LinesA

17: Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Equations
Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

Waves
Power Flow Reections Reection Coefcients Driving a line Multiple Reections Cable Characteristics Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)
Transmission Lines: 17 1 / 13
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t).
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true.
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true. If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true. If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns). Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor.
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true. If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns). Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor. A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length.
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true. If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns). Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor. A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length. We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced along the line.
Transmission Lines

Equations

Waves
Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t). This is not true. If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns). Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor. A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length. We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced along the line. The signal speed along a transmisison line is predictable.
Transmission Line Equations


Equations

Waves
Short section of line x long. v (x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both position and time.


Equations

Waves
Short section of line x long. v (x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both position and time. Small x ignore 2nd order derivatives:
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .


Equations

Waves
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .
i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x


Equations

Waves
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .
i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x i v Inductor equation: L t = v (x, t) v (x + x, t) = x x


Equations

Waves
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .

L C and L0 = x Substitute C0 = x where C0 and L0 are capacitance and inductance per unit length.


Equations

Waves
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .

L C and L0 = x Substitute C0 = x where C0 and L0 are capacitance and inductance per unit length. i C0 v = t x v i L0 t = x


Equations

Waves
v (x,t) t
v (x+x,t) t
v t .

L C and L0 = x Substitute C0 = x where C0 and L0 are capacitance and inductance per unit length. i C0 v = t x v i L0 t = x
General solution to two simultaneous partial differential equations will include two arbitrary functions (instead of the arbitrary constants that you get with ordinary differential equations).
Solution to TL Equations

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves
General solution:
x x v (t, x) = f (t u ) + g (t + u )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0 C0

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves
General solution:
x x v (t, x) = f (t u ) + g (t + u )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0 C0
u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves
General solution:
x x v (t, x) = f (t u ) + g (t + u )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0 C0
u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance. f () and g () can be any differentiable functions.

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves
General solution:
x x v (t, x) = f (t u ) + g (t + u )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0 C0
Verify by substitution:
i x
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 u

Equations
TL Equations:
i C0 v t = x
i v L0 t = x

Waves
General solution:
x x v (t, x) = f (t u ) + g (t + u )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0 C0
Verify by substitution:
i x
x x )g (t+ u ) f (t u Z0
1 u
x x ) + g (t + u ) = C0 v = C0 f ( t u t
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
0
f(t-0/u)
Time (ns)
10
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
is the same as f (t) but delayed by 45 u = 3 ns.
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
is the same as f (t) but delayed by 45 u = 3 ns. Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else.
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
is the same as f (t) but delayed by 45 u = 3 ns. Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else. At x = 90 cm, vR (t) = f (t 90 u ).
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
is the same as f (t) but delayed by 45 u = 3 ns. Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else. At x = 90 cm, vR (t) = f (t 90 u ). At t0 = 4 ns, the waveform has just reached x = ut0 = 60 cm.
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
Forward Wave

Equations
u = 15 cm/ns

Waves
At x = 0 cm,
0 vS (t) = f (t u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
At x = 45 cm,
v (45, t) = f (t f (t
45 u )
45 u )
Time (ns)
10
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
x f (t u ) a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560) Transmission Lines: 17 5 / 13
Forward + Backward Waves


Equations
x ) is a wave travelling backwards, i.e. in the x direction. Similarly g (t + u

Waves


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
f(t-0/u) x=0
g(t+0/u)
8 Time (ns) 10


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
f(t-0/u) x=0
g(t+0/u)
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
8 Time (ns) 10


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
f(t-0/u) x=0
g(t+0/u)
x g(t+90/u) x=90 0 2 4 6 8 Time (ns) 10 f(t-90/u)
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
At x = 90 cm, g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6.


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
f(t-0/u) x=0 f(t-45/u)+g(t+45/u) x=45 g(t+90/u) x=90 0 2 4 6
g(t+0/u)
f(t-90/u) 8 Time (ns) 10
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
At x = 90 cm, g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6. At x = 45 cm, g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together.


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
g(t+0/u)
f(t-90/u) 8 Time (ns) 10
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
At x = 90 cm, g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6. At x = 45 cm, g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together. At t = 2 ns f and g have not yet met.
f(2-x/u)+g(2-x/u)
t = 2 ns
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
g(t+0/u)
f(t-90/u) 8 Time (ns) 10
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
At x = 90 cm, g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6. At x = 45 cm, g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together. At t = 2 ns f and g have not yet met. By t = 5 ns, f and g have just crossed.
f(2-x/u)+g(2-x/u)
t = 2 ns
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
f(5-x/u)+g(5-x/u)
t = 5 ns
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)


Equations

Waves
v (x, t) = x x f (t u ) + g (t + u )
At x = 0 cm,
g(t+0/u)
f(t-90/u) 8 Time (ns) 10
vS (t) = f (t) + g (t)
At x = 90 cm, g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6. At x = 45 cm, g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together. At t = 2 ns f and g have not yet met. By t = 5 ns, f and g have just crossed. Magically, f and g pass through each other unaltered
f(2-x/u)+g(2-x/u)
t = 2 ns
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
f(5-x/u)+g(5-x/u)
t = 5 ns
20
40
60
80 Position (cm)
Power Flow

Equations
x x Dene fx (t) = f t u and gx (t) = g t + u to be the forward and backward waveforms at any point, x.

Waves
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
measured in the +ve x direction.
1 Then vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t) and ix (t) = Z0 (fx (t) gx (t)).
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
1 Then vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t) and ix (t) = Z0 (fx (t) gx (t)). Note: Knowing the waveform fx (t) or gx (t) at any position x, tells you it at y x y x and gy (t) = gx t + u . any other position: fy (t) = fx t u
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
Power Flow The power transferred into the shaded region across the boundary at x is
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t)
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
1 Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z0 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) gx (t))
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
1 Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z0 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) gx (t)) 2 2 f (t) gx (t) = x Z0 Z0
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
1 Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z0 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) gx (t)) 2 2 f (t) gx (t) = x Z0 Z0 fx carries power into shaded area and gx carries power out independently.
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.
Power Flow

Equations

Waves
i is always
Power travels in the same direction as the wave. Same power that would be absorbed by a [cticious] resistor of value Z0 .
Reections

Equations
vx = fx + gx 1 ix = Z0 (fx gx )

Waves
From Ohms law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL
Reections

Equations

Waves
From Ohms law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL 1 (fL (t) gL (t)) RL Hence (fL (t) + gL (t)) = Z0
Reections

Equations

Waves
From Ohms law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL 1 (fL (t) gL (t)) RL Hence (fL (t) + gL (t)) = Z0 RL Z0 From this: gL (t) = R +Z fL (t)
L 0
Reections

Equations

Waves
L 0 L Z0 We dene the reection coefcient : L = fL (t) = R RL +Z0 = +0.5 L
g (t)
Reections

Equations

Waves
L 0 L Z0 We dene the reection coefcient : L = fL (t) = R RL +Z0 = +0.5 L Substituting gL (t) = L fL (t) gives 1 vL (t) = (1 + L ) fL (t) and iL (t) = (1 L ) Z0 fL (t)
g (t)
Reections

Equations

Waves
v0(t)
g (t)
10
12
14
16 18 Time (ns)
At source end:
g0 (t) = L f0 t
2L u
L = 12 ns. i.e. delayed by 2u
Reections

Equations

Waves
v0(t) i0(t)
g (t)
10
12
14
16 18 Time (ns)
10
12
14
16 18 Time (ns)
L L At source end: g0 (t) = L f0 t 2u = 12 ns. i.e. delayed by 2u Note that the reected current has been multiplied by .
Reection Coefcients

Equations
RZ0 R+Z0

Waves
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0
depends on the ratio

R Z0
R Z0 . iL (t)Z0 f (t)
+0.5
vL (t) f (t)
Comment
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
RZ0 R+Z0 vL (t) f (t) = 1 +
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
R Z0 . iL (t)Z0 f (t)
+0.5
vL (t) f (t)
Comment
1.5
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
RZ0 R+Z0 vL (t) f (t) = 1 + iL (t)Z0 f (t) = 1
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
+0.5
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
Comment
1.5
0.5
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
+0.5
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
Comment
1.5
0.5
R > Z0 > 0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
+0.5 0.5
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
Comment
3
1 3
1.5 0.5
0.5 1.5
R > Z0 > 0 R < Z0 < 0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
+0.5 0 0.5
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
Comment
3 1
1 3
1.5 1 0.5
0.5 1 1.5
R > Z0 > 0
Matched: No reection at all
R < Z0 < 0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
3 1
1 3
+1 +0.5 0 0.5
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
Comment Open circuit: vL = 2f , iL 0
2 1.5 1 0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
3 1
1 3
+1 +0.5 0 0.5 1
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0 Short circuit: vL 0, iL =
2f Z0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
3 1
1 3
+1 +0.5 0 0.5 1
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
R > Z0 > 0

1+
2f Z0
L Note: Reverse mapping is R = v iL = 1 Z0
Reection Coefcients

Equations

Waves
R Z0 .
-1 0
2 RZ-1 0

R Z0
3 1
1 3
+1 +0.5 0 0.5 1
vL (t) f (t)
iL (t)Z0 f (t)
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
R > Z0 > 0

1+
2f Z0
L Note: Reverse mapping is R = v iL = 1 Z0
Remember:
{1, +1} and increases with R.
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
From Ohms law at x = 0, we have v0 (t) = vS (t) i0 (t)RS where RS is the Thvenin resistance of the voltage source.
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
vx = fx + gx gx ix = fxZ 0
From Ohms law at x = 0, we have v0 (t) = vS (t) i0 (t)RS where RS is the Thvenin resistance of the voltage source. Substituting v0 (t) = f0 + g0 and i0 (t) =
f0 g0 Z0
leads to:
f0 (t) =
Z0 RS +Z0 vS (t)
RS Z0 RS +Z0 g0 (t)
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
f0 g0 Z0
leads to:
f0 (t) =
Z0 RS +Z0 vS (t)
RS Z0 RS +Z0 g0 (t)=
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
f0 g0 Z0
leads to:
f0 (t) =
Z0 RS +Z0 vS (t)
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)
Superposition of two terms:

0 (1) Input vS (t) multiplied by 0 = R Z which is the same as a + S Z0 potential divider if you replace the line with a [cticious] resistor Z0 .
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
f0 g0 Z0
leads to:
f0 (t) =
Z0 RS +Z0 vS (t)
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)

0 (1) Input vS (t) multiplied by 0 = R Z which is the same as a + S Z0 potential divider if you replace the line with a [cticious] resistor Z0 . (2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reection S Z0 coefcient: 0 = R R +Z . S 0
Driving a line

Equations

Waves
f0 g0 Z0
leads to:
f0 (t) =
Z0 RS +Z0 vS (t)
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)

0 (1) Input vS (t) multiplied by 0 = R Z which is the same as a + S Z0 potential divider if you replace the line with a [cticious] resistor Z0 . (2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reection S Z0 coefcient: 0 = R R +Z . S 0
100 100 For RS = 20: 0 = 20+100 = 0.83 and 0 = 20 20+100 = 0.67.

Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
Each extra bit of f0 is L delayed by 2u and multiplied by L 0 :
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
f0 (t) = i i i=0 0 L 0 vS t
2Li u
0
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
f0 (t) = i i i=0 0 L 0 vS t gL (t) = L f0 t

L u
2Li u
0
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
f0 (t) = i i i=0 0 L 0 vS t gL (t) = L f0 t v0 (t) = f0 (t) + gL t

L u
2Li u
0
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
f0 (t) = i i i=0 0 L 0 vS t gL (t) = L f0 t v0 (t) = f0 (t) + gL t vL (t) = f0 t

L u L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
+ gL (t)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
0 vL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
+ gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
0 vL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
+ gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (ns)
Multiple Reections

Equations

Waves
0 = 2 3 1 L = 2 vx = fx + gx
f 0(t)
0 gL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)

L u L u
2Li u
0
5 v0(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
L u
0 vL(t)
10
15
20
25
30 Time (ns)
+ gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (ns)
Cable Characteristics

Equations

Waves
Coaxial Cable (coax) Advantage: unaffected by external elds or conductors. Z0 proportional to log of outer to inner diameter ratio; commonly 50 or 75 . u 25 cm/ns. Used for antennae connections and instrumentation. Twisted Pairs Advantage: cheaper and thinner than coax and equally resistant to magnetic elds. Z0 commonly 100 . u 19 cm/ns. Used for computer network and telephone cabling. When do you have to bother? Answer: long cables or high frequencies. You can completely ignore transmission line effects if f L u. Audio (< 20 kHz) never matters. Computers (0.3 GHz) usually matters. Radio/TV usually matters.
Summary

Equations
Signals travel at around u 1 2 c = 15 cm/ns. Only matters for high frequencies or long cables. Forward and backward waves travel along the line: x x fx (t) = f0 t u and gx (t) = g0 t + u Knowing fx and gx for any x tells you everything Voltage and current are: vx = fx + gx and ix = Terminating line with R at x = L links the waves: Z0 gL = L fL where L = R R+Z0
fx gx Z0

Waves
{1, +1} and increases with R R = Z0 avoids reections: matched termination. Reections go on for ever unless 1 ends are matched. f is innite sum of copies of the input signal delayed successively by 2L u and multiplied by L 0 .

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17: Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

17: Transmission Lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

Previously assume that any change in vS (t) appears instantly at vR (t).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x i v Inductor equation: L t = v (x, t) v (x + x, t) = x x

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x i v Inductor equation: L t = v (x, t) v (x + x, t) = x x

Transmission Line Equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line

Solution to TL Equations Forward Wave Forward + Backward

i Capacitor equation: C v t = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x i v Inductor equation: L t = v (x, t) v (x + x, t) = x x

Transmission Line Equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2560)

Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines Transmission Line