ICTL

SMK PUTERI TITIWANGSA

Name : Sophia Adelle William
Class : 1 Usaha
Teacher : Miss Lim
COMPUTER
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry
out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of
operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one
kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element,
typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form ofmemory.
The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a
sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based
on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved
from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and
1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the
size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern
personal computers (PCs). In this eramechanical analog computers were
used for military applications.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of
times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the
space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices,
and mobile computers can be powered by smallbatteries. Personal
computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and
are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded
computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter
aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.



PART 1




GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS






FIRST GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS(1940-1959)
The first generation of computer were huge, slow, expensive and often
unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly
build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use
vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.

Presper Eckert and William Mauchly and Vacuum Tube

ENIAC
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the UNIVAC, which could calculate at
the rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.

UNIVAC


MARK 1
Hardware Technology :
New invention of hardware were needed with the new computer
technology.
VACUUM TUBE


The vacuum tube
was an extremely
important step of
the advancement
of computers.In a
computer, a
vacuum tube
which is an
electronic tube
about the size of
light bulbs, was
used as the
internal computer
components.
Thousands of
them were used.
PUNCHED CARD Punched card was
used to store
data.

MAGNETIC TAPE

Magnetic tape
was introduced in
1957. It was a
faster and a more
compact method
of storing data.
Using magnetic
tape became
more reliable and
cost-effective




Problems :
the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing
many problems in temperature regulation and climate control
the tubes also burnt out frequently
people operating the computer did not know that the problem was
in the programming machine
the second generation computer scientists invented something
new due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes




SECOND GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS(1959-1964)
1960s : Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of
mainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose digital
computers to use intergrated circuits.
1961: Dr. Hopper was instrumental in developing the COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language) programming language.
1963 : Ken Olsen, founder of DEC, produced the PDP-I, the first
minicomputer (G).


The famous computer scientists during the second generation era
were:

John Bardeen

Walter Houser Brattain

William Shockly
1. The creation of transistor spark the production of a wave of
second generation computer.
2. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronicsignals
across a resister.
3. Transistors had many advantages compared to other hardware
technology.




Transistor :
transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
they needed no warm up time
consumed less energy
generated much less heat
faster and more reliable








THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS(1964-1971)
1965 : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language developped by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr.
John Kemeny.
1969 : The Internet is started. (See History of the Internet)
1970 : Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004
microprocessor (G) chip.
1971 : Intel released the first microprocessor, a specialized
integrated circuit which was ale to process four bits of data at a
time. It also included its own arithmetic logic unit. PASCAL, a
structured programming language, was developed by Niklaus
Wirth.


IBM 360 Series
In the third generation era, the IBM 370 series were introduced in
1964. It came in several models and sizes.It was used for business
and scientific programs. Other computer models introduced were
CDC 7600 and B2500.



The development of integrated circuit (IC), signal the beginning of
the third generation computers. Silicone chips were manufactured
in 1961 at the Silicone Valley. Then came the integrated circuit
technology, which had reduced the size and cost of computers.


It is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicone. Which
is also known as semi conductor. Other than that, the Magnetic
Core Memory was replaced by a device called the microchip. Also
the first 256 bit RAM was introduced and it was the basis for
development of 1K bit RAM.




Advantages :
A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer
which allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as
necessary.

Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper.
Sold hardware and software separately which created the software
industry.
customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit
checks)










FOURTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS(1971-Present)
It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to evolve. The growth of
the computer industry developed technologies of computer
inventions. There are many types of computer models such as:
Apple Macintosh
IBM
DELL
ACER
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. In 1976, Steve Jobs
built the first Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its
first personal computer.
Steve Jobs


Bill Gates
Micheal
Dell

During the fourth generation, hardware technology such as silicone
chips, microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A
microprocessor is a specialized chip which is developed for
computer memory and logic.
Microprocessor
Silicone chips

The microprocessor is a large-scale integrated circuit which
contained thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip
are capable of performing all of the functions of a computer's central
processing unit.
Advantages :
Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC(Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer
Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
Personal and software industry boomed











FIFTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS(Present-Beyond)
The fifth generation computers are technologically advance and are
still being development to become more efficient.
The inventions of new hardware technology in the fifth generation
have grown rapidly including many other modern computer
devices such as :
silicone chips
processor
robotics
virtual reality
intelligent systems
programs which translate languages



silicone chips


processor

robotics


virtual reality - Virtual helmet

intelligent system


software to translate language



PART 2





COMPUTER ETHICS






COMPUTER ETHICS

Ethics deals with placing a value on acts according to whether
they are good or bad. Every society has its rules about
whether certain acts are ethical or not. These rules have been
established as a result of consensus in society and are often
written into laws.
When computers first began to be used in society at large, the
absence of ethical standards about their use and related issues
caused some problems. However, as their use became widespread
in every facet of our lives, discussions in computer ethics resulted
in some kind of a consensus. Today, many of these rules have
been formulated as laws, either national or
international. Computer crimes and computer fraud are now
common terms. There are laws against them, and everyone is
responsible for knowing what constitutes computer crime and
computer fraud.










THE 10 RULES OF
COMPUTER ETHICS

1. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.
2. You shall not interfere with other peoples computer work.
3. You shall not use a computer to steal.
4. You shall not copy or use a software for which you have not
paid illegally.
5. You shall not use other peoples computer resources without
permission or proper compensation
6. You shall not look around in other peoples ideas or work.
7. You shall not use a computer to give false identity.
8. You shall not correct other peoples ideas or work.
9. You shall think about the social effects of the program you are
writing or the system you are designing.
10. You shall not use a computer in ways that insure consideration
and respect for your fellow humans.








PART 3




PLAGIARISM






PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and
publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original
work. The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and
unclear rules. The modern concept of plagiarism
as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in
the 18th century.
Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach
of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like expulsion.


Plagiarism on the Internet
Content scraping is copying and pasting from websites and blogs.
Free online tools are becoming available to help identify
plagiarism, and there is a range of approaches that attempt to
limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing
warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages. Instances of
plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by
the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to
the offending site-owner, or to the ISP that is hosting the
offending site.







PART 4




INPUT DEVICE






INPUT DEVICE

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to the
computer, without any input devices, a computer would only
be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, much
like a TV. In the picture to the right, is a Logitech trackball
mouse and an example of an input device. Below is a listing of
all the different computer input devices that can be used on a
computer.

TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Digital Camera
- Scanner
- Webcam
- Microphone
- Remote
- Business card reader
- Gamepad , Joystick , Paddle , Steering wheel , and Microsoft
Kinect
- Medical imaging devices (e.g. X-Ray , CAT Scan , and
Ultrasound images)
- Optical Mark Reader (OMR)




PART 5




OUTPUT DEVICE






OUTPUT DEVICES
Any peripheral that receives or
displays output from a computer.
In the picture to the right, is an
inkjet printer and a good example
of an output device that can make
a hard copy of anything on a
computer. Below is a listing of all
the different computer output
devices found on a computer.

TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES
- Speakers
- Monitor
- Printer
- LCD Projector
- GPS
- Headphones
- Computer Output Microfilm (COM)






PART 6




STORAGE DEVICE






STORAGE
DEVICE
Alternatively referred to as storage,
storage media, or storage medium, a
storage device is a hardware device
capable of holding information. There
are two storage devices used in
computers; a primary storage device
such as computer RAM and a
secondary storage device such as a
computer hard drive. The secondary
storage could be a removable, internal, or external storage. In
the picture to the right, is an example of a Drobo, an external
secondary storage device.
Without a storage device, you and your computer would not be
able to save any settings or information and would be
considered a dumb terminal. Below, are some additional
examples of storage devices that are used with computers.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
- CD
- Pen drive
- Diskette
- Hard disk









Sophia Adelle William
1 Usaha
2013
ICTL


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THE
END

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