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EUROSCIENCE: THE VOICE OF SCIENCE IN EUROPE In this issue:

EUROSCIENCE

NEWS & VIEWS: page 2 Governing Board and EIT News page 3 Conference on Scientic Publishing and ISE page 4 Women, science and TV ESOF: page 5 Torino is ESOF2010 host city and News from ESOF2008 REGIONAL SECTIONS: page 6 NATO Workshop in Tallinn page 7 Grenoble section NEWS & VIEWS: page 8&9 Bulgaria and Young scientists in Latvia page 10 China backs science page 11 Steps across borders INTERVIEW: page 12 ERC: Questions & Answers

EDITORIAL: COMMUNICATION A KEY TOOL FOR EUROSCIENCE MISSION

tasks, implementation and broad estimates of resources required to implement them. The EUROSCIENCE communications strategy should explain and promote the aim and mission of EUROSCIENCE provide for and facilitate dialogue with EUROSCIENCE members and support the effective operation of EUROSCIENCE . One unique feature of EUROSCIENCE is that it is trans-disciplinary and transnational and that it encourages the widest possible involvement in debate and opinion forming. This must be taken into consideration when organising the communications strategy. For a living debate to take place we use our newsletter/journal, position statements and discussion papers, participation in mass media, live meetings (not least ESOF) and above all, a modern and multi-functioning highly interactive website. This work has begun and will be presented in more detail in later issues of our journal. We invite you to take an active part in the formation of EUROSCIENCE s strategies to strengthen the role of science in European society. Carl Johan Sundberg Chair Euroscience and ESOF2008 Communication Committees, Vice President EUROSCIENCE Researcher in Molecular Exercise Physiology, Karolinska Institutet carl.j.sundberg@ki.se

TOWARDS ESOF2008 CALL FOR PROPOSALS IS OPEN!

ESOF2008 invites researchers in all disciplines from public and private institutions and companies to submit proposals of their leading research for (i) Scientic Sessions; researchers, journalists, communicators, policy makers, business people and managers to submit proposals for (ii) Society and Science Sessions; and institutions, associations, researchers, businesses and individuals to submit proposals for (iii) Outreach Activities. Answer the call! http://www.esof2008.org/#PARTICI PATE/Call-for-Proposals.html|sub

SINCE the establishment of EUROSCIENCE in 1997 much has indeed been accomplished but even more remains to be done. We have: organised several meetings with focus on issues such as mobility and science policy been a very active voice on issues of concern for European science taken part in several science communication projects nanced by the European Commission through our presidents and other Board members been represented at numerous meetings organised by others and founded and, together with several partners, conducted EUROSCIENCE Open Forum twice and are well into the implementation of ESOF2008 and ESOF2010. These activities have been performed with very limited resources and have required a lot of personal efforts by many volunteers. Now that we have consolidated some of the key events it is time to professionalise our association even more.

On the EUROSCIENCE website we state: EUROSCIENCE was founded in 1997 in order to: provide an open forum for debate on science and technology strengthen the links between science and society contribute to the creation of an integrated space for science and technology in Europe inuence science and technology policies. These goals require a large and engaged membership and effective communication within EUROSCIENCE as well as with partners and stakeholders outside the association. To address these challenges we are in the process of structuring the way the Governing Board operates with division of labour through a committee structure. The Communications Committee is one example. Over the past six months we have begun to identify what needs to be done to full the goals of EUROSCIENCE over the years to come. The strategy includes elements such as: aims for EUROSCIENCE communication, audiences and

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news & views

Latest News from the EIT EUROSCIENCE ASSISTS THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
THE DEBATE about the proposed European Institute of Technology (EIT) continues to rumble on across Europe, following the European Commission's latest revised proposal.
EUROSCIENCE , through its

GOVERNING BOARD MEETING IN PARIS

THE EUROSCIENCE Governing Board met on 27/28 January 2007 in Paris. We are grateful to ICSU, the International Council for Science, who made its premises available to us. The core discussion of a very dense agenda was concentrated on the EUROSCIENCE strategic plan. It includes a new approach for individual membership, joint actions with institutions or associations both national and European. An action plan for corporate membership drive is being implemented including closer partnership through the Corporate Advisory Board. Communication strategy is a key action of the strategy plan (see Editorial). This includes an electronic newsletter version in a near future as well as more professional marketing of EUROSCIENCE and ESOF through a renewed web site. A rst milestone of the new strategy will be the celebration of the 10th anniversary of EUROSCIENCE end 2007 in Strasbourg. A written agreement for the ESOF2008 project signed between FCRI, the Fundaci Catalana per a la Recerca i la Innovaci, and Euroscience was presented. It is a model for collaboration and nancial support of EUROSCIENCE with future ESOF organising bodies. The President informed the Board of the ongoing discussion taking place with a group of European foundations to possibly provide support for the EUROSCIENCE ofce to develop core activities for ESOF. The Board approved the co-option of Philippe Busquin (MEP, Belgium) and Michael Grewing (physicist, Germany), bringing it to 21 members. Gail Cardew and Carl Johan Sundberg were conrmed as our vice-presidents. The next Board meeting is planned for 15 June 2007 in Barcelona. Raymond Seltz Secretary General r.seltz@euroscience.ws

about its position on the EIT proposal and to debate a range of issues concerned with research and innovation in Europe in general. This demonstrates the role that
EUROSCIENCE can play in

Science Policy Working Group, set out its initial views, following a debate at the EUROSCIENCE Assembly at ESOF2006, in which it expressed its doubts about the proposal. This policy statement was widely reported in the press. In November 2006, the European Commission set out a much revised proposal for the EIT and EUROSCIENCE has again responded, issuing an updated statement on 6 February following the Board meeting in Paris at the end of January. See http://www.euroscience.org/WGR OUPS/SCIENCE_POL/EIT.htm The Commissions proposal is now under consideration both in the Council of Ministers and within the European Parliament. Although the proposal started with the Commissions President Barroso, the lead, within the Commission, is taken by the Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Youth. Given the different facets of the proposal (education, knowledge transfer and innovation), it will be seen and debated by several committees in the European Parliament, such as the Committee for Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) and the Committee for Culture and Education (CULT). Final decisions on the proposal are not expected to be taken until the end of 2007. The rapporteur for this topic in the Culture Committee is Mme Hennicot-Schoepges and she and her team met with Raymond Seltz (Secretary General) and Tony Mayer (Treasurer) to discuss the EIT. EUROSCIENCE was able to brief Mme Hennicot-Schoepges

providing views and information from the grassroots to policy makers. It is a role that EUROSCIENCE must increasingly develop. Tony Mayer tonymayer@noos.fr
BELOW: The Euroscience Governing Board at its Paris meeting in January 2007. From left to right: Christine Heller del Riego and Jens Degett with Angelina, Raymond Seltz, Enric Banda, Georges Waysand, Carl Johan Sundberg, Tony Mayer, Jean-Patrick Connerade, Peter Green, Peter Tindemans, Benedikt Hoffmann, Vsevolod Borissov, W. Gerhard Pohl, Roland Pochet, Zinayida Klestova. Not pictured: Gail Cardew, Alma Swan, Didier Raboud, Renzo Rubele, new co-opted members Philippe Busquin and Michael Grewing. Picture taken by Julia Epp

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING Brussels, 1516 February 2007
publication-study_en.pdf) and was opened by Janez Potocnik. He emphasised the importance of Europe's research base and of developing a science infrastructure in Europe that will facilitate innovation and competitiveness. The meeting covered open access to scientic information; e-infrastructure; the integration of research articles with primary data; data-mining and text-mining; quality control in publishing; copyright and digital rights management; and preservation of the scientic record. Viviane Reding, the Commissioner for Information Society and Media, closed the meeting. She accepted the principle that research results should be available to all through open repositories. She said that the EC would be experimenting with processes that enable better access, and would be supporting open access publishing (wherever a front-end publication fee is charged) by including the cost of publication in EU research grants. Scientic publishing will be a highlight of the Portuguese presidency later this year, and will be discussed further in the forum of the Highlevel Expert Group on Digital Libraries. The EC will make funding available through the 7th Framework Programme (FP7): 50 million euros for top-level infrastructure through the Capacities Programme 25 million euros for preservation in the ICT Programme, and 10 million euros (in 2007-8) for improved accessibility and usability through the e-Content Programme The petition is still open for signatures and EUROSCIENCE members are encouraged to add their own name to show support for the opening up of European science: www.ec-petition.eu Alma Swan a.swan@talk21.com

EUROSCIENCE

EUROSCIENCE was one of almost 750 organisations to sign a petition (http://www.jisc.ac.uk/news/stories /2007/02/news_petition2.aspx) calling on the European Commission to act upon the recommendations in its own study on scientic publishing. The petition, which was sponsored by a consortium of national-level bodies (JISC, SURF, DFG, DEFF and SPARC Europe) gathered almost 18,500 signatures in the 24 days prior to a meeting in Brussels to discuss scientic publishing. It was

presented to the EU Commissioner for Science and Research, Janez Potocnik, immediately before the conference. The meeting, which focused on access, dissemination and preservation in the digital age, was hosted by the European Commission as a follow-up to its Study on the Economic and Technical Evolution of Scientic Publication Markets in Europe (http://ec.europa.eu/research/ science-society/pdf/scientic-

Euroscience and the ISE Vision for Science in Europe

campaign to establish the ERC. Following on from the successful ERC campaign, ISE has addressed the needs for European research infrastructure for the life sciences. Now, led by EUROSCIENCE , ISE is embarking on a new and ambitious project to provide a grassroots vision for the shape, structure and funding for research in Europe. We have a unique political opportunity to inuence the design of science in Europe for the coming decade or so. This is because the European Commission itself is initiating a consultation on the re-launching of the European Research Area; there will be a review of the socalled nancial perspectives (budget) of the European Union; and the EU Treaties and draft Constitution will also be under scrutiny. These all add up to an opportunity for science, at its grassroots, to come together to inuence these processes and set out our vision as to how science should be structured and nanced not only at the European

level but also at the national and regional levels. We live at a time when structures and institutions are evolving rapidly and the relations between are changing. What do we want? How do we address our weaknesses and play to our strengths? What should be the role of the Commission and the national agencies in the future? In other words, we have to look ahead to what the ERA will be in 2020 and how will we achieve the famous Lisbon objectives? ISE is starting its work now and hopes to bring this together at a major meeting at the end of the year, possibly sponsored by the Portuguese EU Presidency. If you have any suggestions or views on these issues that can help to dene the EUROSCIENCE input to these discussions, please post these to: ofce@euroscience.ws Tony Mayer tonymayer@noos.fr

THE INITIATIVE for Science in Europe (ISE) is a coalition of a variety of European science organisations which came together especially to provide a major pressure group to campaign for the European Research Council (ERC). It has a secretariat provided by the European Life Sciences Forum (ELSF) based at EMBO in Heidelberg.

ISE provides a platform for these various organisations to promote mechanisms to support basic science at a European level, involve scientists in the design and implementation of European science policies, and to advocate strong independent scientic advice in European policy making. Since its inception, EUROSCIENCE has played a leading role in its activities, especially in relation to the

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news & views

Science and technology and the roles of women in TV drama
Launch Event in Berlin 19 February 2007
How can we show more female role models in Science and Technology in popular TV formats? Why does it seem so difcult, especially in Germany, to make science and technology more popular to a young female audience and to make them choose a career in science, engineering and technology (SET)? These were the basic questions discussed in several fora by writers, producers, broadcasters, scientists and students from the Femtec career network for women. In her introduction, Marion Esch (Femtec Scientic programme coordinator) pointed out that role models in Belgian docu-soaps indeed had an effect on career decisions of young women. Anja Kunze, a student in electrical engineering and happy with her choice, reported about her exciting scientic work off the beaten track, emphasising that there were many stories to tell about work in science such as interpersonal relations with international colleagues in labs and at conferences. But how to transport the fascinating world of the international scientic community to teenage girls who passionately watch prime-time serials? It turned out that most authors have a background in humanities or social sciences. Writing TV drama about science and technology inevitably leads to intensive investigations on the topic a time-consuming job for which one is not paid. Katharina Uppenbrink (Verband deutscher Drehbuchautoren e.V.) pointed out that authors needed support from producers. This was conrmed by David Harsent, a writer from the UK, who said that it was not courage to deal with new topics which was needed by the authors, but money! But where could this money for more SET in TV come from? Broadcasters in Germany, such as the ZDF, do not have resources to pay the authors, who are paid by the producers. However, the golden rule of producers is to meet the expectations of the audience. The public still had no realistic view of professions in SET, they argued. Female engineers were perceived as unsexy and, especially in Germany, there was a lot of general scepticism regarding scientic issues. Finally, as some participants pointed out the whole problem was related to education politics in Germany. The solution could be to translate SET issues into a context of daily life conicts, emotion and passion, to lull the audience into attention, resumed Gabriela Sperl (Sperl + Schott Film GmbH). Jessica Pope (Executive Producer Drama, BBC) gave a positive example from the UK: A BBC production about Stephen Hawking had been an immense success, because it was about passion, and not basically about science. Another fact drew the conference participants' attention to the UK: the BBC has 352M to spend for science per year. Thanks to this government initiative, it is the broadcaster's own interest to widen its programmes. Therefore, a fourth player (after the authors, producers and broadcasters) was identied the (national) governments. The nal nding was that a top-down initiative was needed to bring more female role models in a SET context into popular TV formats. Authors admitted that they had a backlog of demand on SET issues, and scientists agreed that they needed to learn to present their results better to a broader public. An interesting historical fact mentioned in the German context was that in old lms produced by DEFA (who had the state lm monopoly in the German Democratic Republic) a female engineer was not an uncommon character. The EuroWistdom project has started a promising dialogue in Germany. Hopefully, this Europeanlevel initiative will be copied at national level in other countries such as in the UK. EuroWistdom will be organising Science soires in Paris and Ljubljana which will help to spread the message in other European countries. JE
EUROSCIENCE is a partner in

BOOKS

A (FRENCH) DIALOGUE between a PhD student in biology and an astrophysicist tries to break taboos linked to the profession of scientists: interpersonal relations in the lab, such as the one with a thesis adviser, the absence of women in decision-making bodies, anxiety about the future Comment peut-on tre chercheur(e) by Florence Malka and Lydie Koch-Miramond, with a preface by Axel Kahn Editions LHarmattan, ISBN 978-2-296-02512-7

the EuroWistdom European Women in Science TV Drama on Message project (see Euroscience News 36). The launch event was attended by Raymond Seltz and Julia Epp. More information: http://www.eurowistdom.eu/ http://www.femteckonferenz.de/en/
Dr. Sigrid Eeckhout, geologist at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble and Euroscience member, reported about her experience as a scientist.

AS ANNOUNCED in ES News 35, the proceedings of the meeting Science in the Service of War and the Responsibility of Scientists are now available. La science et la guerre by Daniel Iagolnitzer, Lydie KochMiramond, Vincent Rivasseau, with a preface by Claude Kordon Editions LHarmattan, ISBN 2-296-01402-X

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ESOF2010: Turin beats stiff competition to become Euroscience city in 2010
TURIN HAS WON the competition to organise the EUROSCIENCE Open Forum in 2010 (ESOF2010). Turin succeeded against three other extremely professional bids from Copenhagen, Paris and Wroclaw. Turin will host ESOF2010 from 2 July till 7 July 2010. Peter Tindemans, Chair of the Selection Committee commented that, all four cities had put forward convincing cases to host Europe's premier science meeting, however Turin convinced the committee that its plans for reaching out beyond Turin and across Europe would provide the widest possible opportunity for dialogue between the citizens of Europe and the research community. The challenge provided by Copenhagen, Paris and Wroclaw was formidable. It is clear that EUROSCIENCE Open Forums have become a signicant feature of the movement for greater dialogue between Europes research community and its citizens, continued Peter Tindemans. Turin's bid was led by its ESOF Champion Professor Enrico Predazzi, of the Faculty of Sciences University of Turin and representing Agor
Prof. Enrico Predazzi presenting the Torino bid ( Euroscience)

EUROSCIENCE

Scienza, Piero Gastaldo, Secretary General of the Compagnia di San Paolo and Professor Aldo Fasolo representing CentroScienza. Turins bid emphasised a well thought and thorough plan to use the web to extend ESOFs outreach beyond the physical ESOF location, a remarkable venue in the form of an early 20th century Fiat factory transformed by Renzo Piano into a conference centre symbolising the links between science, industry and

design, strong national media coverage as well as wide support by national research organisations. ESOF2010 was also deemed crucial to underline the need to invest in science and technology for the development of the region, the country and Europe as a whole. Peter Tindemans, Chair of ESOF Governance committee, peter@tindemans.demon.nl

ESOF2008 RUMOURS CIRCULATE

THAT THERE WILL BE a Poets and Researchers gathering at ESOF2008 in Barcelona, as a followup of the Ludwig Session held in Munich. That is all very well, but who are the poets? At least three Associations in Paris claim they are the ones, but which of the three is the right one? There are Germans who say their Gesellschaft must be the hub, and there is even an International Federation of Poets pointing out that it can't be imagined without them. Indeed, voices have been heard from as far aeld as St. Petersburg and even China signalling that they cannot possibly be left out and (of course) the Spaniards and the Catalans (never to be outdone) are preparing to pit their researcher-poets against all comers. There is a story that Latin America is somehow getting involved in this. The question is: are ALL of them coming? They could be quite a handful if they do... Anyway, it seems there will be no shortage of expert jury members for another Euroscience (Andrea von Braun Stiftung?) Poetry Competition. JPC

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1

Some recent milestones on the way to ESOF2008:

In November 2006, an agreement between EUROSCIENCE and ESOF2008 was signed by JeanPatrick Connerade and Enric Banda. A delegation of the ESOF2008 Project Team attended the AAAS Annual Meeting on 15-19 February 2007 in San Francisco under the overall theme Science and Technology for Sustainable WellBeing and presented ESOF2008 to the visitors.

On 22-23 February the ESOF2008 Steering Committee (chaired by Enric Banda and Ingrid Wnning) and the Programme Committee (chaired by Sir Colin Berry) met in Barcelona. Substantial progress was made in the denition of themes, top-down sessions and plenary speakers. The Communications Committee (chaired by Carl. J. Sundberg) met on March 12 in Stockholm. Jaume Urgell Promotion & Communication ESOF2008 jaume.urgell@esof2008.org

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regional sections
NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Tallinn: Impact of global crises on human awareness and behaviour in risk conditions
A NATO Advanced Research Workshop The Impact of Recent Global Crises on Human Awareness and Behaviour in Risk Conditions jointly organised by Tallinn City Council, EUROSCIENCE Regional branch Euroscience Eesti and Tallinn University was held in the premises of Tallinn University, Estonia on 26-27 October 2006 (see www.euroscience.ee). The Workshop was attended by 35 participants from USA, France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Serbia and Estonia. The Co-Directors of the Workshop were the Secretary General of EUROSCIENCE , R. Seltz (Strasbourg, France) and Professor A. Makarenko (Ukraine, Kiev). The event was sponsored through a NATO grant. The objective of the Workshop was twofold: (i) to scrutinise and summarise the accumulated knowledge and experience of the recent natural disasters, manmade catastrophes and socioethnic conicts, their impact on human awareness and behaviour in risk conditions; and (ii) to discuss how scientic expertise can be instrumental in early diagnostics, monitoring and prevention or mitigation of harmful consequences of crises. The Workshop consisted of a Plenary Session Risks and conicts in natural and social systems dedicated to introductory presentations of each of the three scientic sessions: Copying with natural and man-made crises Globalisation and Social Tensions Role of scientists, scientic and international NGOs in preventing and mitigating tensions. During the two working days, 26 invited lectures, oral contributions and posters were presented and discussed. The focus of the keynote plenary lecture delivered by Ambassador J. McDonald (USA), the Director of Multi-Track Diplomacy Institute addressed the problem of the intra-state wars and the new key strategies for regional and ethnic stabilisation. The case studies of ethnic conicts in Cyprus and Kashmir were analysed to illustrate how deeprooted conicts can be solved through education, conict resolution training and communication. P. Rambaut (University of Hawaii, Hilo, USA, NATO consultant) dedicated his lecture to a detailed description of intergovernmental programmes of scientic cooperation operated under the guidance of NATOs Committee on Science for Peace and Security and aimed at easing the tensions among nations. In two closely related plenary lectures Risk governance: towards an integrated approach delivered by Professor O. Renn and P. Sellke (University of Stuttgart, Germany) and Applying the IRGC risk governance framework by M. V. Florin (IRGC, Switzerland) a new integrated analytic framework for risk governance was presented as the way forward for the development of comprehensive assessment and management strategies to cope with various risks. While the rst talk was focused mostly to methodology of a new approach, Dr. Florin discussed testing the new framework in a small but diverse number of conict areas, such as (a) listeria in raw milk soft cheese, (b) genetically modied crops, (c) nature-based tourism and d) nanotechnology. These were followed by two keynote lectures given by Russian scientists on the diverse social risks in the Russian Federation. Professor I. Eliseeva (Sociological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg) presented an inWorkshop participants relax: Nelly Didenko, Alexander Makarenko (Workshop Co-Director), Igor Didenko, Zinayida Klestova

depth statistical analysis of poverty risks of the main social groups while Professor A. V. Dmitrijev (Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) concentrated on the risks of illegal immigration and its contemporary trends in labour market for different ethnic groups of immigrants. Scientic and educational systems in risk conditions and the role of scientists and the learned societies were considered by Professor A. Makarenko (Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev) as well as by Professor A. Timkovsky, N. Didenko and I. Didenko (St. Petersburg Association of Scientists and Scholars (SPASS) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg). Diverse socio-psychological, ethnic, biological risks in postSoviet countries were the subject of several presentations by A. Afonin (Ukraine), M. Sicinski (Poland), D. Kutlaca (Serbia), Z. Klestova, A. Voronina, A. Girnyk, E. Samorodov (all from Ukraine). Participants from Estonia mostly concentrated on case studies of environmental crises. In the conditions of the newly established Baltic states these can be resolved only through close links with neighbouring countries of Scandinavian and Baltic regions. Continued top of page 7

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Dr. T. Karu (representative of City of Tallinn to EU) and his coauthor, J. Kert (representative of Estonia in NATO), shared their experience of cross-border management of crises jointly with their Finnish colleagues while Dr. H. Raudsepp (Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology) described the multinational programme AMPERA (Accidental Marine Pollution) and its implications for European coastal countries. Similarly environmental hazards associated with former uranium rich ore production in mines around the town of Sillame were described by I. Pustylnik (Estonia) and R. Seltz (France) as an illustration of a general approach where regional sections of EUROSCIENCE can be instrumental in monitoring and raising public awareness of associated risks for local populations. It was agreed to maintain the working contacts established during the Workshop. The proceedings of the conference will be published in the NATO Conference series.
Izold Pustylnik (Organiser) and Raymond Seltz (Workshop Co-Director)

EUROSCIENCE

Regional branch Euroscience Eesti and Tallinn University was held in the same premises of Tallinn University on 27-28 October 2006 (under Chairmanship of Professor P. Normak, Tallinn University). This event, addressing local issues, was held in Estonian in order to involve both scientists and local politicians and policy makers. The main topics were the social, psychological and medical aspects of human awareness and mentality in risk conditions. Izold Pustylnik Coordinator of EUROSCIENCE Regional Section Euroscience Eesti in Estonia izold@aai.ee

An associated event an interdisciplinary conference Human awareness and behaviour in risk conditions jointly organised by Tallinn City Council, EUROSCIENCE

GRENOBLE SECTION informs about Euroscience in the European Research Area

President of the French Physical Society; Daniel Bloch, special adviser of Didier Migaud (President of Grenoble Alpes Metropole); and other University dignitaries. J.-C. Guibert and Jean Therme directors respectively of the CEA Division for Advanced Techniques and of the CEA/Grenoble welcomed all the participants and briey recalled the newly inaugured Minatec, one of the most prominent European sites for Nanotechnology research. Bill Stirling also spoke about his personal interest in EUROSCIENCE , the involvement of ESRF in the EIROForum (gathering the European large scale facilities) and on the ESRF capability for X-ray characterisation of the nanosystems. In his address, J.-P. Connerade rst recalled how lucky he had been, when young, to meet high level scientists such as Nobel Prizewinners Abdus Salam and Alfred Kastler, and also Wolfgang Paul who allowed him to be a pioneer in synchrotron radiation. He also described how he decided to evaluate the cost of Newton's apple discovery, a direct reply to Margaret Thatcher to convince her to invest in research! He made clear that a bottom-up

approach, i.e. the involvement of researchers la base was the only chance that the top-down directives from the EU about the ERA could ever succeed in reality. He also acknowledged the work of the EU Commissioners in Brussels, who have not an easy task since the leadership remains in the hands of the individual governments, who may have conicting interests between themselves and who frequently do not act from a European perspective. EUROSCIENCE appears in Brussels not only as a lobby, but as an organisation useful to listen to, since it can be considered as the Voice of Science in Europe. J.-P. Connerade also spoke about past successful EUROSCIENCE actions in favour of the European Charter for Researchers and the European Research Council. He also stressed the inuence of all Euroscience activities (especially ESOF the EUROSCIENCE Open Forum) and its work through local sections and thematic work groups. The get-together that followed pot in French was an ideal way to celebrate the creation of the EUROSCIENCE Grenoble Section. M. Belakhovsky michel.belakhovsky@ numericable.fr

Les succs d'Euroscience dans la construction de l'Espace Europen de la Recherche Success of EUROSCIENCE in construction of the European Research Area was the title of a talk given by EUROSCIENCE President Jean-Patrick Connerade on 4 December 2006, in Grenoble, France. The conference was sponsored by the three European large-scale research infrastructure facilities (ESRF, ILL, EMBL), as well as by the French

Physical Society (both from national level and its local Grenoble-Alpes section) and the Association pour la Parit dans les Mtiers Scientiques et Techniques. The conference in the brand new auditorium of the Maison des Micro-Nanotechnologies (Minatec) attracted around 60 people, including the Deputy Mayor of Grenoble, Mme Genevive Fioraso; Bill Stirling, the Director General of ESRF; Roger Maynard,

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news & views

IT IS NICER TO BE BULGARIAN
SINCE 1 JANUARY 2007, it is much nicer to be Bulgarian for the simple reason of having joined the European Union's population. Being in the Club changed immediately the atmosphere in the country. The eloquent illustration was the continent-wide demonstration of solidarity with the Bulgarian nurses and the Palestinian physician arrested in Libya more than eight years ago and sentenced to death and the joint efforts to seek their release. We said: A simple reason, but the road was long and difcult. Bulgarians have never considered themselves as non-Europeans. However, the discontinuity in the Bulgarian state existence between 14th and 19th centuries, when the territory and people were parts of the Ottoman Empire, isolated Bulgarians from the most actively developing part of Europe in a crucial historical period. However, during this long hiatus, some internal forces accumulated, which transformed themselves, at the restoration in 1878 of the Bulgarian state, into a desire to quickly rejoin the European family. The creation of new scientic and educational institutions were at the forefront of Bulgaria's efforts to catch-up. Already in 1869, i.e. even before the Liberation, some visionary thinking pioneers founded a learned society which was later transformed into the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1911. Soa University opened its doors in 1888, only four years after the re-establishment of the Bulgarian statehood. Both institutions, the learned society-Academy and the University of Soa were generously nanced by rich Bulgarians1 who understood the role of the knowledge for the building of a modern State and having the ambition to catch the rapid pace of Europes modernisation. In a way, they had a kind of Lisbon agenda combining state and private funds, of course, without knowing this like Jourdain of Moliere who didn't know that he spoke in prose. Unfortunately, the continent entered in 1914 into a series of turmoils which lasted until the 1980s, when the environment nally became ripe for encompassing old and new Europeans in the European Union. Among the challenges faced by the newcomers was to demonstrate capacities in research and education as prerequisites for joining the EU. With 11 Centres of excellence recognized by the European Commission, with more than 450 projects nanced by the Framework Programmes 5 and 6, with successful co-operations with the science programmes of NATO and UNESCO, and with 40 years of bilateral agreements with CNRS, DFG, the British Royal Society and other leading scientic centres in the most advanced European countries, Bulgaria was able to demonstrate its preparedness for full membership. I dare to say that these items compensated to some extent for the lack of European experience and knowledge in some other practical elds. This demonstrates once again the role of the international scientic co-operation as agship in constructing really modern relations among the Nations2. Last, but not least, the solidarity of
EUROSCIENCE , as unique grass-

root pan-European organisation for promoting science agendas, and the construction of European Research Area, with countries such as Bulgaria and Romania was also an element in the creation of favourable atmosphere for accepting their full membership in the EU. Cordial thanks to everyone of you for giving your time and personal means to noble causes such as these! Simeon Anguelov sanguelov@eagle.cu.bas.bg
1 In the constructing and nancing the Bulgarian learned society which transformed in 1911 into the Bulgarian Academy, a key role belonged to Ivan Evstratiev Gueshov (1849-1924), its president from 1911 until his death in 1924. Another eminent sponsor was Evlogui Gueorgiev (1819-1897) who, together with his brother Hristo (18241872), left a legacy of 6 million gold leva, at that time equal to the same sum in gold French francs, for building the University of Soa. 2 For instance, the agreement of cooperation between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft preceded the establishment of regular diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and the Federal Republic of Germany.

Young scientists in Latvia: situation and activities

TO BETTER UNDERSTAND why an organisation like the Association of Latvian Young Scientists (ALYS) was founded, it is necessary to have a short overview about the situation of science in Latvia. Situation in Latvia after 1991 After the renewal of independence in 1991 many important changes took place in Latvian science. These changes affected not only the content, structure and administration of science but, especially, also the number of scientists and sources of funding. Along with the opening of the border to the West in 1991, many Latvian scientists took the opportunity to work abroad. As a result, there was a considerable lack of scientists. Although people avoided discussing this issue, the outow of scientists in the 1990s largely inuenced the overall pace of scientic development and the quality of the research: both decreased. The result has been that the Latvian science community has missed one generation of scientists who would have now formed the motor of science and research. Instead, in 2003, the average age of those holding doctorates was 51 and of professors 56, with 33% of professors being over 60. The greatest problem in science has been the lack of funding which has held back science development: insufcient numbers of young scientists, limited opportunities for further growth and lack of competent management for doctoral programmes.

Young scientists in Latvia today There is an extremely small number of PhD students in Latvia (in 2004 only 1428 doctoral students) who, in the future, will be inuencing the quality of higher education and the development of innovative technologies. The estimated number of PhD students in 2007 is 3000 1. The small number of doctoral students is mainly related to passive state politics in solving social issues of PhD students and the small number of the state nanced budget study places. PhD students in Latvia hold the status of a student and they are eligible to receive a scholarship only when they are involved in research work at universities. Fortunately, starting this year, this status has been changed and all PhD students

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who have a budget place are eligible to get a scholarship. However, the scholarship is only 114 EUR per month (whereas the stated living wage is 171 EUR) and almost all PhD students must work (often not in the eld in which they do their research). In addition to the state nanced scholarship it is possible to receive support from European Structural Funds: a scholarship of 214 EUR per month, a travel allowance 1000 EUR per year and 1714 EUR per year for covering research costs. But this is only for those students who study sciences it does not apply to arts or humanities students! The effect of these nancial problems is amply demonstrated by the number of defended doctoral theses in Latvia only 107 PhD students (86 woman and 39 men) received a doctorate in 2005. State nanced (budget) places for PhD students in 2004-2005 (%) 2 Engineering 21 Health care 14 Social sciences 12 Humanities 8 Education science 7 Agriculture 4 Natural sciences 4 Founding an Association to tackle the problems of young Latvian scientists The idea of establishing an organisation which could unite young scientists and help them in solving their problems, arose at ESOF2004 when Inese Sviestina met Dmitri Teperik (now the coordinator of the Youth Association Estonian Academy of Young Scientists). They discussed that it would be necessary to create young scientists' organisations in their home countries. At the start of 2005, Inese Sviestina and Janis Jasko started to work on the foundation of the Association of Latvian Doctoral Students. After several meetings with other activists of the eld, it was decided to establish a larger organisation under the name Association of Latvian Young Scientists (ALYS) that would unite master course students and doctoral students actively involved in scientic research. On 8 December 2005, the foundation meeting of ALYS took place at the Latvian Academy of Sciences with 24 young scientists. In January 2006, the association was ofcially registered in the Republic of Latvia. ALYS soon established links with international young scientists' networks: in February 2006, it was admitted to Eurodoc (European Council of doctoral candidates and young researchers) and became a regional organisation of WAYS (the World Academy of Young Scientists) in Latvia. Aims and activities of the Association of Latvian Young Scientists ALYS intends to become a leading organisation coordinating all issues of young scientists' concern, since, currently, there is no other organisation dealing with these issues. Some of the most important aims are to strengthen the cooperation among young scientists and to improve the communication between them. It's simply the idea to help to know more about each other, e.g. about research done by colleagues, to exchange information and to establish new contacts. We also want to show Bachelor and Master students that science can be attractive and interesting and that it is worth doing scientic research. ALYS informs PhD students on available scholarships, projects, seminars and conferences. It is both essential to help young scientists to nd the best research places and universities abroad, but also to help them to return and to convince them that good research can also be done in Latvia. Fortunately, there are some positive precedents when not only young scientists, but also successful senior scientists, came back and continued to do research in Latvia. Recent and future activities ALYS intends to organise educational seminars (on speaking skills, project development, language acquisition etc.) due to the limited number of courses delivered during doctoral studies. We want to enable young scientists to communicate their research not only to their colleagues, but also to ordinary people and to show them how the results of scientic research can inuence our daily life. We also organise interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary seminars and conferences together with colleagues from Estonia and Lithuania. For example, at an international seminar, organised together with the Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers, PhD students from different scientic disciplines (sociology, pharmacy, physics, biology etc.) presented their research results and tried to explain them in an understandable way to the other participants. Now we are planning a seminar about the 7th Framework Programme. But young scientists in Latvia do not only think about science and work: Last year, ALYS, together with young physicists and our Lithuanian colleagues, visited the Ventspils International Centre of Radio-astronomy and spent a nice day near to the Baltic Sea.

EUROSCIENCE

Sources of support ALYS has good collaboration with the Swiss Gebert Rf Stiftung that was established by the entrepreneur Heinrich Gebert as a scientic foundation in 1997. One of the activities with special importance to Latvian young scientists is the project Encouraging Young Scientists in the Baltics: Swiss Baltic Net (started 2000)3. As we still receive only moral support from our state institutions, we were very grateful for the support of CHF 14,000 from Gebert Rf Stiftung to strengthen our position as an organisation and to popularise the idea and aims of ALYS. We have a lot of things to do to improve the situation in science in Latvia but one of the main goals is to encourage young scientists to return to Latvia and to stay in science.

Inese Sviestina President of ALYS ines_sv@yahoo.co.uk

Janis Jasko ALYS Board member

1 See: http://www.aip.lv/les/130603.ppt 2 See: http://www.aip.lv/les/Bolonas_3_ cikls.ppt 3 See: http://www.grstiftung.ch/

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news & views

CHINA BACKS SCIENCE
YEARS AGO, when statistics were rst being gathered at the International Centre of Theoretical Physics (today the Abdus Salam Centre) about the importance of science for the world's economies, an anomaly emerged. The number of research papers country by country was plotted against GDP, revealing a fairly it is now quite clear that Abdus Salam was right, and that the 'catching up' is taking place in a big way. What is still not clear today is the path China will follow in this process. Will the adjustment occur smoothly, with China gradually blending into the international average? Or will it actually overshoot Salam's curve, and create an anomaly of another kind before the situation settles? In most countries, there are forces pushing for more research and innovation, while others (both economic and political) oppose too much rapid change. The balance between the two should be such as to allow stable development at a sustainable rate. Most good effect is that a young and dynamic generation has assumed command in many institutions, so that (in contrast with a widely held Western prejudice that China is held back by its over-respect for age) laboratories are often run by an active and enterprising new management. The bad effect is the critical shortage of high level expertise from the missing generation, that would normally moderate decisions and avoid overstretching too early. After the Cultural Revolution, the Government of China wisely chose to send many of its young and talented researchers overseas for training at the international level. As could be expected, the country paid an immediate and heavy price for this courageous choice, not merely in terms of its nancial cost. Many of the brilliant minds, seeing what opportunities were open to them in the world outside, never returned to China. Rather, they have joined the enormous Chinese diaspora. Eventually, however, the policy won through. Enough of the highly trained intellectuals returned to assist in leading Chinese laboratories and universities forward, while the diaspora itself, by feeding crucial information back to the homeland, also played its part in kick-starting the Chinese economy. Today, the situation is quite different. China has a growing number of excellent laboratories, of well resourced and well-staffed universities, and is no longer obliged to send so many people overseas. It now has so many opportunities to offer that Chinese researchers from overseas are increasingly returning to their home country. Indeed, some adventurous postdocs in our own labs are considering appointments in China, because the Chinese offer conditions of work not easily matched elsewhere. Seasoned China watchers know that statistics, impressive though they are, don't reveal the determination to succeed which is present at all levels in its society today. However, they can be useful to put things into perspective, China is said to produce some 600,000 trained scientists and engineers per annum today, who are absorbed in its own economic growth. The European Union, on the other hand, will have difculty in reaching the 'Lisbon Target' because of the need to train some 700,000 new researchers by the year 2010, as originally pointed out by the OECD. Thus, the balance is clearly shifting. Today, China spends more in absolute terms on research than any single country of the European Union. Soon, it will be spending more than the European Union itself, and it is not far from becoming the world leader. This is not merely a question of 'catching up'. As a major player, China changes the balance for everybody. A new world equilibrium is being dened for scientic research, in which China will certainly play a leading role. Scientic research, of course, is much more than merely an economic engine. It is part of our culture and (as Salam was fond of saying), of the heritage of mankind. The Chinese Government (like our own politicians) still needs to discover why. At least, Chinese scientists are keenly aware of that. They know that they must contribute to society, and (with recent history still in mind), they are unlikely to retreat into ivory towers. Their contribution to building a better China will be essential, and this, they clearly understand. Jean-Patrick Connerade Honorary President of Euroscience jean-patrick@connerade.com In addition to his Emeritus Professorship at Imperial College London, Jean-Patrick Connerade has taken up a part-time research post in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics in Wuhan.
1 Salam, Abdus, Notes on Science, Technology and Science Education in the Development of the South, The Third World Academy of Sciences, Trieste 1989, p. 39.

linear relationship between the two, but there was one exception. For China, the GDP was already far from small, but the number of scientic publications was extremely low. I remember quizzing my former teacher, Abdus Salam 1, about this point because it did at least raise a question about the linear relationship he claimed between activity in scientic research and economic performance. China is an anomaly, was his reply: it hasn't reached stability yet, but when it does, the number of scientic publications is bound to rise to the level of the graph. The audience was mildly incredulous, because the number of publications had to rise a lot to bring China in line. With hindsight,

economists today agree that an ideal gure for investment in research is about 3% of GDP, with about 1% from State funds and 2% from the Private Sector. Indeed, this is the 'Lisbon target' the European Union has set itself for the much vaunted 'knowledgebased economy'. In China, however, because the country as a whole was very far from equilibrium in its investment for research, the opposing forces do not balance naturally. Steering the adjustments through policy is the only option. For example, after the Cultural Revolution, the nation awoke to the realisation that it had lost a whole generation of its intellectuals. This gap in expertise is now working its way through the system, with consequences both good and bad, which must somehow be compensated. The

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AT THE 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE for chemistry teachers 2005 in Eisenstadt, Austria, I had the pleasure to attend a lecture given by Prof. Dr. Helmut Ringsdorf from the University of Mainz, Germany. He talked about Historic and current thoughts about the social and political responsibility for teaching and science. Helmut Ringsdorf was born in Gieen, Germany, in 1929. He completed his PhD in the group of Hermann Staudinger, the father of macromolecular chemistry, in Freiburg, followed by a postdoc position at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York. He became professor at the University of Mainz where the research interests of his group were centred around the attempt to bridge the gap between Material Science and Life Science. After retiring in 1994 Helmut Ringsdorf has been guest professor at universities in the U.K. and China. Several scientic prizes were awarded to him. W. G. Pohl g.pohl@aon.at

EUROSCIENCE

STEPS ACROSS BORDERS!

What do creativity, intelligence and responsibility have in common? OR Historical and current considerations about the socio-political responsibility of Science.
At scientic meetings and academic jubilees, results and achievements are always praised but responsibility is seldom discussed. Nevertheless, we know that to be a sound scientist requires more than being able to deliver research results and to teach the subject. Especially those of us located in central Europe should know something about the traps of over-emphasising scientic achievements1-3. Although the autonomy of our universities and research institutions in Europe are no longer endangered in a political sense, they exist today in a turbulent atmosphere, driven by absurd saving plans, sometimes bizarre elitism and inuenced by evaluation games and over-bureaucracy. And there is one more problem, surely at the heart of the matter: it is difcult for our universities to avoid being pulled into the only prot-driven speculations of the Neo-liberalism with the sometimes brutally acting stock market as its accomplice. The absolute open-market economy and laissez-faire capitalism regard research and responsibility only as a money oriented short term amusement for our Fun-Society 4. Certainly competition and worldwide activities do change our local situations. But many negative economic developments cannot simply be justied by the slogan of globalisation5-8.

What is the intrinsic value and meaning of knowledge? This question is nowadays often replaced by the question of what type of knowledge do we need to full predetermined functions. This increasing misuse of science i.e. its transformation to mainly develop and support technology often for purely stock market effects threatens to destroy its critical, purely truth-oriented function. The increasing connection between KNOWLEDGE and INTEREST rst discussed socio-critically by the German philosopher Jrgen Habermas9,10 seems to have become the norm to such an extent that the value of Science is endangered to vanish in goals and reasons dened outside science: Truth is what is useful. Does this not demand a response from our universities and research institutions? Where is all this taking us? We are in a transition state: in Europe we are under pressure to restructure our shaking industrial societies into knowledge based societies! Because we cannot keep the basic industrial production in our developed countries, knowledge, originality, and richness of ideas are more in demand than ever for further developments. Thus, we need a science education system that is able to nurture creativity, and an uncomplicated fast and open exchange of scientic and technological aspects with industry. We cannot allow our universities to be instrumentalised: neither politically as in the Third Reich nor now political-economically, e.g. by laissez-faire capitalism. We are all responsible together for what is to come11. What is to come? The best way to predict the future is to invent it12: independent universities and research institutions are a prerequisite for the education of creative, courageous, nonaligned scientists, willing to accept their responsibility as citizens and as professionals13. Helmut Ringsdorf Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz ringsdor@mail.uni-mainz.de

Prof. Helmut Ringsdorf

1 The German Universities and National Socialism. E.Y. Hartshorne, Unwin Ltd., London, 1937 2 Chemists and Biochemists during the National Socialistic Era. U. Deichmann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 1310-1328 3 Das Blut von Auschwitz und das Schweigen der Gelehrten, S. 189-226 in Band I der Geschichte der KaiserWilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus. Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung. Two volumes edited by Doris Kaufmann ordered by the Max Planck-Society, Wallstein Verlag 2000 4 Machtworte des Zeitgeistes, Kl. Hofmeister, L. Banerochse (Hrsg.), Echter Verlag, Wrzburg, 2001 5 Prot over People, Noam Chomsky, Europa Verlag Hamburg, 6. Au., 2001 6 Die Vorherrschaft der USA eine Seifenblase, George Soros, K. Plessing Verlag, 2. Au., 2004. The Bubble of American Supremacy, Public Affairs/N.Y., 2003 7 Merger Endgames Strategien fr die Konsolidierungswelle, G.D. Deans, F. Krger, St. Zeisel, Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2002 8. a) Globalization and its Discontents, Joseph Stiglitz, W.W. Norton Comp., New York, 2002. "Der Schatten der Globalisierung", Siedler Verlag, Berlin, 2002; b) "Die Chancen der Globalisierung", J. Stiglitz, Siedler Verlag, Mnchen, 2006 9 Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie, Jrgen Habermas, Edit. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1968 10 Erkenntnis und Interesse, Jrgen Habermas, Edit. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1973 11 Alles Leben ist Problemlsen. ber Erkennen, Geschichte und Politik. K. Popper, Piper Verlag, Mnchen, 1999 12 A quote of Richard Feynman, Physic Nobel Prize 1965 13 But isn`t every professional a responsible citizen anyhow? Yes, but see the rst sentence of this abstract! Too often we scientists exchange our citizen jacket against our lab-coat as soon as we enter our laboratories and ofces.

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European Research Council:

EUROSCIENCE

Questions & Answers

The European Research Council (ERC) was formally launched at a conference held in Berlin on 27-28 February opened by Angela Merkel, German Chancellor and President of the European Council. This project, now a reality, developed over the last ve years, with the vigorous intervention of EUROSCIENCE . EUROSCIENCE proposed ideas and participated in all the conferences organised on this issue under presidencies of the EU and was represented at the launching conference. Professor Helga Nowotny, Vice-President and founding member of the Scientic Council of the ERC and a founding member of EUROSCIENCE , answers some key questions. Q: The ERC has started with a Young Researchers scheme as its rst call. Is there not a danger that the European Commission will dump its Marie Curie activities on to the ERC? A: The Commission had already decided before setting up the ERC that the Marie Curie Excellence Programme would cease to exist. All other Marie Curie activities - the vast majority will continue. This makes a lot of sense, since the target groups differ from that of the ERC Starting Grants. Q: How will the ERC ensure that its peer review processes will be equivalent or better than those of national funding agencies? A: One of the objectives of the ERC is to raise the standards of peer review throughout the European Research Area. This means that the ERC procedures should set a very high standard and function as a European-wide example. We are not re-inventing peer review, but we want to ensure that it can be shown to work well, not only in a national context, but also, for the rst time ever, under the condition of European-wide competition. Q: There is a great desire to simplify procedures in FP7. It has always been envisaged that the ERC will operate through a simple grant award system, similar to those of the national agencies. Will this be the case or will the constraints of the European Commission prevail? A: The ERC will operate through

a grant award system. We have also decided upon a at rate contribution to the host institution of 20%. While some may nd this too little, we wanted to maximize the sum that goes to the successful applicant under the existing nancial constraints. We have also decided to greatly simplify the application procedure. For instance, we ask the applications for the Starting Grant to ll out only four pages about their research project at stage 1 of the application. But one must constantly be on guard for bureaucracy not to take over. Q: How will the ERC interact with research infrastrucutre providers, both national and European? What will be the relationship between ERC and ESFRI? A: We have not differentiated between different types of host institutions, e.g. industrial labs qualify as well as any university institute or another research institution, provided they are considered suitable for the project that is to be pursued there. This applies also to research infrastructures. We are aware, however, that at a later stage the special situation of research infrastructures in Europe may need to be addressed. Q: There is a temptation by both the Commission and the Council of Ministers to use ERC for science policy advice. Will this not distract you from the main task of ERC the creation of a Champions' League of researchers? A: The ERC has decided early on to resist the temptation to become drawn into providing expertise that we have not been set up to provide. We want to

concentrate on what is called our core business in the jargon of rms. However, special occasions may arise when we feel obliged to make our views public, especially when the issue under discussion touches directly on the mission of the ERC. So far, we have done this twice : rst, upon invitation of President Barroso, who asked for our views on the proposed EIT. Later we have published a statement supporting an open access policy which regards us directly. Q: When do you think the ERC will achieve complete organisational independence from the European Commission? A: The envisaged Executive Agency is in the process of being set up and will take approximately one more year. Around the mid-term of the 7th FP, an independent evaluation of the ERC is already foreseen. It is to be expected that the organisational autonomy of the ERC will become a hotly discussed political issue around this time. Q: When do you think that we will see the impact of ERC on the European research landscape? A: At the recent ofcial ERC launch under the German EU Presidency, one of the speakers from the US, Elias Zerhouni, the Director of the NIH, gave us one piece of advice. It will take patience to succeed, he said. I fully agree and so does everyone else who works passionately at making the ERC a success. More information : http://erc.europa.eu/

Copy for the next issue should reach the editor, preferably by email to julia.epp@euroscience.org, by 20 May 2007
SPRING 2007 ES NEWS . PAGE 12

EUROSCIENCE NEWS IS PUBLISHED FOUR TIMES A YEAR. IT IS SENT AT NO COST TO EUROSCIENCE MEMBERS. NON-MEMBERS ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: 40EUROS. PUBLISHED BY EUROSCIENCE. DESIGNED BY NVA; EMAIL: HOME@FAMILYVINCENT.CO.UK PRINTED BY DINEFWR PRESS; EMAIL: DINEFWRPRESS@BTOPENWORLD.COM EUROSCIENCE. MATERIAL MAY BE CITED PROVIDED FULL REFERENCE IS GIVEN. OPINIONS AND FACTS EXPRESSED ARE THOSE OF THE CONTRIBUTORS, AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF EUROSCIENCE OR THE EDITOR. EDITOR JULIA EPP, EUROSCIENCE, 8 RUE DES ECRIVAINS, F-67000 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. TEL: +33 3 88 24 11 50; FAX: +33 388 24 75 56 CONTACTING EUROSCIENCE: RAYMOND SELTZ, 8 RUE DES ECRIVAINS, F-67000 STRASBOURG, FRANCE. TEL: +33 3 88 24 11 50; FAX : +33 3 88 24 75 56; EMAIL: OFFICE@EUROSCIENCE.WS.