Key

Concepts for Biology EOC

1-Experimental Design: When scientists design a controlled experiment, one factor can change at a time The Independent Factor is the factor because its the tested factor and it might affect the outcome of the experiment Reading Charts and Graphs: The metric system uses units with divisions that are powers of ten The SI (International System of Units) will most often use meter for length, gram for mass, liter for volume, and second to measure time Biogeochemical Cycles: Water and Carbon: 2-Trophic Levels: Each step in a food chain or food web

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Food Webs- are models representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms Ecological Pyramids Biomass- the total living matter at each trophic level

Primary and Secondary Succession: Primary- the establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any top soil Secondary- is the orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support foe the long term

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Mass Extinction: Is an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time 5-Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources: Renewable- the resources that are replaced by natural; processes faster than they are consumed Non-Renewable- resources that are found on Earth in limited amount or that are replaced by natural processes over extremely long periods of time 5-Clear cutting rainforest: The removal of so much natural forest will cause many species on Earth to become extinct as a result of habitat loss 5- Climate Change: Edge effects are when different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem Typically, the temperature and wind will be higher and the humidity lowers on the edge in a tropical forest 5- Coal Pollution: 1. Is the leading cause of smog, acid rain, and toxic air pollution Causing changes to the composition of air, soil, and water 5- Wind Turbines: 2. Is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind 5- Introduced Species: 3. When nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat Not a treat to biodiversity in their native habitats Competition occurs 6- Water Adhesion, Cohesion, Density when Frozen, & Specific Heat 4. Adhesion- is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces clinging to one another 5. Cohesion- refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another 6. When water is frozen it is less dense 7. Specific Heat- is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a substance by one degree in temperature 6- Macromolecules Proteins, Carbohydrates, & Fats Proteins- is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Carbohydrates- compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Lipids- are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fats, oils, and waxes

6- Cholesterol Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic: Hydrophobic- means they do not dissolve in water Hydrophilic- Capable of hydrogen bonding 6- Enzymes, Processes, and products: Enzymes- are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes Processes- Are steps to a result Products- substances formed during reaction 7- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Prokaryotic Cells- are cells without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells- contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes

 7- Cell Structure:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

7- Animal Cells vs Plant Cells 7- Types of Microscopes: Compound Light- series of glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified image Electron- uses magnets to aim a beam of electrons at thing slices of cells 7- Cell Theory: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.

 3.

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

7- Cell Membrane- Phospholipid Bilayer: 1. When two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail to tail 7- Endoplasmic Reticulum- Smooth and Rough: 2. Smooth- Performs important functions for the cell 3. Rough- Produce proteins and export it to the cells 7- Osmosis and Diffusion: 1. Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane 2. Diffusion- is the net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance 7- Passive and Active Transport: 1. Passive- movement substances across membranes 1. Active- the movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentrations gradient requiring energy 8- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: 2. Photosynthesis- is the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use of the cell 3. Cellular Respiration- is the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by cell 8- Stages of Cellular Respiration:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

8- Glucose Molecule: 1. Is a simple monosaccharide sugar 8- ATP: 2. is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy 8- Muscles and Lactic Acid formation: 9- Diploid and Haploid: 3. Diploid Cells- two complete sets of chromosomes 4. Haploid Cells- one complete set of chromosomes

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

9- Cancer Cells: 1. Is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells 9&10- Mitosis and Meiosis Stages:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

10- Mendelian Genetics: 2. Mendelian explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele 10- Punnett Square Crosses: 3. Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes 10- Di-hybrid Crosses: 4. When four types of alleles from male gametes and four types of alleles from female gametes can be produced 10- Sexual and Asexual Reproduction: 5. Sexual- When both chromosomes are passed down from the parents 6. Asexual- when an organism inherits all of the single parents chromosomes 11- Sex Linked Punnett Squares: 11- Pedigrees: 1. A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations 11- Hemophilia: 2. Recessive sex linked disorder 3. Characterized by delayed clotting of the blood 11- Genetic Disorders: 1. Cystic Fibrosis- the gene that codes a membrane protein is defective 2. Albinism- genes do not produce normal amounts of pigment melanin 3. Galactosemia- Absence of the gene that codes for the enzyme that breaks down galactose 4. Tay-Sach disease- absence of a necessary enzyme that breaks down fatty substances

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

11- Fruit Flies: 1. Contains 75% of the genes that cause disease with humans 11- Polydactylism: 2. When a person has more than five fingers or five toes 11- PKU: 3. is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. 12- DNA Structure: 4. contain sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine 5. looks like twisted ladder 12- DNA Coding: 1. 20 different codes 2. used to recognized the way DNA varied among organisms within their sequence of bases 12- Translation and Transcription: 1. Translation- where the code is read and translated to make a protein through a process 2. Transcription- the first step of the central dogma involving the synthesis of mRNA from DNA in a process 12- DNA Replication: 1. When eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple area as DNA is replicated 2. In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication 3. Prokaryotic DNA is typically shorter than eukaryotic DNA and remains in cytoplasm, and not packed in nucleus 13- Plasmids and Bacterial DNA: 1. Plasmids- small circular, double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells 2. Bacterial DNA- A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA 13- Human Genome Project: 1. Was an international project that was in 2003 2. A genome is the complete genetic info in a cell 3. The goal of it was to determine the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the human genes 14- Urey Miller Experiment:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

was an experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life Organic molecules could be produced from gases proposed to have made up the atmosphere of early Earth

14- Radioactive Dating: Is a technique used to date materials such as rocks 14- Louis Pasteur: Founder of Medical Biology Discovered vaccines Proved the Spontaneous Theory to be wrong Discovered the method of preserving food by means of pasteurization 14- Endosymbiont theory: The ancestors of eukaryotic cells lived in association with prokaryotic cells 14- Mitochondria and Bacteria Similarities: 15- Evolution: To define cumulative change in groups of organisms through time Theory of evolution is based on natural selection Concept of gradual change over time

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

15- Natural Selection: When competitors struggle for existence and survive better than others 15- Genetic Drift: along with natural selection, mutation, and migrationis one of the basic mechanisms of evolution. Any change in the allele frequencies in a population that results from chance 15- Speciation: When a population must diverge and be reproductively isolated Allopatric Speciation- a physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations Sympatric Speciation- when a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier 15- Extinction: When the entire species permanently disappear from the biosphere when the last member of the species dies 15- Peppered Moth: Directional Selection occurred When an extreme version of a trait makes an organism more fit Happened because industrial population favoring the dark colored one making the light color ones not be around

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

16- Skull Analysis for Species Identification: Primates share several behavioral and biological characteristics, which indicated that they evolved from a common ancestor 16- Primate Evolution and Skulls and Progression: Primate Evolution: Most primates today have traits that have helped them survive that past environments theyve lived through 1. Arboreal Adaptation- when primates evolved from ground dwelling animals that searched for food in the branches of forest shrubbery 2. Primate Ancestors- they relate back to what a lot of species are evolved to today 3. Diverging Primates- this is when primates spread out amongst the world 4. Displacement- this is when primates are put into a situation where they cannot withstand living 5. Monkeys- are what we soon evolved from 6. Journey to South America- where the monkeys migrated where sea levels were lower and it was more sustainable to live 7. Aegyptopithecus- this was the monkey that was the size of about a cat that is now extinct Skulls with Progression 17- Classification K.P.C.O.F.G.S.:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

17- Six Kingdoms of Life:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

17- Cladograms: Is a branding diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group 18- Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission: 21- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

22- Plant Structure: 22- Xylem and Phloem: Xylem- is the water carrying vascular tissue composed of specialized cells called vessel elements and tracheids Phloem- main food carrying tissue 22- Meristems- Primary and Secondary Growth

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

22- Roots and Root Hairs: The root is the first structure to grow out of the seef when it sprouts Root hairs- A thin hair like outgrowth of an epidermal cell of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil 22- Leaf Structure: 23- Plant Reproduction: Depends on the plant species

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

23- Flower Parts and Reproduction:

23- Fruit Functions: Eudicot and Monocot:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

24- Reproductive Strategies for Water Creatures: 1. Hermaphrodites- which produce both eggs and sperm in the same animal body 2. Internal Fertilization- occurs when the sperm and egg combine inside the animals body 3. External Fertilization- occurs when egs and sperm combine outside the animals body 4. Asexual- producing offsprings with them genetically identical to parent 24- Sponges and Features No tissues No organs No symmetry Body Structure: Two layer of independent cells with a jellylike substance between the layers accomplish all of the life function of sponges Feeding: Filters small particles from water and digests by water coming through Sponge Diversity 1. Demospongiae- composed of sponging fibers, silica 2. Calarea- consists of calcium carbohydrate 3. Hexactinellida- glass ones Reproduction: By fragmentation of a sponge that is broken off by another one 24- Cnidarians and Features Are jelly fish and sea anemone Body Structure: have one body opeing and two layers of cells Feeding: contain a capsule that holds a coiled tube that contains poison and barbs making it easy for prey when they enter membrane and digested material is gone through the mouth Big nervous system

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Reproduction: they release eggs into water where sperm is where the fertilization occurs Diversity: 1. Hydroids 2. Jelly Fish 3. Sea Anemone 4. Corals

25- Mollusks: 27- Chordates: 29- Birds: Have Light bones Have endotherm to keep warm

feathers

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Preen gland secretes oils that adds waterproof coating to feathers Air sacs help them breathe better Eat large amounts Incubate after hatching

30- Mammals: Glands for milk for when young is born Hair is used for many things such as heat, camouflage, senses, and waterproofing, signaling, and defense They feed off a lot of things Digestive system depending on mammal Teeth are what assume how hard whatever they eat is being digested Have to keep up with own heat Reproduce through sexual intercourse Diversity 33- Parts of the Brain and Nervous System:

 34- Blood Functions:

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

34- Respiratory System: 35- Hormones: Is a substance that acts on certain target cells and tissues to produce a specific response Steroid- Affect the human reproductive system (estrogen and testosterone) Amino Acid- must bind to receptors found on the plasma membrance which concludes to a desired response 36- Human Reproduction: Male-

 Female-

Key Concepts for Biology EOC

36- Embryology: is the science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage 36- Gestation: is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal 36- Amniotic Fluid: protects and cushions embryo 37- Immune System: Infectious disease- is a disease caused by pathogens being released from one organism to another

Key Concepts for Biology EOC