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    Maths Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    Yedu T Dharan
    Maths Formula Sheet

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Maths Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    Yedu T Dharan
    110 views2 pages
    Maths Formula Sheet

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Maths Formula Sheet

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views2 pages

    Maths Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    Yedu T Dharan
    Maths Formula Sheet

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    siti Po

    Differentiation
    y = f (x) k, constant x x2 x3 xn, any constant n ex e kx e
    f (x)

    c (x , y ) m= Graphs of Common Functions x 2 x1


    1 1

    y 2 y1
    x

    dy = f(x) dx 0 1 2x 3x2 nxn1 ex = y ke kx = ky f(x)e f(x) 1/x

    Linear
    y

    y = mx + c; m = gradient; c = vertical intercept


    y
    nt

    siti Po

    g ve

    ie rad

    (x2, y2)

    (x1, y1)
    Ne

    m=

    y 2 y1 x 2 x1
    (x2, y2)

    Economics Network
    Supporting economics in higher education

    yg =ex
    ativ

    (x1, y1)

    y y1 m= 2 x 2 x1
    x

    eg

    rad i

    ent

    1 1

    ln x

    y Exponential functions y y1 m= 2 1 e 2.7183 is the exponential x 2 x1 constant ( x , y ) 1 1 c


    Ne x y g= atie ve g

    y = ex
    rad i ent

    ln kx = log kx dv d 1/x d du du dv (u( x) v( x )) = e (u( x) v( x )) = dx d x dx dx f(x)/f(x) dx dx ln f (x) d du dv (u( x) v( x )) = dx dx dx d du dv df d d f d (u( x) v((x k)) = f ( x )) rule =k The sumdifference Constant multiples (k f (x )) = k dx dx dx dx dx dx dx df d du dv d ( k f ( x )) = k (u( x) v( x )) = d x d x dx d x d x d du d = k df dv dv du dfor k constant ( k f ( x )) v uv u ( ) = + v uv u ( ) = + dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx df dv du d Thed product rule The quotient ( k f ( x )) =k (uv) = u rule +v dx dxdu x d dx dx d v du dv d dv d vu u v u (uv) = u d u+ v dx d u d x d x d x dx d x = dx 2 = du 2 dv dx d v dx v v du v d v vu (uv) = u +v d u dx dx dx d v dx dx The chain rule = du dx v v u v2 d u d y d y dx dx . du u = u( x ), then dy = dy . du = = If y y( u), where u = u( x ), then =), where If y = y(u du 2 dv dx v dx du dx dx du dx v v u d u dy dy . du dx dx If y = y(u), where u = u( x ), then = = 2 dx v v dx du dx dy dy . du If y = y(u), where u = u( x ), then = dx du dx dy dy . du f ( x ) dx f( (x x)) If y = y(u), where u = u , then = dx du dx

    (x2, y2)

    1 1 1

    1
    if a is positive

    (1) (2)

    (3)

    Graph of y x = showing y=e exponential growth

    ex

    Graph of y = showing exponential decay x b / 2a

    e x

    Quadratic functions y = ax2 + bx + c


    1
    if a is positive (1) (2)

    (3) x

    b / 2a

    x
    (3)

    Integration

    TC
    b / 2a

    Maths for Economics


    PRINCIPLES AND FORMULAE

    if a is negative

    (2) (1)

    k, (any) constant c

    kx + c

    (1) b2 4 ac < 0;

    (2) b2 4 ac = 0;
    a

    x
    x2 x n, (n = 1) x 1 = 1/x e e
    x kx

    x2 +c 2 x3 +c 3 x n+1 +c n+1 ln x + c e +c e kx +c k
    a
    x

    2 4 ac > 0 (3) b a= fixed cost

    Total cost functions TC = a + bq


    TC
    if a is negative b / 2a

    Output (q ) Inverse functions

    cq2

    dq3

    x
    (3) (2) (1)

    y = a/x = ax1

    Example: Unit price elasticity of demand

    q = a/p = ap1 This leaflet has been produced in conjunction with mathcentre

    a = fixed cost Output (q )

    www.mathcentre.ac.uk

    Arithmetic
    When multiplying or dividing positive and negative numbers, the sign of the result is given by: + and + gives + and + gives + and gives and gives + e.g. 6 x 3 = 18; e.g. (6) x 3 = 18 e.g. 6 x (3) = 18 e.g. (6) x (3) = 18 21 7 = 3 (21) 7 = 3 21 (7) = 3 (21) (7) = 3 Removing brackets a(b + c) = ab + ac (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab; (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2

    Algebra
    a(b c) = ab ac (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab

    Sigma Notation
    The Greek capital letter sigma is used as an abbreviation for a sum. Suppose we have n values: x1, x2, ... xn and we x1 + x 2 . . . xn wish to add them together. The sum n x + x2 . . . xn x1 + 1 x2 x. .+ . xx written x i n .is . . x 1 n 2

    (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd

    Formula for solving a quadratic equation Order of calculation First: Second: Third: Fractions Fraction = numerator denominator brackets x and + and

    If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x =
    Laws of indices

    b b2 4 ac 2a

    a m a n = a m+n a0 = 1

    am an
    1 am

    = am n

    ( a m )n = a mn
    n

    a m =

    a1 / n =

    a m / n = n am

    Adding and subtracting fractions To add or subtract two fractions, first rewrite each fraction so that they have the same denominator. Then, the numerators are added or subtracted as appropriate and the result is divided by the common denominator: e.g.
    4 3 16 15 31 + = + = 5 4 20 20 20 3 5 fractions 15 Multiplying = 4 3 716 1115 77 31 To + multiply = + two = fractions, multiply their numerators and 5 4 20 20 20

    Laws of logarithms y = log b x means b y = x and b is called the base e.g. log 10 2 = 0.3010 means 100.3010 = 2.000 to 4 sig figures Logarithms to base e, denoted loge, or alternatively ln, are called natural logarithms. The letter e stands for the exponential constant, which is approximately 2.7183.

    x n x i + x . . xn i . through 2 all integers (whole numbers) from Note that 1x iruns 3 i= 1x 1 + xi 2 . . . xn i = 1 1 to n. So, for instance x i means x1 + x 2 + x 3 i= 1 n 3 x i n i =1 3 x means +x i =1 x xx 3 1.+ i x + i2 x1 . . x x x12 + x 3x 3 5 x 2+ n + i= i 1means i= x x1i means 1i 2 means 2 + x 3 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 i =1 i =1 3 n Example i =1 5 2 x i 3means 2 xi x 21 + x 22 + x 23 2 5 1 + 2 + + 4 =1 means x4 ++ x 5+ x 2 i 5 imeans 2x 2 2 3 2 5 12 i i = 1 i means 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 2 2 22 23 2 i =1 i means n i =1 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + x x 5+ x 2 + . . . + x n i =1 i =1 5 x = i =1 i = 1 3 n 5means 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 i 2n +x 422 + 522 2 n x x means +. x.2 x +x .+ x1 2 2 2 This notation is often used in statistical n i means 1 3 + 4 + 5 calculations. The i i = 1 2 n i = 1 i 1 + 2 + 3 x n x= . .x +x x 2x+ .+ = x 1 =i i =1i 1 n. . . + x x+ + i n = x= mean of the n quantities, , x i =1 1 n 2x n and x is i = 1 n1 2, ... 2 = n x n= (xi x ) 2 n n n n 1 = i i =1 x i n x 5 = = x2 var( ) x + + . . . + x x x i i =1 n n 21 22 2 n2 2 n = = x 2 n means n i2 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 2 x + . . . x2n x2 x ) =x x ii = 1 ix + n( n 2x i n1 n1 i 1 = i =12 = i= = ) x = 2x var( x ) i n x n i nn x 2 =1 x i =1 ( i2 ( ) x x i = x = var( x ) var( 1 1 = i= i = n x i x2 ) = n n is n The variance n xsd nx 2x ) 2 (x ) =n var( (x +... + x nn= i i x 1) + x 2 11 x 2 i =1 ni n x n 22 = i i= = x= = var( x ) x x ( ) i 1 = i i n n n = n =1 x i x 2 x = var( ) sd(x ) = var(x ) n n sd(x ) = x ) =x ) var(x ) sd(var(
    i.e. the mean the squares minus (x ) 2 n x 2 the square of the mean n of i x x )(= = i =1 i x 2 var(sd x ) =i =1 var(x ) n var(x ) n sd(x ) = deviation (sd) is the square root of the The standard variance:

    i =1

    ln AB = ln A + ln B ; ln

    A = ln A ln B ; ln A n = n ln A B

    then multiply their denominators: e.g.


    3 2 3 3 9 5 = 15 = 3 5 3 5 2 10 = 4 3 16 15 31 7+ 11= 77 + = 5 4 20 20 20 3 = 5 = 15

    Proportion and Percentage


    To convert a fraction into a percentage, multiply by 100 5 and express result as a5 percentage. An example is: as a the percentage is 100 = 62.5% 8 8 5 5 as a percentage is 100 = 62.5% 8 8 Some common conversions are
    1 1 1 3 = 10% = 25% = 50% = 75% 10 4 2 4 1 1 1 3 = 10% = 25% = 50% way = 75% an alternative Ratios are simply 10 4 2 4 of expressing fractions. Consider dividing 200 between two people in the ratio of 3:2. This means that for every 3 the first person gets, the second person gets 2. So the first gets 3/5 of the total (i.e. 120) and the second gets 2/5 (i.e. 80).

    sd(x ) = var(x )
    Note that the standard deviation is measured in the same units as x.

    Dividing 3 2 3 fractions 3 9
    5 divide 3 7 5 11 2= 77 10 To two fractions, invert the second and then multiply: e.g. 3 2 3 = 5 3 5 3 9 = 2 10

    The Greek Alphabet


    alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta theta iota kappa lambda nu xi omicron pi rho tau phi chi sigma upsilon

    Series (e.g. for discounting) 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + 1 + x + x2 + x3 + + xk (where 0 < x < 1 ) = 1/(1x ) = (1x k+1 ) /(1x )

    mu

    eta

    psi omega

    Generally, to split a quantity in the ratio m : n, the quantity is divided into m/(m + n) and n/(m + n) of the total.

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