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    Continuity and Differentiation: Points To Remember

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    Aakash Chan
    The document discusses key concepts related to continuity and differentiation of functions: - A function f(x) is continuous at x=c if the limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c). - Trigonometric, polynomial and constant functions are continuous in their domains. - Sums, differences, products, quotients and compositions of continuous functions are also continuous, subject to certain conditions. - A function is differentiable at x=c if the derivative exists and is finite. The derivative is defined as the limit of the difference quotient. - Derivatives of basic functions like trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic functions are defined. - Rules for finding derivatives of

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    Continuity and Differentiation: Points To Remember

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    The document discusses key concepts related to continuity and differentiation of functions: - A function f(x) is continuous at x=c if the limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c). - Trigonometric, polynomial and constant functions are continuous in their domains. - Sums, differences, products, quotients and compositions of continuous functions are also continuous, subject to certain conditions. - A function is differentiable at x=c if the derivative exists and is finite. The derivative is defined as the limit of the difference quotient. - Derivatives of basic functions like trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic functions are defined. - Rules for finding derivatives of

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    The document discusses key concepts related to continuity and differentiation of functions: - A function f(x) is continuous at x=c if the limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c). - Trigonometric, polynomial and constant functions are continuous in their domains. - Sums, differences, products, quotients and compositions of continuous functions are also continuous, subject to certain conditions. - A function is differentiable at x=c if the derivative exists and is finite. The derivative is defined as the limit of the difference quotient. - Derivatives of basic functions like trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic functions are defined. - Rules for finding derivatives of

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    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views8 pages

    Continuity and Differentiation: Points To Remember

    Uploaded by

    Aakash Chan
    The document discusses key concepts related to continuity and differentiation of functions: - A function f(x) is continuous at x=c if the limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c). - Trigonometric, polynomial and constant functions are continuous in their domains. - Sums, differences, products, quotients and compositions of continuous functions are also continuous, subject to certain conditions. - A function is differentiable at x=c if the derivative exists and is finite. The derivative is defined as the limit of the difference quotient. - Derivatives of basic functions like trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic functions are defined. - Rules for finding derivatives of

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    of 8

    39 XII Maths

    CHAPTER 5
    CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION
    POINTS TO REMEMBER
    A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c iff
    ( ) ( )
    lim
    x c
    f x f c

    =
    i.e.,
    ( ) ( ) ( )

    lim lim
    x c x c
    f x f x f c
    +

    = =
    f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at ( ) , . x c c a b = e
    f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff
    (i) f(x) is continuous in (a, b)
    (ii)
    ( ) ( )
    lim ,
    x a
    f x f a
    +

    =
    (iii)
    ( ) ( )

    lim
    x b
    f x f b

    =
    Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.
    Every polynomial function is continuous on R.
    If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions and c e R then at x = a
    (i) f (x) g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.
    (ii) g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.
    (iii)
    ( )
    ( )
    f x
    g x
    is continuous at x = a provided g(a) = 0.
    f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff
    XII Maths 40
    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
    lim lim , and is finite
    +


    =
    x c x c
    f x f c f x f c
    x c x c
    The value of above limit is denoted by f(c) and is called the derivative
    of f(x) at x = c.

    ( )
    d dv du
    u v u v
    dx dx dx
    = +


    | |
    =
    |
    \ .
    2
    du dv
    v u
    d u
    dx dx
    dx v
    v

    If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then
    ( ) ( )
    ( ) . Chain Rule
    dy dy du
    f u g t
    dt du dt
    = =
    If y = f(u), x = g(u) then,
    ( )
    ( )

    = =
    dy dy du f u
    dx du dx g u

    ( ) ( )
    1 1
    2 2
    1 1
    sin , cos
    1 1


    = =

    d d
    x x
    dx dx
    x x
    ( ) ( )
    1 1
    2 2
    1 1
    tan , cot
    1 1


    = =
    + +
    d d
    x x
    dx dx
    x x
    ( ) ( )
    1 1
    2 2
    1 1
    sec , cosec
    1 1


    = =

    d d
    x x
    dx dx
    x x x x
    ( )
    ( )
    1
    , log = =
    x x
    d d
    e e x
    dx dx x
    f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all x e
    R Z.
    Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and
    f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c e (a, b) such that
    f (c) = 0.
    41 XII Maths
    Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in
    (a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c e (a, b) such that
    ( )
    ( ) ( )
    =

    .
    f b f a
    f c
    b a
    f (x) = log
    e
    x, (x > 0) is continuous function.
    VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
    1. For what value of x, f(x) = |2x 7| is not derivable.
    2. Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x 1| + |x + 1|.
    3. What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.
    4. What are the points of discontinuity of
    ( )
    ( ) ( )
    ( ) ( )
    1 1
    .
    7 6
    x x
    f x
    x x
    + +
    =

    5. Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].
    6. The function,
    ( )
    3 if 2
    4 if 2
    2 if 2
    x x
    f x x
    x x
    <

    = =

    >

    is a continuous function for all


    x e R, find .
    7. For what value of K,
    ( )
    tan3
    , 0
    sin2
    2 , 0
    x
    x
    f x x
    K x

    is continuous . x R e
    8. Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.
    9. If f(x) = x
    2
    g(x) and g(1) = 6, g(1) = 3 find value of f(1).
    10. Write the derivative of the following functions :
    (i) log
    3
    (3x + 5) (ii)
    2
    log x
    e
    (iii)
    ( ) 6 log 1
    , 1
    e
    x
    e x

    >
    XII Maths 42
    (iv)
    1 1
    sec cosec , 1. x x x

    + >
    (v) ( )
    1 7 2
    sin x

    (vi) log
    x
    5, x > 0.
    SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
    11. Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated points.
    (i) ( )
    , 0
    at 0.
    2, 0

    =
    = =

    x x
    x
    f x x
    x
    x
    (ii)
    ( )
    sin 2
    , 0
    3
    at 0.
    3
    0
    2
    x
    x
    x
    g x x
    x

    = =

    (iii)
    ( )
    ( )
    2
    cos 1 0
    at 0.
    0 0
    x x x
    f x x
    x

    =
    = =

    (iv) f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1.


    (v)
    ( )
    [ ] , 1
    at 1.
    0 1
    x x x
    f x x
    x
    =
    = =

    12. For what value of k,


    ( )
    2
    3 5, 0 2
    1 3 2 3
    x kx x
    f x
    x x

    + s <
    =

    s s

    is continuous
    [ ] 0, 3 . x e
    13. For what values of a and b
    ( )
    2
    if 2
    2
    if 2
    2
    2 if 2
    2
    x
    a x
    x
    f x a b x
    x
    b x
    x
    +
    + <

    = + =

    +
    + >
    +
    is continuous at x = 2.
    43 XII Maths
    14. Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = 1, but not derivable at
    x = 1.
    15. For what value of p,
    ( )
    ( ) sin 1 0
    0 0
    p
    x x x
    f x
    x

    =
    =

    =

    is derivable at x = 0.
    16. If
    1 1
    2
    1 2 1
    tan 2 tan , 0 1, find .
    2
    1

    (
    | | | |
    = + < <
    |
    | (
    \ .
    \ .


    x dy
    y x
    x dx
    x
    17. If
    1
    1
    sin 2 tan then ?
    1

    = =
    (
    +

    x dy
    y
    x dx
    18. If 5
    x
    + 5
    y
    = 5
    x+y
    then prove that
    5 0
    y x
    dy
    dx

    + =
    .
    19. If
    2 2
    1 1 x y y x a + = then show that
    2
    2
    1
    .
    1
    dy y
    dx x

    20. If
    ( )
    2 2
    1 1 x y a x y + = then show that
    2
    2
    1
    .
    1
    dy y
    dx x

    21. If (x + y)
    m + n
    = x
    m
    . y
    n
    then prove that
    .
    dy y
    dx x
    =
    22. Find the derivative of
    1 1
    2 2
    2 2
    tan w.r.t. sin .
    1 1
    x x
    x x

    | | | |
    | |
    \ . \ .
    +
    23. Find the derivative of log
    e
    (sin x) w.r.t. log
    a
    (cos x).
    24. If x
    y
    + y
    x
    + x
    x
    = m
    n
    , then find the value of
    .
    dy
    dx
    25. If x = a cos
    3
    u, y = a sin
    3
    u then find
    2
    2
    .
    d y
    dx
    XII Maths 44
    26. If x = ae
    t
    (sint cos t)
    y = ae
    t
    (sint + cost) then show that
    at is 1
    4
    dy
    x
    dx
    t
    =
    .
    27. If
    1 2
    sin 1 1 then find .
    dy
    y x x x x
    dx

    (
    =
    28. If
    ( )
    log
    log
    e
    x
    x
    e
    y x x = + then find .
    dy
    dx
    29. Differentiate
    x
    x
    x w.r.t. x.
    30. Find
    ( )
    ( ) , if cos cos =
    y x dy
    x y
    dx
    31. If
    1
    1 sin 1 sin
    tan where
    2
    1 sin 1 sin

    | |
    + t
    = < < t
    |
    \ . + +
    x x
    y x
    x x
    find .
    dy
    dx
    32. If
    1
    sin log
    e
    x y
    a
    | |
    =
    |
    \ .
    then show that (1 x
    2
    ) y xy a
    2
    y = 0.
    33. Differentiate
    ( )
    log
    log , 1 . . . >
    x
    x x w r t x
    34. If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that
    ( )
    2
    sin
    .
    sin
    a y dy
    dx a
    +
    =
    35. If y = sin
    1
    x, find
    2
    2
    d y
    dx
    in terms of y.
    36. If
    2 2
    2 2
    1,
    x y
    a b
    + = then show that
    2 4
    2 2 3
    .
    d y b
    dx a y

    =
    37. If
    ( )
    1
    2
    cos 2 2
    2
    , 1 1, show that 1 0

    = s s =
    a x
    d y dy
    y e x x x a y
    dx dx
    38. If y
    3
    = 3ax
    2
    x
    3
    then prove that
    2 2 2
    2 5
    2
    .
    d y a x
    dx y

    =
    39. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x
    2
    + 2 in the interval [a, b]
    where a = 2, b = 2.
    40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x
    2
    in [2, 4]
    45 XII Maths
    ANSWERS
    1. x = 7/2 2. R
    3. 1 4. x = 6, 7
    5. Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.
    Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because
    ( ) ( )
    +

    = =
    3
    lim 3 3 .
    x
    f x f
    6.
    7
    .
    2
    = 7.
    3
    .
    4
    k =
    8. cot x 9. 15
    10. (i)
    3
    3
    log
    3 5
    e
    x +
    (ii)
    2
    log
    2
    1
    .log .
    x
    e e
    x
    (iii) 6 (x 1)
    5
    (iv) 0
    (v)
    2
    7
    7
    .
    2
    1
    x x
    x
    (vi)
    ( )
    2
    log 5
    .
    log
    e
    e
    x x

    11. (i) Discontinuous (ii) Discontinuous


    (iii) Continuous (iv) continuous
    (v) Discontinuous
    12. k = 11 13. a = 0, b = 1.
    15. p > 1. 16. 0
    17.
    2
    .
    1
    x
    x

    22. 1
    23. cot
    2
    x log
    e
    a
    24.
    ( )
    1
    1
    1 log log
    .
    log
    x y x
    y x
    x x yx y y dy
    dx x x xy

    +
    =
    +
    XII Maths 46
    25.
    2
    4
    2
    1
    cosec sec .
    3
    d y
    a dx
    = u u 27.
    2
    1 1
    .
    2 1
    1
    dy
    dx
    x x
    x
    =

    28. ( ) ( )
    log
    2log 1
    log log log .
    log
    x
    x
    x
    x x x
    x x
    (
    + +
    (

    29.
    1
    . log 1 log .
    log
    x
    x x
    dy
    x x x x
    dx x x
    | |
    = + +
    |
    \ .
    30.
    tan logcos
    tan logcos
    +
    =
    +
    dy y x y
    dx x y x
    31.
    1
    .
    2
    dy
    dx
    =
    Hint. : sin cos , .
    2 2 2
    x x
    for x
    t | |
    > e t
    |
    \ .
    33. ( )
    ( ) log
    log log 1
    log , 1
    (
    + >
    (

    x
    x
    x x
    x x
    35. sec
    2
    y tany.

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