Introduction to C Programming
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What is C Programming Language?
C is one of the most popular programming languages Developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories Replacement of the B programming language
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The History of C
1969 1973 C was created by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs 1973 rst major use was to rewrite the UNIX kernel 1978 The C Programming Language published, Kernighan and Ritchie 1990 ISO standard approved, ISO/IEC 9899:1990 1999 ISO standard revised, ISO/IEC 9899:1999
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The C Standard
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards
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The Classic K&R
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C References
There are so many of them!
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Some of Aspects of C
Considered by many as a high level assembly language. Typed language. Explicit use of pointers. Preprocessor. Structures. Passes arguments by value. Case sensitive. Ospring include: C++ (B. Stroustrup), C# (A. Hejlsberg and S. Wiltamuth).
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C Programming Tools
For PC: Microsoft Visual Studio (Express) Microsoft Windows (Express edition is free) Xcode Mac OS X (free) GCC UNIX and Linux (Cygwin in Windows) C-Free Bloodshed Dev-C Eclipse Code::Blocks Open Watcom For TI hardware: Code Composer Studio Microsoft Windows
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C Programming Procedures
1 2 3 4
Edit the source code (a text le with .c extension lename) Compile the source code (C compiler) The compiler generates the executable program Run the executable
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Compilation Process
Source codes for C programs are written as ASCII text. They must be compiled and linked to produce executable programs. The compilation of code involves several steps: Parsing of the statements for syntax Translation of the statements into machine language Setting up the addresses of all variables Optimization of the code (if desired) The linking step assembles the various routines produced by the compiler during the compilation step, and resolves missing calls to either language-specic libraries or system-wide functions.
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Compilation Process
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Use Microsoft Visual Studio IDE
See the handout.
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Basic C Programming
Hello World! Standard I/O Data types Bit Operations Variable, Declaration and Assignment Array and Pointer Flow Control and Loop File I/O Function
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Hello World!
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Hello World!!
First program when learning the C language
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> v o i d main ( ) { printf ( H e l l o World ! \ n ) ; }
Exercise
Create the above source code, compile it, and execute it. Whats the program output?
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Standard I/O
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printf()
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { printf ( 1905+31214 i s %d , 1 9 0 5 + 3 1 2 1 4 ) ; }
Format speciers: The placeholder %d literally holds the place for the actual number that is the result of adding 1905 to 31214. %i int (same as %d) %f oat (oating-point number) %lf double %c char (character) %s string %x hexadecimal %u unsigned integer
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Newline
\n is a line break or end-of-line (EOL) character signifying the end of a line of text.
Exercise
Modify the Hello World! code to print out three lines of text strings.
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Exercise
Write a program to print out the following on the screen: 1905 + 31214 ------33119
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { printf ( 1905 \ n ) ; printf ( + 31214 \ n ) ; printf ( \n ) ; printf ( %d , 1 9 0 5 + 3 1 2 1 4 ) ; }
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Input Using scanf()
scanf() get user input from keyboard
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { int a; puts ( P l e a s e e n t e r a number : ) ; scanf ( %d , &a ) ; printf ( The number i s %d , a ) ; }
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Include Files
All library functions in C are declared in header les (lename extension .h). Programmers have to include the header les in the source code in order to use the functions declared in it. stdio.h is the header in the C standard library that contains macro denitions, constants, and declarations of functions and types used for various standard input and output operations. Use triangle brackets <stdio.h> for system header les (C Standard Library), and double quotes myheader.h for user dened header les.
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The Main Function
The main() function is where a program starts execution. The main function is special; normally every C program must dene it exactly once, with that name.
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Print Formatted Function
printf() is the print formatted function. Output the formatted string to the standard output. Standard output is system and application dependent. It might not even be present.
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Data Types
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Data Types
C is a typed language. int integer number. char character. float oating point number. double BIG oating point numbers. It reserves twice the storage for the number. void allows us to create functions that either do not require any parameters or do not return a value. enum closely related to the #define preprocessor.
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Data Type Examples
int x; x = 6; float y; y = 14.398; double z ; z = 1234567; char c ; c = 'g ' ;
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Modiers
The modiers dene the amount of storage allocated to the variable. short long signed unsigned short int <= int <= long int float <= double <= long double
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Sizes of Dierent Data Types
Dierent data types are represented by dierent number of bits. The size is system dependent. It is dened in limits.h sizeof() function can be used to nd the size of the data type in bytes (8 bits). For 32-bit processor:
Type Bytes Bits Range --------------------------------------------------------------------------short int 2 16 -16,384 -> +16,383 (16kb) unsigned short int 2 16 0 -> +32,767 (32Kb) unsigned int 4 16 0 -> +4,294,967,295 ( 4Gb) int 4 32 -2,147,483,648 -> +2,147,483,647 ( 2Gb) long int 4 32 -2,147,483,648 -> +2,147,483,647 ( 2Gb) signed char 1 8 -128 -> +127 unsigned char 1 8 0 -> +255 float 4 32 double 8 64 long double 12 96
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Exercise
Create, compile, and execute the following code.
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> v o i d main ( ) { int a , b , c , d , e , f; a b c d e f = = = = = = sizeof ( int ); s i z e o f ( char ) ; sizeof ( float ); s i z e o f ( double ) ; s i z e o f ( long i n t ) ; sizeof ( short int ); of of of of of of i n t i s %d b y t e s \ n , a ) ; c h a r i s %d b y t e s \ n , b ) ; f l o a t i s %d b y t e s \ n , c ) ; d o u b l e i s %d b y t e s \ n , d ) ; l o n g i n t i s %d b y t e s \ n , e ) ; s h o r t i n t i s %d b y t e s \ n , f ) ;
printf ( s i z e printf ( s i z e printf ( s i z e printf ( s i z e printf ( s i z e printf ( s i z e }
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Format Speciers
integer %d integer in Hex %x unsigned integer %u oating point number %f string %s character %c
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Exercise
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { printf ( C o l o r %s \ n , r e d ) ; printf ( number1 %d \ n , 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) ; printf ( number2 %05d \ n , 8 9 ) ; printf ( number3 %x \ n , 2 5 5 ) ; printf ( number4 %5.2 f \ n , 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 ) ; printf ( number5 %u \ n , 2 5 0 ) ; } Color red number1 123456 number2 00089 number3 ff number4 3 . 1 4 number5 250
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Bit Operations
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Bitwise Operations
AND (&) (&& for logical AND) OR (|) (|| for logical OR) XOR () NOT () ones complement Left shift (<<) Right shift (>>)
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Bit Manipulations and Masking
Read and write a bit (or multiple bits) in a word. Read: b & 0 = 0, b & 1 = b Write: set to 1 --------b | 0 = b b | 1 = 1 set to 0 --------b & 0 = 0 b & 1 = b
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Read
a = b15 b14 b13 . . . b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 What is b3 ?
b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b3 = (a & 0x0008) >> 3; i n t a , bit , bit_position , temp ; a = 23456; bit_position = 0 x0008 ; temp = a & bit_position ; bit = temp >> 3 ; b9 0 0 b8 0 0 b7 0 0 b6 0 0 b5 0 0 b4 0 0 b3 1 b3 b2 0 0 b1 0 0 b0 = a 0 = 0x0008 0 = a & 0x0008
Exercise
Whats the value of b10 b9 b8 b7?
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Write
a = b15 b14 b13 . . . b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 How to set b5 and b3 to 1?
b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 0 0 0 0 0 0 b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 b9 0 b9 b8 0 b8 b7 0 b7 b6 0 b6 b5 1 1 b4 0 b4 b3 1 1 b2 0 b2 b1 0 b1 b0 = a 0 = 0x0028 b0 = a | 0x0028
Exercise
How to set bit b8 to 0?
bit_position = 0x0100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --> 0x0100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 a & (~bit_position)
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Example BlinkLED.c
#define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define EALLOW asm(" eallow") EDIS asm(" edis") WDCR *(volatile int *)0x007029 GPAMUX2 *(volatile unsigned GPADIR *(volatile unsigned GPAPUD *(volatile unsigned GPATOGGLE *(volatile unsigned FOREVER 1
long long long long
*)0x6F88 *)0x6F8A *)0x6F8C *)0x6FC6
void main() { unsigned long counter=0L; EALLOW; WDCR = 0x0068; EDIS; // disable the watch dog
EALLOW; // configure GPIO pin 31 GPAMUX2 = GPAMUX2&0x3FFFFFFFF; GPADIR = (GPADIR & 0x7FFFFFFF)|0x80000000; GPAPUD = (GPAPUD & 0x7FFFFFFF)|0x80000000; EDIS; while(FOREVER) { while (counter++ <200000); //200 thousand counter = 0L; EALLOW; GPATOGGLE = 0x80000000; EDIS; } } Camp CAEN Wireless Communications
// GPIO31 as IO use // set direction to out // disable the pull up
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The #define Directive
The #define creates a macro, which is the association of an identier or parameterized identier with a token string. After the macro is dened, the compiler preprocessor can substitute the token string for each occurrence of the identier in the source le. #define identifier definition
#d e f i n e COUNT 1000
If the statement
i n t arry [ COUNT ] ;
appears after this denition and in the same le as the denition, the preprocessor would change the statement to
i n t arry [ 1 0 0 0 ] ;
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Variable, Declaration, and Assignment
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Variable, Declaration, and Assignment
c h a r red ; int x; int y = 5;
Signedness
unsigned i n t x ; signed int y ; i n t z ; / Same a s s i g n e d i n t / u n s i g n e d c h a r grey ; s i g n e d c h a r white ;
Size
short int x ; long i n t y ; long long i n t z ; long i n t w ; long w ;
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Exercise
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { i n t a , b , c , sum ; a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; sum = a + b + c ; printf ( sum i s %d , sum ) ; }
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Pre/Post Increment/Decrement Operators
++count; Pre Increment, means add one to count before access count++; Post Increment, means add one to count after access --count; count--;
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> v o i d main ( ) { i n t count = 0 , loop ; loop = ++count ; / same a s c o u n t = c o u n t + 1 ; l o o p = c o u n t ; / printf ( l o o p = %d , c o u n t = %d \ n , loop , count ) ; loop = count ++; / same a s l o o p = c o u n t ; c o u n t = c o u n t + 1 ; / printf ( l o o p = %d , c o u n t = %d \ n , loop , count ) ; }
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Array and Pointer
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Array
A set (group) of indexed variables of some data type. Similar to vectors in Matlab. Index starts at 0 and ends at size-1. (Matlab index goes from 1 to size).
int x [10]; int y [ 5 ] = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5};
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Exercise
This a program which reads a line, stores it in a buer, and prints the line its length (excluding the newline at the end).
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> v o i d main ( ) { int n , c , i; c h a r line [ 1 0 0 ] ; n = 0; w h i l e ( ( c=getchar ( ) ) != ' \ n ' ) { i f ( n < 100 ) line [ n ] = c ; n ++; } f o r ( i =0; i<n ; i++) { printf ( %c , line [ i ] ) ; } printf ( \ n ) ; printf ( l e n g t h = %d \ n , n ) ; }
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Pointer
A pointer is a memory address. Declare a variable:
i n t foo ;
The variable foo occupies some memory location. Declare a pointer:
i n t foo_ptr = &foo ;
foo ptr is declared as a pointer to int. We have initialized it to point to foo. &foo represents the address of the memory location where the variable foo occupies.
foo = 7 ; foo_ptr = 7 ; // D e r e f e r e n c e a p o i n t e r
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Exercise
i n t foo ; i n t ptr ; ptr = &foo ; ptr = 4 7 ; (& foo ) = 5 6 ;
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Pointer and Array
i n t x [ 3 ] = {13 , 57 , 6};
x is the address of the array, and can be used as a pointer points to the rst element of the array x[0]. x == &x[0], x+1 == &x[1], x+2 == &x[2] *x == x[0], *(x+1) = x[1], *(x+2) = x[2]
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Exercise
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> v o i d main ( ) { i n t x [ 3 ] = {13 , 57 , 6}; i n t ptr ; ptr = x ; printf ( f i r s t e l e m e n t : %d \ n , ( ptr ++)); printf ( s e c o n d e l e m e n t : %d \ n , ( ptr ++)); printf ( t h i r d e l e m e n t : %d \ n , ptr ) ; ptr = &x [ 1 ] ; printf ( %d \ n , ptr ) ; printf ( %d \ n , ( ptr 1 ) ) ; printf ( %d \ n , ( ptr + 1 ) ) ; }
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Flow Control and Loop
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Flow Control and Loop
if ... while do ... for
else while
break and continue switch case
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The if-else Statement
i f ( / c o n d i t i o n g o e s h e r e / ) { / i f t h e c o n d i t i o n i s non z e r o ( t r u e ) , t h i s c o d e w i l l e x e c u t e } else { / i f t h e c o n d i t i o n i s 0 ( f a l s e ) , t h i s c o d e w i l l e x e c u t e / }
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Relational and Equivalence Expressions
a < b: 1 if a is less than b, 0 otherwise. a > b: 1 if a is greater than b, 0 otherwise. a <= b: 1 if a is less than or equal to b, 0 otherwise. a >= b: 1 if a is greater than or equal to b, 0 otherwise. a == b: 1 if a is equal to b, 0 otherwise. a != b: 1 if a is not equal to b, 0 otherwise
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Exercise
Write a program to take two user input numbers and print out the larger one.
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { int x ,y; printf ( E n t e r v a l u e f o r x : ) ; scanf ( %d ,& x ) ; printf ( E n t e r v a l u e f o r y : ) ; scanf ( %d ,& y ) ; if ( x > y ) { printf ( X i s t h e l a r g e r number : %d \ n , x ) ; } else { printf ( Y i s t h e l a r g e r number : %d \ n , y ) ; } return 0; }
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The while Loop Statement
w h i l e ( / c o n d i t i o n / ) { / t h i s c o d e w i l l e x e c u t e } i n t a =1; w h i l e ( a < 100) { printf ( a i s %d \ n , a ) ; a = a 2; }
i f the c o n d i t i o n
i s t r u e /
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break and continue
A break statement will immediately exit the enclosing loop. A continue statement will skip the remainder of the block and start at the controlling conditional statement again.
i n t a =1; while (1) { printf ( a i s %d , a ) ; a = a 2; i f ( a > 100) { break ; } e l s e i f ( a ==64) { continue ; } printf ( a i s n o t 64 \ n ) ; }
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The for Loop Statement
f o r ( initi alizati on ; test ; increment ) { / c o d e / } f o r ( i = 1 ; i <= 1 0 ; i++) { printf ( %d \ n , i ) ; } f o r ( i = 5 ; i > 0 ; i ) { printf ( %d , i ) ; }
Innite loop:
for ( ; ; ) { / b l o c k o f s t a t e m e n t s / }
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The do-while Loop Statement
do-while loop is a post-check while loop. The statements in the loop will run at least once.
do { / do s t u f f / } w h i l e ( condition ) ;
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File I/O
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File I/O
There are types and functions in the library stdio.h that are used for le I/O. Make sure you always include that header when you use les. For les you want to read or write, you need a le pointer, e.g. FILE *fp; Reading from or writing to a le requires three basic steps:
1 2 3
Open the le. Do all the reading or writing. Close the le.
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File I/O Modes
r open for reading w open for writing (le need not exist) a open for appending (le need not exist) r+ open for reading and writing, start at beginning w+ open for reading and writing (overwrite le) a+ open for reading and writing (append if le exists
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Open a File (and Close it)
Create, compile, and execute the following code.
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> #i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h> v o i d main ( ) { FILE fp ; fp = fopen ( t e s t . t x t , r ) ; i f ( fp == NULL ) { printf ( F i l e open e r r o r ! \ n ) ; exit ( 1 ) ; } fclose ( fp ) ; }
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Write to a File
fprintf()
i n t fprintf ( FILE stream , c o n s t c h a r format , #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> #i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h> v o i d main ( ) { FILE fp ; fp = fopen ( t e s t . t x t , w ) ; i f ( fp == NULL ) { printf ( F i l e open e r r o r ! \ n ) ; exit ( 1 ) ; } fprintf ( fp , T e s t i n g . . . \ n ) ; fclose ( fp ) ; }
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...
);
Read from a File
fscanf()
i n t fscanf ( FILE stream , c o n s t c h a r format , #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> #i n c l u d e < s t d l i b . h> v o i d main ( ) { FILE fp ; int i; fp = fopen ( t e s t . t x t , r ) ; i f ( fp == NULL ) { printf ( F i l e open e r r o r ! \ n ) ; exit ( 1 ) ; } w h i l e ( fscanf ( fp , %d ,& i ) != EOF ) { printf ( %d \ n , i ) ; } fclose ( fp ) ; }
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...
);
Exercise
Write 10 numbers from user input using scanf() to a le, then read them out and show on the screen using printf().
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Functions in C
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Functions in C
i n t sum ( i n t a , i n t b ) { int c; c = a + b; return c ; }
Function prototype:
i n t sum ( i n t , i n t ) ;
input: int a, int b output: int c by return To use a function, the function prototype must be included in the source le. The function source code can be in the same le as the main source code, or in a separate le.
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Exercise
Write a function to compute the correlation of two arrays of the same length. Use the following prototype (rst input: array 1, second input: array 2, third input: size of the array)
i n t Correlate ( i n t , i n t ) ;
Test your function with length 31 m-sequence.
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C Programming Projects
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C Programming Projects
m-sequence correlator direct digital synthesis (DDS) Digital modulation BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, QAM
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m-sequence Correlator
Project structure and setup Use length 31 m-sequence Use your correlator function Rewrite your correlator function using circular buer
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Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS)
DDS and DTMF Create a sine table in C (math library) or Matlab Generate DDS using the sine table Two DDS for DTMF Write the DTMF signal to a le Plot the DTMF signal in Matlab
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Digital Modulation
BPSK QPSK 8-PSK QAM
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