10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

10: Sine waves and phasors

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 1 / 11

Sine Waves
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
0
-1
0

2
t

2
t

5
0
-5
0

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.
For bounded waveforms there is
only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

dv
dt

1
0
-1
0

2
t

2
t

5
0
-5
0

= cos t

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

dv
dt

2
t

2
t

5
0
-5
0

= cos t

1
v(t)

10: Sine waves and phasors

0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

dv/dt

1
0
-1
0

5
t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

dv
dt

2
t

2
t

0
-5
0

= cos t

same shape but with a time shift.

1
v(t)

10: Sine waves and phasors

0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

dv/dt

1
0
-1
0

5
t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

dv
dt

2
t

2
t

0
-5
0

= cos t

same shape but with a time shift.

1
v(t)

10: Sine waves and phasors

0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

t
1
dv/dt

sin t completes one full period

every time t increases by 2 .

0
-1
0

5
t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

dv
dt

2
t

2
t

0
-5
0

= cos t

same shape but with a time shift.

1
v(t)

10: Sine waves and phasors

0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

t
1
dv/dt

sin t completes one full period

every time t increases by 2 .

0
-1
0

5
t

sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

gives a frequency of f cycles per second, or f Hz.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Sine Waves

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.

Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.

1
0
-1
0

For bounded waveforms there is

only one exception:

v(t) = sin t

dv
dt

2
t

2
t

0
-5
0

= cos t

same shape but with a time shift.

1
v(t)

10: Sine waves and phasors

0
-1
0

10

15

10

15

t
1
dv/dt

sin t completes one full period

every time t increases by 2 .

0
-1
0

5
t

sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

gives a frequency of f cycles per second, or f Hz.
We often use the angular frequency, = 2f instead.
is measured in radians per second. E.g. 50 Hz 314 rad.s1 .
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 2 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
1
0
-1
0

10

15

v = cos 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
1

-1
0

10

-1
0

15

v = cos 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

10

15

v = sin 2f t

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
1

-1
0

10
t

v = cos 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

15

-1
0

10

15

v = sin 2f t = cos 2f t

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Rotating Rod
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
1

-1
0

10
t

v = cos 2f t

15

-1
0

10

v = sin 2f t = cos 2f t

sin 2f t lags cos 2f t by 90 (or 2 radians) because its peaks occurs

of a cycle later (equivalently cos leads sin) .
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

15

1
4

Phasors: 10 3 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ) = (A cos , A sin ).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ) = (A cos , A sin ).
If we think of the plane as an Argand Diagram (or complex plane), then the
complex number X + jY corresponding to the tip of the rod at t = 0 is
called a phasor .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ) = (A cos , A sin ).
If we think of the plane as an Argand Diagram (or complex plane), then the
complex number X + jY corresponding to the tip of the rod at t = 0 is
called a phasor .

The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

value) of the sine wave.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasors
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is

A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ) = (A cos , A sin ).
If we think of the plane as an Argand Diagram (or complex plane), then the
complex number X + jY corresponding to the tip of the rod at t = 0 is
called a phasor .

The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

value) of the sine wave.
Y
, gives the phase shift relative
The argument of the phasor, = arctan X
to cos 2f t.
If > 0, it is leading and if < 0, it is lagging relative to cos 2f t.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 4 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

V = 1, f = 50 Hz

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

V = j

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

V = 10.5j

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

V = 10.5j
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

0.02
t

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

0.02
t

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)

0.02
t

V = X + jY

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)

0.02
t

V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)

0.02
t

V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
Beware minus sign.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

0.02

V = A

Beware minus sign.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

0.02
t

V = A
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

Beware minus sign.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

0.02
t

V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

Beware minus sign.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

0.02
t

V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

Beware minus sign.

A phasor represents an entire waveform (encompassing all time) as a

single complex number. We assume the frequency, f , is known.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

Beware minus sign.

A phasor represents an entire waveform (encompassing all time) as a

single complex number. We assume the frequency, f , is known.
A phasor is not time-varying, so we use a capital letter: V .
A waveform is time-varying, so we use a small letter: v(t).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor Examples
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.06

V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t

1
0
-1
0

0.02
t

V = 10.5j = 1.12153
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t

V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )

Beware minus sign.

A phasor represents an entire waveform (encompassing all time) as a

single complex number. We assume the frequency, f , is known.
A phasor is not time-varying, so we use a capital letter: V .
A waveform is time-varying, so we use a small letter: v(t).
Casio: Pol(X, Y ) A, , Rec(A, ) X, Y . Saved X & Y mems.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 5 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .
a v(t)

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .
a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

Admittance

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

= X sin t Y cos t

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Differentiating waveforms corresponds to multiplying

phasors by j .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Differentiating waveforms corresponds to multiplying

phasors by j .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Phasor arithmetic
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Phasors

Waveforms

V = X + jY

v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .

aV

a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t

V1 + V2

v1 (t) + v2 (t)

Summary

Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.

V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV

dv
dt

= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t

Differentiating waveforms corresponds to multiplying

phasors by j .
Rotate anti-clockwise 90 and scale by = 2f .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 6 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t)

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

Capacitor:

i(t) = C dv
dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

Capacitor:

i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

V
I

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

Capacitor:

i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
jC

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

V
I

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

Capacitor:

i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV

1
jC

For all three components, phasors obey Ohms law if we use the complex
1
impedances jL and jC
as the resistance of an inductor or capacitor.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Complex Impedances
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Resistor:

v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI

V
I

=R

V
I

= jL

V
I

Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI

Capacitor:

i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV

1
jC

For all three components, phasors obey Ohms law if we use the complex
1
impedances jL and jC
as the resistance of an inductor or capacitor.
If all sources in a circuit are sine waves having the same frequency, we can
do circuit analysis exactly as before by using complex impedances.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 7 / 11

Phasor Analysis
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).

Admittance

Summary

10

-10
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

Admittance

Summary

10

-10
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

10

-10
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Z
R+Z

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

10

= 10j

1592j
10001592j

-10
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Z
R+Z

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

10

Z
R+Z
0

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

Z
R+Z

1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

10

10: Sine waves and phasors

vC

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

Z
R+Z

1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )

10

10: Sine waves and phasors

vC

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

(3) Draw a phasor diagram showing KVL:

V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis

Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

Z
R+Z

1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )

10

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

vR

vC

0
C

10: Sine waves and phasors

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

(3) Draw a phasor diagram showing KVL:

V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

Phasor Analysis

Admittance

Summary

Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance

Z=

1
jC

1
6.28j104

= 1592j

(2) Solve circuit with phasors

VC = V

Z
R+Z

1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )

10

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

vR

vC

0
C

10: Sine waves and phasors

-10
0

0.5

1
t (ms)

1.5

(3) Draw a phasor diagram showing KVL:

V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32
Phasors add like vectors

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 8 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

(3) a + jb = r =rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

(3) a + jb = r =rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

(3) a + jb = r =rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
= ab ( ).
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and b
Multiplication and division are much easier in polar form.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

(3) a + jb = r =rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
= ab ( ).
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and b
Multiplication and division are much easier in polar form.
(6) All scientific calculators will convert rectangular to/from polar form.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

CIVIL
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt

Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.

COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:

Admittance

Summary

(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j

(3) a + jb = r =rej
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab (180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
= ab ( ).
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and b
Multiplication and division are much easier in polar form.
(6) All scientific calculators will convert rectangular to/from polar form.
Casio fx-991 (available in all exams except Maths) will do complex
arithmetic (+, , , , x2 , x1 , |x|, x ) in CMPLX mode.
Learn how to use this: it will save lots of time and errors.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 9 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
Z

= G + jB Seimens (S)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G
Note:

Y = G + jB =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
Z

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G
Note:

Y = G + jB =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
1
=
Z
R+jX

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G
Note:

Y = G + jB =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
1
R
=
=
2
Z
R+jX
R +X 2

+ j R2X
+X 2

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G
Note:

Y = G + jB =
So G =

B=

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

1
1
R
=
=
2
Z
R+jX
R +X 2
R
R
=
2
2
R +X
|Z|2
X
R2 +X 2

+ j R2X
+X 2

X
|Z|2

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Impedance and Admittance

10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

For any network (resistors+capacitors+inductors):

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()

|Z|2 = R2 + X 2

Z = arctan X
R

1
= Conductance + j Susceptance
(2) Admittance = Impedance

Y = Z1 = G + jB Seimens (S)
1
2
2
Y = Z = arctan B
|Y |2 = |Z|
2 = G + B
G
Note:

Y = G + jB =
So G =

B=

1
1
R
=
=
2
Z
R+jX
R +X 2
R
R
=
2
2
R +X
|Z|2
X
R2 +X 2

+ j R2X
+X 2

X
|Z|2

1
unless X = 0.
Beware: G 6= R

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Admittance

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.

Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same
frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same
frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:
1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same

frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same

frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).
Phasors eliminate time from equations ,

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same

frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).
Phasors eliminate time from equations ,, converts simultaneous
differential equations into simultaneous linear equations ,,,.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same

frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).
Phasors eliminate time from equations ,, converts simultaneous
differential equations into simultaneous linear equations ,,,.
Needs complex numbers / but worth it.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11

Summary
10: Sine waves and phasors

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance

Summary

Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.

Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the

horizontal (or real) axis.

A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then

v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = V ejt

The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.

If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same

frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis:

1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa
(leads means reaches its peak before).
Phasors eliminate time from equations ,, converts simultaneous
differential equations into simultaneous linear equations ,,,.
Needs complex numbers / but worth it.
see Hayt Chapter 10

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-7787)

Phasors: 10 11 / 11