wyoming boundary and
turns westward in Utaho For the Thaynes it is similar except in Utah. New data
on fossils are giveno The post-Thaynes rocks of Triassic age are continental and
the miogeosnyclinal belt was destroyed in· Early Triassic time by an eastward ex-
tension of the, Nevada Geanticline e

Kummel, Bernhard, Iro

3. 1955 q Facies of Lower Triassic formations in western Wyoming (and Idaho),

in Wyoming Geolo Assoco Guidebook 0 lOthAnn. Field Confo 1955,
p. 68-740

The Lower Triassic strata in and near southeastern Idaho are along the eastern
margin of an ancient miogeosyncline. They are thickest in the region of the
Fort Hall Indian'Reservation, Idaho (6500 feet). A diagramatic cross section
from there to Lander 0 Wyoming, illustrates the situation. Isopach and litho-
facies maps show the eastward thinning, the prevalence of shale in Idaho, and
the passage northeastward into red beds in Wyoming in the time of the lower Din-
woody formation, and similar transitions in the time of the upper black limestone
member of the Thaynes formation 0

Lame, Co C.

1. 19 ~ 3, Star garnet and opal from Idaho -- the gem state, how to find and cut
them: Lewiston 0 Idaho, Commercial Printing Co. 0 16 po

This paper gives general data on star garnet and opal, and directions q with mapsif
for finding garnet in Idahoo A few occurrences of opal in Idaho are given but the
occurrence most stressed is in Washingtono

LaMotte, Robert Smith

10 1952, Catalogue of the, Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950:

Geol. 80co America Memo 51, 381 p.

This very comprehensive catalogueq with bibliography, lists many :plant fossils
known to occur in Idaho.

Larsen I Esper 8ignius 0 Ir 0 (and others)

1. 1954, Age of the southern California" Sierra Nevada, and Idaho batholiths
(abs.): Geolo Soc. America Bull v. 65 0 no. 120 pto 2, p. 1277.
0 ,
 · ... 101-

On the basis of geologic evidence the southern California batholith is of late

Cretaceous ageo The lead-alpha method gives it an average age of 105,000:,000
years. On geologic evidence the Sierra Nevada batholith is late Juras$ic. The
average lead alpha age is 100,000,000. The Idaho batholith 1s Cretaceous and
its average lead alpha age is 103, 000, 000. Thus by the lead alpha method the
three are essentially the same age, 102,000, 000 years.

Larsen, Esper Signius o Jr .. (Phair 0 Ge.orge o Gottfried e David, and Smith, William S.)

2e 1956, Uranium in magmatic differenUation, J.n.Proc. Internat. Conf. on

peaceful uses of atomic energyo Geneva, 1955: New York United
,l

--
Nations Pub. po 240-247; also in Page, L. R., Contributions to the
geology of uranium and thorium ... , U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
300 p .. 65-74.
,1

Among batholiths of Mesozoic age in the United States, which includes the Idaho
batholith, a substantial part of the uranium content is late and in most plutonic
series the youngest members contain the most uranium. The average uranium
content of the Idaho batholith is about 2.1 ppm.

Larsen, Leonard H.

1. 1955 0 Zircon in tonalite l1 Priest Lake, Idaho (abso): Geol. Soo. America
Bull. 0 v. 66, no. 12, pt. 2, p. l588.

Zircon in a sample from the Kaniksu batholith in northern Idaho, is foupd in all
the major minerals I and hence, formed early.

Lee Donald E.
I

10 1958, A chlorine-rich biotite from Lemhi CountYo Idaho: Am. Mineralogist,

v 43, no I, polO 7-1110
0 0

Biotite-garnet schist about 23 miles west of Salmon contains biotite with 1.1
percent C1 alld 0.23 percent F. A complete an~lysis of this biotite is given and
the schist is described.

Lee, Heungwon

1. 1955, Tungsten mineralization at the WUdhorse mine, Custer County, Idaho:

Master's Thesis, Univ Idaho.
0

A discussion of the schists o gneisses, marbles, migmatites, and tactites cut by

alaskite dikes. The main structural fe'ature is a northwest-plunging anttcl1ne.
The mineralization occurred as a result of hydrothermal activities along the
tactite zones involving ionic substitution of tungsten for aluminum and/or sili-
0

con ions, and formation of scheelite by replacement of tactite minerals along

chlori tized m1crofractures ..

r
 102-

Leland George R.
Q

1. 1957-" General geology and mineralization of the Mackay Stock area: Master's
Thesis Univ. Idaho
g o

Mississippian quartzites marbles and limestones are intruded by the Mackay

g q

stock of probable Cretaceous age and Tertiary volcanics. The stock is nearly
Q

circular 8 A· ·1/2 miles in diameter and made up of dacite granodiorite and quartz
Q 0

monzonite Mineralization in the area was due to hydrothermal solutions ascend-

0

ing along fault fractures 0

Leonard, Benj amin Franklin

1. 1957~ Geology of the Big Creek quadrangle central Idaho (abs ~): Geol.
Q

Soc. America BUll •., Vo 68, no~ 12, pt. 2, po 18670

The Big Creek quadrangle displays roughly equal parts of metasediments of the
Belt series intrusive granitic rocks ofth~ Idaho batholith and Challis volcanics,
q

with patches of Casto(?) volcanics and a series of Tertiary dikes mostly in a 0

sheared o silicified zone in granodiorite. Deposits of tungsten minerals, etc.,

are present in this and other silicified zoneso Quartzite, argillite and lime- 0

stone of the Belt series are in synclinal roof pendants. The larger granodiorite
masses appear to have been emplaced by discordant upward(?) movement of
magma accompanied in marginal zones by sheetlike inj ection of more mobile
granite and syenite 0

Libbey, Fay Wilmott

10 1943, Some mineral depOSits in the area surrounding the junction of the
Snake and Imnaha Rivers in Oregon: Oregon Dept • Geology Mineral
Industries Go M. I. Short Paper, 110 17 p.o inc!. geol.mapso

This paper is confined to discussion of an area in Oregon butincludes a geologic

map of the area around the mouth of the Imnaha River that extends into Idahoo
This map , based in part on one by the Army Engineers shows metaseq.imentary
rocks 0 Lower Permian or older 0 under the Permian volcanic rocks 0

2. 1957, Limestone resources of the Pacific· Northwest: Raw Materials Survey Q

Inc., Resources Report no. 9 824 SW Fifth Ave. 0 Portland Ore.,

Q Q

92 po Section on Idaho is p. 30- 36.

An index map shows 17 deposits in Bonner 8 Clearwater q Nez Perce, Lewis Idaho Q Q

Boise o BlaineI' Fremont, ButteD Owyhee, Cas&ia, Teton, Bingham, Bannock, Car-
ibou 8 and Bear Lake Counties Summary data are given for 9 cement plant near
0

Pocatello and a high-grade limestone quarry in Nez Perce County 0 and adj acent
Asotin County, Washington.
 103

Littleton, R. T. (and Crosthwaite, E. G.)

1. 1957, Ground-water geology of the Bruneau-Grand View area, Owyhee

County Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1460-D,
I

198 po

The Bruneau-Grand View area is part of an undeveloped artesian basin, largely

in the Snake River valleyo There are silicic and calcic intrusive and extrusive
igneous rocks and compacted stream and lake sediments, all Tertiary or later.
The principal artesian aquifers are volcanic rocks, imperfectly confined under
sediments. Locally natural discharge results in water logging and development
of alkali soil. Much of the water is of poor chemical quality which will hinder
use of the substantial supply that is available Yields range from one to more
0

.. than '3 .~. SO'Og'al~' per minut~ ~ ,

Lobeck, Armin Kohl

1. 1957, PhYSiographic diagram of the United States: The Geographical Press D

Maplewood, N. J .

The map of North America on the front page is a topographic diagram with ,::three
geologic block diagrams below it, none crossing Idaho. On the back of the
sheet is a map of physiographic provinces of North America. Those that involve
0

Idaho include the northern Rockies Province, with subdi vision~ called Purcell
Range, Selkirk Mountains, Bitterroot. section, and Salmon·R1 ver Mountains (the
last includes more than the names suggest). The part of the Columbia Plateau
that enters Idaho includes the Snake . River Plain, Blue Mountains section, and
the Payette section co
This is the latest of 22 revisions of the diagram that have been published.

Lochman-Balk, Christina

1. 1949, Paleoecology of the Cambriani!) Montana and Wyoming,...ID Report of

the Committee on a treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology: 1948-
49, Harry So Ladd, Chairman, Natl. Research Council, Div.of Geol-
ogyand Geography Repto no~ 9, p. 31-71.

The maps in this general paper include Idaho and purport to show the kinds of
sediments there at various times in the Cambrian period. Otherwise Idaho is not
discussed.

2. 1956, ,The Cambrian of the Rocky Mountains and southwest deserts of the
United States anq adjoining Sonora Province, Mexico, .!n. El sistema
Cambrico, su paleogeograf(a y el problema de su base,Symposlum:
Internat. Geol. Oong .. , 20th sess., MexiCO, p. 529-662. Also sec-
tion entitled "The Idaho-Washington (northwestern) province of de-
position", p. 687-689; section entitled "The northeast Utah-southeast
",ldaho Cambrialls~,qu~n~~u,. P.~ .583-589.

North of the Willard thrust in the Wasatch Mountains D Utah, and west of the over-
thrust belt the Cambrian sequence shows signs of deposition in a miogeosyncl1neo
 ..;.104-

Summary data are given on the following formations: Brigham quartzite, 2,000
to over 4,800 feet thick; Langston formation f 380 feet thick; Ute formation, 500-
665 feet thick; Blacksmith dolomite, 325-800 feet thick; Bloomington formation
1,200 feet thick, Nounan formatioIl, 825-1, 125 feet thick; St. Charles formation,
I, DIS-If 130 feet thick. The Brigham quartzite has usually been assigned to
the lower Cambriano but it is here considered that part of it must be and all of it
need be no older than earliest m,:iddle Cambrian. It 1s possible that an angular
unconformity between Cambrian and Precambrian rocks is present within the
Brigham as mapped. The thicknes s of the Brigham causes suspicion in comparison
to the Flathead in Montana The three Cambrian formations in the Pend Oreille
0

district in northern Idaho are middle Cambrian.

Lohr, Edwin Wallace (and Love 8 Samuel Kenneth)

""..-~ :';'''~··'~'f .•''~'';Lo;&~".,;;,..'f< ".0.)' ". "',

1. 1954, The industrial utility of public water supplies in 'the United States,
1952, Part 2, States west of the Mississippi River: U. S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1300, p. 154-165.

This gives chemical analyses and other data for the principal cities in Ida-ho
that use ground water for their public supplies.

Long, Albert E.

1. ' 1949, Experimental diamond core-drilling in the' Phosphoria formation in

southeastern Idaho and southwest~rn Wyoming: U. S. Bur, Mines
Rept. Inv. 4597, 29 p.

This records the results, with drill core descriptions, of diamond drilling in
southeastern Idaho by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with tile U. S.
Geological Survey. Previously 30-60 perqent of the core was recovered and the
present study was aimed at increa'sing 'corereoovery by improving methods.
Complete core recovery cannot be obtained but the percentage of recovery can
be much improved by methods and equipment described in this report.

Lowell, Wayne Russell

1. 1952, Phosphatic rocks in the Deer Creek-Wells Canyon area, Idaho: U.

S. Geol. Survey Bull. 982-A, p. I-52, incl. geol. map.
The area is in Caribou County, Idaho, 25-30 miles by road north of Montpelier~
The phosphatic shale member of the Phosphoria here consists of shale, siltstone I
limestone, and phosphate rock o of marine origin. Collophane is the oommon
phosphate mineral. Francolite is present in the gray and brown phosphate rock,
Phosphatic pellets are here named ovules. Three zones of phosphate rock are
present and one of these is of high grade. The phosphate rock may be a ohem-
ical prec1pi tate.
 -105-

Ludlum John Charles

0

1. 1942 0 Precambrian formations at Pocatello o Idaho: Jour. Geology, v. 50,

no. 10 po 85-95 D incl. geolo maps ..

The formations here assigned to the .Precambrian crop out in the northern part of
the Bannock Range They include in order of decreasing age the. redefined Ban-
n

nock volcanic formation, at least 400 feet thick with base not exposed, tile
newly defined Pocatello formation comprising I, 100 feet of tillite 0 etc., and
35 feet of varved slateo and the Blackrock limestone o 535 feet thick, overlain
unconformably by Brigham quartzite (Lower or Middle; Cambrian). Correlation of
the Pocatello formation with similar rocks in the Wasatch Mountains I Utah, is
suggested.

2. 1942 0 Structural-stratigraphic interpretations of a part of the Bannock Rangel

Idaho: Doctorate Thesis,. Cornell Univ. 0 geolo map 0

In the part of the Bannock Range, Bannock County, studied o major drainage is
controlled by the Portneuf Rivero which may have been eroded along a transverse
fault zone. Lake Bonneville is thought to have overflowed into the Portneuf
through Marsh Creek .. ·There are evidences of three partial erosion oyclesi Put-
nam 0 Gibson I and Spring Creek cycles of Mansfield The oldest unit is the Ban-
0

nock volcanic formation (Precambrian), minimum thickness 400 feet, base not ex-
posed; next is the Pocatello formation (Precambrian) with tillite in its lower part
(1,100 feet) and varved slate above (350 feet)i the Blackrock limestone which is
oolitic and up to 535 feet thick. The Brigham quartzite ,(Cambrian)i$ uncon-
formable on the Blackrock, and is 3,200 feet thickl/ and is thought to be non-
marine. Above this quartzite is a succession of limestone (4 0 250 feet thick)
and of Cambrian and Ordovician age. These are sparsely fossiliferous including
Girvanel1a-l1ke algaeo The next unit is the Swan Peak formation (Ordovician)
785 feet thick. The Salt Lake formation is up to 235 feet thick, with the top
eroded. Rhyolite and basalt flows existo Folds are overturned westward and ap-
parent thicknesses, are exaggerated by repetition ... A number of high-angle faults
are present and appear related to maj or thrusts in neighboring areas. The Ban-
nock Range may be a window along the Putnam-Bannock thrusto

30 1943, Structure and stratigraphy of part of the Bannock RangeD Idaho: Geol.
Soc. America Bull. 0 Vo .54, no. 7 I p. 973-986, incL, geol. maps.

The stratigraphy of the area is briefly reviewed. In this connection it is noted

that an apparent thickness of 8,000 feet for the Brigham quartzite, much greater
than is normal, results from repetition through isoclinal folding. The rocks qS-
signed a Precambrian age are thought to have suffered brQ~.d folding and some
faulting prior to deposition of Cambrian beds t but the beds above and below the
contact are nearly parallel. It is suggested that the range is a window exposed
by erosion of the Putnam-Bannock thrust and that the structures in the range
originated in a segment underthrust relatively westward 0
 ... 106-

Lupher Ralph Leonard (and Warren" Walter Cyrus)

1/

10 1942" The Asotin stage of the .Snake River Canyon near Lewiston, Idaho:
lour. Geology, Vo 50, noo 7, p. 866-881, geol. maps.

Dissection 'attendant on the start of deformation of the Columbia River basalt

produced a synclinal trough near Lewiston, and the canyon of the: Snake: River
is in the axis of this trough. Deep canyons were formed after the deformation
and that of the ancestral Snake' River here was cut to a depth of 1 q 200 feet and
then nearly filled with lava This period of erosion is here termed the Asotin
0

stageo An arkosic sandstone interbedded with the:Columbia River basalt modi-

fied the shape of the canyon locallyo The intra-canyon lava never completely
expelled the river from its canyono The present Snake River cuts across the
winding 0 'old 0 filled channel but is mostly very close to that channel. The
Asotin stage is probably of early Pleistocene age The ancestral Snake River 0

that made the filled canyon was a smaller stream than the present Snake River
and may have carried drainage mainly from the Grande' Ronde and Salmon· River
systems Alsoo the Clearwater River may have had a somewhat different course
0

then than now.

0

2. 1944 0 Clastic dikes of the Columbia Basin .region o Washington and Idaho:
Geol. Soco America o Bull. v. 55, no. 120 po 1431-1461.
0

Pleistocene lake and stream deposits and locally the Columbia River basalt of
southwest Washington and the adjacent part of Idaho are cut by many cla~tic dikes.
They were formed by repeated filling of growing fissures mostly by streams lake 0 0

currents and waves, in part by collapse of fissure walls or by pouring in from un-
0

consolidated deposits above. Small amounts were carried in by underground cur-

rents and some may be windborne The fissures were formed through uneven set-
Q

tling during melting of buried ice through gravity sliding and faultin9 on in-
0

clined zones of subsurface melting thr()ugh cav.ity-forming during melting

Q Q

through erosion by underground streams and through faulting and fissuring by

IJ

landslides in the basalt.

30 1945 11 Clarkston stage of the northwest Pleistocene (U. S.): lour. Geol-
ogy, v. 53, noo 50 po 337~348.

Most of the deformation and dissection in the region around Lewiston, Idaho
came after the Asotin stageo and downcutting continued until the major canyons
were nearly as deep as they now are. Prior to the end of the Pleistocene there
were three episodes of proglacial deposition of which the one here called the
Q

Clarkston was the first. Gravel accumulated to a depth of 400 feet in the can-
yon of the Snake'River and at times spilled over into the valley of the Clearwater.
This was caused by increased load tndirectly by aggradation along the Colum~
11

bia'River at the mouth of the Snake Of, possibly by regional deformation.

 -107-

Lupton o Do-Keith

10 1956, Soda-rich igneous rocks of Hellis Canyon o Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soco
America Bull I v. 67 g no. 12, pt 2" p. 1717
0 0 0

The high- soda content of the Seven Devils volcanics (Permian) is regarded as of
primary origin and comparable to the Clover Creek greenstone of the B~ker quad-
rang Ie, Oregon. The small sa telli te of the Idaho batholith near Hell I s Canyon
is composed of tonalite and sodaclase tonalite identical with soda-rich intru-
sive rocks in eastern Oregon 0

McConnell 0 Duncan

10 1952, The nature of rock phosphates~ -teeth o and bones: WashlngtonAcad.

Sci. Jouro 0 v. 420 no. 20 po 36-38.

McConnell concludes that the physical and chemical properties of rock phos-
phates 0 etc" I are dissimilar to those offluorapaUteand resemble those of fran-
colite or dahliten Nothing is said about Idahoo

McDivitt, James F.

10 1952, A report on gypsum deposits in Washington County, Idaho: Idaho

Buro Mines and Geology Pampho 93 0 15 p.

Gypsum deposits along the Snake Rtver , where it borders Oregon o h~ve long
- been known but those in Idaho have not become productive. They are in secs 0

7 I 8, 17, 18, and 20 0 To 13 N. 0 R. 7 W. 0 Washington County. They are

banded lenses of varying thicknesses up to 30 feet. They may have formed by
replacement of limestone, rather than by sedimentary deposition but proof is
scanty. Locally the deposits are thought to have slid downhill but this is im-
probableo The report closes with a general discussion of uses o prices, etc. 0
for gypsum.

2. 1956, Economic evaluation of phosphate and other minerals in southern

Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology Pamph III q 48 p.
0 0

This emphasizes economic factors influencing the phosphate industry in south-

eastern Idaho but also comments on various other minerals, metallic and non-
metallic, in southern and southcentral Idaho. It points out that the geologic
history of many ore depOSits is such that they occur in mountainous country
with the attendant isolation from markets q difficulties in transportation o etc
0

The expense of prospecting related to this is high but is decreased by the work
of government agencies Existing railroads in Idaho are far from many of the
0

mining dlstricts but highways are helping development Distancefrpm markets

0

is an adverse factor Costs for power are high for much of southern and south-
0

central Idaho but future development,· including use of local coal and of natural
gas 0 should help Varying government~l policies 0 in part favorable I in part un-
0
 -108-

favorable, influence .mining. Climate hampers early development. Prior claims

to water by irrigation users may hamper mining. Difficulties. in getting adequate
labor and financing also enter. The phosphate industry in Idaho has recently ex-
panded and prospects are good. The various economic factors affecting this in~
dustry are discussed in Some detail. Brief case studies of cobalt, lead, zinc,
copper, fluorspar, barite I and pumice are appended.

McDonald, J. V.

1. 1954, 'Glaciation of the Seven Devils- MQuq.~ains as an example of Plei~t­

ocene glaciation in central Idaho: MasterUs Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

Pleistocene glaCiation of the Seven Devils Mountains was of the alpine type
confined to cirques and stream valleys. Glacial features described included
cirques, tarns" rock steps, U-shaped valleys, lateral, recessional, and abla-
tion moraines, horns 0 aretes, rock drumlins , kames, and striations.
Gla~ia.tiQn wa:s ,asY~me.t(tpal:. due to the control of differential snow a~cumula­
tidn .and solar heating 0 and fracture-controlled valleys.

McDowell, George A.

1. 1947-1957 8 47th-57th Annual reports of the mining industry of Idaho by

years.

Each of thes.e annual reports by the State Mine Inspector lists available data
on ownersh!p, development etc., for all plines for which ~nformation is on
0

hand, segregated by counties. The r$ports also give data on mine accidents,
production, etc", and most include short articles either reprinted from current
literature or written specifically for the report. Thus each annual report is a
summary of mining conditions in the state for the year it covers.

McGuinness, Charles Lee

1. 1951, The water situation in the United States with special reference to
ground water (with a summary of the current situation by states
based on data supplied by field offices of the Water Resources
Division): U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 114, 138 p.

Circular 114 comprises appendixes Band C of a report prepared by the U. S.

Geological Survey in April 1950 for the President's Water Resources Policy
Commission. It describes the principle~ of occurrence of ground water, es-
pecially 'inrelation to surface water, the general occurrence of grounc;i water in
the United States, stresses the deficiency of basic hydrologic data and summar-
izesbriefly the current water situat,ion. The appendix (appendixC of the orig-
inal report) consists of a brief summary of the water situation in each sta.te.
The report emphasizes the necessity of consistent legal treatment of water-
. rights pr.oblems and introduces the subject of water law.,
Maps of the United States show ground-water areas (by H. E. Thomas);
areas of substantial ground-water information; and ground-water pumpage in
1945 for municipal, industrial o and irrigation uses (by W.F. Guyton). It is
 -109-

estimated that ground-water draft for irrigation in Idaho in two to five years
from the date of tabulation may be 4,000 1000 acre-feet. Available data for the
state are tabulated in. the appendix.

MacKenzie o Wayne O.

10 1949, Geology and ore deposits of a section of the Beaverhead Range east
of Salmon, Idaho: Master's Thesis o Univ. Idaho 0

A discussion of the igneous rocks of the area and their relation to local struct-
ure and ore deposition. General description of the Carmen Creek o Ajax Bell,
and Dike mines 0 with Brunton compass and tape surveys of some of the under-
ground workings Precambrian metamorphics, Tertiary sediments and glacial
0 Q

deposits are discussed briefly ~

McKel vey Vincent Ellis

Q

10 1946, Preliminary report on stratigraphy of the phosphatic shale member

of the Phosphoria formation in western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho 0
andriorthern Utah: U. S. Geol. S~rvey open-file report.

The lithology and stratigraphy of the phosphatic shale member of the Phosphoria
formation are described in detail, accompanied by maps, 13 measured sections 8
7 correlation charts I and a table outlining distribution of fauna for the area.
The source of phosphate deposits and the conditions of their deposition
are discussed in an attempt to ascertain criteria for use in prospecting for new
deposits.

20 1949, Geological studies of the western phosphate field o 1!l.. Symposium on

western phosphate mining: Mining Eng." v. 10 no. 8, po 270-279;
Am. Inst. Mining and Metall. Trans., v. 184"

This paper summarizes the objectives and accomplishments of the study of the
western phosphate field by the U. S. Geological Survey The presence of sig-
0

nificant amounts of fluorine i vanadium, nickel o molybdenum, and uranium is

cited. The western field covers 100,000 square miles in Montana o Idaho,
Wyoming Utah, and Nevada. The eastern portio;n has relatively simple struct-
0

ure and the western portion, which is in and near Idaho, has complex struct-
ure 0 phosphate deposits are thick and of high quality 0 although most individual
minable deposits are small. Additional discoveries are expected Total re-
0

serves are large.

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Nelson, John Marshall)

30 1950 u Characteristics of marine uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks: Econ.

Geology, Va 45, no. I, po 35-53.

This is a summary paper with only brief reference to the Phosphoria formation in
Idaho and adjacent states.
 -110-

Many marine black shale and phosphorite units in Sweden and elsewhere
contain some uranium suggesting that this may be true in the United States
0

also The uranium-bearing shales are rich in organic matter and sulfides u and
a

low in carbonates The best are in relatively thin formations of pre-Mesozoic

0

age All the marine phosphorites tested are uraniferous u the uranium increasing
a

generally with the phosphate contento Significant concentration of uranium in

other marine sediments are known only in beach placers and the Witwatersrand
conglomerate 0

McKelvey 8 Vincent Ellis (Cathcart u J. B. u Altschuler 0 Z .. So 0 Swanson 0 R. W" 0

and Bucko Katherine L.)

40 1953 0 Domestic phosphate deposits United States u Chap . 11 of Pierre o

W .H. u and NormaniA. G. o eds. o Soil and fertilizer phosphorous
in crop nutrition: New York Acad . Press o po 347-376.

This is a general discussion of uses u geology and distribution of phosphorus

0

deposits Those in Idaho are mentioned as "geosynclinal deposits". The

0

fluorapatite content in visible layers is commonly 3 0 000-25 u 000 Kg per square

meter and that of the whole formation may be 25 0 000-75 0000 Kg per square meter.
In the western field (Idaho-Wyoming-Montana) operations started in 1906; about
6 million long tons were produced through 1949 of which 55 percent of the total
was produced in 1946-49. Some are in the Brazer limestone o but most are in
the. Phosphoria. A map and description of these deposits are given. The western
field has produced (in long tons): 6 .. 8 million 8 1. 4 millions P 2050 inferred re-
serves 0 3,000 millions I additional possible future resources 20 0 000 millions 0
5,800 millions P 2 0 5 .

_ _ _ _ _ (Swanson, Roger Warren 0 and Sheldon o Richard Porter).

5. 1953, The Permian. phosphorite deposits of western United States o in Saint

Guilhem, P. L. R. u ed. o Origine des gisements de phosphates de
chaux: Internat. Geol. Cong. 0 19th 0 Algiers 0 Comptes Rendus 0 sec.
11, fasco 110 p. 45-64.

The Permian phosphorite deposits of the western United States are in the Phos-
phoria formation and its partial equivalents over an area of 135,000 square miles
in Montana o Idaho, Wyoming o Utah o and Nevadao In the western part of the
field the Phosphoria is a part of the folded Cordilleran miogeosyncline; to the
east it lies on the platform bordering the geosyncline and farther east tongues
into continental red beds. The lower part of the formation in the geosyncline is
absent on the platform. The phosphorite deposits consist mainly of colloform
carbonate-fluorapatite quartzu and clay. In addition to phosphorus and fluorine o
0

they contain vanadium chromium o zinc o rare earths u uranium u and other minor
0

metals Stratigraphic sections from northeastern Nevada to the Rattlesnake

0

Hills in eastern Wyoming are shown. The area of the Phosphoria sea in which
normal marine facies were deposited was about 225,000 square miles o possibly
greater at times. The marginal sea may have covered 25 0 000-75 0 000 square
miles more. A map shows the western shore crossing the Idaho-Nevada boundary
just west of longitude 1150 and reaching toa pointed end near longitude 113 0 0
latitude 47 0 in Montana.
 -111-

Kazakov' s hypothesis for the origin of pho$phorites is accepted for those of the
Phosphoria, with modification. Thus, the Phosphoria accumulated ina large-
shelving embayment bordered by low lands that contributed little detritus 0 Cold
phosphate-rich waters upwelled into this basin from the ocean reservoir to the
south or southwest. Phosphorite was deposited from these waters probably in
0

depths of I, 000 to 20 000 meters, as the pH increased with increase in tempera-

ture and decrease in partial pressure of C02, carbonates were precipitated when
these waters reached shallower depths, at higher pH 0 The phosphate-rich waters
nurtured a luxuriant growth of phytoplankton and other organisms II some remains
of which were concentrated with fine sediments in relatively deep water Part of
0

the phosphate and probably some of the fine-grained silica in the formation were
concentrated by these organisms. These conditions persisted over much of Permian
time 0

McKelvey Vincent Ellis (Swanson, Roger Warren, and Sheldon, Richard Porter)
0

60 1953, Phosphoria formation in southeastern Idaho and westernWyoming !!Lg

Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann. Field Conf . ,

p. 41-47.

The Phosphoria contains large resources of phosphorus fluorine, vanadium, uran-

0

ium, and other elements of economic importance. It has been cited as a petro-
leum source bed as it is rich in carbonaceous matter, contains some oil shale g

and in central Wyoming does yield oil . At its type locality in Phosphoria Gulch
in southeastern Idaho it overlies the Pennsylvanian Wells and underlies the Tri-
assic Dinwoody. Here it has three members; in Montana and northwestern Wyo-
ming it has 501 of which the lowest may be equivalent to upper Wells. In north-
central Utah the Park City overlies the Weber, and its lower part is probably
equivalent to the upper Wells. The rest of the Park City would thus be equivalent
to the Phosphoria. There are affinities with Permian rocks in the Confusion Range,
Utah, Goshute Range, Nevada, and in Cassia County, Idaho, but relations are
not clear. To the east the Phosphoria and its partial stratigraphie equivalents
extend over more than 225,000 square miles, phosphorites over about 135,000
square miles. Facies changes are marked, but individual layers persist for miles 0
A map shows platform area mostly in Wyoming, and miogeosyncline westward to
roughly longitude 114 0 0

_ _ _ _ _' (and others)

7 0 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho I 1947-48,

pt. 1: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 208, 49 p.
I -
This is one of a series of progress reports. Twelve stratigraphic sections and
some spectrographic data are tabulated.

80 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1947-48 g

pt. 2: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 301, 58 p.
 -112-

This is one of a series of progress reports 0 Eight stratigraphic sections 0 plus

analytical data, are tabulatedo

McKelvey Vincent Ellis (and Strobell o IohnDixon o Iro)

0

90 1955 0 Preliminary geologic maps of the Paris-Bloomington vanadium area,

Bear Lake County, Idaho! U. S. Geol e Survey Mineral Inv Field 0

Studies Map MF 410 4 sheets.

This consists of two black and white geologic and topographic maps one at 0

1:4,800 and one at 1: 12 000 and a separate sheet of structure sections for the
0

1: 12 , 000 map s0

_ _ _ _ _ (and Williams I. S.o Sheldon 0 Richard Porter o Cressman, E. R.o

g

Cheneyo T. M. and Swanson Roger Warren.

0 g

100 1956 0 Summary descriptions of the Phosphoria o Park City and Shedhorn
formations: Am. Assoc Petroleum Geologists Bull
0 v. 40 no. 12 r
0 0 0

p. 2826-2863.

The Phosphoria formation (Permian) consists of cherto carbonaceous mudstone o

and phosphorite in its typical area in Idaho. These rocks intertongue with and
pass into sandstone in northwestern Wyoming and Montana o carbonate rock in
west-central Wyoming and carbonate rock with subordinate sandstone in north··
0

eastern Utah. The carbonate rocks intertongue with and pass laterally into
greenish-gray and red beds to the east n southeast n and south. The nomencla-
ture adopted retains Phosphoria formation for the chert-mudstone-phosphor1te
facies 0 identifies as tongues of that formation such rocks where they interfinger
with others on the fringe of the phosphate field uses Park City formation (Permian)
0

for carbonate rock and sandstone in Utah and west-central Wyoming and tongues
of such rock that interfinger with the Phosphoria. A new name o Shedhorn sand-
stoneo is used for sandstone of Phosphoria age in and near northwestern Wyomingo
and beds of sandstone are identified as tongues of the Shedhorn that interfinger
with the Phosphoria and Park City in northwestern Wyoming and southwestern
Montana.

110 1956, Uranium in phosphate rock, in Proc. Internat. Conf. on Peaceful

Uses of Atomic Energy, Genevan 1955 0 New Yorkn United Nations
Pub. v. 6 po 499-502; also!!l. Pagen Lo Ro Contributions to the
0 G

geology of uranium and thorium .. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof Paper

0 g 0

300 0 p. 477-4810

Marine phosphorites commonly contain 0.005-0.03 percent U roughly in propor-

tion to phosphate content. Locally in the Phosphoria formation the uranium
content is higher in the geosynclinal than in shaly facies 0
 -113-

McKelvey, Vincent Ellis (and Carswell, Louis D.)

12. 1956, Uranium in the Phosphoria formation, in Proc. Internat. Conf. on

Peaceful Uses of AtomlcEnergy, G~neva, 1955, New York, United
Nations Pubo Vo 6, p. 503-506; also 1n.. Page, L. R. I Contributions
to the geology of uranium and thorium ~ 0U. So Geol. Survey
.,

Prof. Paper 300, p. 483-488.

The Phosphoria covers 135,000 square miles in Montana, Idaho i Wyoming, Utah,
and Nevada. The phosphorites contain 0.005-0.03 percent uranium, locally in
thin layers up to 0.06 percent. The formation is 200-1 500 feet thick and con-
0

sists of two overlapping couplets each consisting of a carbonaceous phosphatic

shale overlain by chert. The lateral seq~ence of facies is carbonaceous mud-
stone and phosphorite; chert o carbonate rock and sandstone; andredbeds and
0

evaporites. The lateral sequence is reproduced, in whole :or in part, in the

same or in reverse order I in vertical sections. The lateral sequence results
from deposition on a shelving bottom. The vertical one results from deposition
on rising and vice versa on sinking bottoms. The phosphate content is greatest
in southwestern Idaho and the uranium content is roughly proportional to the
phosphate. There are various vqriationsin uranium contento

MacKichan, Kenneth A.

10 1951 0 Estimated use of water in the United States 0 1950: U. S. Geolo

Survey Circ. lIS, 13 p~

This presents in graphic and tabular form an inventory of water use, by states,
for various basic purposes: The amounts withdrawn from surface-water supplies
and from ground-water supplies for each state for each purpose are indicated 0

The 1950 use is estimated to have been 170,000 million gallons per day. Th1 s
amounted to 10100 gallons per day for each person in the United States. An
additional I, 100, 000 million gallons p~r day was used to generate water power 0

In 1950 estimated ground water withdrawal was 2" 858 million gallons per day
for rural use I 3, 584 million gallons per day for municipal use 0 and 5 0 525 mil,..
lion gallons per day for industrial 1,lse; estimated irrigational use was 20, 204
acre-feet p~r ,: year (17,,982 million gallon~ per day) Nonwithdrawal uses,
0

such as navigation, waste disposal, recreation, and fish and wildlife, also
are discussed and evaluated" For Idaho, withdrawal of ground water for rural
use is estimated at 20 million gallons daily, for municipal use 50,000,000
gallons daily, for industrial use the same, and for irrigation 350 0 000 0 000 gal-
lons daily.

McKinstry, Hugh. Exton (and Svendsen, R~ H.)

10 1942 0 Control of ore by rock structure in a Coeur d 'Alene mine, (Idaho):

Econ. Geologyo v. 37 I no. 3, p. 215-230.

The relations between ore shoots and structure in the Interstate mine, Coeur
d nAlene region and in neighboring areas, 'are discussed. This mine has produced
nearly 1,000 ,000 tons of high-grade zinc ore. The fissures showed displacement
 -114-

and were ore-bearing where they cut through flat bedding 0 and showed little
displacement and were tight where they cut through steep bedding. Ore formed
where brecciation was at a maximum" A plane of weaknes s along a monzonite
porphyry dike was a location for ore. The geologic history was (1) folding 0 (2)
intrusion of monzonite stocks (Cretaceous or early Tertiary) n (3) fracturing 0 per-
haps accompanied by folding (4) ore depositiono (5) intrusions of basic dikes o
0

(6) post-mineral faulting 0

Mackin, Joseph Hoover (and Coombs, Howard Abbott)

1" 1945 0 An occurrence of "cave pearls It in a mine in Idaho: Jour. Geology 0

v. 53, noo 10 p" 59-65"

Pisolites have been not:ed In

depre'sslori's'liia'veneer of ca1611.iin·carbonate mant-
ling rubble in an abandoned mine in the Iron Mountain district in western Idaho.
The pisolites were formed within the 35 to 42 years prior to their discovery in
1943.

2" 1947 0 Iron ore. deposits in the 'Clearwater district o Idaho County 0 Idaho:
u. S. Geol. Survey open-file report.
Four prospects in the- Clearwater district were examined 0 data were accumulated 0
and reconnaissance maps made to aid in future possible studies.
The Clearwater deposits are rela~ively small pods of high-grade magnetite o
generally lying parallel to northerly trending foliation of metamorphic rocks n
probably originally Belt series sediments, Known deposits of the ore are small,
the largest having an inferred tonnage of 51 000 tons The incompleteness of
0 0

present da~aand the generally poor surface indications of deposits would sug!-
gest the possibility Of the discovery of larger deposits with the use of geophy-
sicalexploratic)nand driilii1g<>, .

3" 1947, Preliminary report on iron ore deposits of the Iron Mountain district,
Washington -County 0 Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file _report 0

This report discusses the geology, occurrence and economic value of five
0

iron deposits of the Iron Mountain district and is published in U" S. Geol"
I

Survey Bull. 982-E 0 (listed below)"

4.. 1953, Iron ore depos,its of the Iron Mountain district, Washington CountYo
Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 982-E 0 p. 121-151.

Greenstone and marble, thought to be prpbablycorrelative with the Permian

Clover Creek greenstone o are cut by granodiorite and associated rock thought
to be outliers of the Idaho batholith (here assigned to the Late Jurassic?) A e'
 -115-

sheared fanglomerate is interpreted as par~ of a detrital mass at the front of, and
overridden and sheared by a thrust plate, posSibly of late,Cretaceous-early
,Eocene date" These rocks are divided by an erosion surface tentatively regarded
as early Tertiary, which is buried by andesite flows" The flows were faulted,
eroded, and covered by Columbia River basalt.
The iron deposits are specularite, and magnetite replacements in Permian
marble, associatedwithtactite and sulphide ,deposits There are also red-
0

hematite deposits formed by weathering over supergene copper deposits 0

Available reserves are 150 q 000-200,000 tons of which about 20,000 are
measured ore 0

Mackin, Joseph Hoover (and Schmidt, Dwight L.)

50 1953, Placer deposits df'radioactivetn!nerals in Va:lle'y-CourttY',Idaho

(abs.): Geol. Soc. America B~ll., v. 64, no. 12, pt .. 2, po 1549"

Reconnaissance in Long Valley and Bear Valley shows the chief placer minerals
are monazite and a group of uranlum-bearinq rare earth columbates and tanta-
lates. Dredging was in progress in Long Valleyo The monazite is a widespread
accessory mineral in the Idaho batholith; the others originate in pegmatite dikes
in the batholith. All the known concentrations in soils are in areas that escaped
glaciation in two late Pleistocene stages. Deposits suitable for dredging are
in vall~y fill formed through Pleistocene block fault~ng, through damming of
streams by glaciers or g1(1cial outwash and/or through aggradation due to in-
crease in load under periglacial climatic conditions" The typical fill consists
of intertonguing deposits of different origin.

60 1953, Reconnaissance geology of placer deposits containing radioactive

minerals in the Bear Valley d~strict/ValleyCountYI Idaho: U" s.
Geol. Survey open-file ,report, 32 po

A geologic interpretation of placer deposits of monazite and a group of uranium-

bearing rare,earth columbates and tantalates" The monazite is an accessory
mineral in the granitic country rock; the columbates and tantalates occur in
pegmatite dikes"
The richest placer deposits are in Big Meadow which occur in valley fill
formed as a result of blocking of Bear Creek by a Pleistocene glacier Forty-
0

three holes were drilled into placers and about 400 pan concentrates collectedo
The amounts of various minerals present were calculated in the ,field to provide
a general picture of the feed of placer minerals into the main valleys"
In this preliminary report, the placer mineral content of bedrock and residual
soil, morainal materials, and the channel deposits of the present streams, are
discussed in qualitative terms only.

70 1953 0 Reconnaissanpe geology of placer deposits containing radioactive

minerals in the Bear Valley district, Valley County, Idaho: U So 0

Geol. Survey Trace Elements Memo Repto 602.

 -116-

This study was undertaken to provide a geologie interpretation of placers

drilled by the U. So Bureau of Min~s, containing monazite and a group of uran-
ium-bearing rare earth columbates and tantalates (here termed radioactive blacks).
The monazite is an accessory in the granitic country rock, the others are in peg-
matite The supply in the placers was controlled by their occurrence in the par-
0

ent rock and by the distribution of glaciers of two late,Pleistocene stages.. The
richest are in Big Meadow, a valley fill formed by blocking of Bear Creek by an
Illinoian? glacier Others await prospecting • The main country rock belongs
0

to the Idaho batholith o cut by pegmatite and apliteo Later porphyry dikes of
varied compositions are plentiful o notably on Red Mountain. Some drilling by
private companies has been done.

Mackin 0 Joseph Hoover

8. 1956 0 Cause of braiding by a graded river (Idaho) (abs 0): Geol. Soc.
America Bull v. 670 no. 12, pt. 20 pn 1717-1718.

South of liailey, Idaho n the Wood River meanders in a forest for many miles q
braids in a three-mile segment of a prairie-type valley floor 0 and meanders
again where it reenters a forest. The river is stable or slowly degrading in all
three segments. The differences noted result from differences in bank resist-
ance due to presence or absence of bank vegetation.

___I (and Schmidto Dwight Lo)

9. 1956, Uranium and thorium .... bearing minerals in placer deposits in Idaho,
.!!l. Page, L. R and others, Contributions to the geology of uranium
o ,

and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and Atomic En-
ergy Commn for the United Nations Intetoatlo Confo on Peaceful
Uses of Atomic· Energy, Geneva 8 1955, Proc. Internatl. Confo on
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, United Nations Pubo v. 6 0 po 587-
592: U. S. Geolo Survey Prof. Paper 300 0 pe 375-3800

Commercial placers in Idaho are confined to areas of fill deep enough to sup-
port large scale dredging These are formed through (I) Pleistocene block fault~
0

ing as at Cascade 8 (2) late Pleistocene derangement of drainage as in Bear

Valley, and (3) blocking of drainage by Pleistocene basalt flows as in the Hai-
ley areaQ Monazite is widely but trregularly distributed in the Idaho batholith
and is the source of most placers here considered. Euxenite in trace amounts
is widely distributed in the batholith I but the only commercial placer is in
Bear Valley and is supplied from a 6-square mile area of quartz diorite. Factors
contributing to concentration of heavy minerals in the placers are discussedo

Malloryo William Wyman

10 1956 0 Tectonic development of the Cordilleran region o in Amo Assoc.

Petroleum Geology, Rocky Mtn. Seco 0 Geola Record 0 p. 37-47.

This is one of numerous papers that argues for a broad geosyncline that stretches
the full length of Idaho and far beyond to the north and south. The first stage
 -117-

in tectonic development of the region is postulated as a brief one in which the

continental margin subsided behind an inward migrating sinuous ..hinge~.line·.in
, Cambrian time. The second stage started in the Ordovician and was a complex
interplay oforogeny" volcanism" and deposition. Early in this stage, deposi-
tion was dominant; later tectonic activity b~came dominant" Little is said di-
rectly as to conditions in Idaho during this stage but it is implied that much or
all of the state was under the water of the geosyncline. It is assumed that the
Phi Kappa and Trail Creek formations were far more widespread than they have
been recorded as being. It is also stated that the Phi Kappa and K1nnikinic for-
mations are interbedded and that the Laketown dolomite and Trail Creek argillites
are also interbeddedo The Pennsylvanian is reported to mark the beginning of
segmentation of the geosyncline into local basins and intrageosynclinal land
areas. In Permian time volcanism sJ)re~d .east~ard into Idaho. In the Triassic the
geosyncline was almost divided into two separate troughs by linear bands and
this division was completed in the JurassiC. The third stage witnessed clima:::tic
orogeny and the close of deposition. Granodiorite batholiths came 1n near the
Pacific Ocean in late Upper JuraSsic time. In Early and Middle:Cret~ceous time
orogenic movements spread east. Deposition was restricted to a narrow strip in
eastern Idaho and near Salt Lake, but marine cratonic accumulation was widespread.
By the Late Cretaceous overthrusting was marked and the Idaho batholith was em-
placed in an anomalous inner belt location. In the fourth stage the region east
of the Pacific trough was a mountainous area that soon began to founder into a
jumble of block mountains and intermontane basins.

Mansfield, George Rogers

1" 1942, Phosphate deposits of the world, with speCial reference to those of
the United States: Indus. and Eng.Chemistryu Indus. ed., v. 340
no . I, p. 9 -12 •

This is a brief general summary 1n which the reserves in Idaho are listed as
5" 7 36, 335 tons.

20 1942,. Recent studies of reserves of domestic phosphate: Am. Inst Mining

0

and Metall. Eng." Tech o Pub. 1208" v. 40 no. 3" 10 p. 1940; re-
Q

printed in Trans. v. 148, p. 59--68, 1942.

In a table Mansfield estimated Idaho reserves at 5,736 6 335 tons of high grade .
Inclusion of low-grade rock might triple this figure An exceptionally detailed
0

section of the phosphate rock at the Anaconda mine near Conda is giveno

3. 1952, Geography, geology" and mineral r~sources of the Ammon and Para-
dise Valley quadrangles, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 238,
92 po, incl" geol.map.

This report incorporates fieldwork in two 15 1 quadrangles southeast of Idaho

Falls, done in the 1930 l s, publication being delayed by Mansfield1s illness and
 -118-

death Hence the stratigraphie data are in some respects out of date for the
0

time of publication. Some review of this situation is included in the. report .

The geologic formations include representatives of the Carboniferous and
later' ~ystems but parts of the Triassic, Itirass1C o Cretaceous o and early and
middle Tertiary are either absent or not recognizedo The Wells and Phosphoria
formations, believed to be separated from each other by an unconformitYA are
mapped in accordance with Mansfield~.s practice in other areas in southeastern
Idaho but problems as to their age are. appreciated. Part" perhaps most, of the
'Wells may be Permian. On the other hand, some have regarded the lower part
of the~ Phosphoria as Pennsylvanian. There are also problems relative to the
stratigraphic assignments of some of the Mesozoic units. The Salt Lake forma,,:,·
tion in the area is not older than Pliocene and is in part Pleistocene or younger.
The igneous rocks include.andesitic breccia and tuff, silicic welded tuff o vol-
canic ash related to the: Sal tLake "formatioll, basalt and basaltic ash of several
ages.
The rocks are folded and brokeno Folds tend to be overturned eastward 0

There are several overthrusts 0 including the Bannock thrust o which. here has
three branches. Horst and graben structure is continued into the. area from the
southeast. Many of the structural features of the two quadrangles are concealed
beneath a widespread blanket of Tertiary and later rocks.
The mineral resources include phosphate rock (described by townships) 0 lim.e-
stone, road metal" building stone, and volcanic asho all in sufficient quantity
to supply local needs for some time to come. Occurrences of coal and nitrate
have also been noted .

Mapel, William Jameson (and Rail o W. J., J~.)

10 1956 0 Tertiary stratigraphy of the Goose Creek district o Cassia CountYo

Idaho 17 and adj acent parts of Utah and Nevada 8m Geology of parts
of northwestern Utah: Utah Geol .. Soc. Guidebook to the geology
of Utah, no. 110 p. 1-16.

Sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks of late Miocene and early Pliocene(?) age in
the Goose.'Creek district are regarded as belonging to the Payette(?) and Salt
Lake formations r~spect1 vely Detailed sections of both units are given. Dia-
0

toms from the Payette(?) are regarded by Lohman as early Pliocene in age while
Brown regards the leaves as latest Miocene. Pre-Tertiary units are not disc~ssed
but three units assigned to the lower(?) Paleozoic are mapped and the Oquirrh
formation (Pennsylvanian) is shown above these with the Harrison series (middle
. ( ?) Precambrian) below.

20 1956, Uraniferous black shales in the. Northern Rocky Mountains and Great
Plains Regions: .!n. Proc. Internat. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic
Energy: Geneva, 1955: New York United Nations Pub. 0 Vo 6, p.
Q

445-4510

This summary includes a note that a black phosphatic $hale is known at the base
of the Brazer limestone in Utah and Idaho but uranium was found in it only in Utah.
 -119-

Mapel o William Jameson

30 1956 0 Uraniferous black shales in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Great
Plains Regions 0 in Page 0 LoR. and others Contributions to the geol-
Q 0

ogy of uranium and thorium by the United States Geological Survey and
Atomic'Energy Commission for the United Nations Internato ConL on
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Geneva, 1955: U So Geol. Survey
0 0

Profo Paper 300 p. 469-4760

0

This is the same as the paper cited immediately above 0

40 1956 0 Uranium in black shal~depositso northern Rocky Mountains and Great

Plains: U o S. GeolQ Survey Bull 1030-Ho po 211-2350
0

Reconnais sance examinations were made in Montana, North Dakota Utah Idaho 0 0 0

and Oregono Data for numerous Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks in various parts
of Idaho are tabulated but nothing of present economic interest was found ~
Maxey George Burke
I

10 1957 0 Lower and Middle :Cambrian stratigraphy in northern Utah and south-
eastern Idaho (abso): Geol. Soco America Bull Vo 68 no. 120 pto 2
0 0 0

p. 17640

The stratigraphic succession of Lower and Middle Cambrian rocks in the area u de-
termined from 13 measured sections includes, in upward succes sion o the Prospect
0

Mountain quartzite Pioche formation Langston formation, Ute limestone, Black-

0 0

smith dolomite u and Bloomington formationo All probably were deposited in a

shallow chiefly transgressive sea starting from eastern to western Utah in earl-
0 Q

iest Cambrian (pre-Olenellus) time The area remained submerged until late in
0

Cambrian time.

20 1958 0 Lower and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy in northern Utah and south-
eastern Idaho: Geol. Soc. America Bull v. 69 no o 6 p. 647-688.
0 , 0 0

This discussion emphasizes data in Utah but includes information on four locali-
ties in southeastern Idaho and three others just south of the Idaho border. The
Brigham quartzite is equated with the Prospect Mountain quartzite.- and is stated
to be overlain by the Pioche formation and o successively upward, by the Langston
formation Ute limestone, Blacksmith dolomite, and Bloomington formation.
0

Maxey's Pioche formation near Pocatello is regarded as the upper part of the Brig-
ham quartzite plus the lower part of the Spence shale member of the Langston
-formation. Newly measured sections in Utah arre listedo Diagnostic Lower and
Middle Cambrian fossils from localities in Utah are listed and fauni~ones are
proposed.
All the Lower and Middle Cambrian sediments are believed to have been de-
posited in a shallowo chiefly transgressive, though oscillating sea that I

transgressed a low-lying 0 mature topography eastward to western Utah by

1--"
 .. .!.
-120-

Cambrian (pre-Olenellus?) time and to eastern Utah by the end of Early Cambrian
time. The areCl remained submerged during Middle Cambrian and much of Late
Cambrian time •

Melear , John Do

10 1953 0 The petrology and ore deposits of the: Seafoam mining district, Custer
County, Idaho;:Master's Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

A petrologic discus sion of the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the area The 0

igneous rocks are divided into two groUps, those related to the Idaho batholith and
those of Tertiary age.
The Mountain King, Seafoam 0 and Greyhound mines are described and their
geologyo mineralogy, and controls of ore deposition discussedo Two types of
mineral deposits are recognized the most important being cavity fillings which
0

yield gold and silver .. Replacement type deposits contain silver o lead, and zinc.

Merritt, Zo S.

10 1956, Upper Tertiary sedimentary rock~ of the:Alpinel' Idaho-Wyoming area,

in Wyoo Geol. Assoc. Guidebook II, Ann. Field Conf", p. 117-119.

The part of Idaho touch~d on in this report is Grand Valley, Bonneville County,
which is a down-dropped fault block in which thick Pliocene beds have been pre-
served. This valley is expected to be flooded by a dam so that its rocks will be-
come inaccessible These rocks are here correlated with the Teewinot formation in
0

Wyoming. A section described in the present report is ove.r 5 000 feet thick. and
09

does not represent the whole formation.. The unit includes a lower limestone faetes
(not in measured section), a silty sandstone and clayey siltstone facies 0 a clayey
siltstone, a tuff and pumicite facies and conglomerate at the top. Locally the
Long Spring formation overlies the Teewinot. It consists mostly of conglomerate,
is a few feet to 200 feet thick o and is late Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Mielenz Richard Childs

0

10 1948, Fusion of sandstone by intrusive qndesite, Palisades damsite, Idaho

(abs.): Am. Mineralogist, Vo 33, nos" 3-40 p. 202 0

At Palisades damsite an irregular sill-like body of hypersthene-augite andesite in-

vades sandstone, siltstone, and claystone and has penetrated and fused the sedi-
ments in a zone up to 8 feet wide" Sandstone at the contact has fused and flowed
locally.

Miller Donald S.(and Gast, Paul W 0)

0

1. 1957 6 Isotope geology of some lead ores (abso): Geolo Soc o America Bullo ,
v. 68, noo 12, pt. 2, p. 1767-68.

Among samples from various localities, four from the· Sunshine mine 0 Kellogg I Idaho,
covering a vertical distance of 1,000 feet and a horizontal distance of 500 feeto
isotopic compositions are constant within 0.6 percento
 -121-

Miller, Loye Holmes

lo 1944 0 Some Pliocene birds from Oregon and Idaho~ Condor q v. 46 0 noo 1,
po 25-32.

Bird remains from two localities in Oregon .and two in Idaho were studied in the
laboratory" One of the Idaho localities is along Snake River 13 miles northwest
of Grandview; the other on the Barbour Ranch 3.3 miles east of the Bruneau-
Mountain Home bridge. The birds resemble Pleistocene forms from the· Pacific
coast but on the basis of mammalian remains found with them the age is regarded
as Pliocene, slightly younger than the Hagerman lake beds I then regarded as up-
per Pliocene.

Milner qCarlos Eo, Ir,..

1" 1950 0 Geology and ore deposits of the Princess Blue Ribbon mineo Camas
County, Idaho: Master's theSis, Univ. Idahoo

A lenticular vein deposit 2-15 feet wide contains gold-quartz with less than 10
percent associated base metal sulphides. Mineralization occurred in two stages
under mesothermal conditions The vein has been segmented by postmineral
0

faulting 0

Mitcham o Thomas Wilson

1. 1952, Indicator minerals, Coeur d'Alene sUver belt (Idaho): Econ. Geol-
ogy" v. 470 no. 40 p. 414-450 ..

Outcrops in the ,Silver Belt (formerly Dry Belt) are so poor that much of the pros-
pecting has been by tunnels and some of the rich ore shoots found have their
0

tops thousands of feet below the surface. Hence the importance of indicator min-
erals It is noted that the country rock belongs to the Belt series. Where these
0

rocks are high in sericite valuable ore shoots are unlikely • No ore has been
found where the wall rocks are carbonate-rich Diabase and lamprophyre dikes
It

are present and may be of late premineral age. The Belt rocks contain strongly
bleached zones which broadly outline the ore-·bearing areas of the Belt" The
bleaching results from breakdown of the coloring matter 0 not from extensive ser-
icitization. Arsenopyrite tends to form in an envelope around an ore shooto In
the Coeur d 'Alene region generally hydrothermal alteration was in three stages:
(1) bleaching alteration stageo (2) carbonate-quartz stage, (3) sulphide stage ..
The area of deposition of the stages was progressively less extensive with time 0

20 1952, Significant spatial distribution patterns of minerals in the Coeur d'

Alene district, Idaho: Science, v. lIS, no. 2975, p. 11.

In the Silver Belt of the Coeur. d'Alene r:e..gion deeply buried are shoots are in
carbonate-quartz veins Studies of distribution patterns of the minerals has
0

been made in order to learn features indicative of the proximity of are shoots"

,I
 -122-

Disseminated arsenopyr~te forms envelopes around a number of the highest grade

ore shoots. Similarly late hydrothermal chlorite is an indicator g but it may be
sporadically distributed. Where sericite and carbonates earlier than the hydro-
thermal veins are abundant little ore is found. As beds rich in detrital quartz
are the best ore horizons, such rocks are indicators Six genetic types of chlor-
0

ite are recogni~edo The hydrothermal'!""vein history shows three stages q The hydro"
thermal bleached zones resu~t largely from the destruction of rock pigments, not,
as has been supposed, from strong sericitizationo

Moore I Raymond Cecil (and others)

1. 1944, Correlation of Pennsylvanian f9rmations of North America: Geol. Soc.

America BulL Vo 55 0 noo 6, po 657-7060

The text of this report makes little reference to Idaho" In the three columns in
the chart that~-;are concerned with Idaho (collated py J. So Williams) the WOQd
River formation near Hailey, Blacklead limestone in the Seven Devils region, and
Wells formation in southeastern Idaho are indicated as equivalents to each other
in age. Note, however, that the Blacklead limestone is in the Orofino region and
Anderson called it merely Paleozoic(?).

Moritz, Carl Albert

1. 1953, Summary of the Cretaceous stratigraphy of southeastern Idaho and

western Wyoming, .!n.. Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists,
4th Ann. Field Conf. I p. 63-72.

A deSCriptive paper with generalized map and correlation charts In Idaho the
0

formations include the Ephraim conglomerate o Peterson limestone, Bechler con-

glomerate, Draney limestone I and unnamed red beds· (all of the Gannett group) q
the Bear River formation, Aspen shale, and Frontier formation.. The division be"!"
tween Lower and Upper Cretaceous is placed within the Wayan,

Mower, Reed W.

1 e 1953, Records of wells and ground-water levels in eastern Jerome Count Yo

Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey duplicated repto, 91 po

Data for the 221-squar.e,..-mile area include 165 well records and 93 well logs.

2. 1953, Records of wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water withdrawals

in the lower Goose Creek basin, Cassia County, Idaho: U. S" Geol.
Survey duplicated rept, I 92 p.

Data for the 470-square-mile area include 579 well records 0 66 well logs Q and
well-discharge measurements 0
 -123-

Mower 8 Reed We (and Nace I Raymond Lee)

3. 1957 8 Water consumption by water-loving plants in the Malad Valley, Oneida

County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1412, 33 p.

Nearly all available natural-flow surface water in the Malad Valley is appropri-
ated for irrigation. The surface water supplyo including that in reservoirs I
would not be adequate for all irrigable lands in the valley. Wells supply part
of the water for irrigation. Even so, more water is desired. Increase in supply
might be had by reducing use by water-loving native vegetation and by substitu-
tion of vegetation of high value for that of low value In the southern part of the
0

valley 16 species of water-loving plants consume about 370000 acre-feet an-

nually The only high-value water-loving plant grown is alfalfa, which consumes
0

nearly 5 q 000 acre-feet of water. The residual 32 I 000 acre-feet would "0 in suit-
able circumstances 0 irrigate 10 0 000-15, 000 acres Samples of water from 40
0

sources average 970 ppm dissolved solids. The soil in areas occupied by water-
loving plants is generally of poor quality and the same holds for the water avail-
able in these areas About 75 percent of the area occupied by water-loving
0

plants is irrigated The eradication and control of these plants would effect
0

various improvements.

Mundorf, M 0 J.

1. 1958 0 Water for the Snake River Plain: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report.

This paper summarizes the occurrence and movement of ground water in the ba-
salt aquifers beneath the Snake River Plain. Probable increases in the use of
ground water for irrigation purposes necessitates steps being taken to insure
continued ground water availability in the future.
More data as to natural and artificial recharge are required o in conjunction
with studies of flow rates and directions. From these data it can be determined
how much ground water should be developed in the future 0

Munyan o Arthur Claude

10 1956 0 A different stratigraphie interpretation for the Tria,s-Permo-Pennsyl-

vanian sequence in northern Wyoming and adjacent areas (abs.): Oil
and Gas Jour. 0 v. 54 no. 53, p. 142.
Q

The suggestion is offered that in Wyoming and surrounding areas no hiatuses

of systemic rank separate the Tensleep, Phosphoria and Dinwoody formations
g

from each other even though the Tensleep is commonly said to be Pennsylvanian,
the:Phosphoria is Permian o and the "Dinwoody is largely Triassic in ageo

Murphy Leonard M. (and Cloud e William K.)

Q

1. 1954 0 United States earthquakes, 1952: U. S. Coast and Geod. Survey

s er. no. 77 3 P .. 60.
I

A table on page 60 lists fluctuations in 42 wells in Idahoe ranging in amplitude

from O. a2 to 3. 2 feet.
 -124-

:Murphyo Leonard M. (and Cloud e William K.)

20 1955, United States earthquakes, 1953: U. S. Coast and Geod. Survey

se-ro no" 785 8 p. 33-350

Tables show fluctuations in well-water levels throughout 1953. For Idaho 81

wells are listed •. Amplitudes of fluctuations noted range from 0.01 to 1.61 inches.

3. 1956, United States e.arthquakes 1954: U. S. Coast and Geod. Survey

sere no. 793, p. 63-67.

A table on page 63-67 lists fluctuations in 202 wells in Idaho, ranging in amp-
litude from 0.2 to 0.86 foot.

Nace g Raymond/Lee

10 1948, Preliminary report on ground water in Minidoka CountYo Idaho l1 with

special reference to the North Side ~umpingDivision of the Minidoka
Project: U. S. 8lst Cong tI 2d sess., House Doco 721, p. 157-207.

The chief aquifer is the Snake'River basalt. The amount of ground water that can
be withdrawn perennially from wells in the North Side Pumping Division appears
to be limited only by the ability of the lava aquifers to transmit water from the
regional body of ground water in the: Snake River Plain to the areas of local
withdrawal. Aquifer tests indicate that irrigation wells can be pumped at rates
in exces s of 28 100 gallons per minute each, with small or negligible dr~wdowns.
Data for tl'le 750-square-mile area include 93 well records e 13 test hole
logs, 30 well logs, 30 chemical analyses, and a water-level map.

2. 1948, Preliminary report on ground water in Minidoka County, Idaho, with

special reference to the North Side Pumping" Division of the Minidoka
Project: Idaho Dept. of Reclamation o 71 p.

A geologic reconnaissance was made o samples of water analyzed and well logs,
etc. 8 assembled and correlated The water table was contoured and data on ar-
0

tesian reserves and directions of ground water underflow learned The average
0

total discharge of proposed irrigation wells in the: North Side Pumping Division
would be about 1,030 second-feet, that from proposed wells nearby might be
290 second-feet. Total withdrawal might therefore be 117300 second-feet during
the four months of the irrigation season. The total average di scharge of ground
water from the ,Snake· River plains on the north side of the Snake River canyon be-
tween Milner and King Hill is between 5,000 and 6, 000 second-feet. Hence the
average discharge from the wells would be 22 percent of the discharge from
springs and seeps and will represent salvage of water that would otherwise reach
the river from springs. The amount that can be perennially withdrawn from wells
in the pumping division and contiguous areas appears to be limited only by the
 -125-

ability of the lava aquifers to transmit water. The main sources of ground water
are east of the area. The effect of Lake Walcott at Minidoka dam has not been
determined 0

Nace o Raymond Lee

3 0 1949 0 Idaho, 1n.. Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in
the United States in 1946; pt. 5, Northwestern States: U. So Geol.
Survey Water-fupply Paper i075, Idaho p. 20-32.

As part of a systematic investigation of the ground-water resources of Idaho be-

gun on July 30 1946, in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Reclamatlon o
0

a statewide network of selected wells was developed in Ada o Boise 0 Bonneville D

Canyon o Cassia, Kootenai and" 0 oneida"
Counties. "
In northern Idaho the water table has risen in response to above-normal pre-
cipitation. Water table records in southwestern Idaho show rises because of
irrigation and drainage in spite of subnormal precipitation. In Oneida County 0
Idahoo decrease in precipitation plus pumping have lowered the water table
slightly.

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Fader 0 s. W.)

40 1950, Records of wells on Rathdrum Prairie o Bonner and Kootenai Counties o

northern Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey duplicated repto, 49 p.

Data for the 270-square-milearea consist of 150 well records and 14 well logs.

5. 1951 0 Idaho o in Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1947, pt." 50 NorthwestemStates: U.S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1100 0 po 29-400

The state-wide investigation continued with variable results o mostly small in~
creases.

6. 1951, Idaho,.!n.. Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1948, pt. 5, Northwestern States: U. S •. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1130 q po 20-370

The general investigation continued and in most areas ground-water storage rose
in response to heavy precipitation.

7 0 1952 0 Record of wells and spring sin western Oneida County, Idaho: U" S.
Geol. Survey open-file report, 51 p.
 -126-

Data for approximately 700 square miles of western Oneida County, consist of
location, ownership, uses, typeg and depths of 258 wells . with reported or
measured water levels 8 pump capacities, geologic settings, and elevations"

Nace o Raymond Lee (and Fader q S. W.)

80 1952, Idaho, .!n..Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1949, pt. 58 Northwestern States: U So Geol.
o

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1160, po 22-370

The investigation of ground water throughout the state was continued and ex-
panded At the end of 1949 measurements were being made in 79 wells and
0

storage tended to increase.

90 1952, Idaholl.!n.. Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1950, pto 50 Northwestern States o Uo So Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1169, p. 17-390

The observation-well program embraced 108 wells in 18 counties" Water levels

varied but in most areas tended to decline.,

gAo 1954, Preli~~nary statement. Ground water resources of the Raft River
basing Cassia County 8 Idahofl A summary of unpublished data:
U. So Geolo Survey open-file rept.

Large ,areas in the Raft River \talley can be irrigated if at all, by ground water
g

onlyo as the available supply 6f surface water is inadequate" Substantial pri-

vate tracts are already being thus irrigated (probably 6, 000 acres) At certain
0

times and places the water table is so high that ground water is discharged into
the, river channel, but elsewhere there is loss by percolation of surface water 0

Lake Walcott is a reservoir that might suffer if much pumping ~as undertaken in
the valley of Raft River. The total drainage area is about 1 q 840 square miles 0 of
which 360 square miles are irrigable. The principal crops are hay and grain 0

The discharge of the Raft River at its mouth may be less than 9 8 000 acre-feet per
year and the unused ground water discharged by underflow might be of the order
of 390 8 000 acre-feet per year but various considerations indicate it is less than
120, Dab acre-feet per year All this could not be salvaged as pumping would be
0

for fractions of a year onlyo It is estimated that the total ground water supply in
the valley is enough to support substantial new development o but the· chemical
character of the water has not been studied and the effects of pumping on sup-
plie s along the Snake River below Minidoka Dam are not known.

-----, (West, Samuel Wilson o and Mower, Reed W.)

100 1955, Feasibility of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the
MountainHome Proj ect Idaho (abs. and summ e): U e So Geol Survey
(J

open-file reporto 24 p.
 -127-

An abstract and summary of U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1376.

Nace o Raymond Lee

110 1956, Ground water in the water economy of Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey
open-file reporto 23 p.

A study of the increasing rate of water use, compared to the amount and distri-
bution of ground water that is potentially available for useo Effective methods
of accumulation 0 storage 0 and re-use of natural water resources would insure an
adequate supply in face of increased demand in the future 0

,_ _ _ _ _ (West, Samuel Wilson, and Mower, Reed W.)

120 1957, Feasibility of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the
MOt,lntain Home Project o Idaho~ U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply
Paper 1376 11 121 po

One of several proposed plans for irrigation of 183 0 000 acres south of Boise
would involve pumping ground water in the Boise Valley to make up for surface
water diverted from that valley and incidentally to drain waterlogged land there.
Available records 11 plus field studies for the present project raise serious doubts
as to whether the results of pumping would offset the diversion of surface water
in such a way as to satisfy Boise Valley water users.

13. 1958, Hydrology of the Snake-River basalt (abs.): Wash. Acad. Sci. roureo
v. 48 no. 4, p. 136- 138 •
/I

The Snake River Plain, a huge structural depression in southern Idaho, has been
considered part of the Columbia Plateau Province, but differs from that province
in Oregon and Washington. The part of the plain east of Bliss is a natural phy-
siographic and geologic subdivision built largely by basalt flows g perhaps in a
graben 0 and mantled by loessal sediments, with other sediments intercalated in
the flows (chiefly Pliocene). From the mouth of Henry s Fork to that of Boise
t

River, the Big Wood (Malad) River is the only stream that crosses the plain from
the mountains to the north. The Snake River Plain east of Bliss (the part treated
here) covers about 17 I 00 a square miles and may be the largest unified ground-
water reservoir in North America with a zone of saturation averaging I, 000 feeta
g

This reservoir discharges through springs between Milner and Bliss at an aver-
age rate over 5 000 cfs and amounting to 40 000 g 000 acre-feet per year.
0

Since irrigation began the discharge has increased at least 25 percent. Nearly
all water available from the Snake is appropriated and further development will
depend on ground water. Fractures in pahoehoe lava are numerous; the water
capacity per unit volume is small but aggregate capacity is large. Lava tubes
in pahoehoe carry much water. As la~a is among the most permeable of all types
of rock and talus breccia is similar., The formational permeability of many zones
. in the Snake River basalt is high. Most of the ground water is unconfined but lo-
cally artesian conditions are approached. The water table in much of the plain
 -128-

has been mapped but it is complex and the maps are highly generalized because
wells are widely spacedo The rate and character of movement of the ground water
are not clearly ~nown.. Both are import~nt in relation to disposal of radioisotope
wastes g etc .

Neighbor u Frank

10 1953, Big Elk Mountain anticline, Bonneville Co~ntyg Idaho o in Intermoun-

tain Assoco Petroleum Geologists 8 4th Ann~ Field: ConIo, po 88-920
:,

Big Elk Mountain anticline in T.. 2 S. q Ro 44 and 45 Ei. is mapped and described.
An unsuccessful test well for oil was stopped at a depth of 5 u 597 feeto

Nelson u Vincent Edward (and Smith q Io FOil Iro u assisted by Duell;' Go 'A. 0 and
Hutchinson, R. M . , surveyed in 1943) 0

10 1945 u Surface geology map of the P~ne Creek area, Coeur d 'Alene region,
Shoshone County, Idaho: U" S. Geol. Survey Prelim Map 0 0

This is a geologic map with structure sections, scalel 1,000 feet to the inch 0

The mapped units are alluvium (Quaternary) Burke formation and the Prichard
formation with quartzite members, both belonging to the Belt series {PrecambrianL
and .lamprophyre and diabase dikes (age not stated) 0

Newcomb Reuben Clair (and others)

Q

1. 1953, Seismic cross sections acros~ the· Spokane River valley and the
Hillyard Trough, Idaho and Washington: U o S. Geolo Survey dup-
licated repto, 16 po

Two cross sections based on refraction profiles yield$d data on the position of
the water table, the base of the glacial anq glaciofluVial deposits g and the buried
bedrock surface.

Newell, Norman Dennis (and'Kummel, Bernhard, Ir.)

1.. 1940, Permo.. Triassic boundary in southeastern Iclaho and western. WyominQ
(abs.): Oil and Gas Iouro ( v. 38, no. 48, ,po 66 ..

Preliminary study of Woodside and Dinwoody faunas indicates an Early Triassic

age for both.

2.. 1942, Lower~Eo-Triassic stratigrapny, western Wyoming and southeast Idaho:

Geolo Soco America Bull., v .. 53, no. 6, p. 937 .... 9950

Stratigraphic and paleontologic data on the beds of Early Triassic age in the
region are reviewed in detail with particular reference: to the relations with the
underlying beds of Permian age, also as to confusion ;in interpretations of the

r' ,
 -129-

relations of the Woodside and Dinwoody formations. A thickness of from 1,1 000
to 2, 000 feet of strata in western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho and southwestern
Montana is shown to belong to 'Ul~ Otoceras and probably to the Genodiccus zones
of the Scythian stage of the Lower Triassic. These beds 0 classified in the pres-
ent paper as Dinwoody and Woodside, overlap the Phosphoria o indicative of a
marked hiatus at the Permo-Triassic boundary.

Newell, Thomas R.

10 1956 6 Stream flow East Fork Bruneau River below Three Creekl/ Idaho: U. s.
Geol. Survey open-file report.

The East Fork Bruneau River dt~cllarg.e .. h,a..~ been studieq.on. the basis of records
from monthly and daily gaging station readings 0
Local topography and geologiC forms are discussed in relation to the drain-
age pattern, as are the local hydrologic conditions .
All data are presented in table and graph form, with accompanying maps, as
an aid to estimating flow depletion along the river.

_ _ _ _ _ (and Travis, W. I.)

20 1956, The December 1955 flood in west-central Idaho: Talk at the meeting
of the southern Idaho section 8· Am. Soc. Civil Engineers.

A wintertime flood in central or southern Idaho is an extraordinary occurrence

but has happened before. Such a flood results from very warm rains. Where
reservoir capacities are large the drainage is small. The December 1955 flood
centered in the Weiser and Payette basins, but there was spectacular damage
along the Little Salmon River. Data on present measurements of stream-flow"
etc. are summarized.
#

Okeson, CUfford J•

14 1946 0 Geology of Anderson Ranch Dam, Boise Rivero Idaho (abs.)~ Geol.
Soc. Amer~ca Bull . I v. 57, no. 12, pt. 2 p" 1221.
/J

Anderson Ranch dam, under construction at the time o was to be 444 feet high,
the highest earth-fill dam in the world. The bedrock is a granitic complex o
ranging widely in quality, texture, composition and color and containing many
dikes, sills and inclusions. The rock is severely jointed, with clay films on
the joints; shear zones and faults are numerous. Hence difficult engineering
problems were encountered, materially influenCing design of the cutoff walls,
outlet works and spillway.

QiMalley II Frank Ward (and others)

1. 1953, Stratigraphie sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idahoo 1947-48 c

pt. 3: U. S. Geol. Survey·Circ.262, 43 p.

This. is one of a series of progress reports; ten stratigraphic sections are tab-
ulated I plus analytical data 0
 -130-

Osmond, Jbhn·C.

1.. 1957, Sevy formation o Lower Devoniano in the:Cordilleran miogeosyncline

(abs.): Geol. Soco America Bull., v. 68 0 no. 120 pte 2" p. 1869,.

The SeVy formation o mostly tan dolomite, thickness 500 feet q is recognizable
over an area of 100 0 000 square miles in California o Nevada 0 Utah o and Idaho q
overlain by the Simonson 0 I efferson, or similar Middle- Devonian strata It is
0

thought to be an evaporite formed on extensive mud flats at or near sea level

with sandy material derived from Ordovician rocks to the easto

Parks, lames Marshall, Ir"

1 0 1951, Corals from the Brazetformation (Miss~ssippian) of northern Utah:

lour. Paleontologyo v. 25" no. 2, p. 1 71-186 •

This paper describes corals from two s~ctions near the type locality of the Bra-
zer and proposes a number of new names based on thin section studies The Bra~
0

zer tests on Madison without angular discordance and is overlain by Wells (Penn-
sylvanian) with an erosional un conformity The lower 950 feet of the Brazer is
0

composed of sandstone, siltstone, and arenaceous limestone" The upper 10290

feet is composed of grayish-black fine-grained limestone, containing abundant
solitary and compound coralsc In a section where the basal member and part of
the limestone member are buried o over 2,000 feet of limestone and including
silty limestone and shale are exposed so the formation thickness is well over
the 20240 feet recorded at the first section" Five coral zones are recognized.

Patton o William W 0 9 Ir .
1. 1948 0 Geology of the Clayton area, Custer CountYo Idaho: Master Seio
Thesis, Cornell Univ. I geol. map about 1 in.= 10000 fto

An area in parts of T t! 11 N . ,R. 17, 18, E., Custer County 0 is described Stra,-
0

tigraphy of the' Paleozoic rocks was stud~ed in detail and the maj or features are
summarized in the table herewith. A gabbro sill and remnants of the Challis vol-
canics are included in the mapped area. The Ordovician rocks are folded in an
asymmetrical anticline o N. 200 Woo steepened to the easto and with local crump-
les broken by longitudinal g reverse, and normal faults o and by transverse faults 0

Feet
Saturday Mountain f~rmation 3,000+
South Butte quartzite 840
Ella dolomite 340
Clayton quartzite
Lower member of Kinnikinic including dark
quartzite -and dolomite, dark shale 2,200
Total 40 960
Ramshorn slate 20 000+
 -131-

Peace 0 Frank S.

1. 1956, History of exploration for oil and gas in Box Elder County, Utah 11 and
vicinity, !!l Geology of parts of northwestern Utah: Utah Geol. Soc.
Guidebook to the geology of Utah, no. 11, p. 17-31.

Gives data on several exploratory wells, only one of which is in Idaho. This
one is in sec. 10, T. 14 S. R. 30 E., Oneida CountYo stopped in Mississippian
/J

rocks at a depth of 12,841 feet and yielded only minor shows of gas and oil.

Perkins, Beauregard, Jr. (and others)

1" 1947, Subsurface structure of Snake River Valley 11 Idaho, from Seismograph
records of ammunition explbSic;>ns (abs.): MPG-SEPM-SEG Joint Ann"
Mtg., Los Angeles, p. 70; Geophysics, v. 120 no. 3, p. 496.

In 1946 a seri~s of explosions of unserviceable ammunition at a locality in the

Snake River Plain gave opportunity for seismographic study of subsurface condi-
tions. Three velocity zones were indicated. The first zone of thick. lava flows
separated by thin layers of clay, sand, and gravel has a sound velocity of 6,600
feet per second and is about 500 feet thick. The second zone is similar to the
first to a depth of 700 feet except for the presence of water. This is shown by
wells of this depth. The sound velocity in this "bed is 9 0 900 feet per second.
It

It apparently starts at the water table and extends to a depth of 4 500 feet. The
0

third zone transmits the sound wave at 19,800 feet per second and may be tightly
folded sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks.

Peterson Donald W.
Q

10 1955, The prebasalt surface in the vicinity of Peck 0 Idaho: Northwest Sci 0 8

v. 29, no. I, p. 1-9.

The base of the Columbia River basalt was mapped in an area of 30 square miles
near Peck, Idaho, in the basin of the Clearwater River" The general geology of
the. region is outlined and the basalt in the area studied is described. Here th~
basalt is up to 2,000 feet thick" The base is contoured . Along the base and in-
tercalated in the basalt are sediments referred to the Latah formation. It is
assumed that postbasalt deformation is negligible in the area. On this basis
the prebasalt surface had marked relief (over 1,200 feet)" The basalt is be-
lieved to have come from the west and flowed east up old valleys.

Peterson, James Algert

10 1957, Marine Jurassic of northern Rocky Mountains and Williston Basin:

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull v. 41, no. 3, p. 399-4400
0 ,

The marine Jurassic rocks in and near southeastern Idaho differ from those of
Montana and much of Wyoming. They include the continental Nugget sandstone,
the marine Twin Creek limestone o Preuss formatiol1g Stump sandstone and the'
Beckwith formation of Gannett group, and the non-marine Morrison formation.
These are in the Twin Creek trough which lies along the Idaho-Wyoming boundary.
 -132-

The beginning of a new clastic source area on the west, probably associated
with an early phase of the Nevadan orogeny in Idaho, is evident from the sandy
character of the uppermost part of the Twin Creek limestone o while the trough
containing this formation continued to terminate against·a positive element called
the Belt island beginning in southwestern Montanaft

Piper, Arthur Maine (and laRocque, George Albert, Jr.)

10 1944, Water-table fluctuations in the Spokane Valley and contiguous area,

Washington-Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 889-B I
p. 83-139.

The plains in Idaho are· Rathdrum Prairie and contiguous area$ northeastward to
Lake PendOreille. They are largely undrafnedarid'were'formedby outwash and
other glacial deposits. They are pervious and contain much unconfined water.
Underflow of large volume extends to and beyond Spokane. Movement of the
ground water is controlled largely by the configuration of the bedrock surface
which is the trunk valley of a preglacial stream that drained the basin of the pres-
ent Clark Fork of the Columbia and thus crosses the divide between two principal
modern streams. The report includes and interprets about 12 000 measurements
Q

of water level in wells.

Popoff 0 Constantine C.

10 1953, Hermada antimony deposit, Elmore County, Idaho: U. So Bur. Mines

Rept. Inv. 4950, 21 p ..

The Hermada antimony deposit is 77 miles northeast of Boise in Elmore County

north of the Middle Fork of the Boise River. Stibnite mineralization occurs over
an area one mile wide and two miles long in the, Swanholm districto In 1947 high-
grade ore was discovered on the East Fork of Swanholm Creek. Theproduction
for 1947-56 was 5,000 tons of ore containing 640 tons of antimony. The district
is in a sheared and faulted part of the Idaho batholith which has guided intrusions
of dikes and mineralization. The ore bodies in the Hermada are quartz fissure
veins with abundant stibnite and without precious metals. Other sulfides are
rare 0 Native antimony was noted in lamprophyre near ore shoots A map of the
0

Hermada pit with some geology is given. Claims near the Hermada are also de-
scribed.

Powers 0 Harold Auburn

10 1947,. Diatomite deposits of southwestern Idaho: Master's Thesis I Univ.

Idaho.

Sixty-three samples of diatomite from 20 localities in 9 counties were analyzed Q

and are considered to be from a'Tertiary accumulation of diatom frustules. The

uses and physical and chemical propertlesof diatomite are discussedo Ore re-
serves are conservatively estimateda.t 4,.416 0 000 tons0,
 -133-

Powers, Harold Auburn

20 1947, Diatomite deposits of southwestern Idaho~ Idaho Bur. Mines and

Geology Mineral Re s. Rept., no. 4 II 27 p
0

The report outlines the occurrence, properties and uses of diatomite in general,
notes occurrence in Adamsge Washington, Gem, Ada, Boise, Payette, Owyhee,
Elmore, Camas, and Twin Falls counties, Idaho. Descriptions of many of the
deposits are given, some of which have geologic maps The total reserves are
0

estimated as 4,615,000 tons. Near'Weiser the Idaho formation is represented

as folded, not faulted.

Pricee R. A.

1" 1956, The base of the Cambrian system in the southeastern Cordillera of
Canada: Canadian Mining Metall. BUlio v. 49, no. 535 0 p. 765-771.

This paper deals primarily with Canada but has an isopach map indicating that
Lower Cambrian beds ral1ged from a to 8,000 feet in thickness at the northern
end of Idaho. The exi~tence of a conformable sequence of rocks ranging in age
from late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian is advocatedo Transgression began in
the interior of British· Columbia in the Proterozoic and terminated in the present
Canadian- Rock.ies in the Waucobian. The configuration of the advancing shQr9-
line was controlled by the positive element Montania in northwestern Montana
and by another such element in British Columbia.

Reed, Glenn Cornelius

10 1946, Exploration of the Avon mica district, Latah County, Idaho: U. S.

Bur. Mines Rept. lnv. 3898, 23 p.

The mica deposits of the Avon district are in pegmatite bodies concordant to
schistosity and, where visible, to bedding in Precambrian schist, near a granitic
mass presumed to be an outlier of the Idaho batholith.. Past production of mica
exceeds $100, 000. Recent 'production .(Sept. 1943 to April 1945) of punch mica
had a gross value of $434,298,. Reserves are estimated at 600-1, 000 tons of com-
bined indicated and inferred crude block mica. One deposit is inferred to have
150-450 tons of beryl. Most of the mica reserves are minable profitably only
under good cost-price conditions. A dozen properties are described 0

_ _ _ _ _ , .(and Herdlick, Jared Albert)

2. 1947, Blackbird cobalt deposits, LemhiCounty, Idaho: U. S. Bur.Mines

Rept. lnv. 4012,14 p.

This report summarizes the results of trenching e drilling and sampling by the
U S. Bureau of Mines from 1942 through 1945. The results of metallurgical
0

tests are also giveno The history and production of the district are outlined
and some geologic data are given. Twenty-five mine maps give general features
of the geology and record sampling results. At the time of the report the dist-
rict had been known since 1893, or earlier but production had been minor. The
 -134-

Howe Sound Co .. optioned much of the ground in 1943, starting active develop-
ment ..

Reed, John Calvin

10 1942, Veins in the Warren district q Idaho,.!!L Newhouse q Wo Ho 0 ed o 8 Ore

deposits as related to structural features I po 1750

Hypogene gold ore in the district was deposited in fractured zones in long len-
ticular quartz bodies, most of which trend No BOo,E and dip 55 0 -70° So These
0

veins occupy the most prominent set of fractures in the districto Another set
trends NW and dips NEo Post-mineral faults along the second set have offset
the veins short distances Some of t.h~s~ fault~ are filled by lamprophyre dikes
0 0

The veins are in quartz monzonite and related rocks of the Idaho batholith In- 0

conspicuous foliation in the quartz monzonite strikes No 20 0 W and dips NE

0

with variations. Ore minerals include gold, galena, sphalerite 0 tetrahedrite,

stlbnite, and pyrite plus a little quartz which came in late in the sequence of
mineraliza tion .

Ree sor John EI gin

I

1.. 1957, The Proterozoic of the Cordillera in southwestern British Columbia

and southwestern Alberta, in The Proterozoic in Canada o Royal Soc .
Canada, Speco Pub. noo 2, J. Eo Gill edo, po 150-1770

This is primarily a summary of data on late Precambrian rocks in parts of British

Columbia and Alberta, immediately north of dominantly clastic rocks of the Pur-
cell and Windermere, system&, forming a limited northward extension of the "Belt
Terrain" into Canada. The source of the Belt series is inferred to be to the easto
An unconformity is reported at the top of the Purcell but not at the top of the
Windermere Rocks known to be Cambrian are here removed from the Windermere
0 0

The Kintla is regarded as upper Purcell which implies that no Windermere is pres-
ent in mapped parts of Idaho Open sea may have extended west of the area of
0

Purcell depOSition 0

Rezak, Richard

1. 1957, Stromatolites of the Belt series in Glacier National Park and vicinityu
Montana: U So GeoLSurvey Prof.. Paper 294 .... D q po 127-154
0 0

This is a general discussion of stromatolites, their identification q and ecologic

and geologic significance 8 based primarily on field studies in Glacier National
P ark and in the Bahamas" I t note s that stroma toli te s have been found in the
Prichard and Burke formations in the Coeur d BAlene district 0

RhOdenbaugh.~Edward Po

I .. 1953, Is Boise (Idaho) sitting on 'a volcano?: EarthScL Digest, Vo 7, no ..

2, po 7-11, 270
 -135-

This is a popularly worded account. It draws attention to a lacolithic intrusion

exposed in Little Table Rock near the state penitentiary. There are warm springs
near the base of the rock and wells furnish more hot water here and elsewhere in
Boiseo The intrusion is andesitic and supposedly Pliocene Rhodenbaugh sug- 0

gests that the heat for the water comes from an unexposed basaltic sill of Pleis-
tocene age although the water is groundwater. He finds no evidence to suggest
Boise need fear future eruptio.ns.

Rhodenbaugh, Edward F.

20 1953 u Sketches of Idaho. Geology: Boise, Idaho (privately printed?)'

Caldwell, Idaho, Caxton Printers: 267 p .
. '" r'·.. ~ ..
This book is a popular account touching on some highlights of the g'eology of thE}
state. First is given a description of the physiographic subdivisions of Idaho
following A. L. Anderson with a few additional subdivisions suggested by the
author. The rest of the book gives an elementary or popular account of various
geologic and geomorphic processes and their results with illustrations taken
0

largely from localities in Idaho. The ~ubjects treated include weathering q ero-
sion g ground water, glaciation wind effects, volcanoes lithology, structure,
0 0

and brief comments on stratigraphy and paleontology.

The data summarized are taken mainly from the literature and in some cases
are not up-to-date. However, the author has travelled widely in Idaho and his
descriptions are enriched by personal observations.

Richmond g . Gerald Martin

10 1957 1/ Tl1r~e pre-Wisconsin glacial stages in the Rocky Mountain region: Geol "
So.c . Amedda . ~ull., ~. ".68 g no. •. 2 •. p .• 239:- 2620

Small patches of till, regarded aspre~Wisconsinu are widely distributed in the

Rocky Mountains. The deposits tend to be finer grained u more compact, and
more strongly' jointed than the Wisconsin deposits • Commonly a thick, mature
soil profile is preserved on themo In places the relations to one intra-canyon
erosion surface and two pre-canyon surfaces suggest that three stages of gla-
ciation are represented. The three stages may represent the Nebraskan, Kansas 0

and Illinois stages of the Mississippi Valley, but this is unprovedo Six local-
ities in Idaho are cited but not described.

Roberts u Wayne A.

10 1953, Metamorphic differentiates in the Blackbird mining district, Lemhi

County, Idaho: Econ. Geology, Vo 48, noo 6 u p. 447-456.

Quartz pods and veins, withotJ,t economic minerals, are present in the Blackbird
district, noted for its cobalt-copper deposits. The barren quartz bodies are
thought to be derived from the enclOsing quartz-biotite and quartz-biotite-garnet-
chloritized schists by metamorphic differentiation. The schists are derived
from rocks of the Belt series. Tw..o zones of regional metamorphism are recog-
nized. In addition contact metamorphism has affected the rocks adjacent to the
Idaho batholith later than the regional metamorphism.
 -136-

. Robe.rtson, Almon Ford (and Storch, ·R. H.)

1. 1955,. Camp Creek radioactive mineral placer area, Blaine and Camas
Counties, Idaho: RME 3136, U. S. Bur Mines for Atomic Energy
0

Comma 27 p.

The Camp Cree)c area has a large volume of minable gravel containing apprecia-
ble quantities of uranothorite, sphene, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, and some
zircon. The exploratory work by the Bureau of Mines was in 1954 and included
37 drill holes and 31 containing only traces of radioacti veminerals in the Willow
Creek area . Along Camp Creek 337 samples weighing over 13 tons were col-
lected. Clean uranothorite was found to contain 51" 92 percent Th02 and 5.54
percent U3080 Clean separation in milling would present some difficulty.

2. 1955, Rock Creek radioact;i.ve mineral plaper area, Blaine County, Idaho:
, RME 3139, U. S. Bur. Mines for Atomtc Energy Comma 25 p.

The U . S. Bureau of Mines explored the Rock Creek area in 1954.. Minable
gravel is contained in three separate areas, two of which could be dredged. The
third and smaller area might be mined by surface methods., The three areas were
tested by 44 drill holes, aggregating I, 126 feet, yielding 232 samples. In areas
not suitable for dredging, 25 test pits, aggregating 233 feet in deptho yielded 55
samples. The black sand minerals include magnetite, sphene, ilmenite, plus
hematite, zircon, uranothorite g and others listed in order of decreasingaQllndance ..,
The uranothorite contains 4905 percent Th0 2 and.6';l23·percent U 3°8.

Robinson, JohnW. (and Taylor o George·C. I Jr.)

10 1941, Idahoo!!l. Water levels cmd artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1940, pt4! 5, Northwestern· States: U S. Geol.
0

Water..;Supply Paper 910 0 p. 7-12.

The section dealing with Idaho is mainly a tabulation of well datao

Robinson, Thomas William

10 1949, Areas and use of water by phreatophytes 'in thewest.ern United States.:
U. S. Geol. Survey duplicated rept., 11 po

Estimates of the area covered by phreatophytes and their annual use of water are
given for 13 of the western states including Idaho. Partial data given show an
area of 10,852 acres of phreatophytes and an ..a.nnl\al use of 15,267,800 acre feet
of water. Extrapolation of the data suggests a total of 15,000,000 acres of
phreatophytes and a total water use of 20,000, 000 to 25 q 000,000 acre feet per
year in the 17 western states.

I'
 1""137-

Roby Robert Neil

0

1. 1948, !nvestigation of the Hornsilver lead-zinc property u Butte County,

Idaho: U. S. Bur. Mine$u Rept. Invo 4277 u ISp.

The mine isin the Lava Creek district in the southeast part of the Mackay quad-
rangleo Ore was discovered in the district in 1883 and much high-grade silver
ore was shipped prior to 1887 from shallow workings In 1928 and 1929 and 0

·again in 1937 intermittently through 1946 there was activit yo The district con-
tains sphalerite wurtzite u galena u pyrite in a siliceous gangueo The Last
1l

Chance (near the Homsilver) contains cadmiumo A bulk sample gave 0012 per-
cent cadmium and concentrates from there yielded 0.59 percent cadmiumo In
1941 the Era Mining and Dev~loPIIl.e.ntqo. acquired the Hornsilver u Last Chance I
and Ella group and worked until April 1946, shipping 14,562 tons 0.027 ounce
gold 2.62 ounces silvera 0.26 percent coppero 3.58 percent lead o and 6052 per-
0

cent zinco
The total recorded production from this part of the district follows:

Year Tons ore Gold oz~ Silver OZo Lead, lb. Zinc lb.
0

1886-87 7,535 226;050

1937-41 1,095 137.97 18 286
0

1943-46 14,562 393!17 38 a 152 1 a 042,639 1,901 a 797

23,192 531.14 282 0 488 1,042,639 1,901,797

Surface and underground maps and sections are given. The deposits are in two
approximately parallel zones of fissuring 8 one in andesite the other in tuff. 0

The Hornsilver-Last Chance zone strikes N 150 E. dips 75 0 -85 0 W. in andesite.

0

Intense sericitization extends far into the walls, producing a broad zone trace-
able on the surface for 2 000 feeto Q

Silicification occurred along fissures within this zoneo The Hornsilver

shoot is at the north end of this zone and was mined down the rake for 600 feeto
The ore at the bottom is at least as good as in the stopes. Stope lengths aver-
aged 150 feet.
The Ella zone is to the northwest. It strikes No 30 0 Eo dips 60 0 -75 0 W in 0

tuff. Sericitization was less intense than in the other zoneo The zone has been
traced for 1 000 feet but mining has been limited. Most of the zone is too low
0

grade to work Surface and underground maps and sections a with sampling re-
0

sults are included in the report. Tests indicate that concentration of the ore
0

offers no serious problem 0

Rockie W Ao
0 0

1. 1954, Soils and their conservation, 1!.l Freeman 0 O. W., and Martin, H. H o,
edso 0 The Pacific Northwest, an overall appreciation, p. 121-148.

Much of this section of the booko The Pacific Northwest,is devoted to a gen-
eral discussion of soils and their conservation, but the soils of the Northwest,
including Idaho o are named and briefly described with small-scale maps. The
0

principal kinds in Idaho include the Portneuf series 0 Nez Perce series 0 Helmer
series, Wheeler series and unnamed series.
8

r-"
 .-138-

Rooney I Lawrence F.

10 1956, Organic carbon in Phosphoria formation: Arno Assoc. Petroleum

Geologists BulL Vo 40 no. 9 p. 2267- 22710
0 0 0

The source of the carbon in the Phosphoria 'was probably plants. The Phosphoria
sea may have been a restricted basin in which the organic ~~tter that sank to the
bottom was decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. The C 12Ie ratios appear to
favor a stagnant water environment for the parent flora .. The 10 samples tested
are from Montana.

Ross u Clyde Polhemus (and Carro Martha E. S.)

1. 1941 0 The metal and coal mining districts of Idahoo with notes on the non.,.
metallic mineral resources of the state 0 In three parts in Idaho Bur.
Min~s and Geology Pamph. 570 263 p.

This report contains an annotated and cross-referenced bibliography of geologic

reports on Idaho through April IS, 1941, with brief descriptions of mining dis-
tricts notes on nonmetallic mineral resources and a map showing the mining di s-
I

tricts of the state 0

-----,--, (and Forrester, James Ponald)

2. 1947, Geologic map of the State of ldahoo Map with sections, index mapo
no text, scale 1:500,000 or approx 1 in. to 8 miles: U.S. Geolo
Survey.
(abs.)o Washington Acado Sci. Joura Vo 30, no. 3 po 135.
0 0

This is an advance notice of the publication of the geologic map of the state 0
mentions the principal units mapped and lists the principal metals mined in the
state, a1sQ phosphate.

30 1947, Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle Idaho: Geolo Soc America
Q 0

Bull. 58, no. 120 pto 10 po 1085-1160 0 geolo maps.

The Borah Peak quadrangle contains parts of two sharply defined narrow ranges
of northwest trend o flanked by intermontane valleys The Lemhi and Swauger
0

quartzites are named and aSSigned to the Belt series (Precambrian). Certain
beds of old but doubtful age assignment in one locality are described. The
definitely Paleozoic units in order of decreaSing age are the Kinnikinic quartzite
(3,OOO feet+) the Saturday Mountain formation (500-700 feet) 0 the Laketown
Q

dolomite (6,000 fee1+), the Jefferson dolomite(l, 000 feet +)0 the Grand View
dolomite (2 0 000 feet+) 0 the Three Forks limestone (20-35 feet) 0 the Milligen
formation (1 0 000 feet±) I the Brazer limestone (4 0 000 feet ±J, the Wood River
formation (500 feet+). The Challis volcanics (Oligocene'QrMi.ocene,) constitute
the first stratified un! t known to have been laid down after Pa-leozoic d.eposition
ceased but there was a little intrusive activity late in the Mesozoico They are
 -139-

locally succeeded by the Donkey, fanglomerate (Pliocene?) Quaternary glacial

0

and alluvial deposits are plentiful in valleys. The Belt rocks were broadly folded
prior to Paleozoic sedimentationo The Paleozoic rocks were much deformed dur-
ing two orogenic periods Most demonstrable, normal faults are transverse to
0

the trends of the ranges but along parts of one range normal faults parallel to
the range front may have helped guide erosion. The present major topographic
features are about in the position occupied by similar features in the early Ter-
tiary although several incomplete erosion cycles coupled with glaciation have
modified the topography 0

Rosso Clyde Polhemus

4. 1947 i Stl'Wltl.Jt:'e \uf'the .front of the Bitterroot Range Montana (aps 0):
0

Washington Acad • Sci. Jour 0oVo 37 onoo 10 po 375; Geolo' Soco

0

America Bul10 0 v. 58{ noo 12, pt. 20 p. 1222-12230

The gneissic rocks of the portion of the front of the Bitterroot Range that borders
the lon9 valley in which Hamilton Monto, is situated have been interpreted
0

previously as the result of crusning along a fault but instead, they result from
D

inj ection and replacement of sedimentary rocks by igneous juices related to the
Idaho batholith and the range front is a dip slope in beds of the Belt series.

50 1956 (1957), Quicksilver deposits near Weiser 0 Washington CountYo Idaho:

U. S. Geolo Survey Bull~, 1042-d, po 79-1040

Quicksilver deposits near Weiser were 'first recognized in 1936 and worked suc-
cessfully in 1939-43 with resumption of activity in 1955. The deposits are of
0

opalitic type in Tertiary sedimentary rocks which have be.en hydrothermally

I 0

altered along fractures and ,zones ,Qf t~nsion6 mainly under an impermeable cover 0

Silica and clay minerals formed in several pulses of mineralization o much of the
cinnabar being deposited during the last pulse The principal ore body was in
0

a shallow topographic and structural depr~ssion .'.on the crest of a poorly defined
anticline.

60 1956, The Belt series in relation to the problems of the base of the Cambrian
system, in Rogers John, edo El Sistema Cambrico, su paleogeografia
D

yel problema de su baseo Symposium, pto 2, Internat. Geolo Congo

20th, Mexico p. 683-699.
0

The Belt series of Montana and Idaho is among the assemblages of sedimentary
rocks in the western United States generally supposed to be of late Precambrian
age that resembles in degree of metamorphism strata of Paleozoic age The 0

basin of deposition may have reached from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
near southern California The series consists of thick formations of sombre,
0,

mostly fine-grained clastic rockswlthstiborciinate carbonate volcanic and con-

0

glomeratic rocks. Contacts are gradational and lateral variations are common"

I'
 -140-

Deposition was largely in exceptionally shallow water. The commonly-held be-·

lief in an unconformity at the top of the Belt series is only partially supported
by available facts. Locally there may be a gradation from Belt into; Cambrian
rocks and some rocks now mapped as Belt may be of Early Cambrian age. The
apparent break may record change in depositional conditions rather than a time
gap_

Ross 8 Clyde: Polhemus

7 _ 1958 ( The Belt series (Idaho): (ahs.) Geol. Soc. America Bull 0 Q v. 69 Q

. no. 12, pt. 2 pol 742 • Q

This is a general summary of data on the Belt series a thick provincial series
0

resting on rocks of Archean type and'6verlain by stratafegardedas of Paleozoic

age widespread in Montana Q Idaho u and adjacent regions The series is di-
Q 0

vided in descending order, into the Missoula u Piegan, and Ravalli groupsQ with
g

apparently older formations locallyu not assigned to formal groups. The North
Boulder group is recognized locally in Montana 0 '

(and Forrester James Donald)

----- u 0

80 1958 Q Outline of the geology of Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology
Bull. 15 74 p.
Q

This paper was prepared as an aid in using the geologic map of Idaho by the Q

same authors. The stratified units on that map mostly are systemic but larger
and smaller subdivisions are used in special cases Igneous rocks are mapped
0

in as much detail as possible but" lack of iriormationhas prevented adequate

mapping of certain border zones of intrusive masses notably parts of the Idaho
I

batholith. Each unit shown on the state map is briefly described, which per-
mits more complete explanation of special groupings of rock units than was
given on the map legend The geologic and geomorphic history of the state is
0

outlined and the geomorphic provinces represented are briefly discussed and
mapped. The metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources are outlined in their
relation to the geologic features shown on the mapo Their distribution is shown
on a map oompiled by Co· Ro Hubbard Comments as to the relations between
0

stock raising and farming and geology are given. A glossary of geologic terms
and detinitions of mineral and rock names used, as well as a table summarizing
the formations throughout the state are added for the benefit of those not spec-
Q

iall y trained in geology 0

9. 1958, Paleozoic seas of central Idaho (abs.): Geolo Soc. America Bull 0 Q

Vo 69 0 no. 120 pte 2, p. 17430

It is customary to suppose that central Idaho was part of a major geosnycl1ne

throughout the Paleozoic time. On the contrary available field data support
I

the concept that the area of the present Idaho batholith has been a positive
 -141-

block since Precambrian time, comparable tou but seemingly of longer duration o
than the geanticline in northern Nevada. Any invasion of the main area of the
batholith by marine waters during the Paleozoic was local and brief.

Ross, Reuben James u Jr.

1.. 1953, The Ordovician system in northeastern Utah and southeastern Idaho,
!n.. Intermountain Assoco Petroleum Geologists o 4th Ann. Field ConL 8

po 22-26.

Gives brief de~criptions of the formatio~s and a correlation chart which does
Q

not include central Idaho 0 The form,ati.:Ons in northeastern Utah and southeastern
Idaho are the Garden City, (early OrdovicianL Swan Peak formation u and Fish
Haven dolomite 0 The loweriso'feeto'(the Swan 'Peak contains t:hinbeds of
crystalline limestoneinterspaced in black o flaky shale beds, whereas the up-
per 190 feet is quartzitic.

Rubey, William Walden

1. 1943 0 Vanadiferous shale in the PhosphoriC;i formation o Wyoming and Idaho

(abs J: Econ. Geology v. 38 no. lop. 87.
Q I

The presence of vanadium in the Phosphoria has been known since 1941 and in
the two years previous to this report some has been produced. Recently the
U. So Geological Survey has tested many phosphate samples for vanadium the
°
highest concentrations (0.5-20 percent V205) being found in carbonaceous and
graphitic(?) mudstone, especially in a single bed o three feet thick.
0

2. 1955 8 : Early structural history of the overthrust belt of western Wyoming

and adjacent states 1n.. Wyo. Geol. Assoc. 8 Guidebook lOth Ann.
Q 0

Field Conf. p. 125-1260

The belt of mountains and overthrusts in western Wyoming is, as it were, a bit
of Idaho and Utah thrust eastward.' There was a long preliminary stage of geo-
synclinal sinking and accompanying uplift farther west, a brief climax of deforma-
tion o and a closing stage in which the overthrust belt was broken and tilted along
faul ts of Basin Range type. The current interpretation Of the geosynclinal stage
underestimates the importance of Paleozoic and Mesozoic uplift: 1n the center of
the supposed depositional trougno In parts of western Wyoming beds from Cambrian
to upper Cretaceous appear to have been derived from the west, rather than the
east which is the conventional view. In Oarboniferous through Triassic time,
Q

particularly, there appears to have been a barrier perhaps mountainous , extend-

I

ing northward through central Idaho. The principal upland axis ,appears to have
shifted 150 miles eastward in the late Paleozoic.. The persistence and narrow-
ness of these central uplands indicates they were tectonically act! ve. They
were a dominant feature of the regional geology through much of the ,Paleozoic '
and Mesozoic 0
 -142-

Ruedemann q Rudolph

10 1939, G~neral paleogeography of North America .!tl Geologie der erde

I II

Krenkel, Erich o edo, Geology of North America o Vo 10 p. 72-87 Q

int~oductory chapters and geology of stable areas 19390 Eds.

Q Q

Rudolph'Ruedemann 1927-35 0 Robert Balko 1936-39 0 Berlin 0

Verlag von GebrUder Borntraeger 0

Ruedemann quotes Walcott as to the fresh-water origin of the Belt series.

Organic life existed in its lowest form in Archeozoic time as shown by graphite I

pos.sible algae and bacteria in the Ogishke conglomerate of Minnesota 0 Land

ll

may have had lichens and mosses Paleozoic strata rest on Precambrian with
0

marked and usually angular unconformity During a long time interval, the
0

interval of Walcott in which the sea was largely withdrawn 0 terrestrial sedi-
mentation with water-laid depOSits, such as the Belt series o collected in fresh
water.

Scheid, Vernon Eo

10 1937 0 Discovery of fossil fish. in the Latah formation: Northwest Sci. Q

v 11 0 no" 1, p 74
0 0 0

Parts ot 12 fish skeletons have been found in a roadcut on the north bank of
the Clearwater River 11 1/2 miles east of Lewiston, Idaho 0 associated with
fossil ~eaves 0 They are considered to belong to Leuciscus 0

_ _ _ _ _0 (and Sohn, Israel Gregory)

20 1945, Preliminary report u Deary· ·high-alumina clay deposito Latah County,

Idaho: U. S. Geolo Survey 0 Strategic Minerals Inv Unnumbered 0

Prelim .. Rept 0 0 with geolo map.

This is a report of studies by the U". S. Bureau of Mines and the U. S .. Geol-
ogical Survey of the Deary clay deposit in Latah County The deposit is in the
0

Palouse Hills section of the Columbia 'Basin province in one of the embayed
valleys where Columbia River basalt overlaps the irregular margin of hills com-
posed of pre-Tertiary rocks 0 including granodiorite (Cretaceous ?) and quartzite
(Precambrian)" Basaltic eruptions from the southwest began in the Miocene and
continued into Pliocene time" Continental deposits underlie and interfinger with
the flows These include the clay beds mined in the Deary deposit. The Ex-
0

celsior surface is recognized, and it and old rocks are covered by reSidual
basaltic and granitic clays which are also mined. Clay was considered ore if it
contained over 20 percent available A1203 and below 10 percent available Fe203.
Reserves are 10 u 852 q 000 long tons of indicated ore o of which 65 percent is sed- _
imentary. The surrounding country may containaddi tional deposits. Ceramic
tests and drill hole data are tabulated.
 -143-

Scheid, Vernon E.

30 1947 0 Excelsior surface an intra .... Columbia River basalt weathering surface
0

(abso): Northwest8cio IV. 21, noo 10 po 340

In the investigation of clay deposits in Washington and Idaho during World War
110 a surface within the, Columbia River basalt and in part extending over older
crystalline rocks adjacent to the basalt was found to be underlain by residual
clay up to 124 feet thick, indicating a long period of weathering 0 free from vol-
canism It is suggested that the per~od of weathering represented by this surface
0

(termed the Excelsior surface) may have been from early Miocene or even Eocene
to late Pliocene. Perhaps the basalt flows below and above this surface are
sufficiently different from each other to deserve separate stratigraphic names 0
The surface may extend over 200 square miles . Parts of it were never covered
by the later flows.

4. 1947, Excelsior surface, an intra ... Columbia River basalt weathering surface
(abso): Geol o 80co America Bull 0 58, no. 120 pto 20 p. 1224-12250
II

The existing concept of the Columbia River basalt is that of a series of horizon-
tal lava flows formed during a singl~ period of extrusion with a few feet of resid ...
ual clay or of clastic deposits formed along the numerous short breaks in extru-
sive activit yo However u up to 124 fe·et of residual clayo found by drilling in-I

dicate one long period of weathering in which a mature surface here called the
0

Excelsior surface was produced. This surface was widespread and may have ex-
0

tended to the Pacific Oceano

50 1953, Geologic setting of the clay deposits of Latah County Idaho, and
I

adjacent areas: U So GeoL Survey open-file reporto

0

The major clay deposits of Latah County are in a 40-miie zone easterly from the
border of Washington to Elk· River, mostly along the base of the Thatuna Hills
and resting on Columbia River basalto On the eroded surface of the Belt series
volcanic rocks were extruded in late Paleozoic (Permian?) or pos sibly later time 0

In the Cretaceous (?) these were cut by gram toid rocks 0 which were later
exposed and weathered. Eruption of the Columbia River basalt began in the Mio-
cene It dammed streams and the Latah formation was deposited in the resulting
0

lakes 0 It consists of granitic and older rocks and is interlayered with basalto
The Excelsior erosion surface formed during a lull in the volcanisffi u mostly pre-
Latah 0 The Palouse formation is Pleistocene and overlies all older rocks. Many
streams are bordered by terrace deposits and flow or alluvium 0 Ash and loess
formed still later. Workable sedimentary clay deposits belong to the Latah forma ...
tion and were originally covered, at least in part, by lava.
 -144-

Scheid Vernon E.
g

6. 19510 Landslide caused QY over-irrigation near Cambridge" Washington

County 0 . Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soc America Bullo v. 62 0 no. 12 I
0

pt 2 po 1511.
0 Q

Extensi ve irrigation plus moisture from the record snow fall of the previous
winter resulted in a landslide in Pleistocene gravel resting on lava. Eighty
acres were moved and a house was threatened It was recommended that- ir-
0

rigation be permanently stopped here or that the house be abandoned 0

70 1954, Stockton and Stanley Hill clay deposits Kootenai CountYo Idaho:
q

U S. Geol. Survey open-file reporto 24 p.

0

The Stockton and Stanley Hill deposits oontain two types of clay: granitic
residual clay 8 derived from the weathering of Cretaceous granitic gneiss in
place; and transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered
debris of the granodiorite and older rocks. The Stockton deposits average more
than 20 percent available alumina and less than 10 percent available ferric
oxide and are therefore a small source of low-grade high-alumina clay Both 0

Stockton and Stanley Hill depOSits contain clays with more than 15 percent avail- .
able alumina and less than 5 percent available ferric oxide which are of ceramic
grade, with some clays possibly suitable for high-heat or super-heat products.
Limited amounts of basaltic residual clay are of no econqmic value.
Data are tabulated from chemical analyses of samples from 162 hand-augered
holes from the two deposits listing ignition loss at 700 0 Co available alumina"
0

and available ferric oxide. Maps delineate the deposits and indicate the 10-
cationof sample holes.

_____8 {and Hosterman o John W.)

8. 1954 g Bovill clay depOSit, Latah County, Idaho: U So Geolo Survey

0

open-file report, 25 p.

The Bovill deposit contains three types of clays: granitic residual clay derived
from weathering of Cretaceous granodiorite in place: basaltic residual clay de-
rived from the weathering of Tertiary Columbia River basalts in place: and
transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered debris of
the granodiorite and older rock s .
The deposit averages about 22 percent available alumina and four percent
available ferric oxide, and therefore could serve as a source of low-grade high-
alumina clay The clays are also suitable for ceramic structural wares such as
0

bricks, terra cotta, and drain tile and some may qualify for use in high-heat
Q

or super-heat products Maps delineate the deposit and indicate the locations
0

of 14 hand"'augered sample holes Samples from these holes were analyzed for
0

ignition loss at 700 0 C, available alumina and available ferric oxide and the
I I

resulting data are tabulated.

 -145-

Scheid, Vernon E. (Sohn, Israel Gregory, and Hosterman, John W.)

9" 1954, Camas Prairie clay deposits Lewis and Idaho Counties, Idaho:
I

U .. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 21 p.

The Camas Prairie deposits contain clays of three types: granitic residual clays
derived from the weathering of Cretaceous granodiorite in place; basaltic resid-
ual clay derived from the weathering of Tertiary Columbia River basalts in place;
and transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered debris
of the granodiorite and older rocks. The transported clays are potentially usable
for high-alumina or ceramic purposes, with from 5 to 10 million tons of clay
inferred to be available for aluminum uses. Maps locate the clay deposits and
positions of four hand-augered sample holes. The samples were analyzed
for ignition loss at 700-800 0 C, available alumina, and available ferric oxideI'
and the data are tabulated.

_____0 (and Hosterman J. W.

8

10. 1954, Canfield-Rogers high-alumina clay depositu Latah County, Idaho:

u. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 28 p.
The Canfield-Rogers clay deposit is northeast of Moscow q Idaho. It was studied
in connection with test drilling by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. It contains 1)
granitic residual clay, 2) basaltic residual clayo 3) sedimentary clay belonging
to the Latah formation. The deposit averages about 20 percent available alumina
and three percent ava~lable ferric oxide.

_ _ _ _ _ , (Sohn, Israel Gregory I and Hostennan o JohnW.}

110 1954, Deary high-alumina clay deposit, Latah County" Idaho: U .. S_

Geol. Survey open-file report, 30 p_

The Deary deposit contains two types of clay: residual clay derived from the
weathering of Tertiary Columbia River basalts and transported clays of the Latah
formation derived from the weathered debris of granodiorite and older rocks.
The deposit averages 24.9 percent available alumina and 6. 1 percent avail-
able ferric oxide. This deposit could serve as ceramic clay or as a source of
high-alumina clay.
Maps delineate the deposit and indicate the positions of the 26 hand-augered
sample holes. Samples were analyzed for ignition loss at 700 0 C available
I

alumina, and available ferric oxide, and the data tabulated.

_ _ _ _ _ , (Hosterman, J. W., and Sohn, Israel Gregory)

12. 1954 0 Olsen high-alumina and high-iron clay deposits, Latah County,
Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 25 p.

The Olsen depOSits contain three types of clays: granitic residual clay derived
from the weathering of Cretaceous granodioritein place; basaltic residual clay
 -146-

derived from the weathering of Tertiary Columbia River basalts in place; and
transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered debris of the
granodiorite and older rocks. The high-alumina clays average 24 p~rcent avaH-
able alumina and four percent available ferric oxide, and the high-iron clays
average 22.4 percent available alumina and 17. 1 percent available ferric oxid'~~.
The high-alumina deposit could serve as a source of low-grade alumina clay anc.
is suitable for ceramic products and possibly high-heat or super-heat duties.
The high-iron deposit could serve similar purposes if a cheap method of extra ..;t-·
ing the ferric oxide was developed.
Two hundred and ninety-five hand-augered sample holes were made, and
samples analyzed for ignition loss at 1000 0 C available alumina, and avail ...
I

able ferric iron, and these data are tabulated. Maps delineate the deposits and
locate the sample holes 0

Scheid, Vernon E. (Hosterman o John W. and Sohni Israel Gregory)

13& 1954, Stanford clay deposito Latah County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey
open- file report 27 p.
0

The Stanford deposit contains three types of clay: granitic residual clay de-
rived from weathering of Cretaceous granodiorite in place; basaltic residual clay
derived from the weathering of Tertiary Columbia River basalts in place; and
transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered debris of the
granodiorite and older rocks. Only the transported clays contain an average of
2408 percent available alumina and two percent ferric oxide rendering them
0

suitable for use in ceramic structural ware such as bricks, terra cotta, and drain
tile and a potential source of available alumina.
I

Chemical analyses were made from samples taken from 10 hand-a~gered holes
in the area, and the ignition loss at 700 0 C, available alumina and ava~lab~~ fer-
ric oxide data tabulated. Maps delineate the deposit and indicate the location
of sample holes.

Schipper Warren Bo
I

1. 1955 9 The Tendoy Copper Queen mine: Master's Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

Copper sulphides occur in quartzites of the Belt series and in igneous dikes.
The copper veins are replacement deposits in zones of fault breccia near pro-
pylite dikes and are classed as mesothermal. The structural features are com--
plex and involve much jointing and faulting.

Schmidto Dwight L ..

1 G 1957 0 Petrography of the Idaho batholith in Valley County, Idaho:

Master of Sci. Thesis, Univ. Washington.

This study was undertaken as a background for an investigation by the U. S.

Geological Survey of monazite and ~uxeni te in placers . Detailed petrographic
0

data are givenb based on 55 samples of metasedimentary rock and 75 of granitic

rock collected over an area of 2,500 square miles in the western and southern
 -147-

parts ef Valley Ceuntyo Six majer reck types are distinguished acress the west-
ern berder and interier ef the Idaho. batholith. Frem west to. east these are the
Ceuncil Meuntain schist, McCall migmatite, Reck Creek quartz dieritic gneiss Q

Little Valley leucocratic quartz dierite, Geld Ferk granedierite o Warm Lake quartz
menzenite All centacts are gradational and mest zenes centain inclusiens mest-
0 0

ly schist and calc-silicate granulite. Medal prepertiens u chemical cempesitien o

eptic preperties, size shape and ameunt ef alteratien vary systematically frem
Q 0

the border to. the cere ef the batholith.

Schmidt says that prevalent hypetheses of the origin ef the bathelith are: 1)
a single intrusien differentiated into. a basic marginal reck and a mere acidic cereQ
2) fermatien by multiple intrusiens, ef which the marginal phase was early 3) 0

the secend hypethesis medified by endemerphic alteratieno He suggests a feurth

mede ef erigin by metamerphic and metasomatic processes with er witheut mebil-
0

izatien ef the interier cere. Menazite and kindred minerals are interpreted as
speradically distributed integral parts of the reck they eccur ino and may be pre-
granitizatien minerals ef detrital erigin.

Schmidto Dwight L.

20 1958 0 Recennaissance petregraphy efthe Idaho. bathelithin Valley Ceunty,

Idaho" (abs.): Geel. Soc. America BulL 0 v. 69 0 no.. 12, pt. 20
po 17040

The rocks ef the west-central part ef the Idaho. bathelith grade in structure and
cempesitien frem highly feliated metasedimentary rocks en the west to massive
granitic recks in the interiero Five major belts are distinguished,in the area
studied. The anerthite centent of the plagieclase and the percentages ef petas-
sium feldspar, bietite u etc. q vary systematically acress these belts In the 0

euter schist belt the metamerphic grad~ is that ef the kyanite zene. The grade
increases acress the first three zenes, then reverts to. the kyanite zene farther
east. Regienal synkinematic metamerphism and pregressive granitization are
indicated with the genesis ef the interier ef the batholith remaining in deubto
Q

Schmitt Geerge Theedore

0

10 1953 0 Regienal stratigraphiC analysis ef Middle and Upper marine Jurassic

in northern Recky Meuntains-Great Plains: Am. Assec. Petreleum
Geelogists Bullo v. 37 uno.. 2, p. 355-393.

This general discussion of Jurassic stratigraphy gives only incidental attentien

to rocks in Idaho.. The maps shew that in Middle and Late Jurassic times sedi-
ments accumulated to. greater depths in and close to. southeastern Idaho. than
elsewhere and suggest that these rocks once extended west of present exposures
in Idaho.. These recks accumulated ina basin that was a major feature of Juras-
sic time.

I"
 -148-

Scholten o Robert (Keenmon o Kendall Andrews 0 and Kupsch o Walter Oscar)

10 1955 0 Geology of the Lima region o southwestern Montana and adjacent

Idaho: Geolo Soc. America Bull., v" 6 6 no 4 po 345-403 inclo
0 0 0 0

geolo mapo

Most of the region covered by this report is in Montana but a little of Clark
County Idahq is includedo Pre-Belt rocks are confined to Montana Diversl~
0 0

sedimentary and igneous rocks ranging in age from Belt to Recent are present but
within Idaho only small areas of the Belt series, the Kinnikinic quartzite (Ordo-
vician) several units of Mississippian age some Cretaceous strata and rather
8 0

wide expanses of Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary and volcanic rocks are
mapped Mesozoic beds are not present near Idaho in the Beaverhead Mountiains
0

but cross the boundary near Monida,and Silurian rocks are absento The PalHo-
zoic strata thicken westward to a maximum of about 10 000 feet.. There are sev-
0

eral disconformities but angular discordance was noted only at the top of the pre-
Belt rocks and at the top and bottom of the Paleocene rocks. There is a transition
upward from chiefly marine deposits to dominantly terrestrial rocks starting in
the Upper Mesozoic. Most of the strata were deposited on a shelf but the Belt
series and the Milligen and Brazer formations were laid down in a geosyncline
so the axis or hinge line passes through the mapped areao Most of the marine
sediments had sources to the east but the Belt series and the Milligen formation
were derived from the wesL North-east folds formed in middle Laramide timBo
followeq late in the Laramide by folds and thrusts of northwest trends and still
later by normal faults of northwest trends" Some north-east trending streams are
antecedent to the normal faults. Three maj or erosion cycles with interruptions o
0

are distinguished. These are of middle Tertiaryo late Tertiary and Quaternary
ages Two stages of mountain glaciation are recordedo
0

20 1957 0 Paleozoic evolution of the gec)'synclinal margin north of the Snake River
Plain 0 Idaho-Montana: Geol. Soc. America Bull v 68 no. 20 po 151-
0 0 0 0

170.

The hinge belt between the Paleozoic Rocky Mountain geosyncline of central
Idaho and the cratonic shelf in Montana is regarded as critical with respect to
stratigraphic changes It appears to have been recurrently uplifted during the
0

Paleozoic In early Paleozoic time broad uplift is thought to have affected part
0

of the site of the Beaverhead Mountains" The hinge belt is regarded as a zone
of weakness along which a prominent belt of thrusting developed in the Lara-
mide revolution. A stratigraphic correlation table for Paleozoic rocks and
five isopach maps are given.. Angular unconformity between the Belt series
and the Kinnikinic quartzite is reported in the Beaverhead Range 0
 -149-

Scholten,. Robert

3. 1957 I Preliminary interpretation of Permo-Carboniferous stratigraphy in

east-central Idaho (abs.): G~ol. 80co America Bull. I Vo 68
noo 12, pt. 2, po 17940

There are complex facies change$ in the Permo-Carboniferous strata between the
eugeosyncline -of central Idaho and the miogeosyncline near the Montana border.
In southwestern Montana the sequence includes Madison limestone (up to 2, 000
feet) I Big'Snowy and Amsden limestone and fine., clastics (1, 000 feet) and Quad-
rant quartzite (up to 3 000 feet). In the Bayhorse quadrangle, Idaho, the Carbon-
0

iferous comprises Milligen shale (3, OOO±, feet) I mostly Mississippian and Wood
, .:" ,'River sandstone (8, 000+ feet} I partly Pennsylvanian. In the Lemhi and Beaverhead
ranges Milligen equivalents are thin to absent and an arch is postulatedo The
shaly Lodgepole (lower Madison) probably interfingers with the lower Milligen.
Between the Bayhorse ql\adrangle and the Montana border the MilUgen is overlain
by thousands of feet of so-called Brazer limestone much of which appears to be
Q

of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. Th~s is interpreted as a carbonate wedge that

deserves a new name.

Schuchert o Charles

1. 1939, The greater structural features of North America 0 the geosynclines q

borderlands and geanticlines, in Geologie der Erde Krenkel Erich,
Q Q

ed. 0 Geology of North America v. 1, introductory chapters and geol-

ogy of the stable areas p. 56-71, Eds. Rudolph Ruede,mann 1927-
I I

35, Robert Balk, 1936-39, Berlin, Verlag von Gebruder Borntraeger.

Most of the geosynclines and more certainly the larger and better known ones
Q

of North America, originated in the Proterozoic. In Proterozoic the continent

had at least 6 primary geosynclines (1) the western trough 6 beginning in the
Arctic Ocean and terminating in the Pacific Oceano (2) the Sonoran or south-
western extension (ends at Bay of BajQ, CaliforniaL (3) Ontarian which united
in the southwest with the Sonoran extension and in the northeast may have gone
unbroken into (4) Belcher and (5) Labrador troughs , (6) Eastern transformed into
0

mountains (Penokean or Killarney, Belcher and Labrador) in late Proterozoico

Only the eastern and western ones persisted into Paleozoic times The primary0

western geosyncline gave rise toward the close of Proterozoic to the central
Cordilleran geanticline with a narrow primary Pacific geosyncline on the west
and a wider sequent Cordilleran geosyncline in east. The latter begins with
Lower Cambrian time and goes to Middle Mlssissippiano Maps show it include:3
much of western geosyncline The continent was originally larger than now
0 0

Greater North America was established in Proterozoic time and possibly early in
that era as the two main geosynclines (east and west) appear to have been pres-
ent at least since late Proterozoic.

20 1955 0 Atlas of paleogeographic maps of North America: New York 0

John Wiley and Sons, 177 p.
 -150-

This series of 84 paleogeographic maps shows the authoro s final ideas as to the
d.istribution of seas in North America at various times in the geologic pasto Ac-
cording to the maps the earliest Cambrian s~as did not enter Idahoo Later seas
reached into the northern and southeastern parts of the state and by Middle' Cam-
bdan time these had jOined. Late in Cambrian time some retreat occurred a Dur··
ing much of Ordovician time seas were present in parts of northern and south-
eastern Idaho only a By the later part of Middle Ordovician time seas had retreated
but late in Late Ordovician time they advanced along the eastern margino Seas
were absent during much of the Silurian but entered southeastern Idaho during .
part of the Middle Siluriano They were absent during Early Devonian time but
covered parts of the state during the Middle and Late: Devonian, retreating aga~n
at the beginning of the Mississippiano However 0 parts of the state are shown
as submerged during much of the Mississippian o Pennsylvanian, and Permian,
with fluctuations. Southeastern Idaho'wassubmergeddui'ing milch 'of Triassic
time but o except along the extreme western border of the state Upper Triassic
0

deposits are nonmarine a Some marine deposition occurred late in the Jurassic
and again late in the Oretaceous 0 mainly in southeastern Idaho. Volcanic ac-
tivity is recorded for Paleocene and early Eocene time, and again for Pliocene
time a

Scotto R. Co

10 1955 0 Ground-water supply possibilities in parts of Bear Lake and Caribou

Countie s Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey open- file report 27 po
0 0

Bear Lake valley is a broad depression in central Bear Lake CountYo in part
occupied by Bear L9-ke 0 in part by irrigated farm land a It is a downwarped and
faulted depression between hills of folded Cretaceous and older rocks. In
Cenozoic time there may have been alternate periods of erosion and deposition o
often controlled by climatic changes and interrupted by minor warping and vol-
canism a The valley contains younger alluvium (500-'800 feet) 0 lake beds 0
about 20 feet, older alluvium (0-100;Jt.)o Salt Lake formation (O-luOOO ft.)
Wasatch formation o (0-1 500 fto) and older rocks The younger alluvium iSth r3
0 0 0

principal aquifer and some wells in it show artesian pressure a Deep water ap-
pears to be of better quality than that from shallow wells. The ground water
capaci ty appears adequate 0 even in drought years 0

Sears u Richard S.

10 1955 0 Phosphate deposits in the Caribou Range 0 Bonneville CountYo Idaho

(abs.): Geolo SOCe America Bull., Vo 66 0 noo 120 pta 2, po 16800

Phosphate deposits in the Caribou Range east of Idaho Falls are on the flanks
I 0

and crest of the north-west trending Snake'River anticline o in the Phosphoria

formation u about 190 feet thick 0 of which the lower phosphatic member is 55 fe(~t
thick and the Rex chert is 135 feet thick. The high-grade phosphate rock at the
top of the shale member is 1 1/2-10 1/2 feet thick and comprises four rock
types a
 -151-

Seavy, L. M.

10 1948, Sedimentation survey of Arrowrock reservoir: U. S. Bur Reclamation

0

Sedimentation Sec. Rept.

This report primarily concerns sedimentation in Arrowrock reservoir on the BoisE~

River and concludes that the sedimentation rate has been low. The report notes
that about 90 percent of the 20 170 square miles of the drainage area of the res-
ervoir is underlain by the Idaho batholith e and over 230 miles are covered by
Snake· River basalt. About 10 square miles are covered by Recent basalto Al-
luvial deposits cover one percent of the area. A small amount of silicic volcanic
rock was.. noted near the head of Willow Creek. Near the head of Little Smoky
Creek is a small area of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks bordered on the north
bt basalt of Columbia River type. These geologic features are mapped on Fig 0
I, a reconnaissance map of the watershed.

Sharpe William N . (and Cavender, Wayne Sherrill)

1. 1953, Thorium deposits of the Lemhi Pass district, Lemhi County, Idaho Q

and Beaverhead County, Montana (abs .): Geol. Soc. America Bull.
v. 64, no. 120 pt. 2, p. 1555.

Quartz veins q some withthorite, occur over a 10-square-mile area in the

Beaverhead Mountains near Lemhi Pass, cutting the Belt sedes. Dioritic dikes
are the only intrusives. Olivine basalt to rhyolite porphyry flows (Tertiary)
are probably younger than the dikes. The veins range from a few inches wide
and 100 teet long to 30 feet wide and several hundred feet in length. They in-
clude (1) those with copper sulfides, (2) those with hematite o (3) those with
barite, hematite, andthorite, (4) those.with copper sulfides and thorite. The
thorium content in types 3 and 4 is 0.1-2.0 percent o averaging less than 1.0
percent. The thorite veins are associated with the dikes.

Shaw I Walter

1.1948, Seeking sand in Idaho: TheCompc;lss, v. 26, no. 1, p. 58-670

This is a travelogue of W. W Staley's field studies in the summer of 1947

0

mainly in search of data on monazite. It is written by his assistant and contains

little of geologic interest 0

Sheldon, Richard Porter (and others)

10 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1949 0

pto 1: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 304, 30 po

This is one of a series of progress reports. Seven stratigraphic sections are

tabulated, plus analytical data.
 -152-

Sheldon Richard Porter

I

2. 1954 0 Geology of the Phosphoria formation in Wyoming and east-central

Idaho in Geologic Investigation of radioactive deposits; Semiannual
prog. rept. q June 1 to Nov. 30 1954 U So Geolo Survey Trace
0 0 o

Elements Inv. Rept. 490, p. 192-193.

Three sections were measured o one at Mahogany Ridge Correlation of the Rex
0

chert in these areas was substantiated. The upper part of the phosphatic shale
changes facies from mudstone and chert in Idaho to chert at Flat Creek, Wyo.
A previously unknown horizon of phosphate rock was found in the upper part of
the Rex in the section in Idaho Some phosphorite pellets formed diagenetically.
0

Shenon q Philip John

1. 1942 0 Bedding vein deposits near Murray, Idaho u !n.. Newhouse, W. H. q

ed., Ore deposits as related to structural features p. 159-160.

g

The district contains gold-tungsten veins that lie along bedding planes in thinly
laminated argillite belonging to the Prichard formationo Some are on pitching
minor folds. Several stages of mineralization and of fracturing are represented.
The minerals were deposited in the following sequence: albite o quartz scheelite,
0

quartz, ankerite sericite, specularite u pyrite and arsenopyrite o sphalerite,

0

chalcopyrite, galena and gold. The thickest and best ore bodies are localized u
generally, above q'-1artzite beds. and apparently were determined by open
spaces near the crests of pitching folds.

_______ , (and Reed, John Calvin)

2. 1942, Veins in the-Elk City district Idaho, !n:. Newhouse u W .H~, ed.,
g

Ore deposits as related to structural features u po 175-176.

The ore bodies are in a system of fissure veins, mostly in banded gneiss and
schist with some augen gneiss and quartzite o adjacent to part of the Idaho
batholith. They are radial to the curving contact of the batholith in a zone 2
miles by 2 miles and nearly normal to the linear elongation in the gneis sand
hence apparently related to the tension or Q joints. Lenses of quartz formed
in openings in the veins were later fracturai along certain zones and gold and
sulphides deposited in the fractures.
The banded gneiss u schist and quartzite are believed to be metamorphosed
parts of the Belt series, with a northwesterly regional trend The augen gneiss
0

is in bodies transverse to this trend and may represent igneous rock intruded
prior to the development of foliation. The internal structure in the augen gneiss
conforms to that of the s'-1rrounding rocks.

30 1948, Lead and zinc deposits of the Coeur d'Alene district o Idaho, in.
Dunham 0 K. C. D edo Symposium on the geologyo paragenesis and
Q

reserves of the ores of lead and zinc, InternaL Geol ~ Cong I 18th I
0

1-
 -153-

London, p. 78-80; (abs.): Volume of titles and abstracts p. 50, 1940.

The mines of the Coeur d ·Alene district are in an area 25x15 miles with the
world I s greatest silver producers at its southern end. The ore bodies follow
well":"defined fractures or shear zones in the Belt series. Intrusive rocks in-
clude monzonite stocks, diabase, and lamprophyre dikes. The common minerals
include galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite,
and arsenopyrite with gangue of quartz, siderite, and other carbonates, locally
barite. The mineralization is accompanied by bleaching of the adjacent rock
due to the development of sericite q clay minerals and carbonates. The deepest
mine then exceeded 4,000 feet.

Shockey Philip Nelson

I

1. 19'57, Reconnaissance geology of the: Leesburg quadraqgle, Lemhi County,

Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph 113. 42' P..
Q

The Belt series is represented by 35,000 feet of metamorphosed rocks, in two

units, phyllite and gray quartzite, overlain unconformably by 4,000 feet of
Kinnikinic quartzite (Ordovician) . The Precambrian rocks were warped during a
disturbance of inferred Ordovician date. In the late Mesozoic a reverse-faulted
syncliniorum trending N. 45 0 W. was formed. Later, and after dynamic meta-
morphism, apophyses of the Idaho batholith were emplaced, marginally by ig-
neous metamorphism. In the Tertiary alternate erosion and deposition produced
erosion surfaces, early conglomerate, Challis volcanics, lake beds, and lat:e,
a~h. The pre-Challis surface had a regional relief of several thousand feet. In
the middle Tertiary the Challis volcanics were w~rped into a gentle, N. 45 0 E.
anticline. A late mature erosion surface formed in the' Pliocene. Pr.e-Wisconsin
and Wisconsin glacial deposits are present. Pre-Challis drainage was south-
eastward to the Salmon River near Williams Creek but lake bed drainage was
southwest.
Deposits of cobalt, copper q radioactive rare-earth metals, gold, tungsten,
lead, and silver are present. The gold placers are of Wisconsin and later age.
Opalized wood is an important product. Lode output in 1901-54 has been 1, 146
oz. Au, 5,822 oz. Ag, 28,217 lb. Cu, 113.836 lb, Pb. Placer output was 7, 635
oz. Au, 589 oz. Ag. One copper mine has been recently active. The lode de-
posits may be of mid-Tertiary age.

2. 1957 I Reconnaissance geology ot the Leesburg quadrangle, Lemhi CountYo

Idaho (abs.): Dissert. Abs. 0 v. 17, no. 12, p. 2980.

Metasedimentary rocks of the Belt series I about 35 0 000 feet thick crop out over
nearly two-thirds of the Leesbqrg quadrangle and are unconformably overlain by
about 4 000 feet of Kinnikinic metaquartztte. There was a progressively shallow~ "
Q

ing 'Belt sea with a possible westerly source for the sediments. The Kinnikinic:.
is a basal sand deposited during northeasterly transgression of a shallow Ordo....
vician sea. The Belt series was warped during the pre-Middle Ordovician dis-
turbance, here termed the Skull Canyon disturbance o following Scholten. Late
 -154-

in the Mesozoic a reverse-faulted syncliniorum. of N. 45 0 W. trend fotIJledc; Later

apophyses of the Idaho batholith were emplaced. Considerable portions of these
are products of igneous metamorphism Alternate erosion and deposition in the
0

Tertiary res~lted in erosion surfaces, conglomerate, Challis volcanics I lake

beds o and ash. The Challis volcanics are in a gentle anticline trending N. 45°
EGA mature erosion surface formed in the Pliocene. Pre-Wisconsin and Wiscon-
sin drift are separated by 1 000 feet of canyon cutting Mineral deposits in-
0 0

clude cobalt copper, gold tungsten, lead silver, and rare-earth minerals.
0 D 8

They range in age from late Mesozoic to middle Tertiary. Gold placers are Wis-
consin and younger. Opalized wood is valuable.

Shuter Eugene
0

1. 1953, Records of wells and water-leveliluctuations in ~estern Bingham

County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey duplicated rept 0, 99 p.

Data for the 900-sq. -mi. area include 207 well records u four test-hole logs,
12 well logs, and discharge measurements.

Sidler, Aubrey Gene

1. 1957, The origin of heavy minerals in the Boise Basino Idaho: Master's
Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

Faulting and differential uplift resulted in the formation of basin depressions

and steepened stream gradients causing deep erosion on-the flanks of the
I

basins. Twenty-three of the twenty-eight heavy minerals found in the placer

deposits were identified in thin sections of the quartz monzonite and diorite.
The origin of the heavy minerals is discussed.

Simons, Wilbur O. Douglas (and others)

1. 1953 0 Spokane-Coeur d'AleneRiver basin, Wash.-Idaho, Chap. lOu

Subsurface facilities of water management and patterns of supply--
type area studies in. The physical and economic foundation of
D

natural resources: U So Cong., House Commo Interior and Insular

0

Affairs, v. 4 p. 162 -18 5 .

I

Volume 4 of this general report on natural resources contains summaries of the

water situation in numerous type areas. Chapter 10 describes one such area
that lies in part in Idaho. This is a segment of the Columbia River basin, and
the Pacific Northwest. It is one of the more humid parts of theUni ted States II •

but much of the precipitation is snow. The area has a wide diversity in climate,
topography, geology, land use, and water yield. A major use of water is for
generating power. Forests cover 75 percent of the basin, growing mainly on
well-consolidated 'rocks of relatively lowpermeabil1tyo Most of the rest of the
basin is less rugged and used for dry farming and grazing. Yearly precipitation
ranges from 12 inches on the west to at least 70 inches annually in the moun-
tains in the eastern part of the basin. The snow in the mountains gives rise to
 -155-

extreme spring runoff. Tables and graphs summarize various data relative to
water losses I uses, floods u etc. 0 in the basino The water supply is adequate
but proper regulation presents problems. Much now escapes use.

Sisco /! Harold C.

1. 1954, Records of wells u water-level fiuctuations, and ground-water with-

drawals in the Aberdeen-Springfield area Bingham and Power Counties,
g

Idaho: U So Geolo Survey duplicated rept. 50 po

0 0

Data for the 275-square-mile area include 78 well records 24 well logs, water-
I

level measurements/! and a summary of ground-water withdrawals in 1953, with

a summary of pertinent geologic data for the area 0

2. 1955, Records of wells and water-level .fluctuations in the Aberdeen-

Springfield area, Bingham and Power Counties Idaho, in 1954: U S.
/I 0

Geola Survey open-file report, 31 p.

Tables of water level recordings for 1955 in thi~ area, and a map showingt)1e
location of wells in which observations were made. This is the third in a series
of annual reports starting with that for 1953.

3. 1955, Records of wells and waterrlevel fll,lctuations in the Aberdeen-

Springfield area o Bingham and Power Counties, Idaho, in 1954: U S. 0

Geol. Survey duplicated rept., 30 po

Data include records of 28 observation wells and periodic water-level measure-

ments.

4. 1956, Water levels in observation wells in the Aberdeen-Springfield area,

Bingham and Power Counties, Idaho in 1955: U. S. Geol. Survey
g

open-file report, 32 po

This is a progress report. It lists data on water-level measurements in 25 wells Q

recording gages in 6 wells u and drilling of three observation wells.

Skipp, Betty Ann Lindbergh

1. 1958, Significant sedimentary features in MiSSissippian rocks in Custer

County, Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bulla, v. 69 0 no. 120
pt. 2, po 1744.

This describes a small area in the Mackay quadrangle in which limestone with
intercalated clastic rocks, 9 8 000 feet thick, of Mis sis sippian age was studied
 -156-

in detail These rocks result from normal marine deposition simultaneous with
0

emplacement of originally fluviatile gravel modified by marine currents in a

marginal miogeosynclinal environment with gradual shoaling of the seas.

Slosso Laurence Louis

10 1950, Paleozoic sedimentation in Montana area: Amo Assoco Petroleum

Geologists BulL, Vo 340 noo 3 po 423-4510 0

Isopach maps for longitude 99-120 0 , latitude near 43 0 to 53 0 include much of 0

Idaho Maps for the Canibrian and Ordovician systems imply great thicknes ses
0

in Idaho; the same for the Silurian A map showing pre-Middle Devonian paleo-
0

geology shows much Silurian in central Idaho q surrounded by Ordovician which

goes' almost to the western boundalY iri .1 at ilu de 43 0 -45 0 and crosses that bound-
ary farther north Precambrian rocks are indicated west of the Ordovician Cam-
0 0

brian rocks stop along the Montana boundaryo One map shows Devonian rocks
5 000 feet thick aQout longitude 113 0 latitude 43 0 thinning both ways from
0 I I

there 0 Thus the thick area is conveniently in the" Snake River Plain with northlr-
westward extension into an area free from known Devonian rocks Thicknesses 0

of 2 000 feet of Lower Mississippian strata are indicated about latitude 460 30'
0

in Idaho o where there are no Paleozoic rocks and none in the area where the
Milligen(Lower Mississippian) is reported as about 3 000 feet thicko Similarly 0

Upper Mississippian strata are indicated as 7 000 feet thick in the Snake River
0

Plain o longitude 113 0 + latitude 43 0 +, and thinning from there northward o where
such rocks are thick. The Pennsylvanian is ~hown in somewhat similar fashi~n,
with a narrow zone of no deposits near the eastern border of the Idaho batholith.
Permian rocks are shown extending across central Idaho o consisting of volcanic
material in the western part.
The discussion of tectonic controls and of the position and character of geo-
synclinal sediments is directed mainly at conditions in Montana and Wyoming
but overlaps into Idaho.

20 1951, The Central Montana uplifts in re!at~on to Late Mississippian stratig-

raphyu in Billings Geolo Soc. 2nd Anno Field Confo opo 64-66.
0

This includes two maps showing isopachs and facies from base of Kibbey sand-
stone to base of Pennsylvanian rocks these extend into Idaho and show a north-
0

east axis for isopachs The term "Brazer" is not used.

0

30 1954 8 Lemhi arch, a mid-Paleozoic positive element in south-central Idaho:

Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 65 no. 4, po 365-368.
0 0

A measured section of strata of early Paleozoic age in the southern part of the
Lemhi Range is given and the inference is made that a positive element, the
Lemhi arch o was active in what is here called the western part of the south-

1-'"
 -157-

central Idaho area in Middle and Upper Devonian time 0 By this designation
part of the Lemhi Range appears to be meant 0

Sloss, Laurence Louis

4. 1955, Progress and promise in: Rocky Mountain exploration u in Am. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists Rocky Mtn. Sec., Geol. record, p. 11-36.

The history of exploration in the Rocky Mountain region comprises five episodes,
each dominated by a particular set of guiding principles. There remains an en-
couraging field for an expanding exploration program Nine tectonic maps that
0

include Idaho and show major stratigraphic features are presented an~ briefly
discussed In: Cambrian through Early Ordovician time the whole state was under
0

. deposition with a major depressic>n from the southwest corner of the state north-
east across central Idaho and another turning west of north across the northern
tip of the state. In Middle Ordovician through Early ·Devonian time submergence
is depicted as cont!nuing through most Of the state with major depressions in
the eastern part of south-central Idaho and near the boundary between northern
Idaho and northeastern Washington. The Middle Devonian through Middle Mis-
sissippian sequence is interpreted as showing eugeosynclinq,l condi.tions in
eastern Wash!ngton and Oregon and adjacent parts of Idaho a major trough of
0

northeast trend from northeastern Nevada across the southeastern part of south-
central Idaho and submergence over most of the rest of the state ~ One map shows
most of the state in a "black shale basin". In Late Mississippian through
Early Jurassic time the eugeosyncline is shown as having spread eastward far-
ther into Idaho. It is bordered by a sinuous trough and the trough in south-
central Idaho is still of northeasterly trend but not extending into Nevada.
Another deep depression in Utah rea.ches into southeastern Idaho. The isopachs
on one map suggest that most of Idaho received thick Pennsylvanian deposits Q

many with high proportions of sand with a deep depression in southeastern Idaho 0

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Hamblin Ralph Hugh)

Q

1. 1942, Stratigraphy and insoluble residues of Madison 9rouP (Mississippian)

of Montana: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. v. 26" no. 3,
Q

p. 305-335.

The Madison group" as the term is here used, comprises the Mission Canyon
limestone at the top and the Lodgepole limestone below the latter being suh-
0

divided into two members, of which the lower contains much black shale. The
Madison group was deposited in a large basin that extended eastward from the
Cordilleran trough. An isopach map shows that the Madison is present in south-
eastern Idaho. Otherwise the paper contains no direct reference to Idaho.

Smart, Ross A. (and others)

1. 1954, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1950-51:

U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 327, 22 p.

This is one of a series of progress reports. Seven stratigraphic sections are

tabulated plus analytical data.
I
 -158-

Smedes Harry Wynn

0

10 1958, Interpretation of geologic structure of western Montana and northern

Idaho (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 69, no. 120 pt. 2, p. 1745.

A trough marking a major crustal block in western Montana has affected sedimenta-
tion since Belt time and influenced Laramide deforrnationo The Boulder and Phil-
ipsburg batholiths and an eastern salient of the Idaho batholith are restricted to
this trough; its northern boundary marked by folds and thrusts lies on strike
0 0

with the straight northern edge of the Idaho batholith. Thrust belts bulge east-
ward within the trough. A wedge pattern of northwesterly faults in Idaho forms
an apparent apex near Missoula. It is deduced that in the Laramide orogeny the
supracrustal rocks of the trough (and perhaps the crustal block itself) moved east-
ward producing a left lateral tear' zone along
the northern border which may havE!
localized the northern contacts of the Idaho batholith and the eastward deflections
of the: Lewis-Lomba~d and Philipsburg belts of deformation 0

Smedley, Jack E.

1. 1948 Q The stratigraphy of part of the Lemhi Mountains Q Idaho: Master's

Thesis Univ. Idaho.
g

A basement of metamorphic rocks is unconformably overlain by 5 490 feet of Q

Cambrian(?) Ordovi·cian and Mis sis sippiansediments • Limestones shales

0 Q 0 0

dolomites and quartzites are described in detail and dated on the basis of lith-
Q

ologic similarities, stratigraphic position, and fossl11dentification.

Smith, Helen V.

1. 1940 0 Notes on the systematic and ~logical implications of the Miocene

flora of Sucker Creek o Oregon and Idaho: Amo Midland Naturalist,
v. 24, no. 20 p. 437-443.

The area is in Malheur CountYo Oregon o and Owyhee:Countyo Idaho q and some
58 species of fossil plants are recognized. These belong to 37 genera, of which
23 now occur in the west, three are now confined to Asia 0 and others grow in
eastern America, The Thorn. Creek flora is different from that of the· Sucker Creek
area. In the latter the physical and climatic conditions during growth were not
unlike those of the low hills of northern California and southern Oregon or the
rolling regions of southern Michigano The rainfall was 30-40 inches annually Q

with no prolonged summer dry spell.

2. 1941 0 A Miocene flora from Thorn Creek 0 Idaho: Am. Midland Naturalist q
v. 25 0 no. 3, p. 473-522.

Roadcut and landslide exposures along Thorn Creek on the southern edge of the
Boise Basin have yielded many plant fossils. Sixty-four species identified from
 -159-

2 0 01.0 specimens are listed.The aspect of the flora is modern and includes
species living in the eastern United States, the Rocky Mountains, and along
the Pacific coast and in the southwest, No eastern Asiatic element is present.
The age is regarded as late Miocene The flora indicates a considerable range
0

in altitude, from lowland swamps to uplands above 5 000 feet. Hence the flora
0

grew in an area of marked relief. The general aspect of this flora is distinctive
but 1s more like that of the Latah, the upper Cedarville of Nevada and California
and the Eagle Creek of the Columbia R1 ver gorge than any others. Systematic
descriptions of the species are given.

Smith, Neal Johnstone

1. 1953, Tertiary stratigraphy of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho, in.

Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists u 4th Ann. Field'Conf.,
1953, p. 73-77.

This is a descriptive paper in which Salt Lake group, Wasatch group, and early
Eocene and Paleocene are made to include all the Tertiary sediments in south-
eastern Idaho and the lavas are Snake· River basalt and unnamed silicic rocks
(Oligocene and Miocene?), The early Tertiary conglomerate, sandstone and 0

shale of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho are correlated with the Wasatch
group of Veatch (1907) in Utah.

Sohn, Israel Gregory

1. 1952, Geologic environment map of alum~na resources of the Columbia

Basin: U. S. Geolo Survey Mineral Inv. Res. Appraisals Map MR
I, scale 1:1 500,000 (about 1 in. to 24 m1.) with text.
0

The main map shows .(1) areas known to contain deposits of high-alumina clays
. and similar materials, (2) areas in which sedimentary deposits of high-alumina
clay may occur, (3) areas in which such clays derived from weathering of' gran-
itic rocks may occur (4) areas in which high-alumina clay and laterite de-
0

rived from weather~ng of basalt may occur. Two small locality maps for certain
clays and one showing electric transmission lines are given. In the text 11
occurrences in Idaho are described. These are in Kootenai Latah, Benewah,
II

and Nez Perce Counties. There is a geologic cross section and diagrams show-
ing distribution of potential alumina ore reserves. In the Columbia Basin 40
percent are 1n Idaho.

2. 1952 I Industrial clays, oth~r than potential sources of alumina of the

I

Columbia Basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 158 18 p.

I

This report is a summary of avaHable literature on clays of relatively low

aluminum content in the Columbia Basin. Deposits of bentonite brick and I

.tile pottery and slip clay are listed in the table that constitutes the main
I

part of the report. In Idaho such clays are noted in Ada Adams Bannock
0 I I
 -160-

Bear Lake Benewah Boi se Bonner Bonneville, Canyon Ca s sia f Elmore,

Q 0 0 I 0

Franklin, Fremont u Gem o Idaho Kootenai Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, Payette,
0 0

Power Twin Falls, Valleyo and Washington Counties, but Latah County is the
0

only one in' which more than three deposits are tabulatedo

Sorenson Robert E.
Q

1. 1947, Deep discoveries intensify Coeur d 'Alene activities (Idaho): Eng 0

Mining Jouro Ve 148, no. 10, po 70-7800

The geology of the Coeur d 'Alene region is outlined and comments on a number
of mines giveno The article emphasizes that the region has sustained a continued
and eXPCinding
depth. . production
.,. . .a ,lon~perlod
over ...... '" .... " because
.'," repeated . discover1es.~t
of ." '." ......... .

2. 19480 Silver Summit (Coeur d'Alene area u Idaho) opens rich ore (adapted
from a paper presented before the Idaho Mining AssocoSun Valley,
Idaho): Eng Mining Jouro, Vo 149 no. 70 po 70-73 1510
0 0 0

The discovery of a rich ore body at a depth of 40400 feet in the Silver Summit
mine in the Silver Belt of the Coeur d 'Alene region is noted and the ore body is
described. Other recent activity in the area is mentioned.
The best places to look for ore bodies in the district are near anticlinal
crests and large faults within bleached zones in the Belt rocks Points where 0

veins cross folds o.r warps are themselves warped o approach strong faults or
0

where those not in strongly bleached zones enter such zones are all favorable
for prospecting 0

3 0 1951 0 Shallow expressions of Silver Belt ore shoots Coeur d'Alene district,
0

Idaho: Mining Engo Vo 3 noo 70 po 605-611;AIMETranso 1951

Q 0 0

Vo 190 19520
0

In the: 8il ver Belt veins that crop out tend to be of slight value, and to consis t
largely of quartz and pale carbonateo Rich ore shoots may be buried thousands
of feet beneath the present surfaceo Their carbonate is siderite . An earlYClhlo-
ritic alteration in broad zones is followed by later sericitization and removal of
coloring matter Mosto but not all o of the good ore is in these bleached zones
0 0

Many almost barren veins in the shaly Wallace formation contain rich shoots
shortly after entering the brittle 0 friable quartzite of the underlying St. RegiS
formation Structural features of the veins are also guides These include
0 0

crossings of folds or warps in the country rock warps in the veins themselves, 0

approach to prominent pre-ore faults 0

Squire soD. F 0

10 1956 0 A new Triassic coral fauna from Idaho: Amo Muso Novitates o pubo by
Amo Muso Nato Historyo noo 1797 0
 -161-

Firs t collections were made by Williams and Reed lUG S. Geological Survey in
1936 .. These were visited by N. D, Newell of the American Museum, who got
the corals reported on here. The outcrop is just above a limestone quarry on
east side of Mission:Creek in Lapwai Indian Res. Nez Perce County. An inlier
of meta-limestone under lava may be a roof pendant in Idaho batholith. Age is
Norian (Triassic) . Fossils show'only on weathered surfaces. Corals are sil-
icified 8 imperfectly. A dozen corals and two questionable ones are listed. As-
sociated with the corals are gastropods, pelecypods and sponges, Bryozoa.,
cidarQid, echinoids, and brachiopods.
Probably these represent a shoal or bank, not a reef.

Staley, William Wesley

1. 1945, Coal in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Mineral Res. Rept.
I, 4 p.

The report deals mainly with the. Driggs area, Teton County 0 but the Willow
Creek-Caribou district, 25 miles southeast of Idaho. Falls, and the:Continental
. Divide district near Kilgore I Clark. County are also mentioned. All three are in
.the Frontier formation (Upper Cretaceous) •. The coal field near Driggs has been
called the St. Anthony Teton Basin, and Horseshoe Basin field. The last name
Q

is preferred. The coal beds are one to 9 feet thick, of bituminous rank and eSr-
timated to be able to yield 11, 000, 000 tons. The coal is friable but with
modern methods of use this is not a serious disadvantage.

2. 1946, Gold in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph, 68, 32 p. ,
incl. geol. maps.

This is a general summary aimed at promoting the production of gold in Idaho

when that industry is able to resume. Gold is supposed to have been first dis-
covered in 1860 at Pierce, Clearwater County and many of the districts now
Q

known were found soon after this. The early history of Alturas (now in part
,Elmore)' Boise, Custer, Idaho, Lemhi, Owyhee, and Washington Counties is
outlined, illustrated by maps from P. I. Scott's report of 1882. Production
tables are given. The total production of gold since 1900 is 2,575,888 OZo,
of which 1, 026, 198 ounces came from placers. Descriptions of gold districts
in each of the present counties that contain them are given. These consist
largely of production figures and outline geologic maps.

3. 1946, Fine gold of Snake; River and lower Salmon River, Idaho: Idaho
Bur. Mines and Geoloqy Pamph. 72, 11 P.

The pres~nce of gold along the Snake River and Salmon River was reoognized
early but active mining did not begin until 1871. Almost from the Snake River
source in Wyoming to its junction with the· Columbia in Washington placer
 -162-

operations have been undertaken at various times. A table showing that the
range in gold value (at the price of $,20.67 per ounce) in black sand concentrates
ranges from $537 to $1 154057 per ton is given. The table records the presence
0

of platinum in two places Most activity along the Salmon River has been be-
0

tween Riggins and Whitebirdo A tableo totalling 99,832 ounces, gives the es-
timated production from Snake River by counties. It is suggested that old aurif-
erous channels may be buried in the Snake River basalt and could be looked for
by geophysical methodso The placer gold along the Salmon has a fineness of 850
or less that of the Snake averages about 950. A table showing areas along the
0

Snake where mining has been done is given. The paper closes with a discussion
of mining and treatmento

Staley William Wesley

6

40 1948 0 Distribution of heavy alluvial minerals in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines

and Geology Mineral Res. Rept. no. 50 12 p.

The minerals in alluvial deposits include gold, ilmenite garnet o zircon, chromite, 0

hematite amalgam pyrite monazite o rutile, titanite cinnabar cassiterite,

0 0 0 0 0

corundum columbite-tantalite u and various uranium minerals. Most of these

0

have been recognized in recently collected samples, but the quantity of some
is small. Tables indicating the proportions of the prinCipal minerals in placer
deposits in Idaho are giveno also a map showing distribution. A large prospec-
tive tonnage of monazite, zircon and ilmenite is available.
0

5. 1950 0 Pumice and perlite in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology,
Mineral Resources Rept. no. 6, 10 p.
0

The manufacture of light-weight aggregate units using pumice and Portland

cement has become substantial in southern Idaho at Idaho Falls Jerome, Boise
Q 0 I

etc. The gross value in 1949 was $2,500,000. Methods of manufacture are
outlined. Among the pumice deposits are one 7 miles south of the intersection
of Highways 95 and 20 out of Marsing in Owyh~e Count yo another near Fairfield,
0

Camas County, another near Hollistero Twin' Falls CountYo another near Rockland,
Power County others near Ammon south of Idaho Falls another north of Magic
0 I

Reservoir Blaine County and one near ,Tetonia, Teton County. Deposits of
0 8

perlite have been little more than prospected as yet. They are known in Owyhee
County Blaine County Twin Falls County, etc.
i I

60 1952, Monazite in Idaho: Compass, v. 29" no. 4" p. 302-312.

This is similar to Staley's Mineral Resources Rept. no. 5 but has some more
recent production figures 0
 · -163~

Staley, William W~sley (and Browning, James S.)

7 0 1949, Preliminary investigation of concentrating certain minerals in Idaho

placer sand: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pampho 87, 23 p.

The minerals of possible commercial value in Idaho black sands include monazite,
magnetite, ilmenite/l zircon u and garnet. Methods of treatment are discussed.

(and Prater, Lewis Seward)

----- I

80 1945, Sulphur in Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Mineral Res. Rept.
noD 2, 7 p.

Sulphur deposits near Soda Springs, Caribou County, have been known ·since
1872, in a fault breccia composed of tuff, limestone, and quartzite. Past re-
ports have indicated the presence of 1,000,000 tons containing 10 percent sul-
phur but attempts to mine have failed. In the future, development may be suc-
I

cessful.

Stearns Harold Thornton

I

1. 1951, Outcrops of Payette formation along Snake River near Hagerman,

Idaho: GeoL Soc. America Bull. v. 62 u no. 9 p. 1149.
I D

An outcrop, 40 feet squareD of firmly cemented sandstone with scattered pebbles

in SW 1/4, sec. 29, T. 8 S., Ro 14 E., Twin Fq.lls County, is thought to Qelong
to the Payette It is in an area previously mapped by Stearns as a fault comple:c:
0

of Hagerman lake beds and Banbury-type basalt.

2. 1952, Bedding-plane faults at Cabtnet Gorge dam, Bonner County, Idaho

(abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 63, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1371.

Minor bedding plant faults ~n the Striped Peak formation caused difficulty
with the dam foundation and required replacement of much otherwise sound rock
wi th concrete D

3. 1952, Unusual gravel at the· Strike dam, Elmore CountYo Idaho (abs.): Geol.
Soc. America Bull. q v. 63, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1372 .

Excavation at the Strike dams! te revealed well-rounded pebbles, cobbles, and

boulders of clay up to 12 feet across scattered among quartzite and basalt gravel.
The deposit is interpreted as the result of a catastrophic flood from the overflo~l
of a temporary Pleistocene lake fqrmed a short distance upstream by a lava dam.
 -164-

Steams, Harold Thornton

4. 1953, Ancient buried soil in the:Columbia·R1ver lavas at Lewiston, Idaho

(abs.): Geol. Soco America Bull 0Vo 64, no. 12, pto 20 p. 1556.
,

In Idaho the lowest elevation at which the Columbia River basalt is exposed is
at Lewiston. Drill cuttings here indicate a buried soil 300 feet below the surface,
and 10 feet thick which suggests such a long,...time break as to raise the question
as to whether all the Columbia River basalt was erupted in one geologic epoch..

5. 1954, Evidence of a missing Lower Paleozoic(?) formation in the Hells

Canyon area,' Idah6-0regon:' ·'Geor:'soc. America Bull" , v. 65, no. 9,
p. 939,.

Exceedingly well-rounded cobbles and boulders of tan and yellow quartzite occur
in stream beds that formerly drained westward prior to the eruption of the Columbia
River basalt. The quartzite is said to be unlike that in the Belt series but to re-
semble that in the Brigham and Kinnikinic formations.

6. 1955 0 Pillar Falls and flow and Shoshone Falls andesite near Twin Falls, Idaho:
Geol. Soc. America Bull. 0 v. 66~ no. 40 p. 463.

Reexamination of the Pillar Falls and flow indicates thati t is the top of the
Shoshone Falls andesite 8 rather than a mud flow. The andesite was originally
considered of Miocene(?) age but may be Pleistocene.

7. 1955, Discovery of Cretaceous(?) sediments in south-western Idaho (abs.):

Geol. Soc. America Bull u v. 66, no. 12u pt. 2, p. 1681-1682.
0

A single, flattened, fossil, fresh-water shell formed in tuffaceous sedimentary

rocks that have been correlated with the Payette formation has been identified
by'Reeside as Vivaparus or Campeloma, not older than Early Cretaceous or younger
than Paleocene, probably Late Cretaceous. This raises doubts as to the a9~
aSSignment of the Payette I although Miocene plants have been recorded from the
same locality 0

8. 1955, Spectacular displacement of Snake· River by a lava flow near Bliss,

Idaho (abs.)': Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 66 u no. 12u pt. 2, p. 1681.

In .the late Ple1stocenea pahoehoe basalt built tn.e flat dome called McKinney
Butte and poured into the canyon of the Snake River, 11 miles away I damming a
lake 22 miles long, which was partly filled with sediments before it was drained.

1-'
 -165-

The lava reached the canyon wall in a 6-mile stretch above the dam.

Steams I Harold Thornton

9, 1956, Ancient Lake Payette in Idaho (abs . ): Geol. Soc. America Bull. ,
Vo 67, no, 12, pt. 2, p. 17360

Recent field work and study of 10 miles of drill cores show that the Payette is
a group of local deposits ranging in age from the earliest to the latest of the
flows of Columbia River basalt, and not all lacustrine. The group is pre-Snake
River downwarp and the faults associated with it.

10 . 1956 I Lak~ Idaho problem (abs . . ): Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 67, no 12
0 I

pt. 2, p. 17360

The "Lake Idaho l1 formation is a group of depOSits separated from the· Columbia
River basalt by angular and erosional unconformities and is made up of three
different units or formations older than the: Snake: River basalt of Quaternary
I

age .and. thus Pliocene 0

11. 1956, Snake River--Idaho's greatest resource: Idaho Power Co. Bull",
v. 13 no. 2, p. 3- 6
I 0

This is a popularly written summary of geologiC conditions in Snake· R1 ver Plain

relative to ground water. During the Pleistocene lava erupted intermittently from
vents in the valley. Previously eruptions had oocurred but long broad lakes
I

had dominated the area of the Plain. These were shallow in the basin:, east of
Glenns Ferry. Uplift drained the lakes and the'Snake River cut a valley in them.
The Pleistocene flows built up flat domes I cinder and spatter cones I and most
of the lava pas·sed to the flow ends through tubes, now caverns. Most eruptions
were north of the Snake and the flows cascaded into the valley of the river, form-
ing pillow lava where it reached water.. Each flow made a temporary dam but the
river promptly cut new channels and the resulting cascades have left piles of
boulders .. gravel and sandI' Later the lava became covered by wind depOSits.
0

Some flows are young and flows in the future.are possible. There are seven
lava-filled abandoned channels of the Snake and Thousand. Springs is where
the present river cuts these. The springs discharged some 6, 000 second feet
of water daily. The ground water reservoir is replenished annually. About
67 reservoirs along the Snake and its tributaries give control" These hold about
7 , 500 q 000 acre feet and others are being built.

_ _ _ _ _ , (and Isotoff, Andrei)

12. 1956, Stratigraphic sequence in .Eag-Ie Rock volcanic area near American
Falls, Idaho: Geol. Soc. America Bull.' Vo 67, no. 1, p~ 19-34.
Q
 -166-

Studies near American Falls in connection with search for a damsite resulted in
modification in detail of Stearns I original ideas on the area Tentative cor-0

relations of the Neeley lake beds (lower Pliocene?) with the Salt Lake formation
to the east and the Payette formation to the west are offered. Also the Raft Rivor
lake beds are said to be possibly correlative with the Idaho formation. The Ter-
tiary and late Pleistocene beds are separated by a major unconformity. The lat·-
ter are represented by the, Cedar Butte basalt which displaced the- Snake·River
for 55 miles and produced a lake 40 miles long and 12 miles wide. The name
Eagle Rock tuff is abandoned and Walcott welded tuff substituted for ito The
junior author u in addition to his field work on the stratigraphy contributed petro-
0

graphic descriptions 0

Stewart u Joseph Wo (Nace o Raymond Lee, and Deutsch u Morris)

• • "."0' __ . . . . . .

10 1951, Prelimina.ry report on ground water in the Michaud Flats Project;

Power County I Idaho: U So Geol. Survey u 44 po
0

The project here described includes 65 square miles in central Power County,
centering in American Falls The purpose of the work was study of the possi-
G

bility of developing substantial quantities of ground water for irrigating high and
outlying lands Initial findings are favorable enough to warrant further work
(j 0

About 10,000 acres in the project can be irrigated from the Snake River and a
larger area not accessible to the river can be irrigated from wells, but how suc-
cessful this would be is not knowno Sedimentaryu pyroclastic and volcanic
rocks (late Cenozoic) are exposed at the surface and continue downward into
the zone of saturation Ground water occurs under perched u unconfined and
co

artesian conditions. The southwestern part of the American Falls reservoir and
a segment of the river below the dam may be perched Ground water appears to
0

move below this to the Snake River Plain u northwest of the river Matters of 0

rate of recharge, seepage, losses u etc., require further studyo

2. 1954, Preliminary report on ground water in the Michaud Flats Project o

Power Countyu Idaho: Uo S. Cong. 83rd, 2d sess, House·Doc.
I

485 u p. 55-77.

The possibility was investigated of developing substantial quantities of ground

water for irrigating high and outlying lands in the proposed Michaud Flats
project areao Initial findings are sufficiently favorable to warrant a comprehen ....
sive further investigation which is outlined.
Data for the 65-square-mile area include 81 well records 0 9 well logs I
and a water-level mapo

,-----, (and Shuter Eugene)

0

3. 1954 u. Idaho g in Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells

in the United States in 19S1;·pt.5,,·NorthwesternStates: ·U. S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1195 0 p. 30-570

1-'"
 -167-

The observation-well program, begun in 1946, now includes measurement of 95

wells in 17 cQunti~s. In most areas water levels rose in the wells, partly,be-
cause of high precipitation in recent years.

'Stewart, Joseph,W •. (Shuter" Eugene, and Brandvold, Go E.)

4. 1955, Iq,aho, in. Water levels 'and artesian pres$ures in observation wells
in the United. States in 1952;, pt. 5, northwestern ~tates: U. S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply P~per 1225, p. 28-61"

The obs~rvation-well program now include$ 99 wells in 17 counties. In Latah

County a well that has been declining showed a rise in level as did most wells
measured, because of high precipitation.

_____...... ' (Sisco, Harold G., and Ragsdale, R. F.)

5. 1956, Idaho, in.. Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells
in the United States in 1953, pt. 5, northwestern states: U. S. Geolo
Survey Water-Sl.1pplyPaper 1269, p. 36-62.

The observation-well program begun in 1946 now includes measurement of 95

wells in 17 counties. In most areas water levels were slightly below normal.

Stinson, Melvin:C.

1. 1950, Mineralogy of the heavy minerals from some placers of Central Idaho:
Master's Thesis, Univ. Idaho.

A description of the occurrence and relative quantities of 17 heavy m!nerals

(specific gravity greater than 2.9) from the 8ecesh, Stanley, and Boise Basins,
and east and north-central Idano. The quantity of monazite and zircon ~n the
placers ~xamlned is related to thefreqlJency of Qccurrence of 19neou~ dikeso

Stocking, Hobart E• (and Page, Lincoln fUdler)

1. 1956, Natural occurrence o'f 'uranium in the' United States I a SUll)ma~yo .!n..
Contributions to the geology of uranium and ttlorium by the ·United
States 'Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Comm, for tbe United
Nations Internat.' Conf.on pe~ceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva,
1955: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 300, po 5-12.

This is a summary of the types of d~posits Qontaining uranium in the United

States. Among vein deposits, the Sunshine mine, Coeur d'Alene region (p. 212)
is mentioned, and the Phosphoria formation in the sOl.1theastern part of Idaho
is included among occurrences in marine(p. 215- 216) sedimentary rocks.

Stokes I WtlliamLee

1. 1952, PaleozQic positive area in northwestern Utah (abs.): Geol. Soc.

America Bull., v. 63, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1300.

1--
 ~168-

The site of the Raft River Range in Utah o Idaho, and Nevada had pronounced
positive tendencies during the Paleozoic. The area is near the center of the, Cor...
dilleran geosyncline on current paleogeographic maps, but Paleozoic deposits
seem relatively thin with only representa'Uves of tl1e Cambrian and Pennsylvanian
system present. The Precambrian granitic,rocks are overlain unconformably by
vitreous quartzite, schisto dolomite, and limestone, the whole ranging from a
few feet to about 2,500 feet in thickness. Above these metamorphic rocks which
0

are· inferred to be Cambriano and separated· from it by a basal quartzitic conglom-

erate or sandstone areunmetamorphosed limestone and silty limestone u up to
3,000 feet thick About 1, 000 feet above the base fusilinids (Waeringella)of
0

probable Virgil age were collected. j

Stokes,· William Lee

2. 1953 0 Fossil peccary from· Franklin, Idaho (abso): Utah Acadn Sci. Proco
1952-53 0 v. 30 0 po 118.

A fossil peccaryo Platyganus compressus has been found at Franklin, Idaho, ap-
parently in sediments related to Lake Bonnev:ille~ As the peccary is warmth-
loving q the fossil may have li'ved in an ~nterglacial stageo

30 1953, Silurian rocks of southeastern Idaho and adjacent territory, .!rL Inter-
mountain As soc Petroleum Geologi s ts 64th Ann. Field Conf., 1953,
0

po 27.

This gives a brief description of the Laketown formation.

4. 1953, Summary of Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratigraphy, (Idaho) 0 .!n. IJ!lter~

mountain Assoc" Petroleum Geologists, 4th Anno Field Conf., p. 14-18.

This gives sketch maps showing apprp~mate distribution of Cambriano Ordovician,

Sllurian o and Mississippian formationsiJ1. southea~tem Idaho q which show they do
not extend much west of the western border of Oneida County nor far east of the
Wyoming border Another map shows the w~stern outcrop of Cretaceous beds
0

starts at the southeast comer of Idaho and the assemblage covers the WYoming
border in a diagonal belL All the Paleozoic and Mesozoic units ar~ briefly de-
scribedo

5. 1953,' Western margin of the Rocky' Mountain geosyncline ~n the Great Basin
(abs.): Amo Assoc o Petroleum Geologists BulL 0 Vo 37, noo II, po 2612.

The concept of an inner and an outer belt, in the Paleozoic of the Great Basin 1s
useful in a broad way but it is impossillleto draw a well marked dividing line
 -169-

between the two basins. No sharp uplift or uplifts ever separated the two.
The miogeosynclinal sediments are chiefly carbonates with minor shale and
sandstone. The eugeosnyclinal sediments are highly siliceous types such g

as cherto arkose o argillite tuff, and black shale.

0

The western edge starts near Burley, Idaho thence to northwestern comer
I

of Utah o through Wells u Cortez u Manhattan u and Goldfield u Nevada, ending

near Owens Lake, Califo

Stoll u Walter Clericus

1e 1950, Mica and beryl pegmati tes in Idaho and Montana: U S. Geol. Survey
0

Prof Paper 229, 64 p.

q

In Idaho pegmatites are in metamorphosed rocks of the Belt series and in marginal
parts of the Idaho batholith High quality mica has been produced from 14 proper-
0

ties in Latah County, one in Adams County and one in Idaho,County. Beryl pro-
duction has been small and mainly from the muscovite mine u Latah -County. Colum-
bite is known in Boise Basin. Descriptions of mines and prospects are g1 ven,
also a production table.

Storch, Ro H. (and Robertson u Almon Ford)

10 1954, Beaver Creek monazite placer area u Valley County u Idaho: RME 3132"
U. S. Bur. Mines for Atomic Energy Comm. 15 po
0

The Beaver Creek area was explored by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in 1952 by
means of 16 drill holes p and almost 11 tons of samples were collected. The mon-
azite content of the gravel was O. 188 to 0.847 pound per cub1cyard. The vol-
ume of minable gravel is large.

Stringham, Bronson Ferrin (Galbraith . F. McIntosh, and Crosby, Garth M.)

10 1953, Mineralization and hydrothermal alteration in the Hercules mine, Burke,

Idaho: Mining Eng., v. 50 no. 12, p. 1278-1282; AIME Trans. v.
196 0 1954.

The Hercules mine was operated from 1886 to 1925 and dewatered in 1947 for fur-
ther development. The country rock belongs to the Prichard and Burke formations
and is in a broad, faulted synclinorium. The mine is in a block bounded on the
east by an overthrust and on the west by a monzonite stock, The Hercules vein
is intersected by a premineral fault, along which some postmineral movement has
occurred and which is thought to have originated during intrusion of the stock.
The vein is along the course of a shear zone, now a braided network of gouge
seams in crushed and shattered country rock. Quartz formed continuously through-
out mineralization but other minerals came in successive stages; stage 1 yielded
biotite and andradite, grunerite 9 adularia u and chlorite; stage 2 yielded siderite;
stage 3 yielded magnetite; stage 4 yielded pyrrhotite pyrite chalcopyrite, ar-
Q 0

senopyrite u jamesonite o galena, and sphalerite, of which the last two are much
the most valuable; stage 5 yielded calcite, and stage 6 pyrite Wall rock altera·-
0

tion, with biotite o garnet u etco u does not extend far from the main fissure. Ser-
ici tization 0 widespread in the region 0 is not present in significant amount in the
Hercules.
 -170-

Sturm, Fred H .

1. 1954, General geology of some replacement monazite deposits in Lemhi

CountYo Idaho~ MasterDs Thesis, Univ., Idaho 0

Replacement monazite deposits occur in zones of marble situated between

Indian and Spring Creeks in the Mineral Hill and Indian Creek mining districts.
The country rock is Precambrian metamorphics with pegmatitic and rhyolitic
I

intrusives of probable Tertiary age 0

The origin of the monazite is interpreted as replacement of phosphatic.1.1ime-

stone by rare-earth elements carried in migrating solutions derived from sediments
containing rare-earth minerals 0

Swanson Roger Warren (McKelveyo Vincent Ellis

Q 0 and'Sheldon, Richard Porter)

1. 1953 0 Progress report on investigations of western phosphate deposits

(Monto-Idaho-Wyoo-Utah): U. Se Geol . SurveyCirc . 297 16 p. 0

A comprehensive study of the western phosphate deposits has been in progress f --

since 1947 and most of the field work was finished when this summary was writ-
ten. The principal deposits are in the Phosphoria and Park City formations over
an area of about 135 000 acres in Montana o Idaho Wyoming and Utaho The
0 0 I

rocks in the western part of the field are chiefly dark phosphatic shales and
cherts depOSited near the margin of the Paleozoic Cordilleran miogeosyncline;
those in the east are thinner and were laid down on the stable continental plat-
form. They include limestone and sandstone that grade eastward into red beds.
Structure in the area of the miogeosyncline is complex; that in the east simpler.
Two black, phosphatic shale members characterize the Phosphoria; the lower
is the thickest and most important in southeastern Idaho and pinches out to the
south and easto The upper member is best developed in southwestern Montana.
Chert characterizes the intervening member but limestone and sandstone are im-
portant to the north and east g where chert and sandstone are also prominent
above the upper phosphate member 0

The Bear River region in and near southeastern Idaho has the greatest total
amount of phosphate and the thickest beds.

_ _ _ _ _ (and others)

2. 1956, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation o 1953: U So 0

Geol. Survey eirc 375 8 30 p .

0

The parts of this report that concern Idaho include a map of exposures of the
Phosphoria in Idaho a generalized stratigraphic section at Trail Creek, Caribou
I

County, and more detailed sections with analyses in Little Long Valley, in
I 0

Georgetown Canyon Bear Lake County; at Clear Creek and Phosphoria Gulch,
I 0

Caribou County, plus a general description of the formation in Idaho and Utah o
showing that at its type locality the formation consists of phosphatic shale o
180 feet thicko overlain by the Rex cherto 240 feet thick In northeastern Utah
0

the formation is similar In Idaho most of the phosphatic beds are in the phos-
o

phatic shale member In Utah the middle shale member of the Park City forma-
0
 -171-

tion probably is equivalent in major part to the phosphatic shale member of the
Phosphoria and the upper limestone member is probably equivalent to the Rex
cherto The Phosphoria overlies the Wells formation (Pennsylvanian) and underlies
the Dinwoody formation (Triassic) The uppermost Wells may be the partial equiv-
0

alent of the lowermost Phosphoria in Montana.

Bwanson u Vernon Emanual

1. 1956 u Uranium in marine black shales of the United States: in Proco Internat.
Conf. on peaceful uses of atomic energy; Geneva u 1955: New York,
United Nations Pubo q Vo 6 0 p 430~434.
0

This summary includes a map of the distribution of significantly uraniferous black

shale that shows such rock in the Centennial -Range and along the Idaho-Wyomi.ng
Q

boundary p within the Phosphoria formation and gives a brief description of the
Q

formation showing that the average uranium content is about 0.010 percent but
some thin units carry as much as 0.033 percent uranium.

20 1956 0 Uranium in marine black shales of the United States, in Pageo L5 Ro p

and others, Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by

the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission
for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of
Atomic Energy, Geneva 0 1955: U. So GeoL Survey ProL Paper 300 0
po 451-4560

This is the same as the paper cited immediately above.

Swartz Charles Kephart (and others)

Q

10 1942, Correlation of the Silurian formations of North America (Chart noo 3):
Geol. Soc. America Bull. 0 Vo 53 u noo 40 p. 533-5380

The feature of this paper is the stratigraphic correlation table. One column in
the table lists the Laketown dolomite and Trail Creek formation in central Idaho 0

both Niagaran 0

Sweeney Gerald T
0 0

1. 1957 0 Geology of Copper Basino Custer CountYo Idaho: Master's Thesis 0

Univo Idaho.

This is a reconnaissance of the general geology of Copper Basin which is in the

Mackay quadrangle 0 Custer CO\,1nty I and includes only incidental reference to
the mines there. Rocks assumed to belong- to the Casto volcanics (Permian?) q
Milligen formation (Devonian ? and Mississippian) 0 Brazer limestone (Mississip-
pianL Paleozoic strata of unknown affinfties 0 Challis volcanics (Oligocene-Mio-
cene) Pleistocene deposits u and intrusive monzonitic and rhyolitic rocks (late
0

Mesozoic or early Tertiary) are mapped. The sedimentary rocks are briefly de-
 -172-

scribed and thicknesses are estimated. Petrogrcphic data indicate the Challis
volcanics range in composition from basalt torhyolite~ Specimens of spilite o
andesite tuff o and latite were examined petrographically. The pre-Challi~ ::;trata,
g

particularly those termed Casto volcanics and those of unknown age 0 are much
folded Faults roughly at right angles to each other may cros s Copper Basin diag-
0

onally and may have contributed to the genesis of the basin.

Sweetwood o Charles Wo

10 1952,: Western phosphate mining--a growing industry: Mining Eng. 0 v. 4,

no. 9 0 po 863-8650

This is a description of the operations of the Simplot Fertilizer Co., on the

,Fort Hall Reservation, starting in 1945, with some data on the stratigraphy in
their Gay mine 0

Taylor Dwight Willard

g

1. 1956, Pliocene mollusks from Jacks'on Hole, Grand Valleyo and Star Valley;!
Wyoming and Idaho o .!.n.. Wyo. Geol. Assoco Guidebook, 11th Anno
Field Coni. 0 po 123-1250

Data on 26 species of Tertiary mollusks are tabulatedo These are probably of

Pliocene age Those from Star Valley Bonneville· Countyu maybe fluviatile ~
0 0

Taylor 0 George Carroll o Ir 0

1. 1942, Idahoo in Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in

the United States in 1941 0 pt. 5, Northwestern States: U o S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 940, p. 7-9.

Measurements of four wells continued in 1941 in the Rathdrum Prairie region

and of one well in the upper basin of the South Fork of the· Palouse River. The
water level was below normal in all observation wells 0

Thomas 0 Harold Edgar

10 1952 0 Ground-water regions of the United States--their storage facilities 0

Vo 3 of The physical and economic foundation of natural resources:
U. S. Congo House Comma Interior and Insular Affairs p. 3-40
Q 0

This general summary embraces ground-water conditions throughout the UnitE!d

States Only sections pertinent to Idaho are abstracted here. In the chapter on
0

western mountain ranges 0 nearly all of Idaho north of the drainage basin of the
Snake River is included. PreCipitation is relatively plentiful in the mountains
but the water is mainly needed in the valleys . The rocks are well-consolidated
and ground water occurs mainly in the weathered material, the overlying man.tle 01
and in fractures of diverse kinds Ground-water reservoirs tend to be individu-
0

ally small and are varied In the chapter on the Columbia Lava Plateau most of
0

the drainage basin of the Snake River is included. The rocks are largely basalt
 -173-

flows with interbedded sediments and range widely in water... bearing propertieso
In Idaho much of the pore space is provided by fractures Locally, as near 0

Twin Falls water is confined under sufficient artesian pressure to produce flow-
I

ing wells. In parts of the Snake River Plain the amount of water stored in and
discharged from the ground-water reservoirs has been increased through irriga-
tion It has been estimated that the ground-water reservoir and the plain above
0

King Hill yields 3,600 u OOO acre-feet annually by spring discharge and that below
King Hill may yield I, 000 000 acre-feet more. Locally alluvium stores ground
0

water and in some of these places problems of over-saturation have developed.

Thompson Mary E. 0

10 1953, Distribution of uraniun in.rich phosphate beds of the Phosphoria for-

mation: U. S. Geolo Survey Bull . 988~D uP? 45-67.
Q

Five sets of samples, two of which were from southeastern Idaho, were analyzed
radiometrically for uranium and chemically for P2050 CaO organic matter, and g

los 5 on ignition. Preliminary studies indicate that the concentration of uranium

in these samples of phosphate rock is not due wholly to phosphate content but
may depend in part on organic matter and other constituents.

2. 1954,. Further studies of the distribut~on of uranium in rich phosphate beds

of the Phosphoria formation: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1009-D po 0

107-r123.

The five sets of samples of phosphate rock cited in Miss Thompson's previous
report have now been analyzed for F and CO 2 and good correlations between
these and P20S found in several of them. The size of phosphate pellets.was .
measured in two sets of samples but no significant correlation between size and
uranium content was found 0

The samples from Idaho are from Caribou County".

Thune~' H,oward Willis' .

1. 1941 0 Mineralogy of the ore deposits of the western portion of the Little
Eight-Mile mining district Lemhi Countyc Idaho: Master's Thesis,
g

Univ. Idaho.

The ores have a low silica content but an abundance of carbonate minerals 0

The ore-bearing solutions are assumed to have been hypogene, and mineral de-
position occurred at moderate temperatures. Separate mineral suites are as-
sociated with (a) lead-silver veins, and (b) dacite dikes; indicating two stages
of mineralization.

Thurlow Ernest E. (and Wright, Robert James)

Q

10 1950 Q Uraninite in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho; Econ~ Geology v. 45

g 0

'no. 5, p . 395-4040
 -174-

Traces of uraninite occur in the lower levels of two silver-base-metal producers

in the Coeur -d. 'Alene district 0 Most of the uranium-bearing veinlets follow small
structures in the quartzitic wall rock of the major ore bodies The ore is charac- 0

terized by tetrahedrite o pyrite arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite in a siderite-quartz

0 0

gangue.. Uraninite in small spherulites replaces quartz o quartzite and (to a 0

lesser extent) tetrahedriteo It was apparently deposited in the late stages of :min-
eraliza tion 0

Treves 0 Samuel Bo

10 1953 0 General geology of the~ Seafoam mining district: Master's Thesis

Univ . Idaho0

The Seafoam district lies just inside the eastern border of the Idaho batholith 0

Remnants of the original rock cover of Paleozoic sediments and Precambrian

schists found in the district indicate that the batholithic rock is the roofward por-
tion of the batholith 0 The high concentration of folded and faulted sediments in
the eastern part of the area and their absence in the western part indicate that the
roof of the batholith dips to the east in the area studied 0

_ _ _ _ _ (and Melear o John Do)

2.. 1953 0 The geology and ore deposits of the Seafoam mining district o Custer
County, Idaho: Idaho Buro Mines and Geology Pampho 96 19 p. 0

inclo geolo map 0

The Seafoam district is in the northwest corner of Custer County, Idaho.

Placer mining was carried on in the 1880's but with scant success. The Grey-
hound lode mine wa s developed in the early 1900' s including ins tallation of a
mill and smelter but was unprofitableo In 1926 the Seafoam Mining Coo started
their mine andin 1928 put up a mill and shipped some bullion The Mountain 0

King mine was located about this time and was active from 1945 up to the time
of this examination in 19520 U So Bureau of Mines reports give the production
0

for 1933 through 1950 as 2~103 tons with a total value of $127,904 in gold sil!"' g

ver copper lead o and zinc 0 The district is underlain mainly by the Idaho batho~
0 0

lith.. Here most of the rock is granodiorite regarded as belonging to the marginal
0

zone of the batholith but some apparently younger quartz monzonite belonging to
the core of this batholith, is also present. The granitic rocks include bodies of
schist (Precambrian) and dolomitic limestone with some quartzite and shale (Ordo-
vician?) Dikes of rhyolite andesite and lamprophyre, in order of increasing
0 0 0

age are present but not abundant or large. The major structural features trend
northwest at various angles The granodiorite may have resulted from the meta-
0

morphism of sedimentary rocks 0

The mineral deposits include those in shear zones in granitic rock and those
in replacement deposits in limestone., The deposits especially those in lime-I

stone o are cut by the dikes 0

 -175-

Trites u Albert Fillion, Ir. (and Tooker Edwin, W . ) Q

10 1953, Uranium and thorium deposits in east-central Idaho u southwestern

Montana: U. So GeoL Survey Bull. 988-H, p. 157-209.

In 1950 u 39 properties in east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana were ex-

amined radiometrically for uranium and thorium Uranium occurs principally in
G

gold u lead copper u and quartz-hematite veins in the Belt series and in Paleozoic
0

limestone and shale Known reserves are small. Uranium content is 0.02-0. 1
0

percent. Thorium in significant amounts is present in three copper deposits and

at least 9 quartz-hematite veins u content being 0.1-1. 2 percent thorium.

TuUis Edward Langdon

Q

1 . 1944, Contribution to the geology of Latah County Idaho: Geol. Soc.

0

America Bull. v. SSe no. 20 p. 131-163, incl. geol. maps.

Q

Latah County lies wi thin the' Coeur d 'Alene Mountains and the Columbia Plateau.
The Plateau is mantled with loess and has been carved into the mature Palouse
topography whose origin is influenced by the shape of the topography buri~d under
the loess, by landslides u and by wind erosion. The mountains are largely under-
lain by the Belt series u here affected by dynamothermal metamorphism followed by
retrograde changes. Material of magmatic origin was introduced into the series
during the metamorphism. Representatives of the WaUace certainly, and the g

Burke Revett, and St. Regis formations, possibly, are present. The Prichard
g

may also be present. Permian(?) volca.nics are locally present. The: Thatuna bath-
olith, of varied composition may have suffered much endomorphism. It is sup-
g

posed to be related to the Idaho batholith. The Gold Hill stock, mainly syenitic,
has al so suffered changes. It resembles intrusive rocks in the~ Coeur d'Alene'
region and may differ materially in age from the Thatuna batholith. The Columbia
River basalt and younger volcanic rocks are also present.
The principal economic ground-water reservoirs are residual granitic and
transported clays formed mainly by weathering. Clays in the basalt appear to bE~
of hydrothermal origin.

Turneaure Frederick Stewart

p

10 1955 Q Metallogenetic provinces and epochs, !n. Pt 1 of Sa ternan u A ~ M.

0 0

ed., Econ. Geology p. 38 ... 98"

Q

This is a general summary of data on metallogenetic provinces and epochs in

North America South America u Africa, and Australia.
g

Idaho is not a well-defined province as the deposits are varied and repre-
sent at least two metallogenetic epochs. Ros s is said (inaccurately) to regard
the Idaho batholith as comparable to the, Nelson batholith and of Late Jurassic or
Early Cretaceous age Anderson adds that it acted as a rigid mass and was broken
0

by La,ramide faults. Eardley thinks the Idaho batholith was probably the last of
the Nev;adan plutons and in part correlates with Laramide structures. Thebatho-
lith is dut by dikes and stocks regarded by Ross as trending in accord with struc-
tures in the Challis volcanics and he assigns the intrusions an early Miocene
age. Anderson, in addition, distinguishes an earlier group of intrusions he calls
 -176 ....

Laramide. Ross thinks the principal mineral deposits in and near the Idaho batho-
li,th are,Nevadan and genetically related to the batholith and Anderson calls t~1ern
Laramide and post-batholith The stocks in the-Coeur d'Alene region may be out-
0

liers of the Idaho batholith but Anderson regards them as Laramide and the mineral
deposits there appear also to be Laramideo Small shoots containing uraninite in
part of the region are of late: Precambrian age These are older than the lead-sil-
0

ver minerals in the same mines but how much so is not clear The deposits in the 0

Challis volcanics and related dikes are of Miocene age Anderson separates the 0

deposits of the Silver City district which he calls Pliocene and post-Challis 0

Twenhofel, William Henry (and others)

10 1954 0 Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America: Geolo Soc.

America BulL Vo 65 noo 3 po 247-298 with an introduction by C. O.
0 0 0 0

Dunbar o and a discussion of British-American correlation by H. B.

Whitington 0

The Kinnikinic quartzite. resembles the Eureka quartzite lithologically and implies
active erosion and the transportation of much sand whereas the Bighorn and its
equivalents spread over an extensive peneplaned surfaceo The committee was not
cognizant of the fossils in the Kinnikinic The Ramshorn slate is stated to be of
0

Canadian (Early Ordovician age) The Phi Kappa formation is not mentioned in
0

text or charto The Saturday Mountain formation is said to contain fossils diag-
nostic of the early Richmond invasion from the Arctic. The chart has one column
relative to Idaho and credited to Co Po Ross but it is not an adequatepresenta-
tion of data relative to the stateo

__-_--0 (and Bucko Ko Lo)

1. 195(io The geology of thorium deposits in the United States o .!.n! Proco Internat.
ConL on peaceful uses of atomic energyo Geneva 1955; New York, 0

United Nations Pubo Vo 6 p. 562-5670

8 0

Includes a map of the United States showing three deposits in Idaho and one,
on the Idaho-Montana boundary and a brief description of deposits in the Lemhi
Pass area and of placers in Idaho o with a rote on the Mineral Hill district.

2. 1956 0 Geology of thorium deposits in the United States o in Page, L. R. ff

and others Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by

0

the United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commission

for the United Nations International Conference on Peaceful Uses of
Atomic Energyo Geneva 1955: Uo S. GeoL Survey Prof. Paper 300,
0

po 559-5660

This is the same as the paper abstracted above 0

 -177-

United States· Geological Survey Water Resources Branch

8

1. 1944-1950, Surface water supply of the United States u pto 13, Snake River
Basino

This is a water-supply paper dealing with surface water aspects of the Snake'River
plain.

20 1940-1955 II Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the!

United States o pt. 5, Northwestern States 0

Part 5 includes tables of water-level and artesian pressure data gathered from
observation wells in the northwestern states 0

_ _ _ _ _ , (and U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. )

3. 1956, Natural occurrence of uranium in the United States, !n. Proc. Internato
Conf. on peaceful uses of atomic energyo Geneva, 1955: New York,
United Nations Pubo v. 6, p. 211-2160

This is a summary of the types of deposits containing uranium in the United

States. Among vein deposits the S4nshine mine u Coeur d'Alene region o is men-
0

tioned and the Phosphoria formation in the southeastern part of Idaho is included
among occurrences in marine sedimentary rocks.

Vhayo John Stewart

10 1948 0 Cobalt-copper deposits in the Blackbird district Lemhi County Idaho:

8 II

Geology by J. S. Vhay, assisted by George M. Sowers 'David Joseph

0

Varnes, John Gerard Broughton, and Joseph Leonard Weitz; Topography

by the Topographic Branch, June 1946:' U S. Geol. Survey Strategic
0

Minerals Inv. Prelim. Rept. 3- 219, 26 po with geol. maps.

0

The Blackbird district o 20 miles southwest of Salmon, is one of deeply weathered o

flat-t!opped uplands with several steep-walled canyons tributary to the canyon
0

of Panther Creek. The rocks are mostly metamorphosed beds of the Belt series.
They are locally granitized along gabbro contacts. The Idaho batholith here a 8

granite, cuts across the northern part of the districL There are post-batholith
acid. porphyry dikes and pre-batholith, possibly Precambrian, basic dikes. The
sedimentary rocks are divided by faults into three roughly north-trending blocks I

of which the center one (called the Blackbird block) appears to have been more
tightly squeezed than the others and has relatively tight folds and marked schis~
tosity. The north end of the western block is also schistose and is cut by
thrusts. The north-plunging folds control ore shoots. The northern parts of the
northern and central blocks have garnet o chloritoid u and cordierite. The Black-
bird block is cut by mineralized shear zones. The mineralized rock contains
chalcopyrite, cobaltite pyrite and pyrrhotite in quartzo biotite u tourmaline an-
0 0 0

ker! te and muscov! te, formed by replacement. In add! tion u there are north-
0
 ~178-

dipping and west-to-northwest-striking thrusts and a number of high-angle faults"

The district was first prospected about 1893; the Brown Bear property was
worked in 1899-1903; the Haynes-Stellite in 1917-20; and the Uncle Sam in 1938-
410 The district was studied during World War II by the U S Bureau of Mines 0 8

and the U So Geological Survey The Howe Sound Co started drilling then and
0 0 0

its subsidiaryo the Calera Mining Co 00 began mining in 19450 There had been
little production up to the date of the present report but a large tonnage of cop-
per-cobalt ore is believed presento Descriptions and maps of the workings are
given Most of the early work was for copper and gold o with little productlono
0

The Haynes-Stellite shipped some cobalt concentrates and the Uncle; Sam later
shipped copper concentrates The Haynes-Stellite property is in the block east
0

of the Blackbird block and contains much tourmaline 0

VhaYg John Stewart

2. 1951 Q Reconnaissance examination for uranium at six mines and properties

in Idaho and Montana: U So Geolo Survey Trace Elements Mem.
0

Repto 30A g 21 po

The Lemhi CountYo Idaho u properties examined for radioactivity were the Grunter
mineo the Kentuck mineo the Ulysses-Kittle Burton millo and the Garm..,.Lamoreaux
mine. Of theseg only the Garm-Lamoreaux mine showed appreciable radioactivity,
where the lowest level dump gave readings averaging 10 times the background
count Since the majority of all samples analyzed showed a low uranium cont~nt
0

it is suggested that the abnormal radioacUvity was not caused by uranium, al-
though one sam.ple from the Garm... Lamoreaux mine assayed 0.11 percent uran-
ium.

3. 1952, Cobalt resources 0 Chapo 6 of U. S. Bura Mines 0 Materials

Survey Cobalto 56 po Idaho is on po 40-420
Q

The Idaho localities cited are near Porthillu Boundary Count yo The Homebuilders
Mining and Development Co Kootenai County (doubtful) 0 the Copper Chiet
0 Q

M and M. Co. near Troy n Latah County near Avery and Kellogg IJ Shoshone
0 Q

County and at Blackbird 0 Lemhi County, the only occurrence of present im-
Q

portanceo
The Blackbird district was first prospected about 1893 and cobalt was noticed
a few years latera Considerable development was done in 1890-1902 for gold
and copper. During World War I cobalt ore was mined and some concentrate
shippedo The operations ceased about 19200 In 1938-41 the Uncle Sam mined
copper ore suppressing the cobalt because of smelter penalties. DUring World
0

War II the U So Bureau of Mines and U. S. Geological Survey investigated the

0

cobalt deposits The Calera Mining Coo a Howe Sound subsidiaryo acquired op-
0 0

tions and did much work Their mill was expected to produce late in 1951.
0

Most of the ore deposits are in a north-trending block, 1·-1/2-2, 1/2 miles wide
and at least 6 miles long bounded by faults. The rocks in the block are schist-
Q

ose and those outside it more quartzitic. All belong to the Belt series. The
 -179-

block is cut by mineralized shear zones in which the ore formed mostly by re-
placement. Many ore shoots plunge 30 0 -40 0 No The ore contains chalcopyrite,
cobaltite, safflorite, pyrite and pyrrhotite in quartz, biotite, and some ankerite,
muscovite and tourmaline. There are some post-mineral faults, both high and
0

low angle.
The reserves of the Calera Mining Co. as of Deco 310 1949 are 10743 0900
tons containing O. 74 percent Co and 1.59 percent CUo The reserve of unde~
veloped ore in the district is probably much larger n

Vhay, John Stewart

40 1953, Use of geology in developing the Blackbird cobalt-copper deposits.9

Idaho (abs.): Econ Geology, v. 48 no. 4, po 332-333.
0

The importance of plunge in the shapes of the cobalt-copper deposits of the

Blackbird district is emphasizedo If this had been appreciated the sites for dril-
ling could have been selected better The deposits are replacements along shears
e

in strongly metamorphosed rocks of the Belt series 0 Recently use of geochemistry

0

has shown an area of background higher in cobalt to which future prospecting can
be limitedo Geology was little used in early development but is now successfully
used in planning development and in mining.

Vine James Davi p (and Moore, George William)

0

10 1952, Uranium-bearing coal and carbonaceous rocks in the Fall Creek area,
Bonneville County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 212 I 10 p.

Uraniferous coal, carbonaceous shale o and limestone occur in the Bear River
formation (Lower Cretaceous) in the Fall Creek area 0 The uranium is thought to
have come from mildly'radioactive silicic volcanic rocks (Tertiary) through de-
scending meteoric water.

20 1956 0 Uranium-bearing coal in the United States, in Proc. Intemat. Cont,

on the peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva 1955: New York,
0

United Nations Pub. 0 v. 6 0 p. 452-4570

Unusually high concentrations of uranium in coal have been reported from many
parts of the world o although coal is commonly considered to be one of the lea.st
radioactive rocks 0 In Idaho the Fall Creek area has uranium in coaly shale in
the Bear River formation (Cretaceous) and the Goose Creek area has uranium in
lignite and lignitic shale of the Salt Lake formation (Pliocene).

3. 1956, Uranium-bearing coal in the United States !n.. Page,L. R.o and,
0

others, Contributions to the geology of uranium and thorium by the

United States Geological Survey and Atomic Energy Commis sion for
the United N·ations International Conference on Peaceful uses ofAtomic
Energy, Geneva 1955: U. S. Geol. Survey Profo Paper 300, p.405-41l.
0
 -180-

This is the same as the paper abstracted above.

Visher, Stephen Sargent

10 1945, Climatic maps of geologic interest: Geol. Soc. America 'Bull.,

Vo 56, no. 70 po 713-7360

Thirty maps of the United States showing climatic conditions which infl\lence
geologic processes are presented. These serve as convenient summaries but are
highly generalized and for regions like Idaho large parts of which are rugged and
without official weather stations are not satisfactory. The report cites earlier
papers by Visher and others of interest to those who wish to pursue the subject
further.

Wagner Warren Richard

6

1. 1944 0 A landslide area in the Little Salmon River Canyon, Idaho: Econ.
Geologyo v. 39 0 nO 50 po 349-358.
Q

Landslides that have damaged U. S. Highway 95 and that may continue to do so

. have occurred in the unconsolidated detrital material of an anqient major slide
Q

across which the highway is built.

2. 1945, A geological reconnaissance between the Snake and Salmon Rivers

north of Riggins, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 740
16 p.

The area contains the Seven Devils volcanics, (PermianL lOu 000 feet thick(?):
a new unit called the Pittsburg formation, 200- 300 feet thick; the Lucile series J
mostly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, 2,000+ feet thicko (Triassic) posSibly
cut by the Idaho batholith; the, Columbia River basalt, 20200+ 'feet thick; the
Latah formation and Quaternary deposits. There are numerous grani ticbodle S I
some correlated with the Idaho batholith. The Seven Devils volcanics were
folded at the end of the Paleozoic, and there was much post-Paleozoic fold-
ing, plus much faulting.

3. 1949 0 The geology of part of the south slope of the Sto Joe Mountains,
Shoshone County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mine s and Geology Pamph. 82 ,
48 p., incl. geol map s •
0

The report covers the. Slate Creek, Black Prince, and the southern half of the
Placer County mining districts and was undertaken to learn the relations be-
tween these districts and the richly productive part of the Coeur d'Alene region
just to the north. The area of this reporthasa number of pro~pects but no
mines and the future does not seem encouraging •
 -181-

Travel through the area is difficult and exposures poor 8 in part because of
chapparal resulting from the 1910 forest fire. Three old erosion surfaces are
recognized the oldest Cretaceous or early Tertiaryu and present streams are in-
g

cised in the youngest surface along their lower reaches 0

The sedimentary rocks include Burke, of unknown thicknes s; Revett 8 00+I

feet; St. Regis u 10 000 feet; Wallace 4 0500 feet; Striped Peak 20 000+ feet. Sills
of diorite and gabbro are of Precambrian or early Paleozoic age. A quartz monzo~
nite stock u supposedly an outlier of the Idaho batholith u has a border zone of
hybrid rocks and related dikes of lamprophyre u granophyre, etcD A little Columbia
River basalt is presento The Belt series in general mildly metamorphosed, has
0

been affected by three periods of folding and by complex o in part large I faults.
The principal mineral deposits are in areas of maj or deformation. The bleached
zones that are known to be favorable to ore deposition elsewhere are present in
the northern part of the area. The WcilIace formation u not regarded as favorable
to ore deposition farther north 0 covers much of the area here described.
In general 0 the mineral deposits u a number of which are described I are sim-
ilar in character to many in the Coeur d 'Alene region.

Wagner , Warren Richard

4. 1951 D Microscopic study of an inclusion in the Idaho batholith (abs.): Geol.

Soco America Bull, Vo 62, no. 12u pt. 2u po 15430
g

An unusually well preserved inclusion of Triassic? schist in the Idaho batholith

near the junction of Carey Creek with the Salmon 15 miles east of Riggins seems
, to have suffered few physical changes and resembles the Triassic rocks at the
border of the batholith 7 miles westward The inclusion is sheathed in a thick
0

coating of biotite mica that protected it. It is at least 10 5 00 feet vertically be-
low the present erosion top of the intrusive.

Walker, Eugene Hoffman

1. 1954, Glacial terraces of the upper Snake River,Wyoming-I~aho (abs.):

Geol. Soco America Bull. q Vo 65 u no. 12u pt. 20 1317-1318.

Four terraces cut from glacial valley trains can be identified along the Snake
Ri ver but are lost down stream amid recent volcanic features.

Wallace Robert Earl

D

10 1950 0 Columbia River basalts: a recorded informal discussion:, Northwest

Sci. 0 v. 240 no. 2 p. 51- 58.
I

This is a transcription of a tape recording of an informal discussion after 10

'papers dealing with the Columbia River basalt were presented at the 1947 an-
nual meeting of the Geology-Geography section of the Northwest Scientific As-
sociation. Six of these papers have been published and those that bear on
problems in Idaho are abstracted separately . The parts of the informal disCUS-
sion that relate to Idaho mostly concern the supposedly widespread interbasalt
weathered surface that Scheid has called the Excelsior surface.
 -182-

'N'allace o Robert Earl (Hobbs u Samuel Warren, Rainey, H. Co 0 and Bowyer" Ben)

2 a 1952 0 Geologie map of the Pottsville quadrangle northern Idaho: U. S.

g

Geola Survey open-file map, scale 1:240 000.

This mapo with structure sections but no text o shows seven units of the Belt
series" dikes veins and three Quaternary units a It covers only a part of the
8 0

Pottsville quadrangle Shoshone County.

0

"Nallace o Robert Earl (iHObbsu. $'amuel W"atrefti>iand Griggs, Allan Bingham)

3. 1953, Magmatic source of Idaho ores: Northwest Sci. , v .270 no. 2,

po 73-760

Referring to Ae L. Anderson's paper of the above titleo Wallace u Hobbs,

and Griggs point out that it contains assumptions presented in such a way that
they might be accepted as facts by those not acquainted with the geology of the
region. For example Anderson speaks of intrusive bodies in the Coeur d lAlene
0

region as localized along a zone of weakness dominated by the Osburn faulto

Actually they are on a line almost at right angles to that fault and some indi vid-
ual stocks are similarly elongated. It is further noted that Anderson's assign-
ment of a Laramide age to the fault is in accord with usual assumptions but is
supported by little evidence a Anderson's statement that close association of
the ore deposits and igneous rocks in the region "is a matter of record n is not
supported by the facts. Many of the ore deposits 0 not the intrusions are g

aligned along the Osburn fault and in detail there is 11ttle spacial relationship
of ore bodies to monzonite. Anderson's remark as to potash-rich emanations in
relation to the bleached zones is also challenged. Anderson I s id~a that the
original intrusions were dioritic and were later changed by potash~rich emana-
tions is questioned in part because of the absence of bleached zones near the
intrusives In regard to other positive statements of Anderson's I it is noted
0

that lack of evidence prevents discussion but at the same time shows that flat
statements are not justified at present.

Waring Gerald Ashley (and Meinzer, Oscar Edward)

0

10 1947 0 Bibliography and index of publications relating to ground water pre-

pared by the Geological Survey and cooperating agencies, U. Sa
Geolo Survey Water-Supply Paper 992, 412 po

This bibliographyo an extension of Water-Supply Paper 427, lists 1, 777 papers I

including all those listed in Water-Supply Paper 427 and 1" 168 additional papers
issued through January 19460 It contains an abstract of each paper and an index
of subjects and authors. Papers pertinent to Idaho are here listed separately.

Warner, Maurice Armond

1. 1956, The origin of the Rexc:hert (abs.):. Disserta Abs. 0 v" 16, no. 50
po 947-9480

1,:... .!. .
 . . . 183-·

Most of the bedded chert was deposited as a finely divided chemical precipitate 0

with smaller amount formed from the silicification of bioclastic limestone. Most
of the chert formed in relatively deep and quiet water in an east-trending trough
surrounded on at least three sides by platform areas Silica has a solubility of
0

84 ppm in sea water I much in excess of that naturally present Most silica at 0

present is removed as iron and aluminum silicates A combination of lateritic:

0

weathering in the source areas plus iron oxide in the stream waters and restricted
circulation 1n the marine basin would lead to deposition of excess silica. The red
beds present as facies equivalents of the chert and carbonate rock of the Rex sug-
gest that the needed conditions existed at the time of formation of the Rex"

Warren, Percival Sidney

1. 1940 0 Sedimentation infhe CordillerQn geosyncline in Alberta and British

Columbia: Pacific· Sci. Cong., 6th Proco po 245-251.

The Cordilleran geosyncline in British Columbia and Alberta was in existence in

Precambrian time. For at least part of the time it was present there was a partial
barrier near 49th parallel as many Canadian formations do not pass through into
Idaho~Montana. In the Selkirk. Mountains (including the Purcell Range) Daly
measured 40,000 feet with Shuswap in the lower parto Belt 32 000+ fe:~t above0 0

and unconformity between. The Shuswap is on the west side of the Selkirks and
has volcanics and intrusions and is metamorphosed According to· Daly's cor-
0

relations the belt thins to east so Cascadia was already inexistence to west.

Weller, James Marvin (and others)

10 1948 0 Correlation of the Mississippian formations of North America (Chart

5): Geol. Soc. America Bull~, v. 59, noo 20 p. 91-106.

There is a brief mention of rocks in central Idaho in which it is stated that Three
Forks fossils have been found in the lower Mi1ligen and Brazer fossils in the
upper Milligen. The published statement as to Three Fork fossils refers to a lo-
cality in the Borah Peak quadrangle mapped as Three Forks not Milligen. If 0

Brazer fossils have been found in the Milligen the statement does not appear
g

to have been published.

West Sam'W
g 0

1. 1955, Ground-water and drainage problems in the Whitney terrace areao

Boise, Idaho: U. S. Geolo Survey duplicated reporto 21 p. D

The Whitney terrace has been changing from a farming to an urban area. Coin-
cident with the changeo the amount of farm irrigation has decreased but the
amount of recharge from lawn sprinkling yard irrigation I and liquid sewage efflu-
Q

ent is roUGh greater. Ground water and drainage problems can be relieved by re-
ducing the excessive rechargeo
A map· shows depth to water in the. five square miles of the Whitney teJrace
area 0
 -184-

West, Sam W.

2. 1956, Ground water in part of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Bannock and
Bingham Counties Idaho: Uo S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 41 p.,
0

geolo mapo

The possibilities for ground-water irrigation, especially in the Lincoln Creek and
Ross Fork units and certain terrace lands in the reservation were studiedo Most
irrigation water for the reservation comes from the Snake and Blackfoot Rivers I a
little from Lincoln and Ross Fork Creeks. The water from the last two named is
inadequate and potential reservoir sites are reported to be poor 0

The rocks of the reservation include highly deformed Paleozoic and Mesozoic
units., Tertiary silicic volcanic rocks., ~nakeRiver basalt o ~nq young~r alluvium
<

and wind deposits The volcanic rocks including the basalt and the valley alluvium
0

are important sources of water from wells. In a few places artesian aquifers have
been tapped. Data on useu recharge etc. 1/ are given. The usable Qround-water ,
0

supply in the Lincoln Creek district is enough to irrigate about 850 acres; in the
Ross Fork district about 1 500 acres at least; in the Gibson terrace about 6,500
0

acres; in the northern part of the reservation, exclusive of foothills, about 8,900
acres Thus a comprehensive investigation of the water resources is warranted
0

if the figures cited are large enough to be of interest to the Office of Indian
Affairs 0

_ _~__ ' (and Fader S. W.) I

3. 1952, Records of wells and ground-water withdrawals in the' Dry Creek area,
Cassia and Twin Falls· Counties, sO\lthern Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey
duplicated report q 114 p.

Data for the 120-square-mile area include 227 well records I 105 well logs, and
well-discharge measurements 0

Wheeler, Harry Eugene

1. 1940 n Permian volcanism in western North America: Pacific Sci. Cong., 6th,
1939 u Proc~ v. 10 p. 369-376.
I

Arec;ls containing old volcanic rocks in Nevada, California, Oregon, and Idaho
are di,scussed and the conclusion is reached that much of the rock of this sort
previously called ItTriassic" and "Juratria's II, is of Permian age, especially in
California and Nevada. The ages as signed in Idaho appear to be accepted by
Wheeler.

(and Quinlan I James J.)

2. 1951, Precambrian sinuous mud cracks £rom Idaho and Montana: Jour. Sed.
Petrology, v. 21, no. 3 p. 141-146.0
 -185-

In most specimens each ripple mark trough is occupied by a single sinuous

trace In some q such traces merge into mud cracks and it is concluded that aL
Q

are of that origin 0

Wheeler Harry Eugene (and Cook I Earl Ferguson)

Q

30 1954 Q Structural and stratigraphic significance of the Snake River capture,

Idaho-Oregon: Jour. Geologyo v. 62, noo 6 po 525-5360
0

Previous ideas are reviewed and in large part repeated The primary factor in
0

first-order drainage control along the Snake has been late Tertiary folding with I

faults and volcanic dams playing a secondary and local role The present course
0

of the· Snake between Idaho and Oregon is much later than the Miocene and Pli-
ocene deposits The previous concept that the Snake formerly crossed north~
0

eastern Oregon via parts of the valleys of Burnt u Powder and Grand Ronde Ri VE~rs
0

is not supported by the present drainage pattern and the lake basins interpreted
as related to the old valley of the Snake are too old for these are not confined0

to the drainage basins concemed o and are not in structural adjustment with the
present topographyo
There are both interbasalt and postbasalt sediments in the Miocene-early
Pliocene succession but the Pliocene and/or early Pleistocene beds are uncon-
formable on that succession" are' only about I, 000 feet thicko relatively unde-
formed, virtually restricted to the Snake River valley in western Idaho and ad-
jacent Oregon below about 3,000 feet in altitude The late Pliocene-early
G

Pleistpcene deposits are regarded as the Idaho formation formed in Idaho Lakeo
There are at least three distinct lacustrine units in the late Tertiary-early QUqt-
ernary sequence, The late Pliocene-Quaternary deposi ts resulted from impound-
ing of drainage systems on surfaces similar to those of the presento In the late
Pliocene the Snake flowed west along the Snake River downwarp and was im-
pounded by deformation o perhaps augmented by lava-damming 6 to create Idaho
Lake. At its highest stage, the lake spilled over a divide at the Oxbow, 55·
miles below Huntington u into a northward-flowing tributary of the Salmon· River,
creating the present course of the: Snake Much of the tributary drainage and
G

local portions of the Snake below the Oxbow are controlled by a fracturesystern o
mostly northeastward but in part northwest u probably related to late Tertiary
0

folding. Apparently this deformation is regarded as pre-Columbia River basalt"

The Oxbow capture may be post-early Pleistocene. The suggestion is made
that the early Snake River may have had a southwesterly course from western
Idaho through' southeastern Oregon via the general route of the lower Owyhee
River and Crooked Creek u thence across northwestern Nevada to Chilcot Pass
and westward into Feather River Q

The silicic volcanics (Kirkham's Tertiary late lavas) are later than the un-
conformity above the Miocene-Pliocene strata and below the Idaho formation of
the present authors 0

Willard, Max Emery

10 1941 0 Mineralization at the Polaris mine 0 Idaho: Econ Geology v . 36.1

0

no. 50 po 539-5500
 -186-

The Polaris mine is in the "Silver Belt" of the Coeur dlAlene region. Its Polaris
and Chester veins are in a bleached p sericitized zone in the' St. Regis formation
and the: Silver Summit vein is in unbleached beds of the Wallace formation. Only
the:Polaris vein has yielded commercial oreo The hypogene minerals are pyrite"
gersdorffite(?L arsenopyrite tetrahedrite chalcopyrite u bournonite, galena
0 g 0

boulangirite siderite ankerite calcite, and quartz. Supergene minerals in-

0 0 0

clude proustite o anglesite, and cobalt bloom. The minerals were deposited in a
definite sequence interrupted by fracturing ~ The sequence began with pyrite
0

and ended with galena and possibly boulangi.rite and calcite in order. All the
valuable minerals are later than the quartz.

Willey, Emerson C . (Cheney Thomas Moo Pierce Howard W .

g 0 0 and Grose L. T.)
0

1. 1955, Status of ownership of part of lands on which phosphate-bearing beds

crop out in southeastern Idaho: U. S. Geolo Survey open-file re-
port, 10 p.

A series of maps designating status of ownership of land containing phosphate-

bearing rocks. Status of ownership is broadly classified into these groups: (a)
phosphate rights owned by the Federal Government; (b) phosphate rights not owned
by the Federal Government; (c) phosphate rights for which the ownership status
is uncertain. The first two groups are subdivided into more specific categories.

__- - - - , (Cressman o Earle Ro, Pierce, Howard Wo 0 and Cheney, ';rhomas M.)

2. 1955 0 Status of ownership of part of the lands on which phosphate-bearing

beds crop out in southwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho: U. s.
Geol. Survey open-file reporto 10 p.

A series of maps designating status of ownership of land containing phosphate-

bearing Permian rocks Status of ownership is broadly classified into three
0

groups: (a) phosphate rights owned by the Federal Government; (b) phosphate
rights not owned by the Federal Government; (c) phosphate rights for which the
ownership status is uncertaino The first two groups are subdivided into more
specific categories.

Williams, James Steele

. 1. 1948, MisSissippian-Pennsylvanian boundary problems in the Rocky Moun-

tain region o !n.. Weller J. M. ,ed., Symposium on problems of Missis-
0

sippian stratigraphy and correlation: Rocky Mountain region, Jour.

Geologyo Vo 56 p. 327-351. 0

This paper is a general discussion of the subject with only incidental reference
to southeastern Idaho Matters pertinent to problems in Idaho may be summarized
0

as follows: In southwestern Montana 0 western Wyoming 0 and the part of Idaho

near Afton, Wyo. 8 the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian contact is within the Amsden
or comparable units not separable in mappirtg on present information. Much of
I

the Amsden is red and most of the beds at this general horizon are non-resistant
types. There may be an unconformity at the base of the Amsden Much more 0
 -187-

paleontologic and other work is needed before the two systems can be satis-
factorily separated in the region.

Williams James Stewart

I

10 1952, Red Rock Pass (Idaho) outlet of Lake Bonneville (abs 0): Geol. Soc.
I

America Bull. v. 63 no 12, pt. 2 P 1375

I Q 0 I 0 0

Lake Bonneville overflowed into Idaho in 'T. 12 S. R. 38 Eo in a (';hanne1400

Q

feet wide at the top and 500 feet deep cut along the strike of limestone and dolo-
mi te regarded as belonging to the Bloomington and Nounan formations (Cambrian).
The se are flanked by the Sal t La~e group. The original low point "-in the lake rim
appears to have been at an altitude of 5, 135 feet. The downcuttihg of the out-
let was intermittento

20 1953 0 Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks 1!l. Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum

Geologists 4th Ann. Field Confo u p. 38-40.
Q

Over most of the area the Pennsylvanian rocks can be called Wells u but Oquirrh,
Morgan, and Weber affinities are present. The Morgan may be related to the
Amsden. The Wells is equivalent to the lower part of the Park City and the up-
per part of the Wells as mapped is Permian. All the Permian rocks in the region
might well have been called Park City. The major unconformity lies within the
. Wells rather than at the base of the Phosphoria. Emphasis on the Phosphoria
resulted from its economic importance 0

3 0 1955 Q Resume of Paleozoic stratigraphyu OrdOlician to Pennsylvanian u of

the Green River Basin area u Wyoming u in Wyo. Geol. Assoc. u
Guidebook u lOth Ann" Field Conf. uP. 43-470

Three sections in Idaho were considered in preparing this paper but are not
listed therein. The notes abstracted below have bearing on stratigraphic prob-
lems in Idaho The Swan Peak formation appears to be a littoral facies of the
0

Garden City limestone. The Laketown dolomite is not known east oiits type
locality in Laketown Canyon. The Water Canyon formation (Lower Devonian) is
thin in Laketown Canyon and is not mentioned for any Idaho locality. Other
notations in the report seem to be without direct bearing on Idaho problems.

4. 1956, Geomorphic effects of late Pleistocene climatic changes in south-

eastern Idaho and northern Utah (abs.): Geol. Soc. America Bull.,
v. 67 uno. 12u pt. 2, po 1804,

The Wisconsin peri.glacial climate appears to have left topographic forms shaped
by a much larger overland runoff than the present in Dry VaHey in the Preuss
Range and in other localities in southeastern Idaho and northern Utah. Fan growth
is credited to the altithermal age, 7,500-4,500 Bo P. and truncation and regrad-
ing to the more humid madi thermal age which has followed 0
 -188-

Wilsonu John Andrew

10 1946 g Preliminary notice of a new Miocene vertebrate locality in Idaho

(absJ: GeoL Soco America Bulla, Vo 570 no . 12, pt" 20 p. 12620

During the summer of 1941 the author investigated reports of the discovery of
vertebrate fossils in the Lemhi Valley of east-central Idaho. The beds are in-
termontane and extend from the vicinity of Salmon on the north to an unknown dis-
tance south of Gilmore a In places they are overlain by Pleistocene and Recent
alluvial fans and moraines but they outcrop intermittently over an area roughly
70 miles north-south and five miles east-westa
Those fossils collected by the author are tentatively identified as
Promerychocherus SPo D Techoleptus spo I Porhippus SPo D and Alticamelus spo
Others collected in the same area by Mr Ralph Nichols of Grant Montana u
o D

have been identified by C L" Gazin as urhino teeth

e Parahippus Mylaganlus
II 0 D 0

and Merychyus. From the above faunal list it appears that the age of the beds
is somewhere between Lower Miocene and Lower Pliocene u perhaps equivalent
in part to the Payette of western Idaho.

Wisser u Edward H.

10 1957, Deformation in the Cordilleran region of western United States 0 !n..

Hartman, Ho L . u chairman, Behavior of materials in the earth's
crust: Coloo School Mines Quart. u Vo 520 no. 3, p. 55-7,3.

This is a general discussion in which Idaho is only incidentally mentioned. The

conclusions are that deformation in the Cordilleran region has been effected
largely by differential vertical movement of crustal blocks some of which are
0

ancient. Most of the sharp folds result from uplift rather than external tangen-
~ial compression. They result from gravitational sliding down the flanks of
bulges in the basemenL Many flat "thrusts II are graVitational slideso

Yen 6 Teng"",Chien

1 0 1944 0 Notes on fresh-water mollusks of Idaho formation at Hammett Idaho: g

Jour. Paleontologyo v. 18 no. I, po 101-108.

0

Systematic accounts of 17 species and subspecies of which 8 species and

0

three genera are new. Two genera are of the II Balkan type II known only from I

the Balkan peninsula and Idaho.

2. 1945, Late Tertiary fresh-water mollusks of southeastern Idaho (abs.):

Geol. Soc. America Bull. v 56 no. 12 pt. 2 po 1214.
D 0 8 0 0

A deposit hitherto assigned to the Salt Lake formation contains fossils indicative
of a lacustrine deposit of Late Miocene age. It is in NW 1/4 sec. 8 T. 12 S. 0 0

Ro 43 E. near Montpelier
0 0
 -189-

Yen, Teng-Chien

30 1946 Q Late Tertiary fresh-water mollusks from southeastern Idaho: Jour.

Paleontology, v. 20, no. 50 p. 485-4940

The material described is from sec 0 8 T. 12 S., R. 43 Eo, near Montpelier g

0

and the matrix is coarse g oolitic, calcareous sandstone that has been assigned
to the Salt Lake formation (a loose term for rocks of varying age). There are
19 species of gastropods, of which 11 species and one subspecies are thought
to be new 0 The fossils indicate the rock is lacustrine and of shallow water
origin. The age appears to be upper Miocene.

Young Jack (John) Cannon

0

10 1953 0 Geology of the North Dry Valley structureo Caribou County, Idaho 0

.!n.. Intermountain Assoc 0 Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann. Field Conf. 0

p. 83-85 0 with geolo map.

This gives structural details and a geologic mapo In the well that was drilled
Brazer formation goes from the sl,lrface to 7,524 feet, with 344 feet of Madison
limestone below ito The well was abandoned at 7,868 feet. The str,-:!cture sec-
tion indicates the well started near top of Brazer. Area is in To 7-10 S. R. 44 E. 0

Youngquist, Walter Lewellyn (and Kiilsgaard, Thor H.)

1'0 1951, Recent test drilling, Snake Rjver Plains o southwestern Idaho: Amo
Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. v. 35 no o 10 po 90-96.
Q Q

Three test holes for oil were drilled in 1950 in the Indian Cove-Sailor Creek area
of northeastern Owyhee and southern Elmore Counties Idaho 0 The deepest of
0

these is 3,8·08 feet deep and mostly was in s11t and sand regarded by the authors
as belonging to the Idaho formation (Pliocene). About 400 feet of the lowest
part of the hole yielded basaltic material that represents one or more flows ten-
tatively regarded as belonging to the upper Columbia River basalt. It is con-
cluded that the Cenozoic rocks of the Snake River Plain do not constitute a source
for oilo Most, if not all o of the natural gas reported here is derived from lacus-
trine and paludal deposits of organiC material. Geological exploration at present
can be better carried out in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic exposed in surrounding
uplands.

_ _ _ _ _ , (Hawley, R. W" I and Miller Arthur K. )

0

2" 1951, Phosphoria conodonts from southeastern Idaho: Jour. Paleontology,

v. 25, no. 3, p. 356-3640

Available data on Permian conodonts are scanty, so small collections fr9m the
Phosphoria of the Preuss and Bear River ranges in southeastern Idaho are sig-
nificant. Three genera are represented and three new species are established.
The collection yielded 100 specimens.
 -190-

Youngquist, Walter Lewellyn

3. 1952, Triassic conodonts from southeastern Idaho: Jour Paleontology,

0

Vo 26, nOG 4, po 650-6550

Ammonite-bearing limestone (Lower Triassic) from southeastern Idahoo near Paris,

yielded conodonts when dissolved in aceticacido At least five genera of true
conodonts were found. They appear not to be reworked and fit with known evo·-
lutionary trends I strenghthening hitherto weak evidence that conodonts persist
into Triassic timeo As is usual, these conodonts are associated with fish re-
mains.

___- - - , (and Haegele, Jerald R)

4. 1955, Fusilinid-beadng rocks in Sublett Range o southern Idaho: . Am. Assoc.

Petroleum Geologists Bull I Vo 39 0 no. 10, p. 2078-2090.
0

Strata in the' Sublett Range in eastern; Cassia County, Idaho, are described.
The lowest unit known is at least I, 000 feet of black shale (Mississippian?)
resembling the Milligen of south-central Idaho. - Above this shale is 600 feet
of fusilinid-bearing sandstone and limestone with some conglomerate near the
Q

base. This unit is of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. The total thickness of
the unit in the Sublett Range may exceed 10,000 feet, of which at leQst 2,600
and possibly more than 5,000 feet is Permian o but different in faCies from the
,Phosphoria. However, the Phosphoria may be present farther south in the- Sub-
lett Range and the wri ter s unpublished studies in the Cas sia Mountains, 50
l

miles to the west o show the presence of a thick section of fossiliferous rocks
which may include more than 10 ,000 feet of rocks of Permian age, including
Phosphoria equivalents The Permian rocks in the Cassia Mountains are thought
0

to have been depOSited near the central part of a basin, whereas those in the
, ,Sublett Range are thought to have formed neither in the center nor at the basin
edge.

5. 1956, Geological reconnaissance of the Cassia Mounta~n region, Twin

Falls and Cas sia Counties, Idaho: Idaho Bur Mines and Geology
0

Pamph 110 18 p.
0 0

This is a reconnaissance study but includes some measured sections. The

. Cassia Mountains consist chiefly of silicified limestone and orthoquartzite of
late Paleozoic age, largely Permian. The total thickness exceeds 10,000 feet.
FosslliferousOrdovician limestone and quartzite crop out on the northwest
flank of the mountains Pyroclastic rocks of Tertiary age cap peaks .
0

.. -r
Zen!, Milton

1. 1953, Geology of Sheep Creek anticline, Bear Lake CountYo Idaho, .!n..
Intermountain AssocG Petroleum Geologists, 4th Ann. Field Confo Q

p. 80-82 G

r-
 -191 ....

This describes the anticline with a structure contour map and columnar section
I 0

No oil was found in the well drilled 0

Zen! Mil ton

I

20 1954 8 Geology of the disturbed belt of sOl\theastern Idaho (abs 0): Oil and
Gas Jouro, Vo 52, noo 50, po 209: Am. Assoco Petroleum Geologists
Bull0 Vo 38, noo 58 p. 952-953.
,

The disturbed belt of southeastern Idaho is on the eastern edge of the Cordil.,.
leran geosyncline and the structure and stratigraphy harmoni~e with those in
areas thus situated from Canada to southern Nevada Oil is being produced in
0

a similar environment in~ Canada. Southeastern Idaho can be divided into par-
allel zones of crustal shortening, with synclinoria and anticlinoria the latter
8

much broken by thrusts" The rocks include some of basinal, marginal and fore-
land thicknesses. Five unsuccessful wells have been drilled but the possi-
bilities of finding oil have not been exhausted"
p 192 blank
 -193-

INDEX 0 BY COUNTY AND SUBJECT

ADA COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays 0 industrial potential: Sohn, 20
Ground water
And drainage u Whitney terrace: Westo 2.
Mountain Home Project: Nace D 30
Historical geology
Is Boise sitting on a volcano?: Rhodenbaugh, 10
Paleontology
Pliocene birds: Miller L. H u 10
0 0

ADAMS COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays industrial o potential: Sohno 2.
0

Diatomite deposits: Powers, I, 20

Mica and beryl pegmatites: Stoll, 10
Mineral deposits: Libbey, 10
Mining geology 0 Seven Devils district: Cooko 1.
Historical geology
Pleistocene glaciation, central Idaho o Seven Devils: McDonald 0 1.
Plutonic history of west-central Idaho~ Hamilton 2"
Mineralogy
Gems in: Fernquist o 3n

Lindgrenite and cuprotungstite Seven Devils district: Cannon o 10

0

Sapphires: Anonymous u 10
Petrology
Seven Devils di strict: Cook u 1.
Soda-rich igneous rocks: Lupton u 10
Physical geology
Border rocks of Idaho batholith: Hamilton u 10
Landslide area: Wagner u 1 0

Stratigraphy
Mis sing lower Paleozoic formation in Hells Canyon: Stearns 0 50
ALUMINUM
Clay deposits of north Idaho: Hubbard 0 2.
Resources of the Columbia Basin: Sohn 1. 0

ANDALUSITE
Goat Mountain o deposits, beneficiation tests: Abbott, 2.
In the schists in. Boehl s Butte quadrangle: Hietanen o 20 3.
B

ANORTHOSITE
Boehl 8 s Butte quadrangle: Hietanen, 3.
ANTIMONY
Deposit near Stibnite, Yellow Pine mine: Cooper J. Ro 100 0

Hermada deposit: Popoffo 1.

Meyers Coveo deposits: Anderson Ao Lo 90 0 0

Mineral depOSits of Idaho: Hulin, 1.

Yellow Pine mine: Bradley, J. D. 0 1.
 -194-

BANNOCK COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays 0 industrial potential: Sohn 0 2.
Phosphate output: Anonymous 0 2.
Ground water
Fort Hall Indian Reservation: Westo 3 0

Bear River hydrometric data: Harris and Jibson 0 1 0

Physical geology
Bannock Range u structure: Ludlum 0 2 g 3 ~
Red Rock Pass outlet of Lake Bonneville: Williams q J Stewart, 1.
0 0

Stratigraphy
Precambrian formations: Ludlum g 1 p 20 30
BEAR LAKE COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays, industrial potential: Sohn, 2.
Copper deposits: Gott" 10

Phosphate: Bain u 1; Cressman o 1, 3.

Uranium--
Deposits: Gott, 1.
In Phosphoria formation: Bain, 10
Geologic maps
Paris-Bloomington vanadium area: McKelveyo 9 ~
Ground water
Supplyu possibilities: Scotto 1 n

Historical geology
Ordovician age: Berdan 0 1.
Paleontology
Conodonts; Phosphoria: Youngquist o 2.
Conodonts; Triassic: Youngquist, 30
Late Tertiary fresh-water mollusks: Yeng 2 3.
Q g

Physical geology
Dry Valley quadrangle: Cressman, 1 3. Q

Ice caves: Hallidayo 1.

Sheep Creek anticline: Zeni u 10
Structural features: ljardy 1 ~
0

Stratigraphy
Phosphoria formation: Swanson u R. W., 2.
BENEWAH COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays industrial potential: Sohnu 2.
0

Geologic maps
Twin Crags quadrangle: Good, 2 <>

BERYL
Occurrence in eastern Latah County~ Forrester u 10
Pegmati tes in Idaho: Stoll, 1 ~
BINGHAM COUNTY
Economic geology
Phosphate mining: -Sweetwood 1. I
 -195-

BINGHAM COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Ground water
Fort Hall reservation: . West, 2.
Observation wells Aberdeen-Springfield area: Sisco 10 20 3, 40
I 0

Record of wells and water-level fluctuations: Shuter 10 Q

BISMUTH
Boise Basin deposits: Anderson, Ao L .. , 4.
BIAINE COUNTY
Economic geology
Gold Hailey gold belt: Anderson, A. L., 15.
g

Gold, lead, silver; Hailey-Bellevue mineral belt: Anderson, A. L. 31.

0

Lead zinc, silver--

g

Mineral Hill district: Fryklund g 1.

Triumph-Parker mine: Kiilsgaard, 3.
Warm Springs mining district: Fryklund o 1.
Tungsten 0 south-central Idaho: Cook,S.
Uranium and thorium deposits: Robertson 0 10 20
Mineralogy
Gem minerals: Fernquist, 30
Sulfur isotope abundance: Kulp 0 1.
Physical geology
Cause of braiding by a graded river~ Mackin, 8.
Little Wood River district: Anderson o Ao L. 0 13.
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy of the Wood River formation: Bostwick, 1.
BOISE CO·.UNTY
Economic geology
Clays 0 industrial potential: Sohni 2.
Columbite and samarskite: Fryklund, 2.
Diatomite deposits: Powers, I, 2.
Feldspar deposits: Fryklund, 2.
Heavy minerals 0 Boise Basin:. Sidler, 1.
Mica and beryl pegmatites: Stoll 1.
0

Monazi te placers of Boise Basin: 'Kline 1. #

Ore deposits, Boise Basin: Anderson A. L. 40 18.

I 0

Radioactive minerals: Cooku 6.

Geologic maps
Boise Basin: Anderson, A. L., 18.
Ground water
Observation wells: Eakino 3.
Mineralogy
Heavy minerals from some placers: Stinson 10 0

Paleontology
Miocene flora, Thorn Creek: Smith, H. V. 0 2.
Physical geology
Arrowrock reservoir sedimentation: Seavy, 10
I

Boise Basin, structural features: Anderson o A. L. 4. 0

BONNER COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays industrial potential: Sohn 2.
0 g

Lead o silver; Clark Fork district: Anderson o A. Lo o 140 170.22; Fairbanks,

1.
 -196-

BONNER COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Ground water
Observation wells: Eakino 1; Huff o 1; Taylor Go COIl.
I

Rathdrum Prairie 0 wells 0 and lakes: Faderu I, Nace, 4.

Mineralogy
Geocronite: Douglass 0 1.
. Zircon in tonalite, Priest Lake: Larsen o L. H. 1. I

Paleontology
Cambrian of the Rocky Mountains: Lockman-Balk 8 2.
Physical geology
Cabinet Gorge dam, bedding plane faults: Stearns, 20
Glacial geology: Alden I 1.
Ramp valleys: . Car}?, , ~ 1.
BONNEVILLE COUNTY
Economic geology
Big Elk Mountain anticline: Neighbor 1. I

Clays q industrial potential: Sohn, 2.

Mineral resources, Ammon and Paradise Valley quadrangles: Mansfield, 3.
Petroleum possibilities: Ball, 1.
Phosphate deposits, Caribou Range: Sears, 1.
Uranium-bearing coal o Fall Creek area: Vine 1. q

Ground water
Observation wells: Eakin, 3.
Historical geology
Southeast Snake River plains 0 post-Laramide: Bayless I 1.
Paleontology
Mollusks; Pliocene: Taylor D. W. 1.
0 I

Petrology
Falls Creek area carbonaceous rocks: Vine, 1.
Q

Fusion of sandstone by intrusive andesite: Mielenzo 10

Physical geology
Ammon and Paradise Valley quadrangles; Mansfield u 3.
Big Elk Mountain anticline: Neighbor, 1.
Lithology of Fall Creek Basin and Horseshoe Creek district: Carlson, 1.
Southeast Snake River plains: Bayless, 1.
BOUNDARY COUNTY
Economic geology
Cobalt: Vhayo 3.
Lead-zinc, Moyie-Yaak district: Anderson, Ao L., 12.
Ore deposits: Kiilsgaard 0 1.
Geologic map s
Dam sites of upper tributaries of the Columbia: Erdmann, 1.
Ground water
Effect of water temperature on streamflow Kootenai River: E;i$enlohr, "1. ,
I

Physical geology
Dam sites on upper tributaries of Columbia: Erdmann, 1.
Glacial geology: Alden 10
0

Purcell sills: Kiilsgaard 1.0

Ramp valleys: Cary I 1.

 -197-

BOUNDARY COUNTY. (CONTINUED)

Stratigraphy
Cambrian system: Price 0 1.
Proterozoic of the Cordilleran: Reesor I 1.
BUTTE COUNTY
Economic geology
Lead .. silver; Dome district: Anderson" A. L., 23.
Lead zinc; Hornsil ver property: . Roby, 1.
I

Ore deposits, southwestern Lemhi Range: Anderson R. A., 1. g

Silverg lead" zinc; Lava Creek district: Anderson, A. L., 21.

Geologic maps
Hornsilver mine: . Roby, 1.
S;>uthwestern Lemhi Range: Anderson, R. Ao, 1.
Hi storical geology
.Lemhi Arch, mid-Paleozoic: Slos s, 4.
Lemhi Range Permian: Blacks tone, 1.
I

Physical geology
Craters of the Moon: Andrews, 2; Barrette, 10
Dome district; structure, alteration: Anderson, A. L., 23.
Geology and mineralization of the Mackay Stock: Leland, 1.
Ice caves: Halliday, 1.
Southwestern Lemhi Range: Anderson, Ro A. 1. I

Stratigraphy
Part of the Lemhi Range Smedley l. I I

CAMAS COUNTY
Economic geology
Ore deposits, Princess Blue Ribbon mine: Milner, 1.
Radioactive placer minerals: Robertson 0 1.
Skyrocket and Croesus claims, evaluation: Johnson, P.. H. I 1.
Physical qeology
Princes s Blue Ribbon mine: Milner 0 1.
CANYON COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays, industrial potential: Sohni 2.
CARIBO U CO UNTY
Economic geology
Phosphate: Anonymous 2. I

Phosphate deposits, Deer Creek-Wells. Canyon area: Deiss, 3; Lowell, 1.

Phosphate deposits 0 Dry Valley quadrangle: Cres sman, 1 g 3.
Sulphur: Staley, 2.
Geologic maps
Johnson Creek quadrangle: Gulbrandsen, 1.
Snowdrift Mountain quadrangle: Cressman, 4.
Ground water
Supply possibilities: Scott, 1.
Historical geology
JurassiC history: Imlayo 2.
Paleontology
Fossil plant localities: Andrews, H. N., 1.
Idaho Tempskyas: Andrews, H. N., I, 5, 7 .
. ,

....... ' .....:..\ .,: ) r .""

1,.'5," ~ .. :J '. J ~:'

 -198-
() /; I< I d tJ tJ
.~ COUNTY (CONTINUED)
Paleontology (Continued)
Phosphoria conodonts: Youngquist, 2.
Physical geology
Deer Creek-Wells Canyon area u phosphate rock: Lowell 10 Q

Dry Valley quadrangle: Cres sman 1 30 Q Q

Effect on phosphate rock of weathering: Carswell 10 Q

Johnson Creek quadrangle: Gulbrandsen 0 1 2. q

North Dry Valley I structure: Young D 1.

Northeast of Georgetown phosphate rock; structure: Deiss, 2.
Q

Stratigraphy
Phosphoria formation, sections: Swanson, R. W. u 2.
CASSIA COUNTY
Econornic geology
Columbite and samarskite, occurrence of: Fryklund 2. Q

Feldspar deposits: Fryklund 2. I

Industrial clays; Sohn q 2.

Phosphate deposits: Cheney 0 4 •.
Phosphoria formation: McKelveyu 60
Uranium-bearing coal: Vine, 2.
Geologic maps
Grou.nd-water possibilities: Crosthwaite 2. I

Ground water
Dry Creek area: Westu 1.
Goose Creek Basin: Mower u 2.
Possibilities: Crosthwaite u 2 u 6,
Raft River Valley: Fader 2; Nace 9-A.
Q Q

Historical geology
Paleozoic area: Stokes 1.
Q

Phosphate deposits I Permian: Cheneyo 3.

Paleontology
Fusilinid-bearing rocks, Sublett Range: Cheneyu 10
Physical geology
Geological reconnaissance Cassia Mountain region: YoungqUist,S.
Q

Phosphoria formation: McKelvey, 60

Raft River Range: Felix, 10
Stratigraphy
Cache· Valley Tertiary rocks: Adamson, 1.
Q

Goose Creek district, Tertiary stratigraphy: Mapel 10 Q

CIARKCOUNTY
Economic geology
Lead-zinc-copper deposits, Birch Creek district: Anderson,A. L. 11. Q

Phosphate deposits Centennial Range: Honkala, 20

0

Uranium in marine black shales: Swanson, V. E. 1, 2. Q

Geologic maps
Centennial Range: Honkala, 20
Physical geology
Centennial Range u phosphati<;:: rock~: Honkala 10 20 I

Lima region: Scholten, 1.

 -199-

ClARK COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Stratigraphy
Data on phosphatic formations in the Centennial Range: Honkala, 1, 2.
ClAY
Deposits of North Idaho: Hubbard, 2.
Industrial clays, other than sources of alumina: Sohn 20 0

Origin of Benson clay deposit: Allen, V. T. 0 4.

CLEARWATER COUNTY
Economic geology
Anorthosite, Boehl's Butte quadrangle: liietanen I 40
Kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite; Boehl's Butte quadrangle: Hietanen 2, 0 ~o.
Petrology
Belt series structure and metasomatism: Hietanen o 1.
Q

Boehl's Butte quadrangle, schists: Hietanen, 20 3 0 5.

Orofino region, igneous metamorphism: Johnson, C.~ H., I, 20
Physical geology
Anorthosite, Boehl's Butte quadrangle: Hietanen, 4,
Belt series, structure and metasomatism: Hietanen o 1 ~
Boehl's Butte quadrangle, schists: Hietanen o 20 3, 5.
COAL
Horseshoe Creek district: Kiilsgaard o 4.
In Idaho: Staley, 1.
Uranium-bearing coal--
Fall Creek area: Vine, 1.
In United States: Vine, 20 3.
COBALT
Blackbird district deposits: Anderson, A. L., 7; Reed o G. C. o 2; Vhay, 1.
Developing Blackbird deposits: Vhay, 4.
Geochemical investigations, Blackbird district; Canney 8 1 D

In Idaho: Douglas, 1.
Mineralization, Blackbird district: Anderson, A. L., 19.
Occurrence in Silver Summit mine, Coeur d'Alene district: Fryklund, 3 ..
Resources: Vhay, 3.
COLUMBIUM (Niobium)-Tantalum
Mineral Hill district, niobium-bearing rutile: Kaiser 1. 0

Occurrence of columbite: Fryklund 2. Q

Placer deposits, Bear Valley: Mackin, 6.

Placer deposit, Dis'mal swamp: Armstrong 2. 0

Placer deposit, Red .River, Valley: Armstrong 6 4.

COPPER
Birch Creek district: Anderson o A .. L. 11. 0

Blackbird district; deposits: Vhayo 10 3.

Deposits in parts of Idaho: Gatt, 1.
Empire Copper mine, Mackay quadrangle: Farwell, 10
Geochemical investigations, Blackbird district: Canney v 1.
Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin 1 ..
I

Mineral district~ Anderson, A. L. 35.I

Mineral Hill district: Gray, 10

Mineralization near Salmon: Anderson A. L., 80
I I

N ear Coeur d 'Alene district, Ducktown type: Anderson A L. 2. 0 0 0

 -200-

{::OPPER (CONTINUED)
Seafoam mining district: Treves I, 20 I

Seven'Devils region: Cook, 10

Tendoy Copper mine: Schipper 10 0

Yellowjacket district: AndersonoAo Lo 8 37 e

GUSTER COUNTY
Economic geology
Copper Empire Copper mine: Farwell 1.
I 0

Fluorspar deposits 0 Meyers Cove: Andersori o A. Lo f 40.

Fluorspar mineral1zation~ near Challis: Anderson, A. L., 39.
Geology of Copper Bas~n: Sweeney 1" I

Gold o silver 8 copper 0 lead o zinc; Seafoam mining district: Melear 1;

Treves 1 2
0 0 0

'Heavy'minerals froni some'placers:- I 'stinson';

'f~'
Mineralization of Mackay Stock area: Leland, 10
Ore deposits Boulder Creek mining district: Kiilsgaard 2.
0 0

Radioactive minerals: Cook, 40 60

Silver-gold deposits, Yankee Fork district: Anderson, A~ L.o 29.
Tungsten deposits: Cook 0 5.
Tungsten, mineralization u Wildhorse mine: Lee, H. 1. 0

Tungsten g Wildhorse mine: Lee q Ho 1" g

Geologic maps
Borah Peak quadrangle: Ros s g C. P., 30
Clayton area: Patton 100

Fluorspar near Challis: Anderson o Ao L. 0 39.

Mineralogy
Gem minerals: Fernquist o 30
Geocroni te: Douglas suI 0

Paleontology
Petrified trees: Dake 3.
0

Three Forks fauna o Lost River Range: Baldwin 0 2.

Petrology
Sedimentary features in Mississippian rocks: Skipp, 10
PhYSical geology
Borah Pea~ quadrangle: Ross u C. Po 0 30
Boulder Creek mining district: Kiilsgaard o 20
Clayton area: Patton 100

Geology of Copper Basin: Sweeney 0 10

Geology of Empire Copper mine: Farwell u 1.
Geology of Mackay Stock area: Leland o 1.
Lost River Range area faulting: Baldwin 4.
0 0

Seafoam mining district: Treves 6 1.

Structure and stratigraphy of northern half of the Lost River Range area:
Baldwin 0 10
Stratigraphy
Structure and stratigraphy of northern half of the Lost River Range area:
Baldwin 0 10
DIATOMITE
Deposits of southwestern Idaho: Powers, I, 20
 -201-
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (See also under counties and commodities)
Alumina resources of Columbia Basin: Sohnu 1.
Distribution of heavy alluvial minerals in Idaho: Staley, 5.
Fine gold of Snake River and Lower Salmon River: Staley, 4.
Forty- second to for~'y-eighth annual report of mining industry of Idaho
for 1941-1946: Campbell, Arthur, 1.
Forty-ninth to fifty-seventh annual report of mining industry of Idaho
for 1947-1956: McDowell, 1.
Geochemical investigations in the Blackbird district: Canney, 1.
Gold in Idaho: Staley, 3.
Grani te and ore: Anderson, A. L 0, 6.
Heavy minerals from some placers of central Idaho:· Stinson, 1.
Idaho conservation source book: Caldwell, 1.
Investigation of concentrating certain minerals in Idaho placer sand:. Staley I ti.
Lead-zinc, Canyon-Nine-Mile Creeks area: Griggs, 10
Limestone of Pacific Northwest: Hodge, 1; Libbey, 2.
Magmatic source of Idaho ores: Anderson, A. L., 34, 38;. Wallace, 3.
Metal and coal mining districts of Idaho, nonmetallic miner~ls: Ross, C. P. 1.
Metallogenetic provinces and epochs: Turneaure, 1.
Metallogenic epochs in Idaho: Anderson, A. L., 32.
Mineralogy of heavy minerals from placers, central Idaho: Stinson, 1.
Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin, 1.
Mineral resources of Idaho: Caldwell, 1; Hubbard, 1.
Monazite in Idaho: Staley, 8.
Northwest gem tracts: Dake, 4.
Northwest minerals': Hodge, 2.
Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain Province: Caldwell, 2 Q

Pumice and perlite in Idaho: Staley, 7.

Progress in the mineral industry: ~ Caldwell, 1.
Strategic minerals in Idaho: Fahrenwald, 1.
Structure of ore di stricts in continental framework: Billingsley I 1.
Thor! urn exploration: Eilertson, 1.
Titanium and zirconium in alluvial sands of Idaho: Kauffman, 1.
Uranium-bearing coal in United States: Vine, 3.
Uranium-bearing vein deposits in United States: Everhart, 1.
Uranium in the United States: USGS, Atomic Energy Comm., 1.
Vanadiferous shale in Phosphoria formation: Rubey, 1.
ELMORE COUNTY
Economic geology
Antimony deposits: Popoff, 1.
Diatomite deposits: Powers, 1.
Gold-bearing lodes, Rocky Bar district: Anderson, A. L. I 10.
Gravel, Strike Dam: Steams, 3.
Niobium, tantalum, uranium, Dismal Swamp placer deposits: Armstrong, 2.
Petroleum, test drilling: Youngquist, 1.
Volcano district, mineralization: Allen, R. M., Jr" 1.
Ground water
Anderson· Ranch Dam: Anonymous, 4; Okeson, 1.
 -202-

ELMORE COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Paleontology
Fossil polypores: Andrews u 4.
Fresh water mollusks, Idaho formation: Yen 10 g

Pliocene birds: Miller L H. 1.

0 0 I

Physical geology
Anderson Ranch Dam: Okeson 1. I

Rocky Bar district: Anderson o A. L., 10.

Volcano district: Allen .. R. M. 0 Jr 0 1. 0

FELDSPAR
Idaho depo,sits: Fryklund, 2.
FLUORSPAR
Meyers ,Cove, deposits: Anderson, A. L.,9 I 40: Cox, 1.
MIneralization'; hear Challis': Aride'tsbn"~"~A~"·t;. 1"39~'"''"···''' ,.""", .. ~" . ,
FRANKLIN :COUNTY
Paleontology
Fossil peccary: Stokes 0 2.
Physical geology
Preston quadrangle: Coulter u 2.
FREMONT COUNTY
Economic g'eology
Petroleum future pos sibil! ties: BQll, 1.
I

Uranium- bearing coal: Vine 2. I

Historical geology
Snake River plains, post-Laramide: Bayless u 1.
Physical geology
Lyon quadrangle southeast one-fourth: Kennedy gG." 1.
I

Southeastern Snake'River plains and mountain ranges: Bayless, 1.

GEM COUNTY
, Economic geology
Diatomite deposits: Powers 1. I

GEM MINERALS
Gem minerals in Idaho: Femquist u 3.
Gem sillimanite from Idaho: Blalock 10 Q

Idaho star garnet: Dake, 2.

Northwest gem tracts: Dake,4.
Occurrence of Heave' pearls" in a mine in Idaho: Mackin, 1.
Opal, how to find and cut: Lame 0 1.
Sapphires in Idaho: Anonymous, 10
Star garnet u how to find and cut: Lame 10 I

GEOLOGIC MAPS (See also subheading Geologic Maps under countiesJ

Atlas of paleogeographic maps of North America: Schuchert, 2.
Climatic maps of geologic interest: Visher, 1.
Geologic map index of Idaho: Boardman u 1.
Geologic map of Idaho: Ross DC. P. 2. Q

Mineral resource map of Idaho: Hubbard 0 1.

Paleogeographic and palinspastic maps: Kay, 1.
Paleotectonic and paleogeologicm"ap s ot'central :and,we:s terriN'b:tth:·Amert:ca;
Eardley, 20
Physiographic map of North America: Lobeck 1. 0
 -203-

C;EOLOGIC MAPS (CONTINUED)

Preliminary geologic map of Metaline mining district, Pend Oreille County,
Wash.';. Dings; r
Tectonic map southeastern Idaho: Eardley 4.
Q Q

GEOMORPHOLOGY
.Evidence of origin of cirques q Coeur d 'Alene region: Dort 2.
0

Rocky Mountains classification: Bretz, 1.

GOLD
Boise Basin: Andersono A. L., 4, 18.
Hailey-Bellevue mineral belt: Anderson, A. L., 31.
Hailey gold belt: Anderson, A.L., 15 ..
In Idaho: Staley I 3.
In Pacific Northwest: Fernquist, 1.
Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin q 1 c
Mineral Hill district: Gray, 1.
Near Stibnite: Cooper, I. R. 10
I

Rocky Bar district: Anderson, A. L., 10.

Seafoam mining district~ Treves 1. Q

Secesh Basin, placers: Capps, 1.

Snake River and lower Salmon River I fine gold: Staley I 4.
Volcanic district:· Allen, R. M 0, Ir. 10 I

Yankee Fork district: Anderson, A. L. 29. I

Yellowjacket district: Anderson, A. L. 8 370

Yellow pine mine: Bradleyo I. D. 1. I

(;OODING COUNTY
Physical geology
Spectacular displacement of Snake River by lava flow: Stearns, 8.
GROUND WATER (See also subheading under counties)
Bibliography and index of publications 0 ground water: Waring, 1.
Bruneau River basin, water-utilization: Iohnson o F •. A., 1;. Newell, T. R. 2 •
I

. Development and problems: Crosthwaite, 1.

Estimated use of water in United States: MacKichan, 1,
Fluctuations in well water levels in United States earthquakes: Murphy 0 1, 2, 3.
Ground water economy: Nace, 11.
Ground water of Idaho, survey: Kinnison, 10 2.
Ground water use in Idaho: Crosthwaite, 3.
Hydrology of the Snake' River basalt: Nace 0 13.
Industrial utility of public water supplies in United States: Lohr, 1.
Levels and artesian pressure, observation wells: Eakin, 1; Nace, 3, 4, 50 6,
7 I 8, .9~; Robinson 0 I. W. I 10
Mountain Home Project, alternate plan: Nace, 10 12. I

Phreatophytes in western United States 0 use of water: Robinson, T. W., 1.

Regional storage faciH ties for ground water: Thomas 0 1.
Review of Corps of Engineers Report: Crandall, 1.
Snake River--Idaho' s greatest resource: Steams, 11.
Snake River Plain system: Crandall, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Mundorf, 1.
Water levels and artesian pressure in the United States: Brandvold, 1;
-Carson q 1; Stewart, 2, 40 5.
Water management and supply Spokane-Coeur d 'Alene River Basins: Simons, 1.
I

Water situation in United States, ground water: McGuinness, 1.

 -204-

GROUND WATER (CONTINUED)

Water-Supply papers observation wells: USGS, Water Resources Branch I, 2.
8 I

GYPSUM
Deposits in Washington County, report on: McDivitt 1 . 0

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY (See also subheading Historical Geology under the counties)
Cenozoic
Ancient Lake Payette in Idaho: Stearns, 9"
CacheValleyo Tertiary: Adamson 10 0

Clarkston stage of northwestern Pleistocene: Lupher 30 0

Continental Tertiary, possible source beds for gas and oil: Felts 8 1.
Ecotones in western North America o Tertiary: Chaneyo 20 30
Effects of late Pleistocene climatic changes in southeastern Idaho:
Williams, J Stewart 4.
0 0

Felsic volcanic rocks of Cenozoic age 8 western United States:, Coats u 1 v 20

Forests and historyo Tertiary: Chaney 1. 01'

Idaho batholith during Laramide orogeny: Anderson o A. La 240 260 8

Late Pleistocene age of Snake River diversion: Cook, 2"

Northern Idaho Post-Pleistocene: Hansen a 20
8

Pacific· Northwest" Post-Pleistocene: Hansen o 10

Pleistocene glaciation in central Idaho Seven Devils Mountains:I

McDonald 1 . 8

Rocky Mountains Tertiary-Pleistocene transition: Atwood 1 .

I 0

Southeastern Snake River plains post-Laramide: Bayless i.

I

WesternNor:th America climate and evolution, middle Pliocene: Axelrod, 1.

Mesozoic
Age of Idaho batholith; Larsen" E" S. 1" I

Idaho batholith during Laramide orogeny: . Anderson Ao Lo I 248 260 Q

Jurassic history in western interior of United States: Imlay 8 5 It

Origin of Preuss sandstone in Idaho: Imlay, 40

.Permo-Triassic boundary in southeastern Idaho~ Newell No Do, I, 2. 0

Paleozoic
Cordilleran region 8 Cambrian:. Deis s 8 10
Lemhi archo mid-Paleozoico south-central Idaho: Slosso 40
Missing lower Paleozoic formation in Hell Ds Canyon: Stearns 50 I

North American geosynclines: Kayo 30

Northern Rocky Mountain and Great Plains area Devonian: Andrichuk 1. I 0

Ordovician age of rocks: Berdan 10 0

Paleozoic Cordilleran geosyncline~ Eardley 1" 0

Paleozoic evolution of geosynclinal margin north of Snake River Plain:

Schol ten 2
0 0

Paleozoic positive area: Stokes 10 0

Paleozoic seas of central Idaho: Ross CoP 90 Q e Q

Paleozoic sedimentation in Montana area: Sloss 20 0

Permian volcanism in western North America: Wheeler, 1.

Permo-Triassic boundary in southeastern Idaho: Newell, NoD . , I, 2 It

Rocky Mountain geosyncline in Great Basin, western margin: Stokes 5. I

Structural history of overthrust belt: Rubey 20 8

Tectonic development of Cordilleran region, Rocky Mountains: Mallory I 1.

 -205-

HI,S,~q:~PA~ GEOLOGY (CONTINUED)

Precambrian
Age determination, St. Regis (Belt series): Eckelmann, 1.
Pre-Cambrian sinuous mud cracks from Idaho: Wheeler, 2.
Pre-Cambrian uraninlte: Kerr, 1.
IDAHO COUNTY
: Economic geology
Clay deposits: Hubbard" 2; Scheid, 9.
Columbite and samarskite: Fryklund, 2 •
. Feldspar deposits: Fryklund, 2.
Gold placers,' Secesh Basin: Capps, 1.
Iron-ore deposits, Clearwater district: Mackin, 2.
Mica and beryl: Stoll, 1.
Ore deposits" Elk City district: Shenon, 2.
Ore deposits, Warren district: Reed, J. C. I 1.
Placer gold mining: Fernquist, 1.
Tungsten deposits:. Cook, 3.
Uranium niobium, Red River Valley placer deposits: Armstrong, 4.
Q

Historical geology
Pleistocene glaciation of the· Seven Devils Mountains: McDonald, 1.
Plutonic history of west-central Idaho: Hamilton, 2.
Mineralogy
Gem minerals: Fernquist, 3.
Heavy mineral placers: Stinson, 1.
Pyromorphite, Little Giant mine:. Femquist, 2.
Petrology
Inclusion in Idaho batholith microscopic study: Wagner, 4.
0

Orbicular rock I Buffalo Hump: Goodspeed, 1.

Physical geology
Big Creek quadrangle: Leonard, 1.
Front of Bitterroot Range, structure: Ross, C. P. 4.
I

Warren district, structural:, Reed, J. C., 1.

IRON
Deposi ts of the Clearwater district: Mack1nn 2.
Deposi ts of the Iron Mountain distdct: Mackin 3 4.
I I

JEFFERSON COUNTY
Ground water
Re·c~.dS 'af~wellsL Barraclough, 1.
Historical geology
Southeastern Snake· River plains and adjacent mountains, post-Laramide:
Bayless, 1.
JEROME COUNTY
Ground water
Record"S~ of wells: CrosthwaIte 5; Mower, 1.
6

Physical geology
Pillar Falls mud flow and Shoshone Falls andesite: Stearns, 6.
KOOTENAI COUNTY
Economic geology
Clay deposits: Hubbard 2; Scheid o 7.
Geology of some mineral deposits in Twin Crags area: Good 1. I
 -206-

KOOTENAI COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Geologic maps
Twin: Crags quadrangle: Good, 2.
Ground water
Rathdrum Prairie: Eakin ,- 1 20 3; Fader, 1; Nace 0 3.
Q

Records of wells: Eakino 10 2, 3; Huff, 1.

<

Water table fluctuations: Piper, 1.

Physical geology
Seismic cross sections: Newcomb" 1.
KYANITE
Goat Mountain u deposits, beneficiation tests: Abbott, 2.
In the schists in Boehl's Butte quadrangle: llietanen, 2" 3, 5.
lATAH COUNTY
Economic geology
Avon mica district:. Reed G. C. ° 1.
0

Benson clay deposit: Allen V. T., 4.

0

Canfield-Roger$"high-alumina clay deposits: Scheid, 10.

Clay deposits: Hubbard 8 2; Scheid o 20 3, 50 8 ° 10 11 12, 13,
Q Q

Cobalt resources: Vhay, 3.

Deary high-alumina clay deposits: Scheid 0, 2, 11.
Feldspar deposit: Fryklund, 2.
Mica and beryl: Forrester, 1; Stoll, 1.
Mineral resources: Hl,lbbard I 4.
Sillimanite deposit: Forrester 20 0

Geologic maps
Mineral resources: Hubbard 4. 0

Sillimanite deposit near Troy: Forrester, 2.

Ground water
_Records of wells: Huff, 1; Taylor, G. C. 0 1.
Historical geology
Age of Potato Hill Volcanic Rocks near Deary: Bitten, 1.
Cenozoic weathering: Allen 0 V. T. I 1.
Mineralogy
Gem mineral$,:Fernquist 3. Q

Star garnet: Dake 2.0

Paleontology
Fusilinid-bearing rocks o Sublett Range: Cheney, 2.
Petrology
Relationship of "soils" of the Palouse to Columbia River basalt:
Carmichael q 1 0 2.
Physical geology
. Cenozoic weathering: Allen, V. T. 1. I

Contributions to: Tu.llis 0 1.

Geologie setting, clay deposits: - Scheid o 5.
Intra-Cplumbia River basalto weathering sijrface: Scheid, 3, 4.

Birch Creek district: Anderson o Ao L. q 11.

Boise Basin: Anderson A L., 4.
I 0

Clark Fork district: Anderson, A. L., 17.

 -207-

LEAD (CONTINUED)
. Clark Fork district, mineralization: Fairbanks, 10
Coeur d 'Alene district:, Shenon u 3.
Dome district: Anderson, Ao Lo q 230
Geology paragenesis q and reserves: Dunham, 1.
0

Hailey-Bellevue mineral belt: Anderson d Ao L . 310 I

Hercules mine: Crosby 1 0 0

Hornsil ver property: Roby q 1.

Lava Creek district: Anderson u Ao L. u 21.
Little Eight-Mile mining district: Thune 10 0

11ttle' Pi ttsburgh mine! Herdlick 1I 0

Little Wood River district: Anderson,Ao L . 130 I

Mayflower area: Fryklund, 1 .

Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin, 1 ..
Mineral district: Anderson, A. L. q 35 .
Moyie Yaak district: Anderson, A. L., 12 .
Murray area: Hosterman, 1.
Pine' Creek area: Forrester, 30
Canyon-Nine-Mile Creeks area: Griggs u 1.
Seafoam m1ning district: Treves, -I.
Seven· Devils region: Cook, 1.
Triumph-Parker mine mineral belt: K11lsgaard, 3.
Yellowjacket district: Anderson, A. L. u 36, 37.
LEMHI COUNTY
Economic geology
Antimony and fluorspar deposits Meyers Cove:' Anderson, }.,. L., 9,
0

- Cobalt and copper, Blackbird district: Vhay, I, 3.

Deposits, Blackbird district: Anderson, A. L., 7, 19; Douglass, 1;
Reed G. C . 2
0 6 0

Copper riear Salmon: Anderson, AG L. 8 .

0 Q

Fluorspar deposits Meyers: Cove: Cox, 1; Anderson, A. L., 9, 40. !

Q

Geochemical investigations in the Blackbird district: Canney, 1.

Gold, copper I lead '~gepas;Lts; Yellowjacket district: Anderson, A. L., 37.
Gold ,Copper; Mineral Hill district: Gray, 1.
Lead, zinc, copper deposits; Birch Creek district: Anderson, A. L., 11.
Mineral Hill mining district: Davidson o D. M., 1.
Mineral resources Baker quadrangle: Anderson, A. L., 42.
I

Mineral resources Salmon quadrangl~: Anderson A. L., 41.

I

Monazite deposits: Abbott, 1; Sturm, 1.

Monazite u thorite, rutile 0 Mineral Hill district: Kaiser, 1.
Ore deposits, Little' Eight-Mile. mining district: Thune 1. Q

Ore deposits, section of Beaverhead -Range east of Salmon: MaoKenzie, 1.

I

Paragenesis of tungsten ore, Ima mine:, Clabaugh, S. E., 1.

Phosphate: Cressman, 2.
Phosphate 8 Sublett Range: Cheney, 2 .
Radioacti ve minerals: Cook, 4; Vhay, 2.
Tendoy Copper Queen mine:. Schipper I 1.
Thorium deposits, Lemhi Pass district: Sharp, 1.
Tungsten Blue Wing district: Anderson, A. L. 25 27. g Q

Uranium in Garm-Lamoreaux mine dumps: Armstrong g 1.

r-- ,
 -208-

LEMHI COUNti::(CONTINUEO)
Geologic maps
Blackbird district: Vhay, 1.
Borah Peak quadrangle: Ros s, C. P. q 3.
Leesburg quadrangle: Shockey, 1.
Meyers Cove district: Anderson, A. L~, 9; Cox, 1.
Mineral Hill district: Abbott, 1.
Historical geology
Lima region o Tectonic: Keenmon, 1.
Mineralogy
Chlorine-rich biotite: Lee o D. E . , 1.
Gem minerals: Fernquist, 3 .
Paragenesis of tungsten ore Ima mine: Clabaugh S. Eo 1.
Q 0 0

Quartz crystal: Herdlick 2. Q

Paleontology
Fusilinid-bearing rocks Sublett Range: -Cheneyo 2.
0

Vertebrate localityo Miocene:, Wilson o 1.

Petrology
Blackbird mining district o metamorphic studies: Roberts, 1.
Magmatic and granitized rocks, Yellowjacket district; Anderson, A. L., 36.-
Mineral Hill mining district: - Davidson" D. M. 1. 0

Paragenesis of tungsten ore, Ima mine: Clabaugh q 1.

Physical geology
Baker quadrangle: Anderson o Ao L. 42. Q

Beaverhead Range east of Salmon: MacKenzie 10

I I

Borah Peak quadrangle: Ros s, C. P., 3.

Calcareous rocks, structure: Abbott, 1.
Glacial: AJden, 1.
Leesburg quadrangle: Shockeyo 1, 2.
Mineral Hill mining district: Davidson, D. M., 1; Kaiser II 1.
Salmon quadrangle: Anderson q A. L., 410
LEWIS COUNTY
--Economic -geology
Clay deposits: Hubbard, 2; Scheid, 9.
Clays, industrial potential: Sohni 2.
LINCOLN COUNTY
Mineralogy
Gem minerals: Fernquist, 3.
Physical geology
Black Butte, a recerit subsidence crater: Harrington 1. 0

Ice caves: Halliday, 1.

MADISON COUNTY
Economic geology
Petroleum pos sibilities ~ Ball, 1.
Q

Phosphate deposits, Teton Basin area: Gardner, 1.

Hi starical geology
_Southeastern Snake River plains post-Laramide: Bayless, 1.
8

MERCURY
Deposits near Weiser: Ross CoP. u 5.
8

Idaho Almaden quicksilver mine: Anderson ll A. L. II 1.

In Idaho: Bradley, W. D. 10
I
 -209-

MICA
Exploration of the Avon mica district: Reed, G. Co 1. Q

Occurrence in eastern Latah County:. Forrester, 1.

Pegmati tes in Idaho: Stoll 1.
Q

MINERALOGY (See also subheading Mineralogy under counties)

Little'Eight-Mile mining district: Thune 11) Q

Mineralogy of heavy minerals from placers, central Idaho: Stinson, 1.

Nontronite. Columbia River region: Allen, V" Tog 2 3 Q e

Northwest ': gem.: tracts: Dake I 40

Star garnet and opal from Idaho: Lame 1 . Q

MINIDOKA COUNTY
Ground water
Minidoka Project, North Side Pumping Division: Crosthwaite, 4.i '. '.
Nace q I, 20
Records of wells and ground water levels: Fader 30 /I

MONAZITE
Deposits in calcareous rocks: Abbott 1. /I

Geology and deposits of Mineral Hill district: Kaiser 8 10

In Idaho: Staley, 80
In Lemhi CountYg geology of: Sturm, 1.
Valley County placers: Kline, 2 3, 4, 5, 60
Q

NEZ PERCE COUNTY

. Economic geology
Clay deposits: Hubbard 20 Q

Clays, industrial potential: Sohn, 2.

Gem sillimanite:: Blalock I 1 0

Mineral resources: Hubbard 3. g

Geologic maps
Mineral resources: Hubbard 3. Q

Snake River Canyon Asotin stage: Lupher, 1. '"

I

Geomorphology
Prebasal t surface, Peck: Peterson, D. W I 10 0

Historical geology
Clarkston stage, Pleistocene: Lupher 3. 0

Snake River Canyon I Asotin stage: . Lupher 1. 6

Paleontology
Coral fauna Trias sic: . Squires, 1 .
Q

Fossil fish, Latah formation: Scheid, 1.

Invertebrate faunas Mesozoic! Haas I 1.
Q

Latah formation, Thuites: Gillette, 1

Physical geology
Asotin craters ,- Columbia River basalt: Fuller 10 /I

Clastic dikes, Columbia Basin: Lupher I 2 Q

ONEIDA COUNTY
-Economic geology
Petroleum exploration: Peace, 10
Ground water
Consumption by water-loving plants in Malad Valley: Mower, 3.
Records of wells and springs: Nace, 7.
Water levels in Malad Valley: . Eakin, 2, 3.
 -210-

OWYHEE COUNTY
Ground water
Bruneau River Basin: Johnsonu F Ao 1; Littieton u 1; Newell, T R., 2. D I 8

PALEONTOLOG~:JSee also subheading Paleontology under the counties)

.genozoic
Bird s MiHer u L H
0 0 1 0 8 0 .

Bracket fungus: Brown, 10

Ecotones in western North America: Chaney u 2, 3 Q

Fish distribution and hydrographic history, Great Basin: Hubb 1: D

Flora, Sucker Creek: Smith I H. V D 1 0 Q

Flora Thorn Creek: Smith u H V 2.

Q 0 0,

Fornes idahoensis Brown: Andrews, 60

Forest succession in northern Idaho: Hansen, H. Po 20 Q

Forests and continental history: Chaney u 10

Fossil peccary: Stokes, 2 .
Fossil plant localities: Andrews, 3.
Fossil ·polypores: Andrews, 4.
Idaho formation, fresh-water mollusks: Yen, 1.
Idaho Tempskyas: Andrews I, 5. I

Latah formation, fossil fish: Scheid: 10

Latah formation, Thuites: Gillette 10 I

Latah petrified forests: Dake, 10

Mollusks: Taylor D. W. 1 .
I I

Nonmarine ostracods: Jones, I.

0

Petrified trees: Dake 3. Q

Plant Ufe climatic change in geologic record of: Barghoorn, 1.

6

Plants of North America, catalogue of: LaMotte, 1.

Primary succession on volcanic deposits in southern Idaho: Eggler I 1.
Skull of fossil camelid, American Falls lake bed: Hopkins, 1.
Vegetation and climate Pacific Northwest: Hansen, H. Po, 1.
g

Vertebrate locality: Wilson 1. 0

Mesozoic
Conodonts: Youngquist.. 3.
Coral fauna: Squires 1. D

Invertebrate faunas: Haas, 10

Marine fossils from western United States: Imlay 60 0

Northern Rocky Mountains and Williston Basin, marine: Peterson, J. A., 1.

Paleoecology of seas of western United States: Imlay, 2.
Paleozoic
Brazer formation corals from: Parks u 10
II

Conodont fauna and distribution of a lower Mississippian black ,.shale in

Montana and Alberta: Cooper CoLo, 1. I

Fucoidal markings in Swan Peak formation: Coulter 1. I

Fusilinid-bearing rocks in· Sublett Range: Cheney D 2; Youngquist, 4.

Paleoecology of the Cambrian in Montana and Wyoming: Lochman-Balk, 1.
Phosphoria conodonts from southeastern Idaho: Hawley, 1; Youngquist, 2.
Thr ee Forks fauna Lost River Range: Baldwin, 2
I 0

Precambrian
Belt series u stromatolites from: Rezak, 1.
 -211-
PAYETTE, COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays industriaLpotential: Sohno 20
Q

Diatomite deposits: Powers, 10

PETROLEUM
History of exploration for: Peace, 1.
Occurrence of oil and gas source beds in Tertiary: Felts 10
6 0

Possibilities: Ball 1. Q

PETROLOGY (See also subheading Petrolqgy under the counties)

Contact and endomorphic phenomena, Idaho batholith: Anderson A. L 5, 6. Q 0 I

Endomorphism of Idaho batholith: , Anderson u A. Lo 50 0

Fucoidal markings in Swan Peak formation: Coulter 10 0

Grani te and ore: Anderson, A Lao 6 0 0

Lithologic studyu medium-grained upper Cretaceous sedimentary

rocks: Carlson, 1.
Of the Columbia River basalts: Campbell C. Do 10 0 Q

Origin of Preuss sandstone in Idaho: Imlay 4 Q It

Welded tuffs of Idaho: Hausen u 10

PERLITE AND PUMICE
In Idaho: Staley u 7 0

PHOSPHATE
Bibliography of western phosphate fi,eld: Harris u R. Ao 1. g

Deer Creek-Wells Canyon deposits: Deiss 3; Lowell, 1. g

Deposits and industry of western states: Johnson, Bo L, I 10

Deposits of the world, special reference to United States: Mansfield u 10
Diamond core-drilling in Phosphoria formation u southeastern Idaho: Long u 1.
Domestic deposits: McKelvey u 4 u 5 u 6.
Economic evaluation of: McDivittu 2 °
Effects of weathering on: Carswell u 1 0,

Facts about: Evans'o 1.

Geology of Phosphoria formation:, Sheldon, 1, 2 e

Geology of deposits in Centennial Mountains: Jemmett, I.

In Centennial Range: Honkala u 1 q 2 .
In Sublett Range, fusilinid-bearing rocks: Cheney q 2.
Mining in southeastern Idaho: Butner 10 I

Nature of rock phosphates teethu and bones: McConnell u 1.

6

Occurrence in Phosphoria formation: Emigh, 1.

Organic carbon in Phosphoria formation: Rooneyu 10
Permian phosphate deposits: Cheney u 3; Clabaugh, Po SOil; McKelvey I
10, 120
Phosphoria formation: Baino 1; Cooko 6; DavidsonQ Do F 1, 2; McKelvey, 0 Q

10 120
0

Phosphate rock structure u northeast of Georgetown:, Deiss 2.

g I

Report on investigation of deposits: Swanson o Ro W 10 0 I

Reserves of domestic: Mansfield 2 Q It

Status of ownership rights in southeastern Idaho: Willeyo 1.

Status of ownership rights in northeastern Idaho:. Willey 2. 6

Stratigraphic sections of Phosphoria formation in Idaho: McKelvey I, 7, 8; 8

O'Malley 1; Sheldon o 1; Smart, l;Swanso'D u R. Wit 20

I 0

Studies of western phosphate field: McKelvey 8 2, 3.

r-~ ,
 -212-

PHOSPHATE .(CONTINUED)
Teton Basin area u deposits: Gardner u 1.
Western mining 8 growing industry: . Sweetwood o 10
Western output: Anonymous 0 2.
P.HYSICAL GEOLOGY (See also subheading Physical Ceology under the counties)
Ancient buried soil in- Columbia River lavas 0 Lewiston: Steams 0 4.
Belt series: Ross CoP. 0 7.
Q

Between Snake and Salmon Rivers : Wagner I 2.

Cause of braiding by a graded river: Mackin 0 80
Climates of Pacific· Northwest: Church 10 0

Columbia intermontane province: Freeman 3 40 0 0

Columbia River basalts: - -Wallace 10 g

Decollement-type overthrusting 6 south-central Idaho: Hazzard, 1 0

Deformation in Cordilleran region of western United States:. Wisser 10 g

Drainage diversion in northern· Rocky Mountains of east-central Idaho:

Anderson, A. L. 16 200
0 I

Excelsi.or surface I intra-Columbia River basalt weathering surface: Scheid, 4.

Geologic structure of northern Idaho: Smedes 1. 0

Geological reconnaissance u Cassia Mountain region: Youngquist, 5.

Geology of Idaho: Ros s 9 C. P 8. 0 Q

Geology of southeastern Idaho: Intermtno Assoce Petroleum Geologists u 1:.

Geology of the disturbed belto southeastern Idaho: Zeni o 20
Geomorphic effects of late Pleistocene climatic changes 0 southeastern Idaho:
Williams J. Stewart, 4.
I I

Geomorphic relations of the Rocky Mountains: Atwood 0 20 3.

Geosynclinal nomenclature and the craton:. Dayo 20
Gravity anomalies in southern Idaho: Bonini I 10
Idaho geology: Rhodenbaugh 2 Q 0

Multiple emplacement of Idaho batholith: Anderson o Ao Lo, 330

North American geosynclines: Kayo 3.
Origin of the Rex chert: Warner I 1.
Pacific Northwest: Caldwell 0 2; Freeman, 2, 50
Physiographic divisions of Columbia Plateau: Freeman p 10 3.
Physiographic provinces of North America: Lobeck 0 1 0

Physiographic subdiviSions of Columbia Plateau in Idaho: Anderson, A. L. 3. I

Potassium-argon dating of sedimentary rocks: - Curtis 0 1.

Reinterpretation of Bannock overthrust: Armstrong 0 3.
Rock Collector's Idaho u The: Henry 0 10
Rocky Mountain geosyncline in Great Basin, western margin: Stokes 0 5.
Rocky Mountain province: Caldwell 11 2 0

Rocky Mountain region: Ball 0 1; Dobbin o 10

Seeking sand in Idaho: Shaw 1 I <>

Soils and their conservation: Rockie 10 0

Structural and stratigraphic significance of Snake: River capture: Wheeler q 3.

Structural features in the Columbia River basalt: Fuller 6 20
Structural geology of North- America: Eardley p 3; Schuchert, 1.
Structural history of overthrust belt: Rubey 20 0

Structural relations north of the Osburn fault: Full 0 1 ..

Structure and geomorphology of Columbia River basalt: Baldwin 3 .. g

Subsurface structure of Snake River Valley: Perkins 0 1 ..

 -213-

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (CONTINUED)

Tectonic development of Cordilleran region, Rocky Mountains: Mallory 1. I

Tectonics as related to Belt series: Harris, S. A., 1 8 G

Tectonics of the· Rocky Mountains q Introduction to the: Blackstone 2. I

Three pre-Wisconsin glacial stages6' . Rocky Mountain region: Richmond 1. Q

Thrust belto southwestern Idaho: Eardley 50 q

Utah-Idaho thrust belt: Anonymous 3., I

PIACERS
Dismal Swamp Elmore County: Armstrong 20
Q Q

Distribution of heavy alluvial minerals in Idaho: Staley 50 Q

Faulting related to placers: Capps 2. D

Gem minerals in placers: Fernquist, 30

Gold placer mining in Pacific Northwest: Fernquist, 10
Gold placers, Idaho County: Capps 1. Q

Gold placers of Snake and Lower Salmon Rivers: Staleyo 4.

Method of concentrating placer sand minerals: Staley 6. Q

Monazite placers~ Kline q 1,2 8 3 4,5,6: Mackin,S, 6, 7u 9; Staley 5 u 6,

0

8. Storch, 10
Radioactive mineral placers: Robertson, 1, 2.
Uranium-bearing: Armstrong, 4; Butler I 1.
POWER COUNTY
. Economic geology
Clays industrial potential: Sohn, 2"
0

Ground water
Michaud Flats Project: Stewart, 1, 3·~.
Possibilities south of Snake River: Crosthwaite; 20 6.
8

Paleontology
Skull of fossil camelid, American Falls lake bed: 'Hopkins I 1.
Stratigraphy
Eagle Rock volcanic area: Steams, 12.
RUTILE
Mineral Hill district deposits: Kaiser 1. 8

SELENIUM
In the PhOS P. horia formation: DaVidson, Do F 0, 1.. )
aHOSHONEa'OUNTY {~.~.M - ~r/~
Economic geology I

Bedding vein deposits near Murray structure: Shenon, 1.

Q

Cobalt-nickeL Silver Summit mine Coeur d ·Alene district: •.'FryklunQ,: 3.

I

Cobalt resources: Vhay, 3 G

Copper deposit, near Coeur d'Alene: Anderson AI> L., 2. Q

Deep discoveries Coeur d 'Alene district: Sorenson, 1.

I

Distribution pattern of minerals, Coeur d 'Alene district: Mitcham, 2.

Kyanite-andalusite deposits, Goat Mountain: Abbott 2. 0

Lead-zinc, Canyon-Nine-Mile Creeks area: Griggs b 1.

Lead-zinc depOSits, Coeur d'Alene district: Shenon, 3.
Lead-zinc mine, Little Pittsburgh: Herdlick o 10
Lead-zinc q Murray area: Hosterman, 10
Lead-zinc Pine Creek area! Forrester 3.
Q Q

Lincoln Mining Company, Wallace Idaho: Gussman, 1.

0

Mineralization and alteration o Hercules mine, Burke:, Stringham u 1.

 -214-

SHOSHONE COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Economic geology (Continued)
Mineralization Polaris mine:, Willard u 10
Q

Ore from Tamarack mineu Burke: Bullau 1.

Pine Creek area u Sidney mine: Gammell u 10
Radioactive minerals: Cooku 40
Rich ore u Silver $ummit: Sorenson 0 2 Q

Shallow ore shoots usilver belt u Coeur d'Alene district: Sorenson, 3.

Silver u lead 0 Hercules mine: Crosby u 1 ..
Uranium-bearing vein deposits: Everhart, 1.
Zinc ore u Coeur d 'Alene mine: McKinstry 10 I

Geologic maps
Kellogg and vicinity quadrangle: Campbell u A. Bo , 10
Mullan and vicinity quadrangle: Griggs 0 20
Murray area: Hosterman 0 10
Pine Creek area: Nelson u 1"
Pottsville quadrangle:, Wallace B 2 .
Smelterville and Vicinity quadrangle: Campbell u A.. B. u 20
South slope of St. Joe Mountains: Wagner u 3.
Twin'Crags quadrangle: Good, 2.
Wallace and vicinity quad:rang Ie: Bowyer u 10
Historical geology
Age determ.ination u Su.nshine mine: Eckelmann i 10
Mineralogy
Distribution, pattern of mineralsu Coeur d'Alene district: Mitcham, 2.
Gem minerals: - Fernquist u 3.
Indicator minerals 0 Coeur d 'Alene silver belt: Mitcham u 1.
Isotope geology of some lead ores: Miller u D .. S., 1.
Mineragraphic study of ore u Tamarack mineu Burke: Bulla, 1.
Mineralization and alteration u Hercules mineu Burke: Stringham, 1.
Mineralization u Polaris mine: Willard u 10
Minor elements in pyrrhotite: Fryklund, 40
Sphalerite from Star mine 0 Coeur d 'Alene district: Fryklund 0 5.
Kullerud 0 _ 1
0

Uraninite u Coeur d GAlene district: Thurlow, 10

Uraninite u Pre-Cambrian, Sunshine mine: Kerr, 10
Uranium mineralization, Sunshine mine: Kerr Ii 2.
Petrology
Igneous rocks of Avery district: Holland, J So 0 1. 0

MOl1lzoniteiirttrusion~a.nd:minercniz.atioJl, Coeur d IAlene district: Anderson,

Ao Lo, 28, 30.
_Physical geology
Bedding vein deposits near Murray structure: Shenon u 1.
0

Coeur d 'Alene district: Kennedy u V. Co u l ..

Glacial: Alden 1 I 0

Glaciation of Coeur d 'Alene district: . Dort, 1.

Mullan and Pottsville quadrangles: Hobbs 1; Wallace, 2.
I

Murray area: Hosterman u 1.

Reconnaissance geology of western Mineral Countyu Mont. I {and part of
Shoshone- Countyh - Wallace 0 30
 -215-

SHOSHONE COUNTY (CONTINUED)

Physical geology (continued)
Rock structure Coeur d'Alene mine: McKinstryo 10
0

Soil contamination in Coeur d ·Alene district~ Canney 2 0 0

South slope of Sto Joe Mountains: Wagner 30 0

Striated surfaces on upper parts of cirque headwalls: Dort, 30

Structu.re of ore districts in continental framework: Billingsley 10 I

Structural relations north of Osburn fault: Full u 10

SILLIMANITE
Deposit near Troy: Forrester 2
Q G

Gem sillimanite from Idaho: Blalock 1" Q

In schists in Boehl e s Butte quadrangle: Hietanen 0 23 3 0 5.

SILVER
Boise Basin: Anderson o Ao Lo 4"
0

ClarkForkdistrict:.AndersonuAo Lo o 140 17, 22; Fairbanks u 10

Coeur d'Alene slIver bel t~ Mitcham u 1"
Dome district~ Anderson u Ao Lo 23"Q

Hailey-Bellevue district~ Anderson u Ao Lo u 310

Hercules mine: Crosby 10
I

Lava Creek district~AndersonQ Ao Lo 210 Q

Little Wood River district: Anderson q Ao Lo 130 Q

Mayflower area: Fryklund u 1"

Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin u 10
Mineral district: Anderson, Ao Lo 35" Q

Seafoam mining district: Treves 1". I

Triumph-Parker mine mineral belt: Kiilsgaard, 30

Yankee' Fork district: Anderson u Ao Lo, 290
STRATIGRAPHY (See also subheading Stratigraphy under the counti~s)
CenozoiC
Continental Tertiaryu possible source beds for gas and oil: Felts 1. I

Felsic volcanic rocks of Cenozoic ageo western United States: Coats 2. I

Rocky Mountains u Tertiary-Pleistocene transition: Atwood 10 /I

Southeastern Snake River plains post-Laramide: Bayless, 1.

Q

Tertiary stratigraphy of Goose Creek district: Mapel u 10

Tertiary stratigraphy of southeastern Idaho: Smith, No J" 10 I

Upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks: Merritt 0 1"

Mesozoic
Characteristics of Jurassic Twin Creek limestone in Idaho: Imlay, 7.
Cretaceous stratigraphy of southeastern Idaho, summary: Moritz, 1.
Facies of lower Triassic formations: Kummel u 30
Jurassic formations of North America: Imlayo 10 3"
Lower Eo- Triassic stratigraphy 0 southeastern Idaho: Newell N" D., 2" Q

, Middle and upper marine Jurassic in northern Rocky Mountains and

Great Plains: Schmitt 0 1 0

Middle Jurassic rocks in western United States~ Imlay, 1.

Origin of Preuss sandstone in Idaho: Imlay 8 4"
Permo-Triassic boundary in southeastern Idaho: Newell, NoD. 10 2. I

Summary of Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratigraphy: Stokes, 40

Trias-Permo-Pennsylvanian sequence: Munyan, 1"
Triassic formations in eastern Idaho: Kummel o 1.
 -216-

STRATIGRAPHY (CONTINUED)
Mesozoic (continued)
Triassic stratigraphy of southeastern Idaho: Kummel u 20
Paleozoic
Base of the Cambrian system u north Idaho: Price 10 0

Belt series in relation to Cambrian system:. Ross CoP 0 u 60 Q

Cambrian formations of North America: Howell 10 0

Cordilleran area o Pennsylvanian and Permian correlation: Bissell, 1.

Correlation of Mis sis sippian formations of North America: Weller, 10
Correlation ~f Ordovician formations of North America:. Twenhofel o WaH u 10 .. 0

Devonian sedimentary formations of North America~· Cooper u G . Ao q 1"

Distribution of a lower Mississippian black shale in Montana and
Alberta:. Cooper CoL u 1
Q 0 0

Fucoidal markings in Swan Peak formation~ Coulter 10 I

Interpretation of Permo-Carboniferous stratigraphy in east-central Idaho:

Scholteno 3 0

Late Mississippian stratigraphy in relation to central Montana uplifts:

Slossu 3.
Lemhi· Range Permian rocks: Blackstone DIe
I

Lower and middle Cambrian stratigraphy in southeastern Idaho: Maxey I, 2. I

Mis sing lpwer Paleozoic formation in Hells Canyon: Stearns 50 I

Mississippian-Pennsylvanian u in Rocky Mountain region:' Williams q J.

Steele 0 10
Mississippian stratigraphy: Holland u Fo Do u 10
Northern Rocky Mountain and Great Plains area o Devonian: Andrichuk, 10
Ordovician age of rocks: Berdan 10 0

Ordovician system in southeastern Idaho: . Ross u Ro J 0 u 10

Paleozoic sedimentation in Montana area~ Sloss u 20
Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks: Williams u J Stewart u 20
0

Pennsylvanian formations of North America: Moore u 10

Permo-Triassic boundary in southeastern Idaho: ' Newell No Do 10 Q 0

Regional stratigraphic analysis of Devonian system: ,Andrichuck q 1.

Regional stratigraphy of Devonian system in southeastern Idaho: Brooks I 1.
Resum~ of Paleozoic stratigraphy, Green River Basin:, Williams q J 0

Stewart, 3.
Sections of the Metaline mining district o Pend Oreille County Wash.: 0

Dings u 10
Sedimentation in the 'Cordilleran geosyncline: Warren 10 Q

Sevy formation lower Devonian: Osmond 10

D Q

Silurian formations of North America: Swartz 10 0

Silurian rocks of southeastern Idaho: Stokes 30 0

Southeast Idaho.:Cambrian sequence: Lockman-Balko 1.

Stratigraphie sections of Phosphoria formation in Idaho:, Davidson o Do F.
1; Sheldon u 1; Smart 10 I ,
Stratigraphy of Madison group of Montana: Sloss 10 I

Stra tigraphy of part of Lemhi Mountains: Smedley 10 0

Summary of Paleozoic and Mesozoic stratigraphy: . Stokes 40 0

Trias-Permo-Pennsylvanian sequence: Munyan 10 Q

Upper Cambrian formations in southeastern Idaho~ Hanson q 10

1""-- I
 -217-

STRATIGRAPHY ( CONTINUED)
Precambrian
Belt series in relation to Cambrian system: Ross, C. P., 6;
Ruedemann, 1 0 •

Formations at Pocatello: Ludlum 0 10 20 30

SULFUR
In Idaho: Staley 2. 0

SURFACE WATER
Arrowrock reservoir sedimentation: Seavy 1.
Q I

Bear River Hydrometric data: Harris and libson g 1.

Flood control u 1955: Newell, T. R. 1. Q

Flood December 1955: Newell, To Ro 11.

g

Index to surface-water records to September 1955: Bailey 1, 20 Q

Mountain Home Project, alternate plan: Nace o 10 q 120

Over irrigation caused landslide 8 Cambridge: Scheid, 60
Q

Surface-water supply of United States: USGS Water Resources Branch, 1. I

Supply possibilities: Scott, 10

tETON COUNTY
Economic geology
Coal: Staley, 1.
Coal, Horseshoe· Creek district: Kiilsgaard, 4.
Petroleum 0 possibilities Horseshoe Creek area: Heikkila, 1.
Q

Phosphate deposits, Teton Basin area: Gardner 1. I

Geologic maps
Horseshoe Creek district: Kiilsgaard 4. g

Historical geology
Southeastern Snake River Plain, post-Laramide: Bayless, 1.
Physical geology
Glacial terraces of upper Snake River: Walker 10 Q

THORIUM
Bibliography and index of literature in United States: Cooper 0 Moo 1.
Deposits in east-central Idaho: Trites 10 Q

Deposits of Lemhi Pass district: Sharp, 10

Geology of deposits in United States: Twenhofel W S., 10 2. Q 0

In Idaho: Cook 40 60 I

Mineral Hill district, deposits: Kaiser 10 0

Minerals in placer deposits in Idaho: Mackin 60 g

Placer deposits: Eilertson 1; Mackin I 50 g

Prospecting for in Idaho: Cook 3 4.

I I Q

Radioactive mineral placers: Robertson, I, 2.

TUNGSTEN
Blue Wing district, Ima mine; mineralization~ ,Anderson, A. L. g 25, 27.
Blue Wing district, Ima mine; paragenesis: Clabaugh ISO E. I 1.
Deposits of south-central Idaho: Cook I 3 50 Q

Exploration development mining and milling of; Yellow Pine mine; Cole, 1.
g g

Geology of deposits near Stibnite: Cooper, J. Ro 1. Q

Mineral deposits of Idaho: Hulin, 1.

Mineralization at the Wildhorse mine: Lee I H 1. 0, Q

Prospecting for in Idaho: Cook 3.

I g

Seven Devils region: Cook 1. I

Yellow Pine mine: Bradley g J 0 DOl 1 0

,-
 -218-

TWIN FALLS, COUNTY

Economic geology
Clays industrial potential: Sohn i 20
0

Diatomite deposits: Powers 1. 0

Ground~r
Records of wells Dry Creek area: West, 10
0

Physical geology
Geological reconnaissance, Cassia Mountain region: Youngquist,S'.
Stratigraphy
Outcrops of Payette formation f Snake: River near Hagerman: Stearns, 1.
URANIUM
Bibliography and index of literature on in United States: Cooper M., 1.
D 0

Deposits ih United States: Everhart 10 0

In felsic volcanic rocks of Cenozoic age: Coats 1. I

In Garm-Lamoreaux mineD Lemhi County: Armstrong 10 0

In Idaho: Cook, 4; Gott, I; Trites u 1.

In magmatic differentiation: Larsen E S. I 2. 8 e

In marine black shales of United States: Swanson, V. Eo I, 20 I

. In Phosphoria formation: Bain 1; Cook, 6 ; McKelvey I 3 11 12: Thompson I 1, 2.

Q Q Q

In placer deposits in Idaho: Mackin 5 6; Dismal Swamp: Armstrong, 2;

I I

Red Rive.r Valley: Armstrong 4. 0

In the United States: USGS o Atomic Energy Comm. 1. 0

Marine uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks: McKelvey 30 I

Occurrences in the United States: Butler I 10 2; Stocking 0 1.

Prospecting suggestions: Cook 3; Jarrard, 10 0

Radioactive mineral placers: Robertson, I, 2.

Sunshine mine, age determination: Eckelmann 1 0 0

Sunshine mine, mineralization: Kerr, I, 2.

Uraniferous black shales in northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains region:
Mapel, 2 3 4.
8 8

Uranium-bearing coal o Fall Creek area: . Vine, 1.

Uranium-bearing coal in the United States:- Vine 8 2 3. I

VALLEY COUNTY
Economic. geology
Clays industrial potential: Sohn 20
0 I

Monazite placer deposits: Kline, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Storch o I.

Quicksilver: Bradley W DOD 1. 0 0

Radioacti ve minerals: Cook 40 Q

Radioactive minerals, placer deposits: Mackin 50 6 70 0 0

TUngsten deposits :cCook I 5 0

Tungsten, antimony gold; Yellow Pine mine: Bradley, J. D., 1; Cole, 1;

0

Cooper J. R" 1.
0 I ~.
Uranium 'and thorium-bearing minerals, placer deposits: Mackin, 9,
Petrology
Idaho batholith:· Schmidt o 10 2 ~
Physical geology
Big Creek quadrangle: Leonard, 1.

r--' !
 -219-

'WASHINGTON COUNTY
Economic geology
Clays, industrial potential: Sohn 20 Q

Diatomite deposits: Powers 1. I

Gypsum deposits: McDivitt, 1.

Iron-ore deposits Iron Mountain district: Mackin, 3, 40
I

Quicksil ver: Bradley, W. Do, 10

Quicksil ver, near We1 ser Idaho Almaden: . Anderson A L., 1;
I I 0

Ro s s, CoP
0, 50

\ Seven Devils region:. Cook, 1.

Silver-copper-lead, Mineral district: . Anderson, Ao Lo, 35.
Physical geology
Mineral district; Anderson, A. L., 35.
Occurrence of "cave pearls tt: Mackin, 10
Seven Devils re9ion, structure: Cook I 10
Yuma point: Caywood, 1.
ZINC
Birch Creek district: Anderson, Ao Lo, 11.
Canyon-Nine-Mile: Creeks area: Griggs, 10
Coeur d 'Alene district:. Shenon 30 Q

Coeur d 'Alene mine, control of ore by rock structure: McKinstry, 1.

Geology, paragenesis and reserves: Dunham, 1.
I

Homsilver property, investigation of: " Roby, 1.

Lava Creek district: Anderson, A" Lo 21. I

Li ttle ' Pi ttsburgh mine: . Herdl1ck I 1 0

Mayflower area: Fryklund, 1.

Mtneral deposits of Idaho: Hulin, 1.
Moyie Yaak district: Anderson, Ao Lo I 12.
M urra y area: Ho sterman 1 Q 0

Pine Creek area: Forrester I 30

Seafoam mining district: Treves I 1.
Triumph-Parker mine mineral belt: Kiilsgaard 30 I

, 1