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    Supplementary Material On Partial Fractions: N S S Fs Ds S S S

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    Thiva
    This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

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    Supplementary Material On Partial Fractions: N S S Fs Ds S S S

    Uploaded by

    Thiva
    50 views2 pages
    This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

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    Partial Fraction

    Original Title

    Partial Fractions

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    This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views2 pages

    Supplementary Material On Partial Fractions: N S S Fs Ds S S S

    Uploaded by

    Thiva
    This document discusses two methods for obtaining partial fraction decompositions of rational functions. Method 1 involves writing the decomposition in a way that avoids manipulating complex numbers. Method 2 is better suited when the denominator factors are distinct or repeated first-degree terms, as it finds the coefficients directly without solving simultaneous equations. The document illustrates both methods using the rational functions F1(s) and F2(s) as examples, finding the partial fraction decompositions and coefficients.

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    Control Theory

    KHMak

    Supplementary Material on Partial Fractions

    Consider the following rational functions


    F1 ( s ) = N1 ( s ) s 1 = , D1 ( s ) ( s + 1)( s 2 + 2 s + 2) N 2 (s) s 1 = . D2 ( s ) ( s + 1)( s + 2) 2

    F2 ( s ) =

    We illustrate the use of two different (but equivalent) methods to obtain their partial fraction decompositions.

    Method 1
    Typically, for functions like F1(s) which involve complex roots, we write the decomposition as

    F1 ( s ) =

    s 1 A Bs + C = + 2 . 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2 s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 s + 2)

    This allows us to avoid the manipulation of complex numbers (which can be error-prone). Multiplying both sides with the denominator D1(s) gives
    N1 ( s ) = s 1 = A( s 2 + 2 s + 2) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1) . Expanding and collecting powers, we have s 1 = s 2 ( A + B ) + s (2 A + B + C ) + (2 A + C ) . Comparing coefficients gives us 3 simultaneous equations which can be solved for the unknown constants:
    A = 2 , B = 2 , C = 3
    Note that Method 1 is very general in that it can be used irrespective of the type of roots in the denominator. However, when we have either distinct or repeated first-degree factors, Method 2 is possibly a better choice since it eliminates the need to solve simultaneous equations (of course, there is no reason why they cannot be used in combination)

    Control Theory

    KHMak

    Method 2
    F2(s) has one distinct and one repeated first-degree factor, so the decomposition has the form F2 ( s ) = A B C + + . 2 s + 1 ( s + 2) s+2

    To find A, we multiply both sides by s + 1 to cancel its denominator: F2 ( s ) ( s + 1) = s 1 B C = A+ ( s + 1) + ( s + 1) . 2 2 ( s + 2) ( s + 2) s+2

    Setting s = 1 eliminates the other terms and yields the value of A:

    A = F2 ( s ) ( s + 1) |s =1 =

    s 1 ( s + 2) 2

    = 2 .
    s =1

    B can be evaluated similarly by B = F2 ( s ) ( s + 2)2 |s =2 = s 1 = 3. ( s + 1) s =2

    C presents a problem since s = 2 is a pole of F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) = s 1 A B ( s + 2) + = +C . ( s + 1)( s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 2)

    To avoid this, we proceed as with B F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) 2 = s 1 A = ( s + 2) 2 + B + C ( s + 2) , ( s + 1) ( s + 1)

    but then differentiate once to extract C from the term Cs as well as eliminate B. Setting s = 2 then eliminates the first term and yields C= s 1 d 1 F2 ( s ) ( s + 2) 2 = + =2 2 ds s + 1 ( s + 1) s =2 s =2

    In summary, practice and experience will guide you in your choice of method (or combination of methods) to use for partial fraction expansion.
    2

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