BEE3133

Electrical Power Systems

Chapter 3
Transmission Line Parameters

Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin

INTRODUCTION
• All transmission lines in a power system exhibit the
electrical properties of resistance, inductance,
capacitance and conductance.
• Inductance and capacitance are due to the effects
of magnetic and electric fields around the
conductor.
• These parameters are essential for the
development of the transmission line models used
in power system analysis.
• The shunt conductance accounts for leakage
currents flowing across insulators and ionized
pathways in the air.
• The leakage currents are negligible compared to
the current flowing in the transmission lines and
may be neglected.
RESISTANCE

• Important in transmission
efficiency evaluation and
economic studies.
• Significant effect
– Generation of I2R loss in
transmission line.
– Produces IR-type voltage drop
which affect voltage regulation.
RESISTANCE
• The dc resistance of a solid round
conductor at a specified temperature is

ρl
Rdc =
A
Where :
ρ = conductor resistivity (Ω-m),
l = conductor length (m) ; and
A = conductor cross-sectional area (m2)
RESISTANCE

• Conductor resistance is
affected by three factors:-
• Frequency (‘skin effect’)
• Spiraling
• Temperature
RESISTANCE

Frequency – Skin Effect

• When ac flows in a conductor, the current
distribution is not uniform over the
conductor cross-sectional area and the
current density is greatest at the surface
of the conductor.
• This causes the ac resistance to be
somewhat higher than the dc resistance.
The behavior is known as skin effect.
RESISTANCE

• The skin effect is where alternating

current tends to avoid travel through
the center of a solid conductor, limiting
itself to conduction near the surface.
• This effectively limits the cross-
sectional conductor area available to
carry alternating electron flow,
increasing the resistance of that
conductor above what it would
normally be for direct current
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE

• Skin effect correction factor are

defined as
R
RO
Where
R = AC resistance ; and
Ro = DC resistance.
RESISTANCE

Spiraling
• For stranded conductors, alternate layers
of strands are spiraled in opposite
directions to hold the strands together.
• Spiraling makes the strands 1 – 2%
longer than the actual conductor length.
• DC resistance of a stranded conductor is
1 – 2% larger than the calculated value.
RESISTANCE
Temperature
• The conductor resistance increases as temperature
increases. This change can be considered linear
over the range of temperature normally encountered
and may be calculated from :

T +t 2
Where:
= R1at t in °C
R2resistances
R = conductor
T + t
1 1
R = conductor resistances at t in °C
2 2
T = temperature constant (depends on1 the
conductor material)
RESISTANCE

• The conductor resistance is best

determined from manufacturer’s
data.
• Some conversion used in
calculating line resistance:-
1 cmil = 5.067x10-4 mm2
= 5.067x10-6 cm2
= 5.067x10-10 m2
Resistivity & Temparature
Constant of Conductor Metals
Material ρ20ºC T
Resistivity at 20ºC Temperature Constant
Ωm×10-8 Ωcmil/ft ºC
Copper
Annealed 1.72 10.37 234.5
Hard-drawn 1.77 10.66 241.5
Aluminum
Hard-drawn 2.83 17.00 228
Brass 6.4 – 8.4 38 – 51 480
Iron 10 60 180
Silver 1.59 9.6 243
Sodium 4.3 26 207
Steel 12 – 88 72 – 530 180 – 980
RESISTANCE

• Example:-
A solid cylindrical aluminum
conductor 25km long has an area of
336,400 circular mils. Obtain the
conductor resistance at
(a) 20°C and
(b) 50°C.

The resistivity of aluminum at 20°C is

ρ = 2.8x10-8 Ω-m.
RESISTANCE

• Answer (a)

ρl
Rl =25km =
A

=
( 2.8 ×10 ) × ( 25× 10 )
−8 3

336, 400 × ( 5.076 ×10 )

−4

−6
= 4.0994× 10 Ω
RESISTANCE

• Answer (b)

T + t50°C
R50°C = R20° C
T + t 20°C
228 + 50
= ( 4.0994× 10 −6
) 228 + 20
−6
= 4.5953× 10 Ω
RESISTANCE

• Exercise 1
A transmission-line cable consists
of 12 identical strands of
aluminum, each 3mm in diameter.
The resistivity of aluminum strand
at 20°C is 2.8x10-8 Ω-m. Find the
50°C ac resistance per km of the
cable. Assume a skin-effect
correction factor of 1.02 at 50Hz.
RESISTANCE
• Exercise 2:-
A solid cylindrical aluminum conductor
115km long has an area of 336,400
circular mils. Obtain the conductor
resistance at:
(a) 20°C
(b) 40°C
(c) 70°C

The resistivity of aluminum at 20°C is

ρ = 2.8x10-8 Ω-m.
RESISTANCE

• Exercise 3
A transmission-line cable consists
of 15 identical strands of
aluminum, each 2.5mm in
diameter. The resistivity of
aluminum strand at 20°C is
2.8x10-8 Ω-m. Find the 50°C ac
resistance per km of the cable.
Assume a skin-effect correction
factor of 1.015 at 50Hz.
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• A current-carrying conductor produces a
magnetic field around the conductor.
• The magnetic flux can be determined by
using the right hand rule.
• For nonmagnetic material, the inductance L
is the ratio of its total magnetic flux linkage
to the current I, given by

λ
L=
where λ=flux linkages, in Weber turns.
I
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• For illustrative
example, consider a
long round conductor
with radius r, carrying
a current I as shown.
• The magnetic field
intensity Hx, around
a circle of radius x, is
constant and tangent
to the circle.

Ix
Hx =
2π x
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• The inductance of the conductor
can be defined as the sum of
contributions from flux linkages
internal and external to the
conductor.
Flux Linkage
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE PHASE LINES
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
What and How to Calculate:-
• Lint , Lext @ L?
• L1 , L2 @ L?
• L11 , L12 @ L22 ?
• GMR?
• GMD?
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• INTERNAL INDUCTANCE
– Internal inductance can be express as
follows:-

µ0 1 −7
Lint = = 10
× H/ m
8π 2
– Where
µo = permeability of air (4π x 10-7 H/m)
– The internal inductance is independent of
the conductor radius r
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• INDUCTANCE DUE
TO EXTERNAL
FLUX LINKAGE
– External
inductance
between to point
D2 and D1 can be
express as
follows:

D2
−7
Lext = 2 ×10 ln H /m
D1
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE PHASE LINES
• A single phase lines consist of a
single current carrying line with a
return line which is in opposite
direction. This can be illustrated as:
INDUCTANCE :
A SINGLE PHASE LINES
• Inductance of a single-phase
lines can be expressed as
below with an assumption
that the radius of r1=r2=r.
1 −7 −7 D2
L = Lint + Lext = ×10 + 2 × 10 ln H /m
2 D1
1 D 1 D
= ×10−7 + 2 ×10 −7 ln H / m = 2 ×10 −7  + ln  H / m
2 r 4 r 
 1
D   1 D 
= 2 × 10  ln e 4 + ln  H / m = 2 × 10  ln 1 + ln  H / m
−7 −7

 r   − r 
 e 4

−7 D
= 2 × 10 ln −0.25 H / m
re
SELF AND MUTUAL
INDUCTANCES
• The series inductance per phase can be express in terms
of self-inductance of each conductor and their mutual
inductance.
• Consider the one meter length single-phase circuit in
figure below:-

– Where L11 and L22 are self-inductance and the mutual inductance
L12
SELF AND MUTUAL
INDUCTANCES
1 D
L1 = 2 x10 −7 ln + 2 x10 −7 ln H /m
r1e −0.25 1
1 D
L2 = 2 x10 −7 ln − 0.25
+ 2 x10 −7
ln H /m
r2 e 1
λ1 = ( L11 − L12 ) I1
λ2 = ( − L21 + L22 ) I 2
 1 D
λ1 = L1 I1 =  2 x10 ln −0.25 + 2 x10 ln  I1 = ( L11 − L12 ) I1
−7 −7

 r1e 1
−7 1
L11 = 2 x10 ln −0.25
r1e
D
− L12 = 2 x10 −7 ln
1
 D 1
L12 = − 2 x10 −7 ln  = 2 x10 −7 ln
 1 D
SELF AND MUTUAL
INDUCTANCES
• L11, L22 and L12 can be expressed as
below:-

−7 1
L11 = 2 × 10 ln −0.25
r1e
−7 1
L22 = 2 × 10 ln −0.25
r2e
−7 1
L12 = L21 = 2 × 10 ln
D
SELF AND MUTUAL
INDUCTANCES
• Flux linkage of conductor i

 1 n
1 
λi = 2 x10 I i ln −0.25 + ∑ I j ln
−7   j≠i
 ri e Dij 
 j =1 
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Symmetrical Spacing
– Consider 1 meter length of a three-phase
line with three conductors, each radius r,
symmetrically spaced in a triangular
configuration.
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Assume balance 3-phase current
Ia+ Ib+ Ic = 0
• The total flux linkage of phase a
conductor
−7  1 1 1
λ a = 2 x10  I a ln − 0.25 + I b ln + I c ln 
 ra e D D

• Substitute for Ib + Ic=-Ia

 1 1 D
−7
  −7
λ a = 2 x10  I a ln − 0.25 − I a ln  = 2 x10 I a ln − 0.25
 ra e D ra e
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Because of symmetry, λa=λb=λc
• The inductance per phase per
kilometer length

λ −7 D
L = = 2 x10 ln −0.25 mH / km
I re
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Asymmetrical Spacing
– Practical transmission lines cannot maintain
symmetrical spacing of conductors because of
construction considerations.
– Consider one meter length of three-phase line with
three conductors, each with radius r. The conductor
are asymmetrically spaced with distances as shown.
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
– The flux linkages are:-

 1 1 1 
λa = 2 ×10  I a ln −0.25 + I b ln
−7
+ I c ln 
 re D12 D13 

 1 1 1 
λb = 2 ×10  I b ln −0.25 + I a ln
−7
+ I c ln 
 re D12 D23 

 1 1 1 
λc = 2 ×10  I c ln −0.25 + I a ln
−7
+ I b ln 
 re D13 D23 
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
– For balanced three-phase current
with Ia as reference, we have:-

I b = I a ∠240 = a I a
o 2

I c = I a ∠120 = aI a
o
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Thus La, Lb and Lc can be found
using the following equation:-
λa −7 1 1 1 
La = = 2 × 1 0  ln − 0.2 5 + a ln + a ln 
2

Ia  re D1 2 D1 3 

λb −7 1 1 1 
Lb = = 2 × 1 0  a ln + ln − 0.2 5 + a ln 
2

Ib  D1 2 re D2 3 

λc −7  2 1 1 1 
Lc = = 2 × 10  a ln + a ln + ln − 0.25 
Ic  D13 D23 re 
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Transpose Line
– Transposition is used to regain symmetry
in good measures and obtain a per-phase
analysis.
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• This consists of interchanging the phase
configuration every one-third the length so that
each conductor is moved to occupy the next
physical position in a regular sequence.
• Transposition arrangement are shown in the figure
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Since in a transposed line each
phase takes all three positions,
the inductance per phase can be
obtained by finding the average
value.
 La + Lb + Lc
L=
3
 1 1 1  
 ln −0.25 + 1R 240° ln +1R 120 °ln  
 re D12 D13  
 
2 × 10−7   1 1 1 
= + ln −0.25 1+R 240 ln° + 120 ln°
1R 
3   re D23 D12 
 
  1 1 1 
 +  ln re−0.25 +1R 240 °ln D +1R 120 ln °
D23

  13  
2 × 10−7  1 1 1 1 
=  3ln −0.25 −ln −
ln − ln 
3  re D12 D23 D 13 
 3 D12 D23 D13
−7

= 2 ×10  ln 
 re −0.25 
 
• Since in a transposed line each phase
takes all three positions, the
inductance per phase can be obtained
by finding the average value.

La + Lb + Lc
La =
3
• Noting a + a2 = -1

2 ×10 −7  1 1 1 1 
L= 
 3 ln −0.25 − ln − ln − ln 
3  re D12 D23 D13 
 1 1 
= 2 ×10 −7  ln −0.25 − ln 
1 
 re ( D D D ) 
 12 23 13
3

1

= 2 ×10 −7
ln
( D12 D23 D13 ) 3

re −0.25 per kilometer length

• Inductance per phase

L = 0.2 ln
( D12 D23 D13 ) 3
mH / km
− 0.25
re
What and How to Calculate:-
• Lint , Lext @ L?
• L1 , L2 @ L?
• L11 , L12 @ L22 ?
• GMR?
• GMD?
Inductance of Composite
Conductors
In evaluation of inductance, solid round
conductors were considered. However, in
practical transmission lines, stranded
conductors are used.

Consider a single-phase line consisting of

two composite conductors x and y as shown
in Figure 1. The current in x is I referenced
into the page, and the return in y is –I.
Inductance of Composite
Conductors
Conductor x consist of n identical strands or
subconductors, each with radius rx.
Conductor y consist of m identical strands or
subconductors, each with radius ry.

The current is assumed to be equally divided

amon the subconductors. The current per
strands is I/n in x and I/m in y.
Inductance of Composite
Conductors
c c'

b' d'
b d

a n a' m'

x y
 I 1 1 1 1 
λa = 2 × 10  ln + ln
−7
+ ln + . . . + ln 
n  rx ' Dab Dac Dan 
I  1 1 1 1 
− 2 × 10−7
 ln + ln + ln + . . . + ln 
m  Daa ' Dab' Dac ' Dam 
or
m Daa ' Dab' Dac ' ...Dam
λa = 2 × 10 I ln
−7
n rx ' Dab Dac ...Dan
λa −7
m D D D ...D
La = = 2n × 10 ln aa ' ab ' ac ' am

I /n n r ' D D ...D
x ab ac an

λn −7
m D D D ...D
Ln = = 2n × 10 ln na ' nb ' nc ' nm

I /n n r ' D D ...D
x na nb nc
 −7 GMD
Lx = 2 ×10 ln H /m
GMR x
where
GMD = mn ( Daa ' Dab ' ... Dam )...( Dna ' Dnb ' ... Dnm )
GMR x = n ( Daa Dab ... Dan )...( Dna Dnb ... Dnn )
2

where
Daa = Dbb ... = Dnn = rx '
GMR of Bundled Conductors

Extra high voltage transmission lines are

usually constructed with bundled conductors.
Bundling reduces the line reactance, which
improves the line performance and increases
the power capability of the line.

d d d d

d d
d
GMR of Bundled Conductors

GMR x = n ( Daa Dab ... Dan )...( Dna Dnb ... Dnn )
2

for the two − subconduct or bundle

Dsb = 4 ( Ds × d ) 2 = Ds × d
for the three − subconduct or bundle
Dsb = 9 ( Ds × d × d ) 3 = 3 Ds × d 2
for the four − subconduct or bundle
Dsb = 16 ( Ds × d × d × d × 21/ 2 ) 4 = 1.09 4 Ds × d 3
Inductance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines
A three-phase double-circuit transmission
line consists of two identical three-phase
circuits. To achieve balance, each phase
conductor must be transposed within it group
and with respect to the parallel three-phase
line.
Consider a three-phase double-circuit line
with relative phase positions a1b1c1-c2b2a2.
 Inductance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines

a1 S11 c2

b1 S22 b2

S33
c1 a2

GMD between each phase group

D AB = 4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2
DBC = 4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
D AC = 4 Da1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2 c1 Da 2 c 2
 Inductance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines
The equivalent GMD per phase is then
GMD = 3 D AB DBC D AC
Similarly, GMR of each phase group is

DSA = 4 ( D bs Da1a 2 ) 2 = D bs Da1a 2

DSB = 4 ( D bs Db1b 2 ) 2 = D bs Db1b 2

DSC = ( D s Dc1c 2 ) = D s Dc1c 2

4 b 2 b

b
D
where s is the geometric mean radius of
bundled conductors.
 Inductance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines
The equivalent GMR per phase is then

GMR L = 3 DSA DSB DSC

The inductance per-phase is

−7 GMD
Lx = 2 ×10 ln H /m
GMR L
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Question 4

A three-phase, 50 Hz transmission line has a

reactance 0.5 Ω per kilometer. The conductor
geometric mean radius is 2 cm. Determine the
phase spacing D in meter.
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Question 4

A three-phase, 60 Hz transmission line has a

reactance 0.25Ω per kilometer. The conductor
geometric mean radius is 5 cm. Determine the
phase spacing D in meter.
INDUCTANCE :
3-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
• Question 4

A three-phase, 50 Hz transmission line has

Xc = 0.5 Ω per kilometer. The conductor geometric
mean radius is 2 cm. Determine the phase spacing
D in meter.
CAPACITANCE
• Transmission line conductors exhibit
capacitance with respect to each
other due to the potential difference
between them.
• The amount of capacitance between
conductors is a function of conductor
size, spacing, and height above
ground.
• Capacitance C is:-

q
C=
V
LINE CAPACITANCE
• Consider a long
round conductor
with radius r,
carrying a charge
of q coulombs
per meter length
as shown.
• The electrical flux
density at a
cylinder of radius q q
x is given by: D= =
A 2π x
LINE CAPACITANCE
• The electric field intensity E is:-

D q
E= =
ε 0 ε = 8.85x10
Where permittivity of free space, 0
2 π F/m.
ε0x
-12

• The potential difference between cylinders from position D1 to D2 is

defined as:-

q D2
V12 = ln
2πε0 D 1
The notation V12 implies the voltage drop from 1 relative to 2.
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-
PHASE LINES
• Consider one meter length of a single-
phase line consisting of two long solid
round conductors each having a
radius r as shown.

• For a single phase, voltage between

conductor 1 and 2 is:-
q D
V12 = ln F /m
πε 0 r
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-
PHASE LINES
• The capacitance between the
conductors:-

π ε0
C12 = /F m
D
ln
r
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-
PHASE LINES
• The equation gives the line-to-
line capacitance between the
conductors
• For the purpose of transmission
line modeling, we find it
convenient to define a
capacitance C between each
conductor and a neutral line as
illustrated.
CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE-
PHASE LINES
• Voltage to neutral is half of V12
and the capacitance to
neutral is C=2C12 or:-

2πε0
C= F/ m
D
ln
r
Potential Difference in a
Multiconductor configuration
• Consider n parallel long conductors
with charges q1, q2,…,qn
coulombs/meter as shown below.
• Potential difference between conductor
i and j due to the presence of all
charges is
q2 q3
1 n Dkj
Vij =
2π ε
∑ q k ln
Dki
0 k =1
q1 qn

qi qj
CAPACITANCE OF THREE-
PHASE LINES
• Consider one meter length of 3-phase
line with three long conductors, each
with radius r, with conductor spacing as
shown below:

qa

D12

D13
qb
D23

qc
CAPACITANCE OF THREE-
PHASE LINES

For balanced 3-phase system, the

capacitance per phase to neutral is:

qa 2π ε
C= = o
F /m
( D1 2 D2 3 D)
1/3
Va n 13
ln
r
CAPACITANCE OF THREE-
PHASE LINES
The capacitance to neutral in µF per
kilometer is:

0 .0 5 5 6
C= µ F /k m
( D1 2 D2 3 D)
1/3
13
ln
r
Effect of bundling
2π ε0
C= F /m
GMD
ln
rb
• The effect of bundling is introduce an
equivalent radius rb. The radius rb is
similar to GMR calculate earlier for the
inductance with the exception that
radius r of each subconductor is used
instead of Ds.
 Effect of bundling
• If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain for
the two-subconductor bundle

rb = r ×d
• For the three-subconductor bundle

rb = 3 r ×d 2

• For the four-subconductor bundle

r b = 1.09 4 r × d 3
Capacitance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines
• The per-phase equivalent capacitance
to neutral is obtained to
2π ε0
C= F /m
GMD
ln
GMR c
• GMD is the same as was found for
inductance calculation
D AB = 4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2
DBC = 4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
D AC = 4 Da1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2 c1 Da 2 c 2
 Capacitance of Three-phase
Double Circuit Lines
• The equivalent GMD per phase is then
GMD = 3 D AB DBC D AC

• The GMRC of each phase is similar to

the GMRL, with the exception that rb is
b
used instead of s D
• This will results in the following equ…
rA = r b Da1a 2 GMR C = 3 rA rB rC
rB = r b Db1b 2

rC = r b Dc1c 2
EFFECT OF EARTH ON THE
CAPACITANCE
• For isolated charged conductor the
electric flux lines are radial and
orthogonal to cylindrical equipotential
surfaces, which will change the effective
capacitance of the line.
• The earth level is an equipotential
surface. Therefore flux lines are forced
to cut the surface of the earth
orthogonally.
• The effect of the earth is to increase the
capacitance.
EFFECT OF EARTH ON THE
CAPACITANCE
• But, normally, the height of the
conductor is large compared to the
distance between the conductors, and
the earth effect is negligible.
• Therefore, for all line models used for
balanced steady-state analysis, the
effect of earth on the capacitance can
be negligible.
• However, for unbalance analysis such
as unbalance faults, the earth’s effect
and shield wires should be considered.
MAGNETIC FIELD
INDUCTION
• Transmission line magnetic fields
affect objects in the proximity of the
line.
• Produced by the currents in the line.
• It induces voltage in objects that have
a considerable length parallel to the
line (Ex: telephone wires, pipelines
etc.).
MAGNETIC FIELD
INDUCTION
• The magnetic field is effected by
the presence of earth return
currents.
• There are general concerns
regarding the biological effects of
electromagnetic and electrostatic
fields on people.
ELECTROSTATIC
INDUCTION
• Transmission line electric fields affect
objects in the proximity of the line.
• It produced by high voltage in the
lines.
• Electric field induces current in
objects which are in the area of the
electric fields.
• The effect of electric fields becomes
more concern at higher voltages.
ELECTROSTATIC
INDUCTION
• Primary cause of induction to vehicles,
buildings, and object of comparable size.
• Human body is effected to electric
discharges from charged objects in the
field of the line.
• The current densities in human cause by
electric fields of transmission lines are
much higher than those induced by
magnetic fields!
CORONA
• When surface potential gradient
exceeds the dielectric strength of
surrounding air, ionization occurs in
the area close to conductor surface.
• This partial ionization is known as
corona.
• Corona generate by atmospheric
conditions (i.e. air density, humidity,
wind)
CORONA

• Corona produces power loss and

audible noise (Ex: radio
interference).
• Corona can be reduced by:
– Increase the conductor size.
– Use of conductor bundling.
Review
• Transmission Line Parameters:
– Resistance
• Skin effect
– Inductance
• Single phase line
• 3 phase line equal & unequal spacing
– Capacitance
• Single phase line
• 3 phase line equal & unequal spacing
– Conductance
• Neglected
• Corona
Review

• Effect of Earth on the

Capacitance
• Magnetic Field Induction
• Electrostatic Induction
• Corona