Combined

Task Force on Fault Current Limiter Testing
Frank C. Lambert Georgia Tech - NEETRAC
& Michael Mischa Steurer Center for Advanced Power Systems, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
Presented at the 8th EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN, Nov 12, 2008
New IEEE Task Force

Goal
Develop a guide for testing novel FCL technologies (SC and non-SC) Complements activities by CIGRE WG-A3.23
Scope
Identify FCL testing requirements from a utility point of view Identify specific testing needs regarding the different FCL technologies (e.g. superconducting vs. power electronics) Identify applicability of existing power equipment testing standards Recommend additional tests and testing procedures as needed Identify gaps in availability of testing capabilities and recommend power requirements for upgrading
11/12/2008
FCL_Testing_TF_EPRI-SC_Lambert_Steurer_12nov2008
New IEEE Task Force

Approach
Study and review novel fault current limiter (FCL) technologies for medium and high voltage systems. Map testing requirements against the needs by different FCL technologies Map testing requirements against existing power equipment testing standards Map testing requirements against available laboratory capabilities Coordinate with other technical committees, groups, societies and associations as required
Status
New IEEE task force was approved by the IEEE Switchgear Committee in October 2008 We still need participants!
First meeting possible during the Joint Technical Committee Meetings in Atlanta (http://www.pestechnical.com) January 12 15, 2009 Next regular meeting of the IEEE Switchgear Committee will be in Asheville, NC, May 3 7, 2009
11/12/2008 FCL_Testing_TF_EPRI-SC_Lambert_Steurer_12nov2008 3
NEETRAC Fault Current Limiter Needs Assessment Survey Goal

Help target and direct FCL development towards applications with the maximum potential benefit for utilities
Approach
NETRAC customer sponsored 10-page survey
Planning, Substation Engineering/Design Operations/Maintenance Protection & Control
Individual utility responses will be collected and aggregated by NEETRAC Only composite results will be distributed to sponsoring NEETRAC members, survey participants, and CIGRE WG A3.23
Status
Revisions of the survey questions are possible until mid of January 2009 Interested parties please contact Frank Lambert
Email Phone Fax
11/12/2008
frank.lambert@neetrac.gatech.edu 404-675-1855 404-675-1820

FCL_Testing_TF_EPRI-SC_Lambert_Steurer_12nov2008 4
Eighth Annual Superconductivity Conference Cigre WG A3.23 Update

Ashok Sundaram Senior Project Manager EPRI asundara@epri.com (650) 855-2304 November 12th-13th, 2008 Doubletree, OakRidge, TN Hosted by DOE and ORNL
New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of fault current limiters in power systems
Met in Erlangen, Germany (near Nuremberg) hosted by Mr. Heino Schmitt of Siemens on Sept 3rd & 4th , 2008 Twenty members selected worldwide to serve on this WG picked on a competitive basis from a large number of applicants Scope of the WG A3.23 is as follows: Build on WG A3.10 and A3.16 and draw to a close A3s investigation into FCLs Location of FCL installation Different type of FCLs Experience from former and new pilot projects Feasibility of application of conventional and novel FCLs Acceptance issues and how to overcome them Customer system requirements (fault level, insulation coordination, power quality and stability) Interactions with protection and other control and power devices Potential economical savings (examples from utility experiences)
2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of fault current limiters in power systems
Time Schedule 3 years Deliverables: Technical brochure and report in Electra Sessions symposium papers as appropriate Tutorial material (enhancing that available from previous WGs) Next Meeting Early March 2009 sponsored by Zenergy (formerly SCPower) in South San Francisco for a 2 days followed by a field visit to SCE to observe testing of Zenergy Superconducting FCL at the Avanti circuit of the future. Non members of the WG are welcome to attend and provide input but cannot participate in voting on motions passed.
Reports from Cigre on Fault Current Limiters

Cigre Technical Brochure No 239 (WG A3.10) December 2003. Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems Cigre Technical Brochure No 339 (WG A3.16) February 2008 Guideline on the impacts of fault current limiting devices on protection systems
HTS Cables Status of Standards Work

David Lindsay Southwire Company EPRI HTS Conference Oak Ridge, TN 12 Nov 2008
IEEE (www.ieee.org)
IEEE
PES Power & Energy Society
ICC Insulated Conductor Committee

C22D
C22D Superconducting Cables

Inactive past ~5 years Re-activated in Oct 2008 Discussion Group = no formal task for standard development at this time. Chair = David Lindsay
Cigre (www.cigre.org)
Cigre International Council on Large Electric Systems
Study Committee B1 Insulated Cables
TF B1.31 Testing of Superconducting Cable Systems

Created August 2008 1 year duration Provide terms of reference of future WG Convenor = David Lindsay
Cigre guides for HV/EHV cable are typically used as base for new IEC standards.
Proposal for US Sub-Committee on HTS Standards

From Lance Cooley IEEE-CSC Standards Chair And Bill Hassenzahl Past IEEE-CSC Standards Chair
IEEE-CSC Standards
IEEE Council on Superconductivity recognizes and supports standards activities
Hosted discussions 2004-2007 that led to new IECTC90 working group on HTS current leads Acts as liaison between individuals, organizations (EPRI, IEEE, NEMA, Labs, Companies), and countries (IEC, VAMAS, CIGRE) Request to IEEE-CSC from Japanese National Committee for US participation in further work
Proposal: IEEE-CSC will continue support as a liaison until a more formal organization is formed and funding can be secured
JNC-IEC Proposal
At the Berlin IEC TC-90 meeting the JNC proposed the creation of an ad hoc group to discuss the validity of the general requirements of HTS (document available). The result of voting was 3 agreements(Japan, Korea and Poland) and 2 abstention (Germany and China). So the ad hoc group became possible to start. Professor Osamura was nominated as the Rapporteur. His comments to LD Cooley of the IEEE-CSC were:
1) The group should be organized by the experts from USA, Germany, Poland, China, Korea Japan and possibly others. 2) I feel this is very tough job for getting any reasonable conclusion whether its creation is valid or not. 3) So I would like to collect comprehensively opinions from the experts and also from people relating to SC science and technology. Please give me your opinion on this matter. And I would like to ask you to recommend the experts from USA.
Cooley replied that we need to have general discussions in the USA and that we would provide a formal response in December 2008.
New IEC Ad-Hoc Group

October 9, 2008 Secretary IEC/TC90 Ad-hoc Group 3: Standardization of Superconducting Wires Task: To study standardization issues on Superconducting wires and to report a result at the next TC90 meeting Member Kozo Osamura (Japan) Rapporteur Koichi Nakao (Japan) Jeonwook CHO (Korea) Jacek Sosnowski (Poland) TBD (USA) Cooley (as of 11/7/08) TBD (China) e-mail address kozo_osamura@rias.or.jp nakao@istec.or.jp jwcho@keri.re.kr sosnow@iel.waw.pl
Motivation
Groundwork by EPRI, IEEE-CSC, AEA DOE and others is working towards defining an effective organization Activity in, and request from, Japan requires a response at some level HTS conductors are becoming defined; end uses are developing; products are not yet there --- ripe for groundwork.
Potential US Committee Members approached by Cooley

DOE: Haught IEEE-CSC: Cooley, Levy EPRI: Eckroad NIST: Goodrich NEMA: Liebowitz AFRL: Barnes NRL: Gubser NHMFL: Larbalestier ORNL: Lee LANL: Marken GE: Bray AmSC: Maguire, Fleshler SuPwr: Xie, Martchevskii AEA: Hassenzahl
Action items for coming year

Hold a workshop Define an organizational structure Prepare a Formal US response to JNC-IEC Seek support Assess landscape and needs
Current leads already in progress WG1 begin work on terminology WG2 some characterizations need standards Activities by CIGRE, EPRI, NEMA
USA Formal Response to JNC

Details TBD Suggest forming an ad hoc committee (following the IEC plan) within the US with some or all of the individuals listed above. Suggest that the chair be from the IEEE-CSC and that this organization act as a coordinator for activities. During a workshop early in 2009 determine areas where standards are needed, both now and in the future. Address national and international issues in the standards area and how to establish a level playing field.
An Assessment of Fault Current Limiter Testing Requirements

Brian Marchionini & Ndeye K. Fall
Energetics Incorporated
Dr. Michael Mischa Steurer

Florida State University EPRI Superconductivity Conference, November 12-13, 2008
What is a FCL and How Does it Work?
Very Low Impedance
Fault
Project Purpose and Scope
Identify testing requirements for advanced electricitydelivery devices such as fault current limiters Make an assessment of the existing capabilities of testing facilities in the U.S. and internationally Perform a gap analysis to determine where existing testing capabilities and facilities fall short The scope of the project includes solid-state and superconducting-based fault current limiters Focuses on projects sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy
Methodology
Subject SubjectMatter MatterExpert ExpertInterviews Interviews Testing TestingFacility Facility Capabilities Capabilities
Testing TestingNeeds Needs
Gap GapAnalysis Analysis
Organizations Contacted
Electrivation
Types of Testing
Category Research and Development Tests Type Tests Description Electrical and mechanical tests performed in a laboratory and conducted during development. Performed to demonstrate the adequacy of designs and materials of a system. Generally required when there is a significant change in materials or the manufacturing process. Tests performed to detect shipping or installation damage. Also reveals defects in workmanship. Verify that the device meets specifications before leaving the factory. IEC definition A test made before supplying of a general commercial basis of a system in order to satisfactory long term performance of the complete system. Field tests during the lifetime of a system to detect deterioration. Specialized tests designed to obtain specific information. Immediately needed x
Commissioning Tests Factory Production Tests Long-Term Prequalification Tests Maintenance Tests Special-Purpose Tests
Based on Table 3-2, on test categories for underground cable in EPRI Specifying and Testing HTS Power Equipment (Report number TBD)
Specifications for DOEs FCL Projects

Specification AMSC Resistive FCL 3-phase, transmission voltage Low-inductance bifilar coil switching module technology using 2G wire 138 kV, 2000 A Class (115 kV, 1200 Amps at SCE site); 3-phase 2050% Reduction 37 % at SCE (63 kA to 40 kA) Cable, Transformer Silicon Power SuperPower Resistive FCL Matrix design has parallel, 2G HTS elements and conventional coils Zenergy Power DC-based iron core One DC first-generation HTS coil for a three-phase AC FCL Saturable reactor-type FCL Suitable for 2G materials, when available
Design
Uses high power semiconductors Super-gate turn-off thyristor (SGTO)
Ratings (final design) Fault Current Reduction Testing Protocol Basis
69 kV; 3,000 Amps; 3-phase 50% reduction of an 80 kA fault Transformer, Reactor, and Circuit Breaker
138 kV; 1200 Amps; 3-phase 20%50% reduction Transformer, Reactor, and Circuit Breaker
138 kV; 2,000 to 4,000 Amps steady-state; 3-phase 20% to 40% reduction of a 60 kA to 80 kA fault Transformer
Current Status and Future Requirements of FCLs

Zenergy 100
Line-Line Voltage / kV rms
Transmission Distribution
SuperPower AMSC Silicon Power
Full Scale
10
Zenergy AMSC Silicon Power Current Status
1 SuperPower 0.1 0.1
Resistive HTS Saturated Iron Core Solid State
1 Rated Current / kA rms
10
Examples of Test Facility Capabilities

Name Location Insulation Test (MV) at zero current AC 50/60 Hz Lightning Impulse 1/2/50s DC Current Test (kA) at zero voltage Fault No-load voltage (kV) High-Power Test Maximum (Surge) Power Rating (MVA) Continuous Power (MVA) @ nominal voltage (kV) Kind of Source(s) for the Lab
KEMA KEMA Power Tech ORNL LANL
Chalfont, PA 0.55 Arnhem, The 1.00 Netherlands Vancouver, 0.80 Canada Oak Ridge, 0.2 TN
0.80 2.60 3.00 0.8
0.10 1.00 1.00 0.3 0.025
50 for 1 s 13.8 63 for 0.5 s.
3250
N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 @ 13.4 400 for 1 s 1000 MVA at 18 kV N/A 7.5 @ 4.16 1.5 @ 0.48 6.2 @ 4.16 1.5 @ 0.48
15 @50Hz 8400 390 for 0.42 s. 17@60Hz 110 for 3 s. 13.6 1500 50 4 (100 for ~1 sec. with upgrade) 0.3 (0.6 with upgrade) N/A 1400
Short-circuit generators rated for 1,000 and 2,250 MVA parallel operation possible 4 short-circuit generators, 2,100 MVA each Power system grid (12,000 MVA) DC and AC power supplies 13.4-kV power grid; 1400 MVA generator Short-circuit generator rated 4800 MVA at 18 kV 2.2 MV, 220 kJ Impulse generator 1MV Cascade Transformer 60 Hz power system grid fed from 12.47 kV Variable frequency and voltage converter
Los Alamos, 0.138 (with N/A NM upgrade) Changwon, Korea Atlanta, GA 400 kV 1.00
KERI NEETRAC Florida State UniversityCAPS
4200 kV, 50 400 kV, 154 kA @ 24, 48, 72, 4800 MVA s 10 mA 50/60 Hz at 96 kV 18 kV 2.20 1.00 25 for 2 s .12 N/A 0.14 0.14 84 13 7 1.7 13 4.8 (DC) 0.385 0.48 4.16 4.16 0.48 1.15 (DC) 130 N/A
Tallahassee, 0.1 FL
Testing Facility Gaps

Source Capacity KEMA Holland Source Capacity PowerTech Source Capacity KEMA PA Source Capacity KEMA Holland with Ideal 4x Transformer
80
Voltage across FCL (kV)
Silicon Power 80 kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction Silicon Power 80 kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction Zenergy 80 kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction Zenergy 80 kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction SuperPower 90kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction SuperPower 90kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction
60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Limited Current (kA)
Major Findings Part 1

T&D equipment testing facilities can provide voltage and current to adequately test FCLs at the distribution level There is no place that has the capabilities to test FCLs at transmission-level current and voltage levels simultaneously While there is a need to conduct high voltage-current tests, synthetic tests, similar to the ones used for circuit breakers, may be sufficient for certain tests There are a number of experts who believe advanced modeling and simulation may possibly substitute for certain tests
Zenergys FCL Device
Commercial testing facilities are not always conducive for advanced design and prototype testing for R&D projects Commercial T&D equipment testing facilities tend to be costly, busy, and difficult to schedule There are approximately 100 testing facilities around the world and these are equipped and managed to conduct routine tests of existing or market-ready devices to meet known standards and protocols
AMSCs FCL module testing
Today there are no common guidelines for testing prototype high-temperature superconducting (HTS) and solid-state FCLs and for integrating these devices with the electric system Testing procedures have been and will continue to be developed by FCL device manufacturers and their utility R&D partners and will vary depending on the design of the equipment and the application This lack of standards complicates the testing process as each trip to the testing facility has unique requirements, protocols, and procedures The existence of standards could help expedite and accelerate the testing process
Conclusions
There is a need for testing facilities that have the flexibility to respond to the special requirements of R&D projects Given the unique capabilities of fault current limiters there is an expectation that utilities will allow prototype FCLs to be installed and tested on their own systems, before they have been simultaneously tested for high current and high voltage There is a need to continue the discussion on FCL testing recommendations
SuperPowers FCL module testing
Questions?
Brian Marchionini bmarchionini@energetics.com 202-406-4109 Michael Mischa Steurer steurer@caps.fsu.edu 850-644-1629
Calculating required voltage
System impedance w/o FCL (1)= Single phase voltage/Fault current Required FCL impedance (2)= Single phase voltage/Limited fault current Required voltage drop = (1-2) X Reduced fault current
Development of Test Protocol for 15kV Class Solid-State Fault Current Limiter
Ashok Sundaram EPRI asundara@epri.com (650) 855-2304
Mahesh Gandhi Silicon Power Corp. mahesh_gandhi@siliconpower.com (484) 913-1520
9:30AM 10:00AM
SSCL Program Overview SSCL Test Protocol
SSCL design SSCL field test circuits SSCL test protocol
Performance Verification testing at KEMA Pre-connection test (dielectric, partial discharge, etc.) Field operations testing (Steady-state test & Transient performance)
Ashok Sundaram Mahesh Gandhi
Silicon Power Corporation Proprietary
EPRIs Smart Grid Power-electronic based Technologies

SOLID-STATE BREAKER COMPENSATED VOLTAGE, POWER FACTOR HARMONICS,
SENSITIVE LOAD
DSTATCOM
SSCL
REDUCED SAGS, TRANSIENTS, HARMONICS
ENERGY STORAGE
DYNAMIC NON-LINEAR LOAD
DVR SENSITIVE LOAD UNINTERRUPTED SUPPLY
ENERGY STORAGE
SSTS
CRITICAL LOAD IUT
RESIDENTIAL LOAD
Fault Current Management

Growth in the generation of electrical energy and an increased interconnection of the networks and distributed generation leads to higher fault currents Higher fault causes more stress on the system reducing the life of critical components such as transformers and has adverse impacts on grounding. The growth in capacity requires replacing existing circuit breakers with higher fault current ratings. Major cost impact and down time.
Pat Duggan - ConEdison

Fault Current Limiting functionality is a critical enabler for open access for new transmission and generation, and more cost effective infrastructure upgrades and replacements. In addition fault current limiters can mitigate recovery time of superconducting cables and give selected DGs an advanced option to serve peak loads after external faults.
FCL Technology Taxonomy

New terminology as defined in previous EPRI FCL study now adopted by CIGRE WGa3.16 Permanent impedance increase during nominal and fault conditions Old term: passive Splitting into sub grids Introducing a higher voltage range Splitting of bus bars High impedance transformers Current limiting reactors Condition based impedance increase Small impedance at nominal load fast increase of impedance at fault Old term: active Fuse based devices (< 36 kV) Stand alone HV fuse (< 1 kA) Sequential Commutating Current Limiters (< 5 kA) tripping novel concepts Superconductors Semiconductors Hybrid systems
Topological measures
Apparatus measures
Topological measures
6
Apparatus measures
69 kV SSCL EPRI / DOE

Outline of 69kV, 1000A, 1Ph Unit
SSFCL looks like a Transformer Tank Size - 12h x 12w x 12d OFAF Cooling System Size - 10h x 5w x 7d Total weight 80,000 lbs Local / Remote Control
15 kV 1200A SSCL CEC/SCE/EPRI Project

Voltage Class Number of phases Frequency Current rating Fault current Let-thru current Let-thru current duration BIL rating Size Weight 15 kV 3 60 HZ 1200 A 23 kA 9 kA 30 cycles 110 kV 12 H 11 W 12D 40 000 lbs
SSCL Program Team

DOE / Washington HQ DOE / Chicago EPRI Project manager Villanova University SSCL Developer SSCL Commercializer Technical Consultant Utility Advisors - Gil Bindewald - Stephen Waslo - Ashok Sundaram - Dr. Amy Fleischer - Silicon Power Corp. - Howard Industries - Dr. Laszlo Guygyi - Pat Duggan (ConEd) - Pat Dilillo (ConEd) - Sanjay Bose (ConEd) EPRI P37D Task Force on Advanced Solid-State Substations Techniques Chair: Jim Houston Alabama Power Company
Current Limiting Effect
2007 R&D100 Award Winner SGTO Device - Performance Driver
10
SSCL Concept
Design Features: No cryogenics Immediate recovery Fail safe No current distortions SuperGTO Lower losses Reduced Overall size and weight Modular design expandable to desired Voltage & Current Ratings Operation:
iLINE Line reactance
Limiting Inductor Main SGTO switch
Circuit Breaker
Auxiliary SGTO switch Commutation Inductor
Commutation Capacitor
Varistor
Normally the continuous current flows thru the fast speed switch (Main SGTO). Once the fault is sensed by high-speed sensor and declared by FPGA board, the current is commutated to Limiting Inductor (CLR). Introduction of CLR will limit the current to the level below the rating of the downstream breaker. The downstream breaker will trip and open the ckt within 30 cycles.
Silicon Power Corporation Proprietary 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
SSCL Architecture
VLC Voltage Level Controller
12
SSCL Design
SGTO Module 800A 5kV
Standard Building Block 44L x 13w x 15h, 100 lbs
Power Stack 90h x 66w x 46d 1800 lbs
15kV 1200A Final Assembly 11h x 12w x 12d, 40,000 lbs including Oil
13
SSCL Accessories
14
SSCL Ratings
Parameters Rated Maximum Voltage, kV rms Rated Continuous Current, Ampere rms Rated Power Frequency Available fault current, kA rms Rated Let-thru Current, kA rms Rated Let-thru Current Duration, cycles Rated Dielectric Power Frequency 1 min dry kV, rms Impulse, Full-wave Withstand, kV peak Impulse, Chopped-wave Withstand, kV peak Ambient Temp, Degree C Rated Control Power, V DC or AC, 60Hz, 1ph SSCL Power Efficiency Line Voltage drop Line Harmonic Distortion Partial discharge Audible sound test 69kV 72.5 1000 60 80 40 30 160 350 452 40 / 50 125 DC 99.75% 0.3% None TBD TBD 15kV 15.5 1200 60 23 9 30 50 110 142 120 AC 125 DC 4000 11 5.5
100 pC/19.5kV 55dBA/20 58dBA/6
15
SSCL Field Test Circuits
16
Inherently Fault Current Limiting Cable + Stand Alone Fault Current Limiter Demonstration
Substation
Hi
gh wa y
Fault Current Limiter
Refrigeration
et e r St
Generating Station
Substation (new)
17
SSCL Application In ConEd

East 75th Street Substation
CBT1SE CBT2SE CBT3SE
SSFCL in two locations

CBT4SE
To 74440
T1 CBT1E
To 74441
T2 CBT2E
To 74442
T3 CBT3E SSFCL CBT3W
To 74443
T4 CBT4E SSFCL CBT4W
CBT1W
CBT2W
CBT1SW
CBT2SW
CBT3SW
CBT4SW
York Substation
CBT1SE CBT2SE CBT3SE HTS Cable To 74416 T1 CBT1E To 74417 T2 CBT2E To 74485 T3 CBT3E
CBT1W
CBT2W
CBT3W
CBT1SW
CBT2SW F8
CBT3SW
ConEd 138 kV system equivalent from PSS/E data base
One fault location Most severe case

HTS cable PI circuit equivalent from Southwire data sheet
18
SCEs Avanti circuit a.k.a circuit of the future

Shandin Substation
Fiber Optic Duct temp Monitoring System
SCADA System Gateway
Northpark
Solid State Fault Current Limiter

Comm. Fiber
12KV
Circuit Tie Switch Tie RCS
Typ. Load Transformer
RAR
G
Distributed Generation
USAT
SEL 2100 Logic Processor
Tie RCS
Sweetwater 12KV
Tie RCS Circuit Tie Switch
RCI 1 VFI/Remote Controlled Switch
Multi-Stage Capacitor Banks
Secondary Network
RCI 2
RCI 3
19
15kV 1200A SSCL Test Protocol
20
Controlled Testing at KEMA Power Lab

Dielectric Test Power frequency Voltage Withstand Test Full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests Chopped wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests Insulation test by power factor measurement (Dobble test) Insulation test by resistance measurement (Megger test) Partial Discharge Test CLR resistance & impedance measurement Current Limiting Test Efficiency (power loss) Test (Steady state Operation test) Continuous Current Carrying Test/ Temperature Test (Steady state Operations test) Audible sound test
21
Tests at Southern California Edison

Tests at SSID facility: Insulation test by power factor measurement (Dobble test) Insulation test by resistance measurement (Megger test) Partial Discharge test Tests at Shandin Sub-station: Pre-connection testing Visual Inspection Tank Pressure test Insulation/Dielectric tests Insulation test by power factor measurement (Dobble test) Insulation test by resistance measurement (Megger test) Field evaluation testing Steady-State and Transient (at fault) performances
22
Power frequency Voltage withstand Test

Tests SSCL dielectric integrity against the continuous operating voltages. 60Hz sine-wave voltage of rated amplitude is applied for 60seconds from SSCL line terminals to ground. Leakage current is monitored Wet test procedure - The wet tests are made only on outdoor SSCL or on external components such as bushings, in accordance with the procedure described in IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991.
Note: For those bushings, where their voltage distribution is negligibly influenced by their surroundings, and which have been tested separately as individual bushings in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991, the tests need not be repeated on the assembled SSCL.
23
Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Test schematic
24
Full-wave Impulse withstand Voltage Test

Tests to verify their ability to withstand their rated full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltages. Both positive and negative, lightning impulse voltages having a peak value equal or greater than the rated full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltage shall be applied between the terminals of the SSCL and the ground / case. Waveform for lightning impulse tests per IEEE Std 4
Positive Impulse
Negative Impulse
25
Full Wave Impulse Test Schematic
AC Source
26
Chopped-wave impulse withstand voltage Test

To verify their ability to withstand their
assigned rated chopped wave lightning impulse withstand voltage. The voltage shall be applied to the terminals of the SSCL, without causing damage or producing a flashover, following the same procedure as for full-wave impulse test. The waveform and application of the chopped wave test voltage, and the type of rod gap and its location, shall be as described in IEEE Std 4-1978
27
Schematic for Chopped Wave Impulse Test
28
Fault Current Limiting tests

Objective: The current-limiting test of the SSCL is to demonstrate the
current-limiting performance and the related capabilities. Test set up: Adjust the source impedance and voltage such that it provides Available fault current at power factor of not to exceed 5.9% lagging, equivalent to X/R = 17 at 60 Hz (11kA @ 600V for AMSC 15kV SSCL) Operating condition: Run SSCL at continuous current operation and limit current at fault Close SSCL on fault and limit the let-thru current Test Sequence Pilot shot at 25% of rated let-thru fault current Intermediate shot at 40-50% 25% of rated let-thru fault current Final shots at 100% of rated let-thru fault current
29
Efficiency tests
Objective: The of the test is to evaluate the SSCL performance for power
losses at various current levels. Test conditions Input At the lower end of operating voltage range and higher end of input frequency. Output / load At 25%/50%/75% and rated load current, and 0.85 lagging power factor.
30
Continuous Current / Temp Rise tests

Test conditions Ambient Room temp. Output 3ph bolted short. Input Voltage Variable low voltage enough to provide 25% and gradual rise to 50%-75% and finally to rated load current. Temp. Monitoring Built in Heatsink temp. sensors Cooling liquid temp (Top, Mid, and lower level) Tank (top, bottom, middle on both sides)
31
Pre-installation test
Visual Inspection SSCL once received at site an external inspection of the SSCL tank and fittings will be done which will include the following points: 1. Is there any indication of external damage? 2. Is the paint finish damaged? 3. Are the attached fittings loose or damaged? 4. Is there evidence of fluid leakage on or around the tank coolers? 5. Are any of the bushings broken or damaged? 6. Is there any visible damage to the parts or packaging which shipped separately from the SSCL?
32
Pre-installation test
Tank Pressure The tank pressure may be positive or negative when received, depending
on liquid temperature. In some cases, the vacuum pressure gauge may read zero, which could indicate a tank leak. In such cases, it is recommended to contact manufacturer before installation.
Dielectric tests Dielectric tests are the group of tests during which the SSCL will be
subjected to higher voltage levels and therefore higher voltage stresses than would normally be experienced in service. The purpose is to confirm that the design, manufacture and processing of the SSCL and insulation structure and materials are adequate to provide many years of satisfactory life. Recommended test is power frequency voltage withstand at reduced level to 75% of rating.
33
Field Performance Evaluation

Steady-state and Transient Performance
Objective: The objective of this test is evaluate the SSCL
performance in the field under Steady-State and transient condition of the system in which the SSCL is connected. Test Monitoring: Steady state voltage and current sensors. High speed voltage and current sensors. Power Monitor and data recorder Temp. and Pressure Sensors
34

BYPASS SWITCH
SCE 15kV LINE Line Breaker
SCE
SSCL
15kV No-load DISC. SWITCH LINE
Sequence of Operation: Turn-ON: Close Bypass Switch. Close Load Disc Switch. Close Line Breaker. Open Bypass switch. Turn-on SSCL. Turn-OFF: Turn-off SSCL. Close Bypass switch. Open Line Breaker. Open Load Disc Switch.
35
36
Real time monitoring and analysis

Temp. Alarm
Pressure alarm Power monitoring - V, I, kVA, KVAR Gas relay alarm Fault data records SITE REQUIREMENT: AC Aux Power Internet Access Working Space
37
Thank you
38
Status of High Temperature Superconductor Cable and Fault Current Limiter Projects at American Superconductor
J. F. Maguire and J. Yuan
EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN November 12-13, 2008
Agenda
HTS Projects at AMSC HTS Project Objectives and Milestones Development Results of HTS Projects Conclusions
HTS Projects at AMSC
Cable Projects
- Transmission Voltage
LIPA 1 (BSCCO Wires) LIPA 2 (YBCO Wires)
- Distribution Voltage
Project Hydra Consolidated Edison
Fault Current Limiter Project

- Transmission Voltage
Southern California Edison
Projects Objectives
LIPA 1
Demonstrate a transmission voltage level HTS cable and outdoor terminations in an operational power transmission grid Demonstrate a 2G HTS transmission cable and a cable joint in an operational power transmission grid. Demonstrate an FCL cable technology and repairable cryostat. Demonstrate modular refrigeration system. Demonstrate HTS fault current limiting link between substations. Demonstrate feasibility of an underground installation of a fault current limiting HTS system in population condensed urban area Demonstrate standalone HTS fault current limiter based on 2G wires in an operational power transmission grid. Introduce HV into FCL
LIPA 2
Hydra Project FCL
Projects Specifications
LIPA 1
600m long using BSCCO wires
138kV/2400A, ~ 576 MVA Fault Current 51kA @ 12 line cycle (200ms) 600m long using YBCO wires 138kV/2400A, ~ 576 MVA Fault Current 51kA @ 12 line cycle (200ms)
LIPA 2
Hydra Project FCL
320m long using YBCO wires 13.8kV/4000A, ~ 96 MVA Fault Current 40kA @ 4 line cycle (67ms) 138kV/ 1200A Fault Current 63kA @ 4 line cycle (67ms) Fault Current reduction rate 36% (limit to 40kA)
Projects Timelines
Year LIPA 1
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
LIPA 2
HYDRA
FCL
Project Partners
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Development Results of HTS Projects LIPA 1

Transmission Voltage Cable Project Long Island Power Authority New York
LIPA 1 Project Team
Installation Site
Port Jefferson Shoreham
Wading River
Miller Place Terryville
Centereach
Superconductor
Holbrook Substation
10
Major Challenges of LIPA 1 Project

System Design
138 kV, 2,400 amp operation Survive 51 kA @ 200 ms fault Manage Through-Faults Manage larger cold contraction
HTS Conductor Design

- Handle real-world cabling stress using standard manufacturing equipment
Termination Design
- Qualify to 138 kV operation, 650 kV BIL - Safely manage voltage breakdown - Manage results from loss of cryostat vacuum
Worlds First Installation of a Transmission Voltage HTS Cable
11
LIPA 1 HTS Cable System
Power
SCADA
Heat
HV Termination
Cold Termination
Return Redundant Cooling & Control
Supply
12
Bulk LN2 Storage
LIPA 1 HTS Cable Design

Outer Cable Sheath LN2 Coolant HTS Tape Former
High Voltage Dielectric HTS-Shield Outer Cryostat Wall Copper Shield Stabilization Inner Cryostat Wall
13
Prototype Testing
A test program has been
defined together with the DOE review team based on existing standards
Tests included
- High voltage dielectric tests - High current tests - Hydraulic tests - Load cycles - Loss measurements
Type test performed prior starting manufacturing
14
Pre-Construction
15
Installation - Terminations
Terminations were
installed with the cable phase in place
No issues identified
during termination work
16
Installation - Terminations
Terminations were
installed with the cable phase in place
No issues identified
during termination work
17
Installation - Cable Pulling

Cable pulling operation was tested using a 70
meter long test setup to verify method and estimate force
Cable puling on site was achieved without

issues
Vacuum level of cryostat was checked before

and after pull
Pulling force was recorded and compared to

estimated values
Cable Pulling Force
20000 18000 16000 14000
Force [N]
10000 9000
. theoritical curve total (coef f 0,24) therotical (rolls) theoritical (cable in PE pipe)
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
8000 7000
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Distance [m]
Force (N)
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 HTS cable distance in the PE pipe (m)
18
Refrigeration substation
19
Cable cool down

LIPA Cooldown Termination Temperature
PT 101 300 275 250 225 PT 601 model model
Predicted
Temperature (K)
200 175 150 125 100 75 50 0 48 96 Time (hours) 144 192 240
Actual
20
Cable Energization
AC-High Voltage test
completed successfully
- 1.5 Uo applied at each phase for one hour - PD measurement completed No partial discharge detected
24 hour dielectric soak test

completed successfully
- Cable connected to LIPA grid at one end
Cable connection at both ends

completed on April 22nd
- Operation with parallel overhead line for 24 hours - Operation without parallel path Cable Commissioning Successfully Completed afterwards
21
Cable Operation - Measurements

The cable system is monitored
regarding a variety of parameters to - Ensure safe operation - Gain measurement data to compare with design results Measurement data analyzed so far: - Cable cool down behavior - Cable cryostat thermal loss - Nitrogen pressure drop - Temperature increase due to dielectric loss - Temperature increase due to ACloss - Thermal behavior of termination (bushing) - Cable system time constants Cable System Measurements in very good Agreement with Design Results
22
Steady State Operation (I)

90 80 70
Phase Current (A) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Phase R Phase S Phase T
60 Total MVA 50 40 30 20 10 0 7/2/08 12:00 AM
50 0 7/2/08 12:00 AM 7/3/08 12:00 AM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
7/3/08 12:00 AM
23
Steady State Operation (II)
73
15.0 Inlet Pressure
700
72 Return Temperature 71
LN2 Pressure (bara)
14.5
600 LN2 Mass Flow Rate (g/s)
Temperature (K)
14.0 Flow Rate 13.5
500
70
400
69
13.0 Return Pressure
300
68 Inlet Temperature 67
12.5 200
66 7/2/08 12:00 AM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
7/3/08 12:00 AM
12.0 7/2/08 12:00 AM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
100 7/3/08 12:00 AM
24
Sound Issues
Several questions regarding
noise at the site (during operation)
Conducted sound study

- 35 db at ambient - Source: refrigerator building - 50 db with refrigerator running
Acoustical Louvers
- Lowered sound signature during operation to 38 db (modeled)
25
Sound & Site Mitigation
26
Development Results of HTS Projects LIPA 2

Transmission Voltage Cable Project Long Island Power Authority New York
27
LIPA 2 Project Team
28
Major Challenges of LIPA II Project

System Design
- Integrate single phase fault current limiting phase into the existing system
2G HTS Conductor Design

- Address real-world cabling stress using standard manufacturing equipment
Cable Design
- Demonstrate field joint - Demonstrate field reparable cryostat
Develop a 20 KW modular high efficiency refrigerator
29
LIPA II HTS Cable System
Existing HV Termination Existing Cold Termination

Power SCADA
Heat
Replacement 2G Phase
Field Joint
Return Redundant Cooling & Control
Supply
30
Bulk LN2 Storage
LIPA 2 HTS Cable Concept

Inner Cryostat Wall LN2 Coolant Cable conductor has to be redesigned for thermal contraction (and current limiting)
HTS-Shield Copper Shield High Voltage Dielectric Stabilization to be removed
Outer Cryostat Wall
31
LIPA 2 Wire
YBCO Coated Tapes
- Lower Tc, higher resistance substrate: Can be made to be current-limiting - Different dimensions and physical properties:
YBCO coated onto one side of buffered Ni-W substrate Brass laminated onto both sides
~ 0.3 mm thick, splices even thicker
Splices are being developed
32
Cable design and manufacturing process

Dummy cable approach to develop the
cable design
- Develop cable design based on modified modeling tools - Manufacturing of short samples
Measurement of electrical characteristics (AC-loss)

- Manufacturing trials using industrial machine adapted to HTS tape stranding - Testing of samples in terms of mechanical and high voltage aspects
Status
- Two different design options considered - First manufacturing trials (dummy cables) focus on one of the two designs
33
Dummy cable 01 - Current Status

Hollow flexible former
- Dummy cable is being produced now - Superior concept
Only small force due to thermal contraction Small cross-section, stainless steel:
High resistance, good for current limitation - Requires some effort due to flexibility of former in the machine - Preferred design
34
High Voltage Termination

LIPA 1 terminations design is kept for this project but adapted for the new YBCO HTS cable:
- Removal of the cable termination shrinkage management (blocking of the cable) - Adaptation of the cable connection for 2G wires
Status:
- Updating of the cable connection is in progress with different new brazing alloys studied - Continuation of the development required now some LIPA 2 cable samples in order to achieved some connection and mechanical tests and improved the components
35
High Voltage Termination

LIPA 1 terminations design is kept for this project but adapted for the new YBCO HTS cable:
- Removal of the cable termination shrinkage management (blocking of the cable) - Adaptation of the cable connection for 2G wires
Status:
- Updating of the cable connection is in progress with different new brazing alloys studied - Continuation of the development required now some LIPA 2 cable samples in order to achieved some connection and mechanical tests and improved the components
36
Superconducting Cable Joint

HTS cable joint
- Develop and test a straight joint to connect superconducting cables
Design of conductor connection Design of joint dielectric insulation Design of screen connection Design of joint cryostat
Cryostat for subscale test Cryostat for on site installation - Full prototype test of cable joint in the laboratory - Installation of a single cable joint on site
37
Status: High Voltage Joint

A first joint design has been set up considering two main physical constraints
- Thermal: no overheating in the central cable connection with nominal current (not in direct contact with liquid nitrogen)
- Electrical: E field management in an optimum dimension of the joint
Prototypes for testing assembly procedures successfully prepared and tested with nominal current in LN2 (temperature measurement)
38
Status: High Voltage Joint

The first design of the joint has been assembled in NEXANS Hanover testing laboratory in June/July 2008 First results on this component achieved in September 2008 AC withstand test 190 kV / 30 min Lightning impulse test 650 kV (+/-) Partial discharge measurement
39
Joint in the Test Field

Inlet Termination (Connection to the Transformer) Outlet Termination with the Joint inside
25 m Coated Conductor Cable
40
Field Repairable Cryostat

Field repairable cryostat
- Perform optimization study to determine cryostat vacuum barrier distance based on - Develop and demonstrate vacuum barrier manufacturing techniques - Develop improved thermal insulation system to perform under repair vacuum conditions - Demonstrate field repair in laboratory
Status of work
- Vacuum barrier manufacturing techniques
Various designs developed

- Improved thermal insulation system
Investigation of vacuuming behavior of alternative thermal insulation materials
41
Modular Refrigeration System Objective

Develop a new Refrigeration technology dedicated to long-length HTS cable with the main characteristics below
- Low operation cost

High efficiency Low maintenance
- Low refrigerator cost

Simple design Modular design
- High reliability - Long lifetime
42
Refrigeration System Objective

Develop a new Refrigeration technology dedicated to long-length HTS cable with the main characteristics below
Liquid nitrogen delivered LN2 pressure drop Cold power Efficiency Cooling Manufacturing cost target 72 K 3 bars 120 kW total - 20 kW Modules > 20% Carnot Air cooling (-20 / 50C) <$100/cold W series production
43
Refrigerator Development Status (Phase 1)

Progress made thus far
- Thermodynamic analyses of reverse Turbo-Brayton cycle - Cooler configuration scenarios - Numeric modeling of cooler configuration and Refrigeration sub components - Model validation - Creation of a numerical model for each cooler configuration - Optimization of each cooler configuration Completed Completed Completed Underway Completed Identified
44
Development Results of HTS Projects

Project Hydra
Distribution Voltage Cable Project Consolidated Edison New York City
45
Team Roles and Responsibilities

DHS S&T Division
AMSC Prime Contractor

AMSC System Design Wire Development Wire Manufacturing Project Management Technical Oversight System Hardware Development Altran Solutions Air Liquide Con Edison Utility Requirements Project Oversight Cable Manufacturing HTS FCL Cable System Site Cable and Accessory Installation Southwire Cable and Accessory Design
ORNL
50m Prototype Cable Test Site Technical Support
46
Installation Site
Worlds First FCL Distribution Cable to be Installed in Operating Grid
47
Program Structure
Currently Executing Planning
DHS/ HYDRA
Phase 1 System Development
Phase 2 System Installation
ORNL 50 Meter Test and Technical Support
Phase 1A Fault Current Limiting Cable technology
Phase 1B Stand-Alone Fault Current Limiting Technology
48
HYDRA HTS Cable System

Heat Power
Supply
Return
Refrigerator
HTS Cable
Return Line
49
Secure Super Grids Technology

Substation #1
138kV Transmission Bus
Substation #2
138kV Transmission Bus
Fast Switch (Circuit Breaker)
HTS Fault-Current Limiting Cable
Reactor
Conventional Copper Cable
13.8kV Distribution Bus
13.8kV Distribution Bus
Note: Red breakers are Closed Green breaker is Open

To Loads To Loads
50
Cable Design- TriaxTM by Southwire

HTS Layers Hollow Former Cryostat
Dielectric
Shield
51
3 m Cable FCL Tests

The prospective fault current of 60 kA was reduced to 44 kA on the
first cycle to < 30 kA at the end of the 140 ms duration fault
A perspective 140 ms fault current of 44 kA was reduced to 29 kA The voltage developed due to the heating was 8-11 V/m over the 140
ms duration fault
This was comparable to the design fault of 300-m cable which results
in ~ 10 V/m
Measured temperature increase to 85-95 K Re-cooling time to 77 K is 9 min No change in temperature measured after a 9.1kA, 270ms through
fault test
No change in temperature or voltage after a 2000 ms, 7.2kA overload

test (1.8X)
52
3m Cable FCL Tests
53
3 m Cable FCL Tests
54
Refrigerator Requirements
Refrigeration Cycle chosen is the Reverse-Brayton
- Best suited technology for high power applications (> 6 kW) - Best return on specific efficiency (We/Wc) vs. capital cost
Flexibility Requirement:
- 80% of time at 50% heat load on HTS cable
Reliability
- Redundancy accomplished at component level: compressors, pumps, expanders, electronics, instrumentation - No 1st order single point of failure allowed
Capacity Margin
- Current design has 50% safety margin to the expected losses
55
Reverse Brayton-Cycle Hardware

- Estimated foot print size & weight 13 m x 7 m ( 42 x 25 ) + roof for cooling water exchanger ~ 24 000 kg ( 53 000 lbs ) empty Fits within available space
56
Development Results of HTS Projects

FCL Project
Transmission Voltage FCL Project Southern California Edison California
57
Team Roles and Responsibilities

DOE SPE - SCE AMSC Prime Contractor
Nexans HV Termination
AMSC System Design Wire Development Wire Manufacturing Project Management Technical Oversight System Hardware Development
SCE Utility Requirements Project Oversight HTS FCL System Site
Siemens FCL Module and Accessory Design FCL Manufacturing FCL Module and Accessory Installation
HV Consulting
Air Liquide
58
SuperLimiterTM Demonstration Site

Selection criteria
- Voltage - Transmission planning - Civil engineering
Riverside
Valley Substation selected Located near Riverside, CA in a

desert climate
Valley Substation
Analysis used to select bus tie

application
Significant load growth planned

over the next 10 years
- Tapped external reactor enables device to easily adapt The Valley Substation is selected
59
SCE Profile
50,000 Mile2 Service Territory 120 years of service $17 Billion T&D Assets
Distribution
85,000 Circuit Miles 690,000 Transformers
Customers
4.7 Million Meters 13 Million Customers 22,889 MW Load
Transmission
12,600 Circuit Miles 4,200 Transformers
SCE is one of the largest utilities in the United States
60
SuperLimiterTM Southern California Edison

SCE is investing in the future
- > $3 billion invested in T&D over the last five years - $11 billion planned infrastructure investments over the next decade.
SCE has considerable experience with

superconducting Fault Current Limiters
- Since 1993 in DOE-SPI, tested a 15kV FCL in 1999 - SCE role in this program is Specifying requirements Providing the prototype operation site
138 kV Transmission Voltage level FCL addresses

- Elimination of CB and other equip. replacement
- Enhanced reliability, shorter customer outages - More stable, higher-quality electricity supply - A self-healing grid
July 1999: FCL at a Southern California Edison substation
SCE has unique experience with HTS FCL technology and this program extends this to transmission voltage levels
61
SuperLimiterTM Major Elements

Cryostat sized for modular expansion
Valley Substation 138kV termination in operation at LIPA site

Insulation Stainless Strip HTS Film NiW Strip Solder
Cooling System Similar to Navy Motor Program N+1 Redundancy
Bifilar 2.2 MVA medium voltage module tested Jan. 2007
1.2 cm insulated HTS tape based on standard insert
Design based on validated components is designed for modular expansion
62
FCL Operating Principle

Supply Bus During fault conditions, superconductor becomes resistive and with reactor, limits current
Normal State Resistance
Virtual Switch
Superconductor
Under normal conditions, power flows through superconductor with virtually no impedance and system is Physical Switch electrically invisible Shortly after fault clears, power resumes flow through superconductor
Reactor Physical switch opens to protect FCL system; reactor maintains current Load Bus
FCL system operation is based on simple operating principles
63
Basic Specifications
Requirement
Nominal Voltage Insulation Class Nominal Current Maximum Site Unlimited Fault Current Site Limited Current Trip Current
Prototype System
115kV rms 138kV 1,200A 63kA
Production Units
115-138kV 138kV
Opening Switch
Reactor
Sized to Limiting Requirements
Load
>2,000A >80kA
Source
Switch Control
FCL Vessel Assembly
40kA
As required by customer
Protection and DAQ System Refrigeration System
Power Heat
1.6pu
As required by customer
Team has approved a working specification for system
64
SuperLimiterTM Operating Conditions

Constraints
- No bubbles around the bottom of bushing sub-cooled LN2 - Termination dielectric requirement P > 3bar - Fast recovery time saturated LN2
Solution
- Operate FCL in sub-cooled LN2 with nominal operating temperature lower than design point.
FCL design at temperature 74K@5bar(a), but operate at temperature 72K@5bara Power Temperature margin determines the number of faults the system can absorb before system is off-line to re-cool 2K margin allows LN2 to absorb 57MJ energy (~6 faults) 5 bar pressure will allow LN2 in coil vicinity absorb fault energy without bubbling
FCL operates at high pressure sub-cooled LN2 temperature
FCL Vessel Assembly
Refrigeration System
Heat
65
SuperLimiterTM Refrigeration System

Heat Load
Cryostat Other Refrig. System
Level
Value (W)
850 200 900 350 1950
Terminations
Pressure
Lines, Valves, Bayonets AC Losses
Level
Total Max. Predicted Planned Capacity
4250 6000
AMSC has operated HTS systems in utility/harsh industrial conditions

- LIPA and TVA/SuperVAR Project
DOE-FCL system based on lessons learned in those systems

- Phase 1b open cycle option shown above - Phase 2 - replace with closed cycle modification
Simplified, COTS based system Significant margin planned for prototype system
Refrigeration based on experience at LIPA and other AMSC utility HTS systems
66
SuperLimiterTM Test Site

Present Installation: 4-3Phase, 336/448/560 MVA 525-120 kV, OA/FOA/FOA Transformers. Sectionalized 115 kV bus each section fed by 2 transformers Max. single-phase-to-ground fault = 30 kA All 115 kV CBs rated 40 kA Planned Future Installation: Load growth in the area and interconnection of new generators will require additional transformers Fault current duty will rise above 40 kA
C 115 kV AB 115 kV Serrano 500 kV A B 500 kV Devers 500 kV Inland Empire
115 KV Outgoing 1000 MW Feeder Future Gen (Studied)
Bus Tie (Selected)
115 kV
A bus tie application at the Valley Substation is selected
67
Switching Module for the HV SFCL Project

Main design characteristics
The switching module comprises

3 parallel x 17 series = 51 bifilar pancake coils per phase
Alternating current directions between adjacent turns of bifilar coils cancel most magnetic fields Regions stressed by BIL tests, numbering see next slide
Two in hand winding with 12 mm

wide wire to increase the current
Improved electrical strength due to:

- Insulated wire - New contact design - Corona rings around the coils
(1) (2) (3)
Horizontal stack with radial supports

between module and cryostat wall
(1)
68
Performance Modeling and Testing

Switching
First tests on a 3 m sample of 12 mm wide HTS-wire:

Critical current 167 A @ 77 K, 258 A @ 72 K
77 K, sat., t: 100 ms
More than 60 switching test in saturated (77 K)

and sub-cooled (72 K, 1.2 bar) LN2
2000 Current (A) 1000 0 -1000 T: ~72 K -2000 0 10 20 30 Time (ms) 40 -400 50 400 Voltage (V) 200 0 -200
72 K, 1.2 bar, t: 500 ms
69
Performance Modeling and Testing

Recovery time About 12 - 15 sec measured on full size dummy coil in sub-cooled LN2 12 mm wide dummy wire insulated with wrapped Teflon tape Amount of LN2 available for cooling restricted by appropriate enclosure to simulate adjacent coils
Resistance ratio (%) 110 100 90 80 70 60 -0.05 0 Time (s)
70
T: 77 K, p: 1 bar T: 72 K, p: 1.2 bar
10
20
FCL Termination Design Validation

AC withstand test successfully completed according IEC 60840
- 190kV / 30 minutes
Partial Discharge measurement sucessfully completed (IEC 60840)

- Voltage increase up to 140 kV for few minutes - Decreasing to 114 kV and measurement - No PD measured (noise level < 3pC)
Lightning impulse test successfully completed (IEC 60840)

- 650 kVp (10 shots in both polarity)
Switching impulse successfully completed based on IEEE C57.12.00:

- Success of the test (540 kVp 250/2500s both polarity)
FCL termination high voltage design successfully validated
71
Summary
AMSC is currently advancing the state of the art in
HTS power products
- Worlds First Transmission Voltage HTS Cable in Operation - Worlds First Fault Current Limiting Cable for use in a distribution grid under development - Transmission Voltage Fault Current Limiter under development
72
superior performance. powerful technology.
Transmission Level HTS Fault Current Limiter

Chuck Weber
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN November 12, 2008
SuperPower, Inc. is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
SFCL program overview

Partners
138 kV, 650 kV BIL Bushings
Pressure Vessel Vacuum Vessel
" 2 6 3 . 7
" 8 4 2 . 5 1
" 2 6 3 . 7
" 8 4 2 . 5 1
Specifications
YBCO based, resistive type FCL 138 kV class device Fault Current 13.8 kA Load Current 1,200 Arms Design fault current 37 kA Design device response Recover to superconducting state after a fault carrying full load current
Matrix Assembly
Inner Height
HTS Assembly Height
Assembly diameter Inner diameter
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
Generalized SFCL Specification Development

Baseline Design for Program was the AEP SPORN substation site This is a niche application site, operating at 400Arms, 138 kV Prospective fault current 26 kArms (~90 kA peak) and 13.8 kArms (~ 37 kA peak) Working with AEP, we have identified a site with broader general application TIDD substation 1,200 Arms, 138 kV Prospective fault current is 13.8 kArms (~37 kApeak)
TIDD Substation (Partial) One-Line Diagram
Proposed SFCL Installation Location
Prior accomplishments
Proof-of-Concept demonstrated MCP 2212 (2004) 2G YBCO (2006) Beta device testing specifications established Completed design and testing of HV bushings (SEI) Investigated several engineered 2G architectures for improved RUL Design and laboratory testing of shunt coils to withstand high fault transient loads Thermal simulation of RUL process Weibull plots of standard 2G failures Conceptual CRS & vessel design Investigated LN2 dielectric properties
Probability of failure [%]
2G FCL - Probability of failure for 2G tapes as function of energy input 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 20 25 30 35 Energy [J/cm/tape] Probability of Failure - Test data Probability of Failure Calculated using Weibull Distributuon 40 45 50
Improvements to shunt coil and contact design

Shunt coil improvements: Manufacturing improvements (easier assembly, more robust coil) Mechanical strength Multi-Layer winding (size reduction) Connector improvements: Shape optimization to avoid contact hotspots Improvement in RUL Time Improvement in RUL Current Improvement in consistency of contact resistance
Tape heating near contact during fault impacts RUL
Correlation between different contact geometries

Total Current (80A peak)
Straight Thick Contacts (M3-460 Tape): I load = 80 A RUL = 82 sec.
Total Current (80A peak) Superconductors Current
Superconductors Current
Recovery Voltage Recovery Voltage
Total Current (80A peak) Superconductors Current Recovery Voltage

Straight -Tapered Contacts (M3-460 Tape): I load = 80 A RUL = 2.8 sec.
Straight -Tapered Contacts (M3-460 Tape): I load = 80 A RUL = 3.5 sec.
Recent KEMA tests

Recent rounds of KEMA testing focused on critical AEP reclosure sequence on an HTS element
5 Cycles Fault 13kA/7kA 5 Cycles Fault 13kA/7kA 5 Cycles Fault 13kA/7kA 5 Cycles Fault 13kA/7kA 5 Cycles Fault 13kA/7kA Breaker opens and locks-out
18 Cycles Load Current
15 sec Load Current
135 sec Load Current
160 sec Load Current
Recovery under NO Load Current
Straight elements were used Improved connector designs were used Standard, pre-qualified tapes were used Test Dates: May 2008, July 2008
2G RUL capabilities tested at KEMA

Standard SF12100 2G wire used Test conditions
- 37 kA fault - follows AEP sequence
Loa d P ow e r (VA)
Total R ecovered Pow er, 2x5 cycles Faults at 37kA w ith 10 mOhm
250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 16 Tapes 300V
Test variables
- Shunt impedance - Number of parallel tapes - System voltage (v/cm/tape) - Load Current
Para8 Tapes lle Tape l s
100V 4 Tapes
Vo lta ge
200V
250V
Achieving RUL is a difficult task

Without load current recovery is very fast
w/o Load
w/ Load
3 x load Base-Line Voltage Adding current makes recovery much more difficult
Electrical stress on the tapes can limit RUL

RUL
RUL time can affected by increasing the V/cm on the tape Limits of the design optimization are understood
Base-Line Voltage
RUL
RUL
1.5 x Base-Line Voltage
3 x Base-Line Voltage
Factors impacting RUL defined by test results

Total Recovered Power, 2x5 cycles Faults at 37kA with 4 Tapes
80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 Load Power (VA)) 30000 1.67 S m-Ohm hu nt Im pe 5 m-Ohm da nc e 100 V 20000 10000 0 300 V
tageV 250 ol 200 VV
Sample surface plot of RUL conditions

Ability to predict RUL over wide design space

Maximum Load Current as a function of shunt impedance, operating voltage & number of tapes
1000 900 800 700 Maxim un Recovered Load Current 600 500 400 300 200 0
4Tapes, 100V 4Tapes, 250V 5 m-Ohm 16Tapes, 100V
Imp
eda nce
Recovered Current with 2 Asymmetrical 37kA Faults, 5 cycles each
8Tapes, 100V
1.67 m-Ohm
e ltag o V
8Tapes, 250V
pes a T ,#
16Tapes, 250V
100
Worst case conditions at Tidd can achieve RUL
RUL with 90% of the Power recovered within the 2nd and the 3rd 37 kA Faults
Full recovery expected with optimal bath conditions
Bath Conditions Impact on Ability to Recover

During the fault transient, tape heats up to film boiling region. Bath conditions (pressure, subcooling) shift boiling heat transfer curve Bath conditions have an impact on the dielectric strength of LN2
Boiling Heat Transfer for LN2
100.0
No Recovery Due to Film Boiling
600
Heat Out Heat In

500
400
Lower Zshunt, Higher Ztape
q/A (W/cm )
Power (W)
10.0
300
1.0
200
100
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 T wall - T sat (K)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Temperature (K)
Lowering the shunt coil value or increasing the resistance of the stabilizer layer will help with film boiling.
Bath Conditions Impact on Ability to Recover

Once film boiling threshold is crossed, nucleate boiling ensues Bath conditions (pressure, subcooling) shift boiling heat transfer curve Bath pressure shifts saturated boiling temperature, limiting nucleate boiling recovery
No Recovery Due to Nucleate Boiling
Boiling Heat Transfer for LN2

100.0
600
Heat Out Heat In

500
Lower pressure
400
q/A (W/cm )
10.0
Power (W)
300
1.0
200
100
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 T wall - T sat (K)
75
80
85
90
95
100
Temperature (K)
Lowering the operating pressure will help with nucleate boiling, but decreases dielectric properties
Modeling indicates where operating conditions for successful RUL exist

Recovery Under Load vs Number of Tapes
1300
Baseline
1200 1100 1000
Pressure = 0.5 atm Tbulk = 71.922 K
Recovery Load Current (arms)
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Number of Tapes per Element
Pressure = 0.5 atm Tbulk = 71.922 K Stabilizer = 1% AgAu Pressure = 0.75 atm Stabilizer = 1% AgAu
Baseline Substrate = 4 mil Stabilizer = Ag Shunt Coil = 10 m /m No dielectric coating Ic @ 77 K = 250 amps n-value = 20 Pressure = 1 atm Tbulk = 72 K
Pressure = 0.75 atm Stabilizer = 2.2% AgAu
Baseline Shunt = 5 m/m
Baseline Shunt = 7.5 m/m
Introducing bubbles in LN lowers breakdown strength: FCL recovery

Bubbles form thermally or electrically and can affect the breakdown strength
Two experiments Open bath LN Pressurized cryostat Nitrogen gas provided by fused silica capillary tube Varied flow rates Parallel plane profiled SS electrodes
2 mm gap 0.5 mm capillary tube
19 Managed by UT-Battelle for the Department of Energy
BD strength of LN is ~5x the gas at 1 bar Important for FCL Recovery under Load
DOE Peer Review 2008
Effect of externally provided bubbles on LN Breakdown: AC breakdown

18 Average Electric Field (kVrms/mm) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
without bubbles with bubbles
Effect of Bubbles
Cumulative Failure Probability (%) 99.9 99.0 95.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 5.0
all data w and w/o bubbles
1.0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 Presence of bubbles Breakdown Field (kVrms/mm)
Liquid nitrogen at 1 bar
Bubbles in LN lowers breakdown strength Change in slope at lower probability indicates change in BD mechanism
DOE Peer Review 2008
Summary
Significant progress in understanding and impacts of: RUL
Variables impacting RUL studied and understood Worst case conditions at TIDD can be met Impact of device design and cost under evaluation
LN2 Dielectrics
Impact of bubbles on breakdown mechanism and dielectric strength
Loss of cryogenic partner a setback, but not fatal Next step: Alpha detailed design
Thank You for your attention!

For more information:
www.superpower-inc.com
or cweber@superpower-inc.com
Status Update for the Albany HTS Cable Project

C.S. Weber (SuperPower)
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN November 12, 2008
Program Overview
350m long - 34.5kV - 800Arms - 48MVA Cold dielectric, 3 phases-in-1 cryostat, stranded copper core design Two Phases Phase I - 320m + 30m BSCCO Phase II - 30m BSCCO replaced by 30m YBCO cable
Project Manager; Site infrastructure, Manufacture of 2G HTS wire Host utility, conventional cable & system protection, system impact studies Design, build, install, and test the HTS cable, terminations, & joint Design, construct and operate the Cryogenic Refrigeration System, and provide overall cable remote monitoring and utility interface Supported by Federal (DOE) and NY State (NYSERDA) Funds
Site Location
Phase I: BSCCO
Phase II: 30m YBCO
System Protection Philosophy
Worst case fault conditions 23 kA rms (33 kA peak) Multiple levels of relay & breaker protection Primary - RFL-9300 charge comparison relays (87L) 8 cycle clearing time Secondary - SEL-311B relay packages 8 38 cycle clearing time Breaker failure protection Will initiate fault clearing by tripping breakers on associated Menands or Riverside 34.5kV bus cleared in 20 to 50 cycles (0.33 to 0.83 sec) System monitoring @ BOC Remote Operating Center NM Eastern Regional Control Center
Albany HTS Cable Design

Electrical Insulation PPLP +Liquid Nitrigen Stainless Steel Double Corrugated Cryostat
Advantages of the 3-in-One Cable Design Compact size (O.D. = 135mm) (5.3) Nearly perfect magnetic shielding > 95% cancellation of field Significant reduction of contraction forces due to slack winding Excellent fault current protection Cable remains superconducting at worst case fault condition, survives extended duration (2nd contingency) fault without damage
Cu Stranded Former
35 mm
135 mm
Cu Shield HTS Conductor 2-layer HTS Shield 1-layer
Tension Member
Cryogenic Refrigeration System: Approach

Hybrid arrangement permits transparent use of bulk liquid nitrogen for back-up
Liquid Nitrogen Storage/buffer
Cryocooler
Thermosyphon provides common heat exchange interface between cable and open or closed refrigeration sources Advantages: - excellent reliability/cost ratio - compact footprint - flexible plug & play design - good efficiency
Subcooled liquid nitrogen loop
Thermosyphon
HTS cable
Minimum CRS Requirements & Cold Box Arrangement

Item
Coolant supply temperature Temperature stability Refrigeration capacity
(excluding CRS)
Specification 67 to 77 K +-0.1 K - normal operation +-1.0 K - backup operation 5 kW at 77 K 3.7 kW at 70 K 1 to 5 barg +-0.2 50 liter/min +-1
Minimum coolant pressure Maximum coolant flow rate
BOC
1.4 m
1.6 m
9 Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
th
Post-Cable Testing: Cryogenic System Step Response 80 30

78 76 74
Coolant return North Termination South Termination Coolant Supply Refrigeration power
20 25
72 70 68 66 64 62 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
+ - 0.05K
15
Hybrid operation
+ - 0.10K
10
8 Kw peak 3 Kw nominal
Time (hours)
Pre-energization: 3 Kw nominal. Post-energization: 3.1-3.3 kW nominal overall heat load

Cooling Power (Kw)
Temperature (K)
Summary of Phase I Operation

Supply Issue was checked for damageChiller The HTSVoltage cable system after the fault event System Shutdown Energized No Issues Re-connected to Power Grid Completed
71
on July 20,2006 on May 1, 2007
7kA
Cable Outlet Temperature
20 Transmitted Electricity [MVA]
70 Temperature [K]
16
69
Cable Inlet Temperature
8 cycle
12
68
More Than 6,700 Hrs of Reliable Power Transmission

67
Transmitted Electricity
66
7/20 8/17 9/14 10/12 11/9 12/7 1/4 2/1 3/1 3/29 4/26
Fault Current Event
Date (2006-2007)
Commencement of Phase II
Before warming-up,
Megger Test Ic Measurements Warm-up Process,
(1) LN2 pumped into the CRS bulk storage tank (2) Remaining LN2 in system allowed to evaporate naturally
50
South Term
30m HTS Cable 320m HTS Cable 21D
No Change
North Term
350m Return Pipe
0 Temperature []
14D 11D
-50
7D
9D
1D
-100
5D
-150
3D
12H
Vacuum level No leakage Cable Tension Returned to the original value (approx. 200kg compressive force)
-200 0 100 200 300

th
400 Position [m]
500
600
700
800
9 Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
1 Meter Cable Characterization (after removal)

Contact was made to 12 strands with single strand Ic(B=sf, 75K) ~ 92 amperes Contact resistance measurements were performed in the superconducting state T=75.5K
40000 30000 V(uV) 20000 10000 0 0 500 I(Amperes) 1000 Contact #2 R=32 uohms
The critical current of the inner layer with 12 strands of superconductor was measured at 75.5K in self field. Distance between voltage taps = ~75cm Ic = 965Amperes @ 1V/m 1100A @ 1V/cm
200 150 100
V(uVolts)
Contact #1 R = 6 uOhms
50 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-50
I(Amperes)
*Data courtesy of Yates Coulter, LANL
In 2007, 30 m cable was manufactured by Sumitomo Electric with ~10,000 m of SuperPower 2G HTS wire
2G wire cable winding
3 core stranding
Electric Insulation (PPLP + Liquid Nitrogen) Cu Stranded Wire Former
Stainless Steel Double Corrugated Cryostat
135 mm
2G HTS wire (3 conductor Layers)
2G HTS wire (2 shield Layers)
Cu Shield
Summary of 30 meter YBCO Cable Shipping Tests

Manufacture of 30m YBCO cable completed in March 2007
The following shipping tests were conducted successfully on samples from long cable: Critical Current Conductor : 2660 2820A (DC) at 77K Shield : 2400 2500A (DC) at 77K AC Loss 0.34W/m/phase at 0.8kArms, 60Hz Bending Test (18D: Bending Dia. = 2.4 m) No Ic degradation No defect was found at dismantling Inspection Voltage tests (Based on AEIC) AC 69kV for 10 minute, Imp 200kV, 10 shots/each DC 100kV for 5 minutes
YBCO Cable - Critical Current Measurement

Sample: 3 meter 3-Core
Ic (Conductor) = Approx. 2660 2820A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm) Ic (Shield) = Approx. 2400 2500A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm)
2
Conductor
Electrical Field(uV/cm)
2 Core-1 Core-2 Core-3
Shield
Electrical Field(uV/cm)
1.5
Core-1 Core-2 Core-3 Ic Criterion (1uV/cm)
1.5
Ic Criterion (1uV/cm)
0.5
0.5
-0.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Current (A, DC)
-0.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Current (A, DC)
Very good match between test results and design values

AC Loss Measurement
Sample : 2.5 meter single core Current loading : go & return through conductor and shield Measuring : Lock-in amplifier with electrical 4 terminals 1
AC loss (W/m/phase)
0.1
Measured value
0.01
0.34 W/m/ph @ 800 Arms

Slightly better result than the 1 meter test sample core
0.001 100 1000 10000 Loading Current (Arms, 60Hz)

Fault Current Testing
Fault Current Test with 1 m 2G Sample Cable Test Site : Nissin Electric (Kyoto)
L1 L2 L0 Transformer (6600V/550V) Generator (5000V) Lg SW
Sample: BSCCO Core YBCO Core (Compare YBCO core with BSCCO one) Current: 23kA Duration: 8 38cycles Cooling: Open Bath (77K)
Test Samples
100 Maximum Temperature Rise [K] 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 Duration [cycles, 60Hz] 40 50 Conductor BSCCO Conductor BSCCO Shield YBCO Conductor YBCO Shield Shield
Temperature Rise During Fault nearly identical to BSCCO core

Replacement of 30 meter section with new YBCO cable

[ 30m cable Installation ] [ Joint Re-assemble BSCCO-YBCO] [ Termination Re-assemble ]
World firsts HTS cable replacement is completed!
Summary of Various Commissioning Tests at Phase-II

HTS cable system successfully passed following commissioning tests:
Test Items System withstand pressure Test Initial cooling test Test Results z 0.61 MPaG (based on ASME code): good z Maximum core tension: approx. 1000kg Tension minimized by loosely stranded 3-core structure z Vacuum level at each part: good (no leakage) z Core behavior inside the joint: within the scope of Design z 2.3kA (at 73K), 2.8kA (at 69K): Same Ic as Phase-I z 350 m cable section (including joint): 1.0kW z Entire cable system (not including CRS: 3.4kW z 100 kV, 5 minutes, each phase (based on AEIC) : good
North Termination
Ic measurement (dc, defined at 1uV/cm) Heat loss measurement (under no-load condition) DC withstand voltage test
50 South Termination
0H
2.5
Core-1 Cable Mean Temp : 73K 69K
Electric Field [uV/cm]
0
6H 10H
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0
Core-2 Core-3
Temperature []
-50
18H 1D 1.5D 3D
Ic c ritrion (1 V/ cm)
-100
9D
-150
10.7D 10.5D 10.8D 10.9D 11.5D
-200
0 50 0 100 50 150 100 200 250 150 200 Length [m] 300 250
500
1000
300350
350 400
1500 Current [A, DC]
2000
2500
3000
Demonstration of the worlds first device with 2G HTS wire in a live power grid
1.2
Temperature Deference between Outlet and Inlet of Cable
20
Transmitted Electricity [MVA]
Temperature Deference [K]
1 0.8
16
Jan 8 2008 0.6

0.4 0.2
12
0
1/7 1/21 2/4 2/18 3/3 3/17 3/31
0
Date (2008)
Cable made with 2G HTS wire was energized in the grid in January 2008 & performed without any issues
Variation of Critical Current from Phase-I through Phase-II

3500 3500 3000 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 65 65
2500
Critical Current [A, 1uV/cm] Critical Current [A, atat 1uV/cm]
Electrical Field [uV/cm]
Ic-T characteristics Ic-T characteristics of DI-BSCCO of DI-BSCCO
2.5
Short Sample Ic Short Sample Ic (1800A at 77.3K) (1800A at 77.3K)
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Core-1 Core-2 Core-3
69K 73K
Ic criterion 1 V/cm
Commissiong Test (320m+30m Cable)
-0.5
70 75 70 Temperature [K]75 Temperature [K]
80 80
500
1000
1500 2000 Current [A]
2500
3000
Critical Current [Adc, at 73K]
2000 Core-1 Core-2 Core-3
1500
The Ic of long cable are very good match with expected value from short sample testing at 77K. The Ic values had no change through Phase-I and Phase-II including heat- cycles.
1000
500
0
Sample Test Phase-I Phase-I Phase-II Phase-II (after cooldown) (after long-term (after cooldown) (after long-term operation) opearion)
Variation of Temperature Difference on the Cable during Phases I & II

[ Phase-I ]
1.2
Temperature Deference between Cable Outlet and Inlet
[ Phase-II ]
20
1.2
Temperature Deference between Outlet and Inlet of Cable
20
1 0.8
16
1 0.8
16
12 0.6 8 0.4 0.2

12 0.6 8 0.4 0.2

0
7/20 8/17 9/14 10/12 11/9 12/7 1/4 2/1 3/1 3/29 4/26 Date (2006-2007)
0
1/7 1/21 2/4 2/18 3/3 3/17 3/31
0
Date (2008)
Temperature difference between outlet and inlet of the HTS cable was 0.9 +/- 0.1K Temperature deference was very stable during the long-term In-grid operation in Phase I and Phase II Maintained good CRS operation and No change of cable heat loss during longterm in-grid operation
Presentation Summary
World class team has successfully executed on all phases of the program Met or exceeded all goals and objectives Cable ran flawlessly for >12 months with ZERO instances of downtime due to the HTS system Efficient, reliable and robust design capable of handling real-world utility operating environment
ALL equipment/systems responded as designed without any adverse effects
Biggest reliability concern (CRS) addressed & proven to meet commercial requirements Achieved Worlds first in-grid demonstration of a YBCO device Technology transfer & education achieved by numerous tours/events (>20) and articles/presentations(>50) given throughout the program
The Bottom Line

Of importance to National Grid is that this project has demonstrated the reliability of the technology. We encountered no difficulties in integrating the project into our grid and the entire installation was totally transparent to our customers. The system has stood up to very exacting utility standards and we look forward to further developments in HTS technology.
- William Flaherty, Energy Solutions Regional Director of National Grid
Thank you!
For more information:
www.superpower-inc.com
or cweber@superpower-inc.com
2008 12 13
Power PowerSystem SystemNetwork Network (345kV (345kVand andabove) above)

Legend 765kV System 345kV Overhead System 345kV Underground System DC180kV Cable Link 765kV Substation 345kV Substation Generating Plant
Peak Demand [MW]

Classification 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Peak Demand 37,293 41,007 43,125 45,773 47,385 51,263 54,631 58,994 62,285 62,794 Increase Rate 13.0 10.0 5.2 6.1 3.5 8.2 6.6 8.0 5.6 0.8
Transition of Fault Current [kA]

Voltage 765kV 345kV 154kV 2008 21.7 50.0 49.4 2010 24.4 57.2 49.2 2014 23.6 56.6 50.0 2020 25.3 57.9 54.0
The rate of underground transmission line

Seoul 51.3%
Kyunggi 18.3% Kangwon 5.3%
Total 12.68%
Daejun 45.2%
Incheon 29.5% Chungnam 5.0% Chungbuk 6.2%
Kyungbuk 4.1% Daegu 21.9%
Junbuk 6.1% Jeju 11.9% Gwhangju 26.5% Kyungnam 7.4%
Ulsan 18.7%
Busan 31.5%
(As of 2007)
High cost for civil work and construction Difficulty of excavating roads for construction of conduit or culvert NIMBY for the construction of new substations in urban area Needs for environmental friendly power apparatus Need to decide how to renewal the aged power cables Electric power demand is increasing every year Continuous increase of fault current
High Capacitance & Low loss + Eco-friendly HTS Cable & SFCL
power system by applied Superconductivity technology)

Project period : 2004~2011 Total budget : $146million
The name of Project : DAPAS (Development of Advanced
(Government : $100million / Industry : $46million) Participants
22.9kV HTS Cable has been developed and 154kV HTS power cable is under development till 2010
Year
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 3 rd Phase 2010 1 st Phase 2 nd Phase
Fundamental Design Single Core 30m Fab. Evaluation. 50MVA/30m 22.9kV 3-Core Evaluation
DAPAS
50MVA/100m 3-Core Type test
Real-grid application
Long term Demonstration Operation on Real grid
154kV Basic study Design
1,000MVA Fab. Evaluation Type test
Seamless Aluminum Cryostat for HTS Cable was developed
Fundamental Studies
Fabrication
350
HTS Cable
Inner layer
M LI
Temperature (K)
Temperature Vacuum rate

300
0.1
0.01 200
Thot= 300K
1E-3
150
1E-4
Tcold= 77K
Vaccum 1. MLI Spacer
Displacement Simulation
100
1E-5
50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
1E-6
Time (hr)
Cryostat
Experimental result
Vacuum rate (Torr)
Outer layer
250
Design & Fabrication of HTS Cable
Optimal Design for Conductor/Shield Stranding & Fabrication
EM field calculation
HTS Shield
HTS Conductor
Pitch determination for each layer
Impedance matching
Fabrication
HTS Cable
HTS Cable System

22.9kV (Nominal), 13.2kV (Phase) 1,260A (50MVA) 9 Fault Current : 25kA, 15cycle (Cu Stabilizer) 9 Closed loop cryo-coolers incorporated in CRS
HTS Cable
Cold Dielectric Diameter : 145mm Seamless Aluminum Cryostat PVC Sheath ~ 35kV Insulation level 3 - phases in one cryostat FC Stabilizer incorporated
Design of Accessories
Termination
Compact Design
Insulator
(800mm , 3.5m L 2.1m h) ~ 35kV Insulation level 3 - phases in one cryostat Pressure withstand : Min. 15bar Pre-fabricated components Polymer composite Bushing
Approx. 2100
Cryostat
Bellows
Approx. 3500
Joint Box
Compact Design
(500mm 3.5m ~ 35kV Insulation level Pre-fabricated components Pressure withstand : Min. 15bar
L)
Cable
Cable core
Cryostat
Bellows
Approx. 3500
Installtion Installation & handling of HTS cable are same as ordinary cable
Tunnel
Pipe duct (175mm) Snake and cleats (for TM behavior)
Jointing Works
Minimum jointing work at site (14 days for termination, 21 days for joint box) Pre-fabricated Pre-fabricated
Jointing at site
Termination
Joint Box
CRS
Configuration of CRS - Closed loop ( no evaporation of LN2 ) - Total heat loss covered by packaged cryo-cooler
LN2 Tank (5 ton)
Stirling Cryocooler (640W @65K) Evaporator
Vacuum Pump Ambient
Separator
Coldbox1 Pulse Tube 320W@65K GM 840W@65K, 2EA Sub-cooler
F
Coldbox2
Heat Exchanger
Circulation Pump
Bypass line
HTS Cable & Acc.
Evaluation
Configuration of system installation ( Fully simulating real grid conditions )
Pipe Duct [15 m]
Termination (Load)
Tunnel (55 m) Joint box
Termination (Power source)
U-bend
On the ground [30 m] 100 m Joint box Ground level Termination (Load) Termination (Power source)
Evaluation
Test program - Reference tests for confirmation of sound installation - Main dielectric tests were executed after 2nd cool down
1st Cool down Reference Tests
Dielectric Loss Partial Discharge Dielectric security DC Ic
Load Cycle Test

Applied Voltage
- 1.5Uo for 30days Load current - 1,260 A (8hrs On, 16hrs off) Cooling Circuit Pressure Control
Warm-up & 2nd Cool down Shrinkage (Ref.)
Residual Performance Tests

DC Ic PD (@Uo,1.5Uo, 2.5Uo) Dielectric Loss (@Uo, 1.5Uo, 2.5Uo) Dielectric Security (@2.5Uo for 24h) Thermal/Electrical loss (Ref.) Impulse (BIL)
Test Results
Temperature profile during the whole type test procedure
Reference test
Residual test
Test Results Load Cycle Test at 1.5Uo for 30 days was successfully finished
Voltage & Current
8h (1260A) 1 cycle
Voltage (20kV ; 1.5U0)
16h (No load)
Current
Time (h)
Test Results
PD, dielectric loss were tested successfully
* High Frequency Antenna

Applied Voltage (kV) 5 10 13.2 (Uo) 20.1 (1.5Uo) 33 (2.5Uo) PD (pC) < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 Tan 0.00002 0.000027 0.000039 0.00004 0.000041
* Background noise : 5~10 pC
Test Results
AC Dielectric Security Test @2.5Uo for 24hours was passed
Test Results
DC Ic showed no degradation after all electrical & thermal cycle tests
2 0 1 x 6 . 1
Operating range Phase (Cable) R S T Design @ 75 K 3 kA 3 kA 3 kA Result 75 K 3.01 kA 3.06 kA 3.03 kA 72 K 3.34 kA 3.43 kA 3.34 kA
2 0 1 x 4 . 1 2 0 1 x 2 . 1 2 0 1 x 0 . 1 3 0 1 x 0 . 8 3 0 1 x 0 . 6 3 0 1 x 0 . 4 3 0 1 x 0 . 2 0 . 0 3 -
Ic criterion (1uV/cm)
Voltage (V)
Phase R @ 75K Phase S @ 75K Phase T @ 75K Phase R @ 72K Phase S @ 72K Phase T @ 72K
* Operating temperature : 72 ~ 75 K * Operating current range : ~ 1.8 kA
0 1 x 0 . 2 -
0 0 5
0 0 0 , 1
0 0 5 , 1
Current (A)
0 0 0 , 2
0 0 5 , 2
0 0 0 , 3
0 0 5 , 3
The 22.9kV 50MVA HTS cable system was developed
and successfully passed 3 rd party inspected type test

The proposed type test specification fully considers
the real-grid operational conditions

Long term verification in end users real-grid has been
planned for commercialization of HTS cable system
HTS Cable Updated In 2008, the main topic of R&D on the HTS cable system is operation and maintenance skills regarding to the real grid operation
History
2001 ~ 2003 : Fundamental studies 2004 ~ 2005 : Application technologies 2006 ~ 2007.6 : Type test for 22.9kV products HTS Cable, Joint, Terminations, CRS
Updated
2007.6 ~ 2008 : O&M Skills & 6 Times Thermal Cycles Unmanned operation Technology, Live line maintenance
Planning
22.9kV 50MVA : Real grid application in KEPCOs substation Longer than the length which needs joint box with network study
3phase 22.9kV/630A hybrid SFCL(2006) Developed jointly by KEPRI and LS Industrial Systems. Combined Superconductor and normal-conductor devices. A 3 22.9 kV/630 A SFCL was built and tested for 3-phase faults Limited fault current 29 kA to 17 kA (and to 8 kA after 5 cycles)
A hybrid SFCL under test
Last version of 3phase 22.9kV/630A hybrid SFCL(2008)

Control & Monitoring Parts
Cryostat
Fast Switch
Current Limiting Resistor
Reliability Test Plan Field test of 22.9 kV Hybrid SFCL is planned in Gochang Testing Yard. Now, processing the network engineering
Automatic Fault generator Superconducting power machine testing building
Korea Government
KETEP (Korea Institute of Energy and Resources Technology Evaluation and Planning)
Project period : Nov. 2008 ~ Oct. 2013 Total budget : $17million
(Government : $8.5million/ Industry : $8.5million)
KEPCO
Head Quarter Prime Contractor
KEPCO(KEPRI) KERI University

Detailed Feasibility Study Operating & Maintenance
KEPCO(KEPRI) LS Cable KERI, KBSi University

Manufacture and Installation in HTS Cable Systems
KEPCO(KEPRI) LS IS University
Manufacture and Installation in SFCL Systems
154/22.9kV MTR
3kA SFCL 150MVA HTS Cables
HTS Cable 500m
[ 22.9kV HTS Cable, Termination, and Splice]
[ 22.9 kV SFCL System-Trial Product ]
Supplying the huge buildings with electric power by HTS cables Replacing 22.9kV conventional cables(2~3lines) with the superconducting cables using the existing conduit or culverts without additional civil works
22.9 kV Superconducting Cables to replace 154 kV conventional cables 154 kV S/S in the suburbs
SFCL
Downtown Area 22.9 kV SW/S Circuit Breaker (Normal open) 22.9 kV SW/S 22.9 kV Superconducting Cables to replace 22.9kV conventional cables
SFCL SFCL
Superconducting Transformers
22.9 kV SW/S
Superconducting Power System (SPS) applying distributed switching stations for metropolitan areas
z Apply superconducting power devices (cables, transformers, FCLs) to real power system z 154kV transmission power system 22.9kV superconducting power system
Replace 154kV substations in downtown with 22.9kV underground switching stations Replace 154kV conventional cables with 22.9kV superconducting cables Bulk power transfer by superconducting cables and transformers & Fault current reduction by SFCL
154kV conventional cables Suburb Downtow n 154kV conventional cables
Skip substations Reduce construction costs Environmentfriendly Avoid civil petitions
154kV S/S 22.9kV SW/S 22.9kV SW/S 22.9kV SW/S
Suburb
Downtow n
22.9kV SW/S 22.9kV SW/S 22.9kV SW/S 154kV S/S
154kV S/S
154kV S/S
154kV S/S
154kV S/S
22.9 kV Superconducting cables
One of solutions for the site problem

z No substations & Compact size Easy to find a site for power facilities in downtown z Underground switching stations Make a park on the switching stations
Economic benefits
z Reduction of cost for buying land
The site for 22.9kV switching stations is less than 30%, compared to 154kV substations.
z No additional construction cost

We can use established underground facilities such as existing electric power conduit pipes.
Environmental and social benefits

z Environment-friendly Avoid the trend of NIMBY
No oil for cooling the system Free of the explosion danger (Superconducting transformer)
z No additional construction Reduce the construction cost and ease traffic congestion z High efficiency and loss of superconductor Save energy and reduce CO2 emission
In Korean power system, increase of electric power demand have been accompanied with increase of power plants, substations, transmission lines and distribution lines. So that development of high capacitance power facility to accept increase demand was required and during a past decade, superconducting cable and SFCL have been developed. Currently, developments and tests of 22.9kV superconducting cable and SFCL are finished, and development of 154kV superconducting system is under development till 2010. From Nov.2008, to affirm stability and reliability of developed superconducting cable and SFCL by gathering and analysis of operating and maintenance data, 22.9kV HTS system real grid project is started for 5 years. If stability of HTS system including superconducting cable and SFCL is affirmed, it will be expended from urban.
2008 12 13
39
Southwire Entergy HTS Cable Project

Eigth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN November 12-13, 2008
Erik Guillot
Project Manager Transmission EMCC
David Knoll
Project Manager HTS Cable Systems
Project Partners
Project Specs
Cable Design Length Voltage Load Cooling Splices In-Service Date HTS TriaxTM - Superconducting 1760 meters (1.1 miles) 13.8 kV 48 MVA Single Point, Closed Cycle 2 (Cable Sections = 3) 1Q2011
13.8 kV, 2.0 kA (48 MVA) Triax HTS Cable Cooling Plant
Project Location
Cable Route
Project Overview:
Replace Copper HV Transmission with HTS MV Distribution
Problem: Saturated 13 kV distribution anticipate high load growth 230/13 subs to north & south of area - Need new sub at mid-point Challenges: OH RoW for 230 or 13 kV very difficult or impossible Small footprint available for new substation 230 kV solution: placing transformer in dense residential area. 13 kV conventional: Voltage drop, power quality Solution: 13 kV HTS cable to transmit 48 MVA into small footprint station. 1.1 mile HTS cable that meets load growth needs. Leverage existing transformer capacity No new transformers needed Single point cooling station. 13 kV HTS replaces 230 kV underground. Cost effective with DOE support.
Southwire - HTS TriaxTM 2000A Cable

Phase 3 HTS Phase 2 HTS Former Phase 1 HTS
LN
Cryostat
LN
Dielectric
Copper Neutral
1. 2. 3.
HTS TriaxTM Advantage vs Competition: HTS tape usage = substantially cheaper Single Cable = simplified mfg & installation Smaller cold surface area = lower cooling & operating cost
Southwire Triax Cable Termination

3 Phase Connections - Provides transition from superconducting materials to copper materials. - Thermal transition from 200 C to ambient temperature - Controls electrical stresses. - Provides input and/or output location for LN coolant. - Provisions made for temperature and pressure measurements and monitoring. - Electrical connections to utility made by means of industry standard NEMA pad.
Neutral Connection
Cable Installation
On Going Effort - HTS Tape Options

1G BSCCO vs 2G YBCO
Mechanical testing Compatibility with cabling process Electrical Properties Ic, n-Value, AC Loss Magnetic Properties Piece Lengths Wire availability Per meter costs
On Going Effort Cable Configuration

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Spare
Composite 1 Composite 2 All 1G All 2G
1G 1G 1G 2G
1G 2G 1G 2G
2G 2G 1G 2G
1G 1G 1G 2G
On Going Thermal / Hydraulic Analysis

CABLE ASSEMBLY THERMAL MODEL
Cryostat Wall
74 73 72 71 T [K] 70 69 68 67 66 0 500 1000 L [m] 1500 2000
Annulus Former Tmax Ph1 Ph2 Ph3 Neutral
LN2 LN2
Insulation RT
HTS Heater AC - Loss, QknownRT Insulation RT HTS Heater AC - Loss, QknownRT Insulation RT HTS Heater AC - Loss, QknownRT
Temp Sensors
Former, RT
LN2 LN2
On Going Effort Cryogenic System Design
~ 10kW cooling required Closed loop cooling system Cryocooler Options Pulse Tube Sterling Cycle Brayton Cycle RFPs out after AC Loss study System supplier will perform detailed system design Back-up Open Cycle Heat Exchanger Closed Cycle
Sub-Cooled LN2
LN2 Tank
HTS Cable
Counter Flow Cooling Out = thru former In = thru annulus
Cryocooler Bank
Previous Experience AEP, Columbus, OH
AEP-Bixby 200 meters 8/2006 to present 13.2 kV, 3.0 kA, Triax Cable
5 DAY Bixby Peak Load August 2007

3000
Peak Load = 2,715 A

2500
2000 Current (Amps)
1500
Phase 1 1000 Phase 2 Phase 3 Neutral 500
0 0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
AEP Data Fault Currents

Transient event: I 3.0 kA (2,121 A-rms) 74 total events 39 events with >4,242 A-pk (3,000 A-rms) 19 events with >5,657 A-pk (4,000 A-rms) 13 events with >7,071 A-pk (5,000 A-rms) 7 events with >14,142 A-pk (10,000 A-rms) Highest current = 17,765 Apk (222 milliseconds) Longest duration = 1.785 seconds (5209 Apk, 3683 Arms)
07/11/2008 01:24:20.500
07/11/2008 01:24:27.425
HTS cable never taken out of service.
No measurable thermal response in HTS cable or terminations.
Development status up to 154kV EPRI Superconductivity HTS Cable Systems in Korea Conference
Evaluation of 100m long 12 Nov.HTS 2008 22.9kV 50MVA Cable System
KEPRI (KEPCO) -Mo Yang S. K.Byeong LEE Principal Research Engineer Electric Power R&D Center LS Cable Ltd
1 /31
Contents About DAPAS program
R&D Results of HTS cable in 1st & 2nd Phase Plan of 3

rd
Phase
Conclusion
2 /31
DAPAS program
DAPAS program Development of Advanced Power system by Applied Superconductivity tech. Name of the superconductivity frontier program in Korea Selected on May. 2001 by MOST Funded about 100 million US dollars for ten years from government.
The primary target R & D and commercialization of the developed HTS products Budget
z z
10 years(2001~2010) 2007. 04 - 2008. 03
148 million $ ( Gov. : 100 & Ind. : 48 ) 14 million $ ( Gov. : 10 & Ind. : 4 )
3 /31
Development targets for each phase

Phase FY Target 1st Phase 2001 2002 2003 2nd Phase 2004 2005 2006 2007 3rd Phase 2008 2009 2010 Commercialization
Core technology
(to develop the HTS wire and system technology)
Pre-commercial pilot
(to improve the 1st phase technology and develop the prototype devices)
(Field test and development of the industrial technology for commercialization)
Power cables Transformers Fault-current limiters Motors
50MVA, 22.9kV cable 1MVA, 22.9kV Single phase 6.6kV, 200Arms SFCL 100~ hp motor
50MVA, 22.9kV, 100m system core technologies 22.9kV, 630Arms SFCL 1MVA~ motor
1GVA, 154kV, 3 phase 33MVA, 154kV Single phase 22.9kV, 3kA & 154kV, 4kArms 5MVA motor
4 /31
Highest voltage class

50m 120m 250m Succeeded Failed 1 core 3 ph DAPAS Warm Dielectric Cold Dielectric 1G wire 2G wire 3 phase, 1 cryo, CD 3 phase, 3 core, CD 3 phase, 3 core, WD 1 phase, CD
225kV
154kV DAPAS (~11)
LIPA 2
AMSC&Nexans LIPA (~07) (~11) LIPA SPE 138kV
SEI&TEPCO (~11) 77kV 66kV SEI (~99)

AEP
Furukawa (~04)
SPE project
36kV 24kV 12.5kV
SEI & TEPCO (~01) Swire & NKT (~07) NKT (~02) AMSC (~07) Pirelli, AMSC, Swire & IGC (~00) DTE (~01) 30m 100m 200m DAPAS (~04) IGC & SEI (~07)
Albany
Swire & NKT(~11)
34.5kV 22.9kV 13.8kV
350m
500m 620m
1,780m 5 /31
History of HTS power cable in DAPAS

2001 2003 2005
Aug., 2005 Long Term Test
5m Cable core + 10m Cooling System
30m Single Phase HTS Cable System 22.9kV, 50MVA
30m Three Phase HTS Cable System 22.9kV, 50MVA

6 /31
HTS Cable in KEPCO Testing Center in 2006

Fully simulating real grid conditions
Pipe Duct [15 m]
Termination (Load)
Tunnel (55 m) Joint box
Termination (Power source)
U-bend
On the ground [30 m]
Joint box Ground level Termination (Load) Termination (Power source)
7 /31
Specification
Voltage : 22.9kV (Nominal), 13.2kV(Phase) Current : 1,260A (50MVA) Fault Current : 25kA, 15cycle Cryogenic system : Closed loop cryo-coolers Cable length : 100m
Insulator
Approx. 2100
Cryostat
Bellows
Cable
Cable core
Cryostat
Bellows
Approx. 3500
Approx. 3500
Cable
Termination
Joint Box
8 /31
Installation
Installation & handling of HTS cable are same as ordinary cable
Tunnel
Pipe duct (175mm)
Snake and cleats
9 /31
Evaluation
Specification of type-test - Optimal test items & conditions - Suitable to real grid application Proposed to IEC SB1 by LS Cable ( under discussing ) Certification by 3rd party test institute - Kinetrics, Canada Confirmation by end user - KEPCO/KEPRI - Gochang power testing center
10 /31
Test Results (I)

Load Cycle Test at 1.5Uo for 30 days was successfully finished
Voltage & Current
8h (1260A) 1 cycle
Voltage (20kV ; 1.5U0)
16h (No load)
Current
Time (h)
PD and dielectric loss were tested successfully

* High Frequency Antenna
Applied Voltage (kV) 5 10 13.2 (Uo) 20.1 (1.5Uo) 33 (2.5Uo) PD (pC) < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 Tan 0.00002 0.000027 0.000039 0.00004 0.000041
* Background noise : 5~10 pC
11 /31
Test Results (II)

AC Dielectric Security Test @2.5Uo for 24hours was passed
No degradation after all electrical & thermal cycle tests

2 0 1 x 6 . 1
Operating range
I c c rite rio n (1 u V /c m )
Phase (Cable) R S T
Design @ 75 K 3 kA 3 kA 3 kA
Result 75 K 3.01 kA 3.06 kA 3.03 kA 72 K 3.34 kA 3.43 kA 3.34 kA
2 0 1 x 4 . 1 2 0 1 x 2 . 1 2 0 1 x 0 . 1
Voltage (V)
3 0 1 x 0 . 8 3 0 1 x 0 . 6 3 0 1 x 0 . 4 3 0 1 x 0 . 2 0 . 0 3 -
P hase P hase P hase P hase P hase P hase
R S T R S T
@ @ @ @ @ @
75K 75K 75K 72K 72K 72K
C u rre n t (A )
* Operating temperature : 72 ~ 75 K * Operating current range : ~ 1.8 kA
0 1 x 0 . 2 -
0 0 5
0 0 0 , 1
0 0 5 , 1
0 0 0 , 2
0 0 5 , 2
0 0 0 , 3
0 0 5 , 3
12 /31
AC Loss
AC Loss was measured by calorimetric method on site
Loss (W) Design Heat Loss AC loss 70m Cable 30m (U-band) Termination 105.0 90.0 195.0 102.9 113.2 216.1 AC loss : 1.25 W/mphase 165.0 210.0 Total 375.0 Measured Heat Loss AC loss 164.8 255.2 Total 420.0 AC loss : 1.21 W/mphase W/m.phase @ 1260Arms
165.0
135.0
300.0
180.0
157.6
337.6
0.8W/mphase @ 1260Arms in the Lab
13 /31
Plan (the 3rd phase)
14 /31
Target of 3rd phase (2007 ~ 2011)

R&D of 154kV, 1 GVA HTS Cable - Specification : 154kV, 1GVA, 3phase, 100m - Install the Power Grid in KEPCO Testing Center
154kV Over Head Line (Youngkwang Nuclear Plant))
300m
154kV 2000SQ XLPE 2 LIne
Tunn el
0m HTS C able w ill be instal led 10
154kV
in 201 0
Substation at Gochang 15 /31
Peak and average load for a year

70000
After 1997 financial crisis in Korea
Peak load
60000
Average load
54631 51246 47385 45773 43125 41007
58994
Last year 2007, over 60GW
50000
Capacita (MW)
40000
37293 35851 32996
30000
20000
25621 24577 27320 30327 32559
34985
36809
39057
41625
43513
10000
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
16 /31
Necessity of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Status and Analysis of KEPCO Grid
1) Regional Load : Highest Seoul Region (42%) 2) Underground Cable among T/L : Highest Seoul Region (73.9%) 3) Increasing Underground T/L : about 12.68% (the rate of Underground T/L in Korea)
Kyunggi 18.3%
South-East Region 30% South-West Region 8% Middle Region 13%
Seoul Region 42%
Seoul 51.3%
Kangwon 5.3%
East Region 7%
12.68%
Daejun 45.2%
Total
Incheon 29.5% Chungnam 5.0% Chungbuk 6.2%
Kyungbuk 4.1% Daegu 21.9%
:C-Km
Voltage
Junbuk 6.1% Ulsan 18.7%
T/L Length 93 1,143 13
Rate(%) 7 92 1
345kV 154kV 66kV
Jeju 11.9 %
Gwhangju 26.5%
Kyungnam 7.4%
Busan 31.5%
(As of 2007) 17
17 /31
Necessity of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Cu Conductor 150mm HTS Superconductor LN2
800 mm OF Cable (345kV, 840A, 2cct)
150 mm HTS SC Cable (154kV, 3.75kA, 1cct)
18
18 /31
Applying Concept of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Applying Scenario of Transmission HTS Cable
345kV Substation 154kV Overhead Line :Suburbs Large City 154kV Conventional Cable 154kV HTS Cable : Center of Large City, high load density Considerable Places for Applying HTS Cable to KEPCO Grid from Old Conventional Cable
Replacement
Construction of New T/L in Large City Enlargement of T/L due to increasing load in Large City
19
19 /31
Modeling of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Fault Analysis of 154kV HTS Cable by Using EMTDC
Ia
ISb
ISc
A
3kA 6kA 9kA 12kA 15kA
Ic
Ib
ISa
20 /31
Design of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

Electrical Characteristics - Rated Voltage : 154 kV (U0, Um = 89, 170 kV) - Rated Current : 3.75 kA - BIL : 750 kV - Design Fault Current : 50 kA, 1.7s Physical Characteristics - Cold Dielectric Design (Single Phase in One Cryostat)
Inner Cryostat Thermal Insulation (MLI + Vacuum) Outer Cryostat LN2 Former/Stabilizer HTS Phase Conductor Insulation HTS Shield
154 kV, 1GVA HTS Cable Cross Section

21 /31
Core Design for 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

154kV/1GVA Stabilizer Design
-Fault Condition : 50 KA/ 1.7s
15.5 cycle 10.5 cycle 5.5 cycle
Temp. Limit : 94 K (5 bar) Initial Temp. : 77 K
Stabilizer Size Min. 610 mm2
22 /31
HTS Wire Evaluation for Cable Application

The Mechanical & Thermal Properties of multi-kinds of HTS wires evaluated
Multi-Bending
Tential Stress
Thermal Cycling & Twisting
23 /31
Insulation Design of 154kV HTS Cable

99
99
Br e a kdown w e ibu ll pr oba bility [ % ]
100 125 170
Br e a kdown we ibu ll pr oba bility [ % ]
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 3 2 1
Variable
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 3 2 1
Variable
100 125 170
Shape 25.18 26.39 20.19 0.1
Scale N AD P 68.39 15 0.633 0.088 61.65 15 0.310 >0.250 55.76 15 0.431 >0.250
Shape 16.10 17.47 17.64 0.1
Scale N AD P 120.6 15 0.540 0.164 110.8 15 0.543 0.160 100.9 15 1.092 <0.010
35
40
45 50 55 60 65 Br e a kdown s tr e n gth [ kV/ mm]
70
75
65
70
80 90 100 110 Br e a kdown s tr e n gth [ kV/ mm]
120
130
AC Weibull Test
50 45
11
Impulse Weibull Test

y = 51.097x y = 40.175x y = 40.043x
-0.0336
40 35
B r eak d o wn vo l tag e [ k V ]
-0.0235
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1.E+00
PPLP for EHV application Insulation Thickness < 15mmt Overall Diameter < 145mm
24 /31
-0.0514
100
1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 T i me [s e c ]
125
1.E+04
170
1.E+05 1.E+06
AC V-t Test
Cryogenic Characteristic Test of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

[ Cryogenic Vessel for Variable Temp.]
66K~77K, 5bar
[ DC power supply ]
DC 15,000 Amp / 5V
25 /31
Termination of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable
26 /31
Cryogenic System of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

LN2 Storage CryoCryo-Cooler Phase A LN2 Flow
Phase B
Phase C
5600W @ 65K
27 /31
Testing Facility for HTS Cable by KEPCO

Place : Gochang Testing Center Design : 2007.11 Start : 2008.3 Finish : 2009.9
154kV Superconducting Cable Test will be start 2009.6

28 /31
Testing Facility Design
PQ
OF
HTS Cable Test Field (Tunnel)
GIL
29 /31
Status of Standard for HTS cable

2008. 6. 9 Berlin Germany 11th IEC TC90 Meeting, Proposed the Test Procedure the HTS Cable, like as Ic Measurement Procedure. Suggest the round robin test the HTS cable for standard 2008. 8. 27, Paris France CIGRE SCD1 Working Group Meeting WG.15 (Superconducting and Insulating Materials for HTS Power Applications) Proposal the Specification of HTS Application Proposals for test procedures of HTS power equipment and electrical insulation. CIGRE SC B1 (Insulated Cable) Decide to make TF for studying the specification of HTS cable Korea The KS (Korean Standard) is in progress for Ic Measurement Procedure of HTS Cable
30 /31
Conclusion
The 22.9kV 50MVA HTS cable system was developed and evaluated 154 kV , 1GVA HTS cable system is being developed in the 3rd Phase of DAPAS program HTS Cable R&D is moving from Grid Test to Grid Use in the world Suggestion on the Collaboration for studying Standard of HTS Cable Testing Procedures
< 21/21 >
31 /31
< 21/21 >
32 /31
Status of 2G HTS Wire Technology Development and Manufacturing at SuperPower

Chuck Weber Y.-Y. Xie, Y. Chen, X. Xiong, K. Lenseth, M. Marchevsky, A. Rar, Y. Qiao, B. Gogia, A. Knoll, R. Schmidt, D. Hazelton, and V. Selvamanickam
Funded by Title III Program, DOE and AFRL Supported by CRADAs with Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, & Argonne National Laboratories EPRI 8th Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
SuperPowers 2G wire is based on high throughput processes & superior substrate

High throughput is critical for low cost 2G wire and to minimize capital investment SuperPowers 2G wire is based on high throughput IBAD MgO and MOCVD processes Use of IBAD as buffer template provides the choice of any substrate Advantages of IBAD are high strength, low ac loss (non-magnetic, high resistive substrates) and high engineering current density (ultra-thin substrates)
2 m Ag 1 m YBCO - HTS (epitaxial) ~ 30 nm LMO (epitaxial) ~ 30 nm Homo-epi MgO (epitaxial) ~ 10 nm IBAD MgO
100 nm
< 0.1 mm
20m Cu
50m Hastelloy substrate 20m Cu
YBCO LaMnO3 MgO (IBAD + Epi layer) Y2O3 Al2O3
EPRI 8th Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
Hastelloy C-276
SuperPowers 2G pilot manufacturing facility has been operational since 2006

Majority of investment already made for 1000 km/year capability
Pilot Substrate Electropolishing
Pilot MOCVD
Pilot IBAD
Pilot buffer Sputtering

3
Our main objective in 2008 was to meet market requirements for 2G wire
Replace 1G wire in large HTS device demonstration projects in the U.S. and around the world Key requirements: Long length, availability, Ic, price Supply large volumes of 2G wire to customers who have been waiting to take advantage of the superior performance of 2G Key requirements: Long length, Ic, additional performance metrics such as in-field Ic, ac losses, joints, insulation, FCL metrics Advance towards medium-term goal of replacing copper wire in commercial HTS projects and challenge LTS wire in high-field applications Key requirements: Long length, availability, Ic, price, in-field performance and other additional performance metrics
High current metric: Capability of ~ 1000 A in 12 mm widths achieved!

Critical current (A/cm-width)
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0
7
2008 (GdY)BCO
6
2007 GdYBCO 2006 Sm YBCO 2005 Sm YBCO
2008 (GdY)BCO
Jc (MA/cm )
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1
2005 Sm YBCO 2007 GdYBCO 2006 Sm YBCO
1 2 3 Thickness ( m)
2 Thickness ( m)
Over 1+ m length, Ic = 976 A = 813 A/cm
Ic measurement using continuous dc current (no pulsed current) across entire tape width of 12 mm. No patterning
3.3 m film made in 10 passes: Ic = 976 A = 833 A/cm (Jc = 2.44 MA/cm2) 2.1 m film made in 6 passes: Ic = 929 A = 774 A/cm (Jc = 3.68 MA/cm2) All achievements using production buffer tapes
High current technology is being transferred to pilot MOCVD

500 Minimum Ic > 400 A/cm-w over 55 m length 400
5.0E-07 4.0E-07 Voltage (V/cm) 3.0E-07 2.0E-07 1.0E-07 0.0E+00 -1.0E-07 Ic = 450 A/cm-w at 0.1 V/cm voltage criterion
Ic (A/cm-w)
300
200
100
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Position (m)
100
200
300
400
500
Current (A/cm-w)
Over 55 m length, Minimum Ic = 481 A = 401 A/cm At 0.2 V/cm voltage criterion
Over 10 m length, Ic = 481 A = 401 A/cm At 0.1 V/cm voltage criterion

6
All achievements using production buffer tapes. EPRI 8 Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN MOCVD process speed 90 m/h (4mm equivalent)
th
In-field performance metric: dramatic improvements achieved by Zr doping

BZO additions have been very effective in improving in-field performance of PLD films, but was yet to be demonstrated with MOCVD.
180 160 140 0.7 micron SmYBCO 0.7 micron GdYBCO 0.7 micron Zr:GdYBCO
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 3.5 micron SmYBCO 2.8 micron GdYBCO 3.3 micron Zr:GdYBCO
Ic (A/cm)
Ic (A/cm)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
229 A/cm 186 A/cm
77K, 1T
77K, 1 T -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Angle between field and tape (deg)

Data from Y. Zhang, M. Paranthaman, A. Goyal, ORNL
Angle between field and tape (degrees)
Gd substitution results in strong pinning parallel to the tape. Zr doping strongly enhances pinning perpendicular to tape & in intermediate fields 2 to 2.5x improvement IcSuperconductivity by Zr doping . Thin films and EPRI 8in Annual Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN thick films
th
Excellent in-field performance at 65 K, 3 T

550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Title III Phase 3 program goal is Je without stabilizer of 15,000 A/cm2 at 65 K, 3 T

2008: 3.33 m Minimum Ic = 267 A/cm corresponds to Je of Zr:(Y,Gd)BCO 2008: 3.15 m Zr:(Y,Gd)BCO 2007: 2.8 m (Y,Gd)BCO
41,000 A/cm2 at 65 K, 3 T Ic perpendicular to tape = 340 A/cm corresponds to Je of 52,300 A/cm2

Angle (deg)
Ic (77 K, 1 T) B // c Minimum Ic
2008 Zr-doped (Gd,Y)BCO 340 A/cm 267 A/cm
2007 (Gd,Y)BCO 181 A/cm 160 A/cm
Improvement 88% 67%

8
Zr-doped chemistry has been successfully transferred from Research system to Pilot MOCVD
160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Crtical current (A)
(Y,Sm)BCO (Y,Gd)BCO (Y,Sm)BCO with Zr (Y,Gd)BCO with Zr
Angle between magnetic field & tape (degrees)
Long-length wires are now being produced with Zr-doped chemistry

In 2007, we demonstrated world record high-field magnet

19T background self field
Central Field (T)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250
26.8 T @ 175 A
9.81 T @ 221 A
Coil ID Winding ID Winding OD # of Pancakes 2G wire used Average Ic of wires in coil
9.5 mm (clear) 19.1 mm ~ 87 mm 12 (6 x double) ~ 462 m 78 A in 4 mm width (77 K, self field)
Current (A)
SuperPower coil tested in NHMFLs unique, 19-tesla, 20-centimeter wide-bore, 20megawatt Bitter magnet
0.73 T generated by coil at 77 K

10
Coil tested by H. Weijers, D. Markewicz, & D. Larbalestier, NHMFL, FSU
New coil in 2008 with Zr-doped (Gd,Y)BCO wire with better in-field performance
2007 coil Coil ID (mm) clear Winding ID (mm) Winding OD (mm) Coil Height (mm) # of double pancakes 2G tape used (m) # of turns Coil Je (A/mm2) per amp of operating current Coil constant (mT/A) 9.5 19.1 ~ 87 ~ 51.6 6 ~ 462 ~ 2772 ~1.569 2008 coil 21 28.6 ~ 87 ~ 56.7 6 ~ 480 ~ 2664 ~1.635 Wire Ic (A) 4 mm 2007 coil 72 82 2008 coil 72 to 97
~ 44.4
th
~ 41.9
11
EPRI 8 Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
30% higher field in 2008 coil made with wire with improved in-field performance
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Angle between field and wire (degrees)
75 K, 0.92 T (LANL)
Ic (A) for 4 mm wide wire
(Y,Sm)BCO wire 2007 coil (Y,Sm)BCO wire 2007 coil Zr:(Gd,Y)BCO wire for 2008 coil Zr:(Gd,Y)BCO wire for 2008 coil
77 K, 1 T (ORNL)
Temperature (K) 77.4 70.25 65.8 64.5 63.8
Coil Max Central current Field (A) (T) 0.95 22.7 44 1.84 54 2.26 2.39 57 58 2.43
Temperature 77 K 65 K
2008 coil with Zr-doped (Gd,Y)BCO 0.95 T 2.39 T
2007 coil with (Y,Sm)BCO 0.73 T
Improvement 30%
12
This improvement remains effective at low T

1.50 [Ic/Ic@ 77K 0T- 2008]/[Ic/Ic@77K 0T-2007]
20-35% improvement in magnetic field range up to 4T T=

1.25
60 K 50 K 40 K 30 K 20 K
1.00
0.75 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 B[Tesla] at 30o w.r.t. the tape surface
Measurement done by M. Ogata and K. Nagashima at Railway Technical Research Institute
13
Continued routine manufacturing of kilometer lengths of fully buffered tape in CY 2008

8
In-plane texture (degrees)
7 6 5 4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Tape position (m) 1200 1400 1600
12 tapes with complete 5-layer buffer stack, by ISS2007, and now over 40 tapes have been produced in lengths of 1,300 m to 1,500 with in-plane texture of 5 7 degrees and excellent uniformity of ~2%
Manufacture of kilometer-lengths of high quality, fully-buffered tape was routine throughout 1 year
14
Challenges in fabrication of complete, kilometer long 2G wire

250
Ic (A/cm)
250
150 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Position (m)
Ic (A/cm)
200
200 150 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 Position (m) 800 1000
400
Ic (A/cm)
300 200 100 0
200
400
600
th
800
1000
Kilometer lengths limited by a few bad regions in an otherwise uniform wire; Major sources of the problems identified: MOCVD instability; Mechanical damage; Substrate defects
15
EPRI 8 (m) Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN Position
Aug. 2008: Yet another world record!

450 400 350 300
Ic (A/cm)
250 200 150 100 50 0 0
200 m Ic > 350 A/cm 4 mm: 140 A
320 m Ic > 350 A/cm 4 mm: 140 A
310 m Ic > 350 A/cm 4 mm: 140 A Except for three spots, Ic of rest of 1,030 m > 300 A/cm 4mm: 120 A
600 800 1000
77 K, Ic measured every 5 m using continuous dc currents over entire tape width of 12 mm (not slit) Voltage criterion = 0.2 microvolt/cm
200
400
Position (m)
Length (m) 1030 630 540
Minimum Ic (A/cm) @ 0.2 V/cm 227 302

Ic Length (A-m) 233,810 190,260 181,980

16
337
Aug. 2008: Ic > 300 A/cm achieved over 600 m

450 400 350 300
Ic (A/cm)
250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 Position (m) 400 500 600
77 K, Ic measured every 5 m using continuous dc currents over entire tape width of 12 mm (not slit) Voltage criterion = 0.2 microvolt/cm
Except for four spots, Ic of rest of 630 m > 350 A/cm
Length (m)
Minimum Ic (A/cm) (0.2 V/cm)
Ic Length (A-m)
630 540
302 337
190,260 181,980
17
Remarkable progress in 2G HTS wire scale-up over the last 6 years

240,000
Critical Current * Length (A-m)
200,000 160,000 120,000 80,000 40,000 0
1,311 m 935 m 790 m
Critical Current * Length (A-m)
Growth in last year
1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10

May-02 Oct-02 Mar-03 Aug-03 Jan-04 Jun-04 Nov-04 Apr-05 Sep-05 Feb-06 Jul-06 Nov-06 Apr-07 Sep-07 Feb-08 Jul-08
18
1 m to 1,300 m in 6 years 206 m 62 m 158 m 1 m18 m 97 m

Mar-03 Aug-04 Apr-05 Aug-06 Nov-01 Nov-03 Dec-05 Jul-02
595 m 427 m 322 m
World Records
Apr-07
Sep-08
Jan-08
Great strides made in 2008 in all key metrics

Metric Ic (A/cm) over 1 m Ic (A/cm) at 77 K, 1 T Ic (A/cm) at 65 K, 3 T Ic over 200 m (A/cm) Length with Ic > 200 A/cm (m) Ic over 500 m (A/cm) Length with Ic > 300 A/cm (m) Completed 2G wire Piece Length (m) Ic L (A-m) Coil: Field at 77 K (T) 2G Wire Price ($/m) 100 103 322 70,520 246 322 ISS 2006 470 ISS 2007 595 116 181 227* 322 170 202 595 102,935 0.73 65 ISS 2008 813 229 340 378* 1030 337 630 1,311 233,810 0.95 40 Improvement in past year 37% 97% 88% 67% 220% 98% 212% 120% 127% 30% 39%
*atRidge, 100 TN to EPRI 8th Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak
200% higher speed than in 200619
Development of Practical Conductors - Joints

Location of joints 180 160 140 120
Ic (A)
100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Position (m) 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Per customers requirement, 1200 m long wire was produced with 11 splices in a production operation. Arrangement of the 12 segments along the length was decided based on communication with customer so that the Ic profile would fit the coil winding requirements
20
Excellent resistance measured in all joints and mechanical robustness also demonstrated
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
Joint#1: 70-75m 5.00E-05 Joint#2: 175-180m Joint#3: 250-255 m Joint#4: 350-355m Joint#5: 440-445m Joint#7: 670-675m Joint#8: 760-765m Joint#9: 890-895m Joint#10: 980-985m Joint#11: 1120-1125m 1.00E-05
1st test After running thru 4" roller 3 times
3.50E-05
4.00E-05
After running thru 2" rollers 6 times

Voltage (Volt)
60 Current (A) 80 100 120 140
Joint#6: 560-565m
Voltage (Volt)
3.00E-05 2.50E-05 2.00E-05 1.50E-05 1.00E-05
3.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
-1.00E-05 0 20 40
20
40 Current (A)
60
80
All but one of the joints showed resistance around 33 n, One joint showed a resistance of 100 n, still within limit
Wires with joints have to run through the reel-to-reel Ic test rig with 4 and 2 roller. No trace of degradation was shown in I-V curves
21
Continuous multifilamentary 2G wire is now scaled to 15m lengths with new industrial process
4 mm
2
100 Hz ac loss (W/m)
unstriated
5.1 x
multifilamentary
0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Good Ic and reasonable ac loss reduction achieved; Coils were made with long length multifilamentary wires, showed lowered ac loss in magnetic field and with transport ac current as reported at DOE Peer Review (July 2008)
22
Bac rms (T)
Customer-driven development of insulated wire

Several customers, primarily for coil applications, required insulated 2G wire After evaluating a number of vendors, we procured a system for in-house fabrication of insulated wire System in place and being used for both 12 and 4 mm wide wire
Preliminary test showed no breakdown at 1000 V with 0.0025 mm polyimide film Deliveries of insulated wire already being made.
23
1. AC Loss Characterization of HTS Coils 2. Proposed Integrated Cryo-cooled Test Bed for High Power Density Power System Components Sastry Pamidi
Florida State University Center for Advanced Power Systems Tallahassee
AC Losses With Liquid Nitrogen Boil-off Measurements
Useful for Total AC loss measurements on coils up to 140 mm in diameter and 250 mm tall. Wide measurement range: fraction of a watt to 100 W Coils can be arranged in any orientation with respect to magnetic field Magnetic field amplitude: up to 200 mT Transport current amplitude: up to 650 A
AC Losses in YBCO Coils with Nitrogen Boil-off Technique

Diameter - 145 mm Length - 250 mm
Calibration Heater
Calibration Highly Reproducible
Sample Coil System has been tested and calibrated up to 60 W, 150 mT, 200 Hz
AC Losses in YBCO Coils with Nitrogen Boil-off Technique

Losses are < 0.1 W in parallel and perpendicular field 150 mT, 55 Hz & 60 mT, 200 Hz
YBCO Coils, 29 turns, of wire ~4.5 m conductor 45 mm diameter, Ic = 32-34 A
Super Power Coil Losses < 0.1 W @ 150 mT, 55 Hz & 60 mT, 200 Hz
Two coils were tested Coil made of normal YBCO tape and Coil made of Striated YBCO ( five filaments). Both have < 0.1 W losses. 0.1 W is minimum detectable limit of the measurement system
Objectives of the Proposed Integrated Cryogenic System for Multiple High Density Power System Components
Address system issues arising from the complex interrelationships between the electrical, thermal and material performance characteristic to achieve high power density systems through cryo-cooling. Design and manufacture a 400 kVA, 13,8 kV HTS transformer for application in Test loop Design and manufacture a +/- 5 kV MVDC HTS cable
A Schematic of the Proposed Integrated Cryogenic System for Multiple High Density Power System Components
Main Cryo station
Capacitor Bank
HTS Transformer
AC/DC Converter
HTS fault Current limiter
Load Bank
Flow sensors Cryo booster Temp sensors Valves Blowers Electrical bushing HTS AC/DC Cable
Proposed Applications of Cryo-cooled Test Bed Understanding of cryogenic system integration issues For external users to test high density power devices Comprehensive test environment with PHIL testing and heat loads and thermal gradients under test conditions Demonstrate integrated high power density electrical network
Proposal of 9th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference In Korea
Outline
Date From 9th Nov.(Monday) to 11th Nov.(Wednesday) EPRI, KEPCO(KEPRI), and KIASC * KIASC : Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics z International Program Committee ; Program Committee EPRI, KEPRI, KIASC z Local Program Committee ; KERPI, KIASC, KERI, LSC, KIMM, etc. z KEPRI in Daejeon Korea (2 days) Conference Site Accommodation : Yusung Hotel, Rivera Hotel etc z Technical Tour : Gochang Test Field (1 day) z LS Cable Factory Tour (1day) : option
Host
Schedule (Tentative)
Nov. 2008
First Announcement (9th Annul EPRI Superconductivity Conference) Website Opens On-Line Submission of Abstracts Abstract Acceptance & On-line Registration Last Announcement with Final Program Conference
Feb. 2009 Aug. 2009 Sept. 2009 Oct. 2009 Nov. 2009
Conference Schedule (Tentative)

z First day ( KEPRI in Daejeon) Registration Presentation Welcome Party and Dinner z Second day Presentation KEPRI Superconducting Lab Tour in KEPRI z Third day (Technical Tour : Gochang Test Field) Move : Daejeon -> Gochang (by Bus) Test Field Tour including 22.9kV and 154kV superconducting cable Excursion : Sunwonsa Temple z 4th Day (Option) : LS Cable Factory Tour
What benefit will you get ?

You can contact with many experts from oversea You can get the current information on Superconductivity System more broadly including Asia You can see the overall of the Superconductivity System. For Example, HTS Cable, SFCL, Flywheel developed by Korea You can look around Gochang Test Center, specially new underground test lab that is the biggest one in the world through technical tour Lastly, you can enjoy beautiful sightseeing that may be great mountain covered with colorful tree at Autumn
5
Technical Tour
Seoul
Daejeon Gochang Busan
Seoul
Daejeon
Busan
Testing Facility for HTS Cable by KEPCO

Place : Gochang Testing Center Start : 2008.3 Finish : 2009.9
154kV Superconducting Cable Test will start 2009.6
KEPRI in Autumn Conference site
Naejangsan national Park
10
SunWonSa Temple
11
High Opportunity Commercial Applications for HTS Cables

Eighth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Oak Ridge, TN ~ November 12 13, 2008
Introduction
The scope and successful operation of recent HTS cable projects has led to:
Increased interest in HTS cables Increased interest in their characteristics Increased interest in possible applications
Superconductor Cables are an Exciting New Tool for Utility Planning Departments, but requires:
Education on their benefits and applications Education on what is involved to install and operate
Agenda
Review of HTS cable applications which appear to be of greatest interest during educational presentations Issues moving forward
Key HTS Cable ELECTRICAL Characteristics

Very high power transfer capability compared to conventional cables solves many siting problems Very low impedance reduces loading on parallel lines and equipment Minimal magnetic field and elimination of heat simplifies placement concerns and is easy on the environment Optional HTS cables with fault current management capabilities eliminate need to upgrade existing equipment
HTS Cables offer unique capabilities
Power Transfer Equivalency of HTS Cables
345kV 230kV 138kV 69kV 34.5KV 13.8 kV 0

XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable HTS 100 XLPE Cable XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable
Same Voltage, More Power Greatly increased power transfer capacity at any voltage level
MVA at 13.8 kV
200
400
600
800
1000
Power Transfer Capability - 3 MVA
HTS Cables provide much greater power transfer than conventional cable
* No XLPE cable de-rating factors applied. HTS rating based on conventional 4000A breaker rating
Power Transfer Equivalency of HTS Cables
345kV 230kV 138kV 69kV 34.5KV 13.8 kV 0

XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable XLPE Cable HTS XLPE Cable
Same Voltage, More Power Greatly increased power transfer capacity at any voltage level Same Power, Lower Voltage New MV versus HV Siting Opportunity
1000
MV Transmission Ideal for NIMBY & ROW sparse environments
200
400
600
800
Power Transfer Capability - 3 MVA
HTS Cables provides transmission-level power transfer at medium voltage

* No XLPE cable de-rating factors applied. HTS rating based on conventional 4000A breaker rating
Project HYDRA Overview

ConEds System of the Future: Interconnected Distribution Substations Integral Fault Current Limiting
Current ConEd System Configuration
Copper power cables
HTS power cables
DHS Project supports development of a more resilient grid with increased reliability and reduced power outages
Paralleling Urban Buses Building on Project HYDRA
Typical 2-transformer urban substations
VIRTUAL BUS Connection
Virtual Bus must Handle high power flow between the substations Conventional interconnection techniques not practical Normal impedance during steady state operation would limit power transfer Multiple cable circuits would be required
Paralleling low-side buses with conventional technology is not practical
Paralleling Urban Buses: HTS Solution
4000A
Load Current
HTS Cable Advantages Low impedance allows for efficient power transfer Ampacity of HTS cable capacity requires only one circuit e.g. 100MVA at 15kV Reduced external EMF and heat generation simplifies placement
HTS Cable Enables Low Side Interconnection
Paralleling Urban Buses: Addressing Fault Currents
Fault Current Contribution With Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable Reduced Fault Current Contribution
60,000A 30,000A
Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable provides many benefits: Reduces the fault current that flows through the HTS cable Reduces fault current contribution to faults on either substation bus Eliminates need to replace or upgrade station equipment Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable makes low side networking practical
Paralleling Urban Buses: The Appeal
Typical Loading Practice
Total Load 60% total transformer MVA
Total Load 60% total transformer MVA
Advantages of Paralleled Substations Simple Case Connect additional load without additional transformers or new substations Increases transformer asset utilization Reduces cost of N-1 contingency planning; Only 1 transformer required versus 2 Increased interconnectivity protects vulnerable, critical loads in the event of a catastrophic failure Paralleling Dense Urban Load Centers Leads to Operational Efficiencies
Paralleling Urban Buses Increased Asset Utilization
Transformer Asset Utilization TS Inteconnected Substations; n-1 Criteria

100%
Transformer Asset Utilization TS Inteconnected Substations; n-2 Criteria

100%
Transformer Asset Utilization
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% None 2 3 4 5

2 XFRMR 3 XFRMR 4 XFRMR 5 XFRMR
Transformer Asset Utilization
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% None 2 3 4 5

3 XFRMR 4 XFRMR 5 XFRMR
Number of Interconnected Substations
Interconnecting Substations increases transformer asset utilization* Improves financial performance measures Reduces the number of transformers required to serve load
* Theoretical limits
Paralleling Urban Buses Serving Additional Load
HTS Interconnected Substation Loading Increase Capability; n-1 Criteria

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2 3 4 5
HTS Interconnected Substation Loading Increase Capability; n-2 Criteria

180% 160%
% Increased Load Capability
% Increased Load Capability
140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2 3 4 5

3 XFRMR 4 XFRMR 5 XFRMR
2 XFRMR 3 XFRMR 4 XFRMR 5 XFRMR
Interconnecting Substations significantly increases load serving capability* Significantly reduces need to expand or build new substations
* Theoretical limits
Segregated (Remote) Substation
Larger, HV station components located where space is available
HTS CABLE
MV HTS cable acts as low impedance, high capacity, virtual bus between transformer and switching stations Reuse existing ROW Simplified placement due to lower voltage level FCL HTS cable may reduce MV breaker requirements
Smaller, remotely located, lower voltage switching station in space or real-estate constrained location
Permits new substation construction in spite of severe real estate constraints
Segregated (Remote) Substation
Multiple HV stations located where space is available to provide for contingency planning
MV HTS cables provide links and fault current control

HTS CABLE HTS CABLE
HTS Cables can be consistent with tradition reliability design practices
Overcoming Transmission Line Siting Dilemmas

Underground construction Preferred by the public Better storm performance HTS offers simplified burial requirements Space efficient Lower voltage option simplifies siting Environmental benefits No EMF emissions Environmentally friendly insulation system Positive public relations
Power system reliability and load growth requires new interconnections to strengthen the grid and supply new load
G G G G
Substation A Substation B
HTS Cables Very Attractive to Address Transmission Siting Issues
Simplifying Transmission Siting

One OneMV MVHTS HTSCable Cablecan canreplace: replace: Many Manyconventional conventionalunderground underground circuits circuits Overhead Overheadtransmission transmissionline line
Photo courtesy Consolidated Edison
HTS Cables Offer New Options to Siting Power Lines
Connecting Generating Stations to Grid or Any Short, High Power Link

G G G G
Generation Station HTS Section for sensitive or ROW restricted areas Conventional construction for balance of link Grid PCC
Advantageous for short, high power transfer situations Permits use of more compact, easier to site, lower voltages Environmentally and politically preferable underground construction Lower losses Ideal for routes including sensitive or ROW restricted areas HTS Cables Can Ease or Eliminate or Simplify Short Link Issues
Grid Congestion
Load Current Load Current
Generation
G G
Undesired Loop Flow
Load
Grid Congestion has many causes Insufficient line ampacity Overloaded critical assets and circuits Undesired loop flows Stability issues
Line loading, equipment & operational limitations can lead to grid congestion
HTS Cable Can Alleviate Grid Congestion

During normal operating conditions, the HTS cable is a low impedance path and allows for the transfer of large amounts of power. Reduced
line losses
Load Current Load Current
Increased line loading Reduced loading on assets
Generation
G G
HTS Cable
High Normal Current Low Fault Current
Load
Load Current
Numerous benefits accrue: Increased corridor transfer capability of the corridor Reduced loading on parallel circuits Improved efficiency from lower I2R losses on all lines
During Faults HTS Cable Limits Fault Currents

When an HTS cable with resistive FCL capability becomes resistive during a fault, the fault current must use relatively lower impedance paths
Fault Current
Generation
G G
HTS Cable
High Normal Current Low Fault Current
Fault
Fault Current
Increased Fault impedance increases total circuit fault impedance
The HTS cable results in higher system impedance during faulted conditions lowering overall fault current magnitudes
Conventional Vs. Project Hydra Style HTS Cable
Fault Current Level Change (kA) Scenario Base Case 2nd Conventional Cable Replacement HTS Cable MVA Transfer Capacity Increase 230 MVA Base +230 +248 Sub#1 42 kA +5 -12 Sub #2 56 kA +2 -3
Installing HTS Cable in the grid simultaneously can increase power transfer capability and manages fault current levels
Summary
HTS Cable Systems offer solutions unavailable or impractical until now As utilities are exposed to HTS cable concepts, applications become apparent Most utility personnel have had little exposure to HTS cables and their characteristics This exposure is for the most part limited to a utilitys advanced technology or R&D functions i.e., those that are exposed to normal planning issues are not considering HTS solutions The industry must undertake an Educational Awareness program to ensure HTS cables become part of the engineers toolset
HTS cable applications are nascent Education is required to spur demand
Technology & Engineering Division
Development of HTS Cables for DC Power Transmission and Distribution

Joseph V. Minervini Leslie Bromberg Makoto Takayasu Christopher Miles and Nicholas R. LaBounty
MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center

Eighth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Doubletree, Oak Ridge, TN ~ November 12 13, 2008
Portions reprinted, with permission, from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Joseph Minervini.
Outline
HTS DC Advantages Cable Design Concepts Chubu-MIT HTS DC Cable Collaboration Long Length Cooling Current Lead Cooling Potential Near Term Application Conclusions
DC Superconducting Transmission Line

Advantages: No DC resistive losses No AC inductive storage Low or no AC losses Long range transmission of high currents, including undersea Very high power ratings including transmission of several GVA Fault currents limited by fast acting inverters at AC/DC and DC/AC ends of the line Low voltage transmission, if desired, limiting the need for high voltage transformers Simplified cable design, more amenable to using HTS tape geometry Cable coolant also used to cool solid state inverters increasing capacity and reducing high temperature aging degradation Disadvantages: Invertors can add substantially to cost
HTS DC Applications
HTS DC increases efficiency for long distance transmission Opens other advanced technology opportunities:
Direct connection of alternative low-carbon or carbon-free power sources:
Wind Solar PV Fuel Cell Microturbine other
Grid independence
Connection of advanced energy storage devices

Flywheel Battery Supercapacitor Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) other
System Stability and Power Quality
Off-Shore Wind Farm Power Transmission Using HTS DC Cable

DC-to-AC Power Conversion HTS DC Transmission Cables
Solar Photovolatic or Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Transmission Using HTS DC Cable Solar PV CSP
Solar and Wind
Transmit DC before conversion?
DC Power
DC Superconducting Power Transmission Line Experiment in Chubu University & Collaboration with MIT Prof. Satarou Yamaguchi Dept. of Electrical Engineering
yamax@isc.chubu.ac.jp
Center of Applied Superconductivity and Sustainable Energy Research (CASER)
Experimental Device in Chubu University

Parameters current > 2.5 kA voltage > 20 kV length ~ 20 m Sumitomo Bi-2223 cable coolant; LN2 equipped with pump and cryogenic cooler 72 K - 77 K
SC Cable
former copper wires HTS Tape x 39 insulation 30kVDC
Photo of cross-section
insulation layer HTS Tape center hole for coolant path inner spring former copper wires
earth layer
40
1st layer; 19 Tape conductor 2nd layer; 20 Insulation Volt.
Bi-2223/ 100A grade Insulator, PPPL Center hole 14
Side View
made by Sumitomo
DC20kV 40
Outer radius
MIT High Current HTS DC Cable Designs Carpet Stack Twisted Triplets
Multiple Layers Triplet
Wedge Stack Twisted Triplets
Use Basic Carpet Stack

tapes can be insulated or soldered
Square or rectangular stack Base element former can be

conducting non-conducting Structural
Tape shape requires relatively long twist pitches

AC losses not an issue for DC applications
25 kA at T = 65 K - 77 K Carpet Stack triplets have highest Je Allows for smaller cryostat and lower heat leak Carpet Stack and wedge base conductors allow many variations on cable patterns and total tape number
Potential Opportunity
Data Server Centers
In 2006, electricity consumed by servers in U.S. data Google datacenter near The Dalles Dam centers (including cooling and auxiliary infrastructure) represented about 1.5 percent of national electricity use*.
Internet data center consumes ~ 12 kW/m2.

10 MW-50 MW+ total capacity in new centers
DC may be preferred
Minimizes conversion losses
~7-10% energy savings migrating to DC
No reactive power Power multiplier: for 1 W dissipation saved, 1.5 - 2 W cooling eliminated
*Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Aug. 2, 2007
Expected Data Server Center Power Growth
G. Lawton, Powering Down the Computing Infrastructure, Computer, IEEE, 40, issue 2, p 16-19, Feb. 2007.
DC Distribution Demonstration Developed by LBNL and Industry Partners
Measured Best in Class AC System Loss Compared to DC

~9-12% efficiency improvement measured by elimination of transformer and second AC/DC conversion William Tschudi, LBNL
Benefits of 400Vdc
PV
AC Distribution
DC 300- DC/AC 400V
DC/AC AC/DC
Lighting loads
Ballast FC 60 Hz AC 480V
AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC DC/DC
VR
Electronic loads
PSU
Motor loads
AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC DC/AC
ASD
Slides courtesy of Annabelle Pratt-Intel
Benefits of 400Vdc
PV
Facility Level
DC 300- DC/AC 400V
X
AC/DC DC/AC
X XX
X
AC/DC
Lighting loads
DC/AC
Ballast
Electronic loads
DC/DC
VR
FC 60 Hz AC 480V
X
AC/DC
PSU
Motor loads
AC/DC
X
DC/AC
X
AC/DC
DC/AC
ASD
Benefits of 400Vdc
400V DC facility with DG

DC 300- DC/DC 400V
DC/AC
Lighting loads
Ballast 60 Hz AC 480V
Electronic loads
DC/DC DC/DC
VR
AC/DC
PSU
Motor loads
AC/DC DC/AC
ASD
Benefits of 400Vdc
400V DC facility with SC Bus

DC 300- DC/DC 400V
DC/AC
Lighting loads
Ballast 60 Hz AC 480V
Electronic loads
DC/DC DC/DC
VR
AC/DC
PSU
Motor loads
AC/DC DC/AC
ASD
4400 Ampere Cable Sizes
Copper - Air cooled
Copper - Water cooled
HTS- LN2 Cooled
1.75 Diameter cable 325 A per cable 14 Cables 35 lbs/ft
0.605 Diameter cable 133 A per cable 33 Cables 8 lbs/ft
1.75 Diameter up to 30 Conductors up to 200 Amps per Conductor 1 Cable 2.0 lbs/ft
Very High Power Density is Achievable with Superconductors
x 10 = 4000 A @ 0 Voltage
Schematic 10MW, 400V, 25 kA Data Center Layout
Technology Needed to Implement SC Distribution As opposed to transmission, there are a large number of secondary spurs, with relatively high density (depending on application) Refrigeration losses dominated by leads, not by distributed cryostat or AC losses Need to address the problem of
Electrical connections through low-loss leads Cooling manifolding
Summary of Preliminary System Analysis

MIT Energy Initiative Seed Fund - 2008
Power Dissipation with Standard Leads (kW)

Power Loss HTS + Cu
(2007)
Power Loss HTS + Cu

(2008-2011)
Power Loss HTS + Cu (2012-2016) 10 0.225 10.225 118 16 134
Power Loss All Cu
HTS Leads HTS Cryostat HTS Cold Power Total Refrigerator Wall Power Copper Bus Total Electrical System Power
10 0.45 10.450 300 16 316
10 0.225 10.225 177 16 193
250 250
Current lead loss is 0.05 W/A-lead

Navigant Consulting costing predictions of SC components in 2008-2012:
http://www.energetics.com/meetings/supercon06/pdfs/Plenary/07_Navigant_HTS_Market_Readiness_Study.pdf
MITEI Seed Fund Study (contd)
Power Dissipation with Optimized Leads (kW)

Power Loss HTS + Cu
(2007)
Power Loss HTS + Cu

(2008-2011)
Power Loss HTS + Cu

(2012-2016)
Power Loss All Cu System
HTS Leads HTS Cryostat HTS Cold Power Total Refrigerator Wall Power Copper Bus Total Electrical System Power
5 0.450 5.450 157 16 173
5 0.225 5.225 90 16 106
5 0.225 5.225 60 16 76 250 250
Current lead loss is 0.025 W/A-lead achieved by intermediate cooling stage

Capital Costs (k$)

Capital Costs HTS + Cu 2007 HTS Tape HTS Cryostat HTS Refrigerator HTS Total Copper Bus Total Capital Cost 2,800 200 1,050 Capital Costs HTS + Cu 2008-2011 560 130 640 Capital Costs HTS + Cu 2012-2016 112 44 260 Capital Costs All Cu
4,050 11 4,061
1,330 11 1,341
416 11 427 160 160

Operating Costs of Power ($/Hr)

Operating Costs 2007 HTS (standard leads) HTS (optimized leads) All Copper HTS Payback Period (standard leads) HTS Payback Period (optimized leads) 31.69 17.26 25.07 Never 57 Years Operating Costs 2008-2011 19.27 10.62 25.07 23 Years 9.2 Years Operating Costs 2012-2016 13.38 7.61 25.07 2.6 Years 1.75 Years
Electricity cost = $0.10/kW-Hr
Summary
Use of HTS could open innovative opportunities in datacenters for decreased power consumption, flexibility and easy of construction Application to data server centers is a near term application with potential large efficiency gains Short time scale implementation allows further development for other MicroGrid applications with similar technology Establishes technology for:
Bringing large-scale power to land from offshore wind farms Combining large-scale solar PV or solar thermal systems to the grid Long distance power transmission and/or grid interconnects
Optimized DC cable, cryostat and current leads require development program
A High-Power Superconducting DC Cable

W. V. Hassenzahl Eighth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference 11/13/2008
Outline
The team Visions Past and Present Why a superconducting DC cable Program goals Design concept Design process
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
The team
Steve Eckroad Bill Hassenzahl Paul Grant Brian Gregory Stig Nilsson
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why a SC DC Cable
High Power Capacity pluses and minuses Negligible losses resistive and AC Physical Dimensions Small vs. Power Lines Security High Current and Relatively Low Voltage Reliability Versatility Efficiency Lower Life Cycle Cost
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why operate near 77 K?

To answer this question we need to explore conductor costs and the life cycle energy demands of an installed cable
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why operate near 77 K?

To answer this question we need to explore conductor costs and the life cycle energy demands of an installed cable
Caution Comparisons are model specific.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why A DC Cable near 77K?

77 K a real sweet spot
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Program Goals
Design a Superconducting DC Cable System that meets future utility needs and requirements.
Recognize high power limitations of local AC system Assess power levels and cable lengths Note power independent costs of proposed design
Use existing engineering capability for materials and fabrication processes.

Structural Materials Cryogenics and vacuum Power Converters Superconductors Not the driver!
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
2 SC DC Cable Systems
Assessed power levels and cable lengths
Regional 2 GW <300 km Inter regional 10 GW >500 km multiple power feeds and loads redundant cables in each circuit redundant converters
Selected two cable systems for Reference Designs Established a simple set of design requirements
Iterative Process
Power Levels, Ranges, and Limits I and V Conductors, other materials, standard practices Metal Sheath OD and Vacuum shell piece length Metal Sheath OD and Spool Sizes Cable section lengths, i.e., Unit length between joints Heat loads Cryogenic Requirements Fluid Flow Area Cryogenic Diameter and stop joint Vacuum requirement Outer Shell ID
An SC-DC Cable 9
11/13/08
Power Ranges - I and V

Regional 2 GW 1 GW per SCDC Cable Each cable has full capacity for redundancy ~33.3 kA and ~60 kV* Inter Regional up to 10 GW E.g., power farm to major loads 5 GW per HVDC Cable Each cable has full capacity for redundancy ~100 kA and ~100 kV
* May choose 100 kV
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
10
Design Concept
Details of cross section depend on operational conditions Figure includes recent changes to accommodate ground issues raised by AC/DC Integration team Approximate diameter 12 cm
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
11
Cable Section Length

V, I, and material properties determine
Metal Sheath OD Cable weight per meter of length Note mechanical properties of insulation require a larger minimum thickness than does voltage standoff
Metal Sheath OD, spool dimensions, and required pulling force determine
cable section length from spreadsheet
Manhole or other access capability required at end of each section for joint preparation Experience with conventional cables is applicable
11/13/08 An SC-DC Cable 12
Heat Loads
Heat sources
Conduction Convection Radiation AC losses = hysteresis from current changes and ripple Cable ends / joints Cryogen flow losses
Use nominal heat load of 1 W/m for initial calculations.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
13
AC Losses
Two types of heat input in the superconductor
Current ramping and faults Harmonic currents
Several methods for calculating heat input.

Abrupt current decrease can only deliver energy associated with inductance per unit length L/l Energy goes into enthalpy of nitrogen T<0.01K Harmonic currents set limits on converter design and operation
P ( W / m ) 4 10
2 I n n all _ n
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
14
Vacuum
Conduction and convection heat load must be < 0.5 W/m depends on use of mli and quality of vacuum Required vacuum about 2x10-4 Torr
First approach permanently sealed system with getters
Not feasible to guarantee >500 km without leaks.
Second approach vacuum pumps at fixed spacing

Issue is pressure increase from pump to furthest point requires large open cross section Calculation of spacing is based on gas flow from largest leak, conductance of the cable vacuum space, and vacuum pump capacity. Determine that a 0.7 m pipe, 50 liter/s, 10-4 Torr vacuum pumps with every km will meet vacuum needs even if some pumps fail. Pumps need not work full time after operation begins Also, pumps must be able to pump down the cable prior to use
An SC-DC Cable 15
Pump spacing is intimately connected with maximum cable piece length

11/13/08
Cryogenics
Superconductivity requires a low temperature
65 to 70 K for liquid nitrogen Over distances of a 1000 km Small temperature variations
Normal operation ~ 1 K Upset/fault conditions > +5 K
Requires pressurized flow of liquid nitrogen

Pressure of several atm required to limit bubble formation and to maintain consistent dielectric strength This low pressure allows the use of thin walled pipes Which, in turn, limits the allowable pressure rise caused by flow resistance
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
16
Cryogenics
Refrigerator loads and separation
Choice of capacity of each refrigerator depends on
Total heat inflow between refrigerators Need for on line maintenance Operation during and after upset/fault conditions The grid should not know Cool down about refrigerators Cost vs. capacity factors (Optimization for the future) Iterative process among heat load, refrigerator spacing, reliability, etc.
A pressure rise of 2.5 atm. is allowable for an operating pressure of 5 to 10 atm. A flow rate of 5 liters/s can remove 10 kW The associated pressure rise in 10 km is ~3 atm, 45 psi. Choose 5 to 10 km refrigeration spacing.
Pumping/friction power is about 0.2 W/m
Cryogenics Summary
Heat load, allowable temperature rise determine
Minimum cryogen mass flow
Cryogen mass flow and allowable pressure drop determine

total refrigerator capacity and refrigerator spacing.
Refrigerator spacing is an optimization issue.

5 to 10 km is adequate with a 3 to 5 atmosphere pressure drop for liquid nitrogen.
Part of iterative design, but not a driver
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
18
Design Concept
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
19
Factory Assembly
Outer pipe
Standard high pressure gas pipe Special welding and cleaning Reflecting surface on inner diameter Environmental protective outer coating Piece length determined by shipping constraints (?~20 m)
Cryogenic pipe and cryogen return pipe

Corrugated stainless steel Special weld requirements Supported at each end from outer pipe
Superinsulation
Most important 30 to 50 layers between outer pipe and cryogenic components A few layers between the two cold pipes.
Pipe Section and Transport
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
21
On Site Assembly
This procedure is followed for some 50 sections
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
22
Vault and Cable Pulling
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
23
Joints
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
24
Joints
Cable joint Issues
Large number of superconductor tapes/wires Field procedures especially repairs End connections and terminations
Pipe joint characteristics determined by

Manufacturability Cleanliness Superinsulation protection Accommodation of cable pulling loads Thermal contraction associated with cooldown
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
25
Cable Installed
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
26
Cryogenic Vault
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
27
Outer Pipe Summary

Outer pipe diameter >70 cm determined by
Cryogen pipe diameter Vacuum pressure drop Vacuum pumping requirements with redundancy
Outer pipe piece length determined by transportability ~ 20 m maybe 30 m max

Fabricate in plant with mli and cryogen tube
Includes supports for axial and radial motion of cold components Seal in factory for cleanliness
Assemble (weld) pipes and cryogen tubes on site and pull cable from ends.
Gas Pipeline
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
29
SC-DC Cable Program Status

Critical issues for future evaluation
Cable piece length Power converter and grid interface Other existing and new superconductors 100 kA joints Temperature optimization Allowable heat loads Vacuum requirements Details of refrigerator mechanical interface to cable Overall cost evaluation
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
30
Power Flow and Transient Stability Impacts of Superconducting DC Cables

Tom Overbye University of Illinois and PowerWorld Corporation Eighth EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12-13, 2008
This presentation is based on work is being performed under contract with EPRI
1
Overview
Goal of this work is to consider the power flow and transient stability impacts of integrating a multi-tap, superconducting DC (SCDC) cable system within the Eastern Interconnect and within the WECC system.
Power levels are up to 10 GW
A dual SCDC cable system is assumed, with the ability to failover with full power in the event of a fault on one of the cables.
Analysis compared different failover scenarios with remaining cable ramping to full power over a few seconds After failover full power is assumed on the remaining cable
Eastern Interconnect Study System

The system studied was the NERC/MMWG 2008 summer peak case from the 2006 series. Case has 48,370 buses, 7397 generators, a total load of 660 GW and total generation of 676 GW. 2006 series dynamic models. Power flow and transient stability runs were done using PowerWorld Simulator version 14. As is common with the MMWG cases, there were many initial line violations (330 lines at >= 100% of A limit MVA, 95 lines >= 120% of A limit MVA)
Eastern Interconnect Route for 10 GW Cable System with Six Stations

2000 MW 2500 MW
2000 MW 1500 MW
10,000 MW of A sy nchronous Generation
2000 MW
System Modifications
System was modified to include the SCDC cable system by adding five new buses (100001 to 100005) with their generation set to match SCDC cable injections. Buses were then connected to existing buses by short lines:
Bus 100001 to 36260 (2.5 GW) Chicago South Bus 100002 to 36421 (2.0 GW) Chicago North Bus 100003 to 31230 (2.0 GW) St. Louis Bus 100004 to 57968 (1.5 GW) Kansas City Bus 100005 to 54901 (2.0 GW) Oklahoma City
The remote source generator(s) was assumed to be operating asynchronous with the rest of the grid.
System Modifications, cont.

Existing generation in areas with SCDC cable injections was reduced to satisfy area ACE requirements. Once the SCDC cable injections were modeled, two new 345 kV lines needed to be added to reduce line loadings.
Between buses 57977 57968 (South of Kansas City) Between buses 57968 59200 (South of Kansas City)
System with SCDC cable was not augmented to make it n-1 secure, but there were no significant base case violations.
Example: Original Kansas City Area Flows and Voltages
Kansas City Area Flows and Voltages with SCDC Cable
Power Flow Conclusions

Integration of the SCDC cable within the existing system will require modifications to the transmission grid similar to those needed to accommodate a new power plant of similar size or a new high voltage transmission line with similar capacity. Any new voltage problems can be corrected by new reactive control devices, such as capacitors or SVCs. Flow changes caused by cable failure would be rapidly corrected by power transfer to the unfaulted cable. Conclusion: From a power flow perspective the integration of the SCDC system is straightforward.
Transient Stability Analysis

Transient stability analysis, the study of whether all the system generators will retain synchronism following a system disturbance, is a critical question. The assumed fault scenario was to apply a balanced, three phase, solid fault at each of the five SCDC cable terminals. The fault was then cleared after three cycles (0.05 seconds). Different scenarios were then considered for the pick in the SCDC injections:
None (both cables failed) Half (no transfer of power from the faulted cable) Half, then ramp to full over either 1 second or 5 seconds
Frequencies for All Generators; Complete Loss of Both Cables
Values are generator frequencies in Hz Minimum Frequency is about 59.58 Hz
Frequencies for Selected Generators; Complete Loss of Both Cables
Example of Governor Response for Loss of 10 GW

Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input 860 859 858 857 856 Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input 855 854 853 852 851 850 849 848 847 846 845 844 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time in Seconds 10 11 12 13 14 15
Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input
Given a loss of 10 GW for a 676 GW system, a proportional generation increase for this generator would be 0.844/676*10 GW = 12.4 MW. Actual is slightly different because of differing governor characteristics
Frequencies for All Generators; Loss of One Cable; No MW Transfer
Minimum Frequency is about 59.70 Hz
Frequencies for Selected Generators; Loss of One Cable; No MW Transfer
Frequencies for All Generators; Loss of One Cable; 5 Sec MW Ramp
Frequencies for Selected Generators; Loss of One Cable; 5 Sec MW Ramp
Example of Governor Response for 5 Second Ramp Recovery

Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input 849
848 Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input
847
846
845
In previous plot for this governor (for the complete loss of both cables case) the output went up to 860 MW. Now in recovers quite quickly to its precontingency value
10 11 12 13 14 15
844 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time in Seconds
Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input
Frequencies for All Generators; Loss of One Cable; 1 Sec MW Ramp
Frequencies for Selected Generators; Loss of One Cable; 1 Sec MW Ramp
Frequency Response Discussion

With no (or slow) power recovery the maximum frequency drop was about 0.3 Hz (done to 59.7) when only one cable failed (5 GW loss)
Well above highest load shed frequency of 59.3 Hz.
Likely drop could be more because

Study considered peak summer load condition, which has more generators spinning Transient stability cases tend to under-estimate frequency decline since not all governors are available
But the modeled frequency decline tends to match actual results (see next slide)
April 23, 2002 Frequency Response Following Loss of 2600 MW

Decline for 2600 MW was about 0.1 Hz, so 0.3 Hz for 5000 MW is actually slightly high. But chart at left 1) only shows the frequency at one location, not the lowest frequency and 2) measurement delay may have missed the lowest value.
Historical Eastern Interconnect Frequency Response

Our values were about 1700 MW/0.1 Hz for the 5 GW loss case (one cable) and 2500 for the 10 GW Loss case (both cables)
Source: Interconnected Power System Response to Generation Governing: Present Practice and Outstanding Concerns, IEEE Task Force on Large Interconnected Power System Response, IEEE Publication 07TP180, May 2007 (Figure 2-22)
23
Frequency Propagation Animation

The accompanying slide set shows an animation of the frequency for the first four seconds for the 5 second ramp recovery case.
Eastern Interconnect Transient Stability Conclusions

From a transient stability point of view, a 10 GW SCDC cable could be integrated into the existing Eastern Interconnect. Frequency response is fairly insensitive to how quickly the power is transferred from faulted cable to the unfaulted cable (one versus five seconds)
Transfer time does affect how much power needs to be picked up by the generator governors, and for how long.
WECC System
The system studied was the WECC 2010 LA1-SA Approved Base Case. Case has 15,795 buses, 3100 generators, a total load of 106 GW and total generation of 111 GW. 2006 series dynamic models. Power flow and transient stability runs were done using PowerWorld Simulator version 14. Case had several minor initial flow violations. Power flow and contingency limits were not considered
26
WECC SCDC Cable Route: Six Stations, 8.5 GW

Denver: 1500.0 MW
8500 MW Asynchronous Generation
Alburquerque: 1000.0 MW Los Angles: 2500.0 MW
Phoenix2000.0 MW
SanDiego: 1500.0 MW
27
Freq. Deviation for All Generators; Loss of One Cable: Worst Case
28
Freq. Deviation for All Generators; Loss of One Cable; 8 Sec MW Ramp
29
30
31
32
Comparison with Actual WECC Frequency Results

WECC Frequency Responses Tends to be Around 800 or 900 MW/ 0.1 Hz. So a 4.25 GW sustained loss would result in an anticipated frequency decline of close about 0.5 Hz, slightly above the 59.3 load shed threshold.
Source: L. Pereira, et. al., New Thermal Governor Model Selection and Validation in the WECC, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, February 2004, pp. 517-523 (Figure 1).
33
WECC Transient Stability Conclusions

From a transient stability point of view, an 8.5 GW SCDC cable could be integrated into the existing WECC Interconnect provided following a fault the power can be quickly transferred to the unfaulted cable. Quick power transfer (several seconds maximum) can reduce the point of maximum frequency dip, which occurs at about five seconds in both the simulations and with actual system results.
34
Slides Show Locational Variation in Bus Frequency for the 5 Second Ramp Eastern Case
Tom Overbye University of Illinois and PowerWorld Corporation Eighth EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12-13, 2008
This presentation is based on work is being performed under contract with EPRI
1
Transient Stability Frequency Animation: Time = 0.0 Seconds
Time: 0.1 Seconds
Time: 0.2 Seconds
Time: 0.3 Seconds
Time: 0.4 Seconds
Time: 0.5 Seconds
Time: 0.6 Seconds
Time: 0.7 Seconds
Time: 0.8 Seconds
Time: 0.9 Seconds
Time: 1.0 Seconds
Time: 1.1 Seconds
Time: 1.2 Seconds
Time: 1.3 Seconds
Time: 1.4 Seconds
Time: 1.5 Seconds
Time: 1.6 Seconds
Time: 1.7 Seconds
Time: 1.8 Seconds
Time: 1.9 Seconds
Time: 2.0 Seconds
Time: 2.1 Seconds
Time: 2.2 Seconds
Time: 2.3 Seconds
Time: 2.4 Seconds
Time: 2.5 Seconds
Time: 2.6 Seconds
Time: 2.7 Seconds
Time: 2.8 Seconds
Time: 2.9 Seconds
Time: 3.0 Seconds
Time: 3.1 Seconds
Time: 3.2 Seconds
Time: 3.3 Seconds
Time: 3.4 Seconds
Time: 3.5 Seconds
Time: 3.6 Seconds
Time: 3.7 Seconds
Time: 3.8 Seconds
Time: 3.9 Seconds
Time: 4.0 Seconds
IssuesAssociatedwitha SuperconductingDCLine FedbyaMultiTerminalVSCSystem

TomBaldwin,FloridaStateUniv. PauloRibeiro,CalvinCollege,and BrianJohnson,Univ.ofIdaho
November12&13,2008
EighthEPRISuperconductivityConference
Outline
EnablingTechnologies:
HighPowerVoltageSourceConverters DCSuperconductingCables
Topologies
MultiTapVSCs Issues
DCPowerControl
Rectifiers/Inverters DealingwithTransientCurrent/PowerVariations PracticalPowerandCurrentLimitations
Discussions
November12&13,2008
SCDCControlAnalysisandSimulations
SystemParameter SCDCcablelength,l cablepropagationdelay,tDelay ControlVariables maximumvoltageramprate
Value 2000miles 18.6ms Value 40kV/s
Cablemodelfrom Systemmodelfrom
SCDCcableelectricalcharacteristics Parameter Value outerradiusofinnerconductor 17.5mm innerradiusofouterconductor 29.5mm CalculatedQuantities Value inductance,L 104.4nH/m capacitance,C 319.6pF/m characteristicimpedance,Z0 18.08 propagationspeed, 173x106 m/s
W.Hassenzahl,Ahighpowersuperconductingdccable,anEPRIprogram SCDCProjectReviewMeeting,Charlotte,NC,10December2007 S.NilssonandA.Daneshpooy,SimulationofHTSCHVDCsystem, SCDCProjectReviewMeeting,PaloAlto,CA,25July2008

November12&13,2008 EighthEPRISuperconductivityConference 3
TransientOscillationsofDCCables
LongDCcablesystem(>1000km)
thebehavioroftheconvertersareaffectedbythe propagationdelaysintroducedbythecables
thepropagationtimeconstantissimilartoothercable systems withasmallfrequencydependentacresistance providedbySCDCcables,slowertransientsignals (<1kHz)havelittleattenuatedalongthecablelength normalmismatchesbetweentheconverterimpedance andthecablecharacteristicimpedancecausemostof thetransientsignalenergytoreflectbackintothe cable
Rectifier Terminal-Voltage Control
Rectifier Terminal-Voltage Level
Inverter Terminal-Voltage Level
voltagerampingtoprecharge thevoltageintheSCDCcable
voltagecontrolattherectifier maintainsthedcterminal voltageatnearlyconstantvalue forloadcurrentchanges
voltagelevelattheinverter terminalexhibitsavoltagesag duringtherampingupofthe loadcurrent
Inverter Terminal-Current Control
Rectifier Terminal-Current Injection
Inverter Terminal-Current Injection
ringingofthecurrent feedingthecable currentrampingto fullloadattherate of5kApersecond
complementary ringingofthecurrent attheinverter terminalofthecable
November12&13,2008
RampRateLimitsforLongCables
Apropervoltageprofileis Thepropagationdelayand maintainedattheconverter mismatchofthecables withvoltagecontrol characteristicimpedancewith theconvertersimpedance Thevoltageataconverter resultsinadecayingoscillation withcurrentcontrolsagsand swellsduetotheinductance Theramprateofthecurrent oftheSCDCcable affectthemagnitudesofthe voltagesags,swells,andringing
Sags for the 2000-mile SCDC cable Case Peak Idc Greatest Vdc Average Vdc Ramp Rate Sag Sag Run #1 1 kA/s -0.38% (79.7 kV) -0.19% (79.85 kV) Run #2 2 kA/s -0.88% (79.3 kV) -0.44% (79.65 kV) Run #3 5 kA/s -2.75% (77.8 kV) -1.38% (78.90 kV) Run #4 10 kA/s -5.50% (75.6 kV) -2.75% (77.80 kV) Run #5 20 kA/s -11.0% (71.2 kV) -5.50% (75.60 kV)
ImpactofCableLength
1000milecable
Simulationparameters
80kV,10kA,two terminalSCDCcable currentcontrolterminal: 2kA/secramprate
Graphsofvoltageripple
2000milecable
0.302%V_offset 0.554%V_ripple 4000milecable
0.583%V_offset 1.108%V_ripple
November12&13,2008
1.13%V_offset 2.22%V_ripple
EighthEPRISuperconductivityConference 7
VSCModel
SingleDCpoleoperation andaSCDCcablewith groundreturn sheath
November12&13,2008
TransientOscillations
1000kmTypicalDCCable
November12&13,2008
1000kmSmallResistanceDCCable
November12&13,2008
10
1000kmNearSuperconductingDCCable
November12&13,2008
11
1000kmNearSuperconductingDCCable
November12&13,2008
Current[kA]
12
Comments
PSCADsimulationsshow
thattheoperationoftheVSCconvertersseemto workadequatelyasfarasthecontrolofvoltageis concerned howeverthecurrenttransientsontheDClinefor nearsuperconductingconditionsafteranACfault areextremelysevereandneedstobedealtwith creativesolutionsandmaynotbeeasilyachieved
November12&13,2008
13
ControlSchemes
Multiterminalsystems
extensionsofthepointtopointsystemcontrol concepts(basedonthenotionofcontrolmodes)
voltageregulationmodeatoneconverterstation
generallyappliedtoarectifyingconverter
currentregulationmodeatallotherconverterstations
November12&13,2008
14
DCVoltageDroopControl
Adistributedvoltageregulationschemefor controllingcurrentinjections
similartofrequencypowerregulationinacgrids
achangeinvoltageusedtosignalthecontrolsystemto meetchangesinpowerdemand(currentinjections) naturalregulationrequiringnocommunications
performsbestonaSCDCmeshorparallelnetwork
eachofthenodesreachthesamesteadystatevoltage level
November12&13,2008
15
DynamicsofDroopControl
Thedroopdynamiccomponents
VSCrectifiersequivalentsourceimpedance DCcapacitorsattheterminalsofeachconverter SCDCcableinductance SCDCpropagationdelayforlonglines(>1000km)
Droopdynamicrange
thebuiltindroopofarectifyingconverterisquite small(e.g.,10sMW/0.001pu ofV)
simplifiesthepowerregulationatinvertingconverters largechangesinthedcvoltagecanindicatesystem problemsandtriggerloadsheddingasnecessary
DynamicswithLongSCDCCables
Twoofthelongcabledynamiccharacteristics causeavoltagedifferentialacrosstheSCDC cable
inductance propagationdelay
Controlschememustaccountforthe propagationdelayofthecable
delayvalues:1msto25ms
November12&13,2008
17
TwoCableSystem
Proposedfromareliabilityperspective
twinconvertersandtwincablesrunninginparallel crossoverswitchesforaddressingfaultedsections
Fromacontrolperspective:
usingbothcablessimultaneouslypermitsa doublingofthecurrentrampratesforaspecified sag,swell,andripplerequirement inthecaseofafailure,halfofthefullrated currentwouldneedbetransferredtothe remaininggoodcableorconverter
Pulse Tube Cryocooler Refrigeration System for HTS Cables

Praxair, Inc.
Greg Henzler November 13, 2008
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Copyright 2008, Praxair Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
Outline
Praxair Pulse
introduction
tube cryocooler technology OH cryocooler experience
Columbus, HTS
refrigeration system layout
2
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference Copyright 2008, Praxair Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
Praxair at a Glance

A Fortune 300 company Sales of $9.4 billion in 2007 Largest industrial gas company in North America Operations in more than 30 countries One million customers worldwide 28,000 employees
3
Strategic Global Position

Industrial Gases Sales by Region
2007 Sales $9.4 billion
North America 55%
Europe 14%
Asia 8%
South America 17%

Excludes worldwide sales of Praxair Surface Technologies (6% of total sales)
4
On-Site Supply Business Model
Plants are located on customer sites

z
Air separation, H2 and other types of plants
Owned, operated, maintained and updated by Praxair Remote operation and monitoring Reliably supply product 24/7 Critical customers include
z z z z
Hospitals Chemical plants Semiconductor fabs Steel mills
Praxair is viewed as a gas utility by many of our customers

5
Praxairs Pulse Tube Cryocoolers
Pressure wave generator (PWG) converts electrical energy into acoustical energy Coldhead and inertance network convert acoustical energy into refrigeration capability
Coldhead Inertance Network Coldhead Vacuum Container
Process Lines Inertance Tank PWG
Linear Motors with Pistons

6
Pulse Tube Benefits

No moving parts in cold end No connecting rods No wearing parts No bearings No oil
Long life High reliability Low maintenance High Carnot efficiency Small modular footprint Low noise and vibration Environmentally friendly
Key enabler of HTS cable technology!

7
Pulse Tube Basics

Linear Motor Aftercooler Regenerator Warm Heat Exchanger Pulse Tube Reservoir
Cold Heat Exchanger
Impedance Network
Major components of electrically driven Pulse-tube cryocoolers

Linear
motor: electrically powered oscillating piston(s) water cooled heat exchanger array of narrow passages - high Cp material
Aftercooler:
Regenerator: Cold
heat exchanger: refrigeration is extracted here tube heat exchanger, impedance network, reservoir, oscillating gas
8
Pulse Warm
PWG & Cold Head Improvements

2nd
z z z
generation PWG
Improved efficiency Increased clearance External thermal management system New drift control system Shorter piston stroke length
z z
2nd
z z z z
generation cold head

Design completed Higher cooling capacity Improved heat transfer Enhanced regenerator
W , r e w o P g n i l o o C
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 40 60 1kW G2
1K Unit and Gen-2
80
100
120
Tc, K
9
Columbus, OH HTS Cable Project
Termination
Cryostat
Refrigeration System
PT Cryocoolers
HTS cable energized 8/8/06

z
~ 20,000 hours of operation

Chiller
2nd gen. PWG energized 8/20/08

z
~ 2,000 hours of operation at site

1 kW Cryocooler
Praxair operates, maintains and monitors refrigeration system System working well
10
Termination Refrigeration System

A loss At full ofrefrigeration 1 cryocoolerdemand at full refrigeration of demand 5 kW, the results cryocoolers in the remaining operate cryocoolers operating at 85% of at their 98% full of their capacity. full capacity.
Cryocooler Shutdown
Percent of design 98% 97% 95% 93% 91% 89% 87% capacity per cryocooler = 85%
11
Refrigeration System for Long Lengths

Cryocoolers at the substations only
cooling channels
RETURN
steel pipe
GO
GO RETURN
cryostat cable
f
f f
f e
f
f f
12
Cooling System Key Components

Pressure
z
Wave Generator (PWG)
Two opposing pistons on linear motors Heat exchangers and regenerator No moving parts
Coldhead
z z
Water
z
chiller
Packaged unit
Cold
z
box
Cryo valves, piping, pumps etc. VFD Temperature, pressure, vibration etc.
Controls
z z
Majority of components are existing technology and readily available.

13
Benefits of Independent Cryocoolers

Each If
cryocooler is operated by a single PWG cryocooler acts independently to overall higher reliability redundancy on a smaller scale
a motor fails, then only one cryocooler fails
Each
Leads
Manage More
turndown flexibility
14
Conclusions
Praxair
reliably supplies product for critical applications in diverse industries tube cryocoolers are a key enabler for HTS cable applications continues to have significant success with pulse tube cryocooler technology
Pulse
Praxair
15
Cost and Performance Comparisons Between HTS And Conventional Utility Power Transformers
Bill Schwenterly Oak Ridge National Laboratory Ed Pleva Waukesha Electric Systems Alan Wolsky Argonne National Laboratory
November 13, 2008 8th EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Managed by UT-Battelle for the Department of Energy
OUTLINE
z Design assumptions z Overview of design spreadsheet z Capital and Operating Cost Comparison z Efficiency Comparison z Weight and Dimension Comparison z Other Design Issues z Summary of Requirements
HTS Unit Design Summary

z 25-MVA rating; 115 kV / 13.09 kV; 72 A / 1103 A z YBCO winding in pressurized, subcooled nitrogen bath
z HV Disc, 10 turns/disc z LV Transposed screw, 8 wide or 16 narrow tapes in parallel z Wrapped insulation on conductors z Co-wound 1-mm copper
z Pressurized bath is coupled to cryocooler by cooling

shell.
z Air-cooled compressors
z Composite dewar
z Metal dewar would form a shorted turn around core.
z Core in air
Conventional vs. HTS Unit Ratings Comparison

z Conventional Unit
z 15/20/25-MVA ratings with no fans/1-stage fans/2-stages fans. z 30 minute operation at 50 MVA with increasing winding temperature.
z HTS Unit
z Cryocoolers are sized for 25-MVA heat load. z HTS is sized for 50-MVA load with Ipeak < Ic. z 15/20/25-MVA ratings with cryocoolers cycled to match heat loads at lower ratings. z 30 minute operation at 50 MVA with liquid nitrogen boiloff. z Current leads are sized for 125% of 25-MVA current. z Maximum current lead temperature rises to 120C at 50 MVA with increased heat load.
Transformer Schematic
Bushings Cryocooler Core
Foam
Winding
Removable Top Plate
Cooling Shell Shield
Composite Coil Dewar
Unit is surrounded by weather enclosure in place of oil tank.
Pressurized Subcooled Nitrogen
Single-Phase Transformer Concept

138-kV Bushing Core AL-300 Cryocooler Composite Dewar Cooling Shell
Winding Pack
Common Dewar for 3-Phase Unit

Stainless outer jacket
Composite core limb jackets and winding vessels
Composite top & bottom plates
Overview of HTS Unit Design Spreadsheet

z Inputs:
z Ratings and voltages; overload factor z 5 different volt/turn values can be specified z Conductor dimensions z Winding geometry disc or layer; number of layers or disc turns z Materials properties Ic, cost, density z Wall thickness for coil structure and dewars z Insulation thickness and voltage standoff distances z Refrigerator dimensions, weight, input power, cost
z Outputs:
z Capital and operating costs z Winding, dewar, core, and enclosure dimensions z Weights-conductor, core, dewar z Length of conductor z Lead and ac loss heat loads (Rhyners equations for ac losses) z Room temperature input loss power z % Fault impedance
15-MVA 30-Year Capital and Operating Costs

z Assumptions: $50/kA-m HTS, 350 A/cm, 0.6 cm width, 70-K Toper z $8.80/kg copper, $4.20/kg steel 120 V/turn z Load losses $1250/kW No-load losses $2500/kW
Item Selling Price No-Load Loss Load Loss TOTAL Oil Containment Fire Suppression Refr. Maintenance (2 AL-600) GRAND TOTAL HTS $680 K $84 K, 34 kW $4K, 3.3 kW $768 K ------$106 K $874 K Conventional $458K $35 K, 14 kW $58K, 46 kW $551 K $30 K $100 K ---$681 K
10
10
High cost of conductor forces minimum in lifetime cost to high volt/turn values.
z V/n gives required number of
turns in a phase.
z V/n = Rcore2
z = 4.44 f Bcore
z Lcond = 2Rcoren = 2V/Rcore z Thus, larger core diameter

reduces conductor length.
11
11
15- and 25-MVA Efficiency

z Assumptions: Refrigerator COP 27 W/W.
z 2 Cryomech AL-600 refrigerators, ea. 560 W at 70 K, 15 kW input power. z HTS and Lead losses are refrigerator input power. Item Load Core Loss AC Loss Lead Loss Copper Loss TOTAL LOSS EFFICIENCY 33.3 kW 99.8 % 15 MVA 2.9 kW 7.4 kW HTS 25 MVA 13.1 kW 8.8 kW ---44.9 kW 99.8 % 46 kW 60 kW 99.6 % 23 kW Conventional 15 MVA 25 MVA 14 kW ------131 kW 145 kW 99.4 %
12
12
15-MVA Dimensions and Weights

z Assumptions: 0.3 m side and 0.1 m top/bottom enclosure clearances
Item Length Width Height 1.65 m 4.22 m including bushings HTS 3.75 m including compressors Conventional 3.02 m 3.33 m including radiators 4.92 m including bushings 9.1 t 39.9 t
Core weight 16.4 t Total weight 24.0 t
13
13
What if conductor cost is lowered?

z Minimum in total cost moves
down and to left as conductor cost falls.
z Capital cost approaches
conventional at $10/kA-m.
z Copper ~$25/kA/m in conventional unit at 3A/mm2. z Capital costs shown are at minimum total lifetime cost.
z Refrigerator cost reduction

($109K in present design) would also help cost comparison.
14
14
z z z z
Assumptions: $20/kA-m HTS, 350 A/cm, 0.6 cm width, 70-K Toper $8.80/kg copper, $4.20/kg steel 70 V/turn Load losses $1250/kW No-load losses $2500/kW Refrigerator cost reduced by half Item Selling Price No-Load Loss Load Loss TOTAL Oil Containment Fire Suppression Refr. Maintenance (2 AL-600) GRAND TOTAL HTS $478 K $60 K, 24 kW $5K, 4 kW $543 K ------$106 K $649 K
15-MVA 30-Year Capital and Operating Costs
Conventional $458K $35 K, 14 kW $58K, 46 kW $551 K $30 K $100 K ---$681 K

15
15
Other Design Issues Fault Handling

z IEEE/ANSI Standards specify a 2-sec total fault duration without
overheating. z Extra copper is needed for fault handling.
z 2-sec requirement leads to large fraction of a conventional units Cu! z 1 mm of copper is adequate for 1/2-sec 10X fault.
z Copper cannot be co-insulated with HTS tape

in advance because the inner conductor buckles during winding.
HTS
Insulation
z HTS tape is too fragile to wind with high-voltage insulation by itself. z Winding on insulation as coil is wound is not practical, especially for multiple conductors in LV winding.
Copper
z Need copper laminated or plated on both sides of the HTS tape,
so that the HTS is on the neutral axis. z This would provide a robust conductor that could be insulated on a high-speed machine.
16
Other Design Issues Layer Build, Core, AC Losses

z Designs with ~20-turn discs are desirable.
z Core limbs >2 m high are flexible and hard to handle in shop. z Smaller core with shorter limbs and lower losses is possible with more turns in discs. z At constant window area, h/w ratio of = 4/3 minimizes core loss. Window area Aw = hw = w2 = h2/ Core volume Vcore = Acore[3h + 2(2w+3Dcore)] Vcore = Acore[3 Aw + 4 Aw/ + 6Dcore] Derivative = 0 with = 4/3. z BUT-- more turns on a disc raises field on HTS conductor on inner turns and increases ac loss.
h w
z HTS loss reduction needed striations, nano-particles, etc.
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SUMMARY For a competitive HTS

Transformer:
z We need HTS tape cost near $20/kA-m. *(Not including extra Cu) z We need HTS tape with 1/2 mm or more of copper laminated or
plated on each side.
z We need HTS tape with ac loss reduction features such as

striations or nanoparticles.
z We need reduced cryogenic refrigeration costs. z With higher no-load losses and lower load losses than a
conventional unit, an HTS transformer is most appropriate in a base load application where it is loaded most of the time.
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Task Force on Fault Current Limiter Testing

Frank C. Lambert Georgia Tech - NEETRAC

New IEEE Task Force

New IEEE Task Force

NEETRAC Fault Current Limiter Needs Assessment Survey Goal

frank.lambert@neetrac.gatech.edu 404-675-1855 404-675-1820

Eighth Annual Superconductivity Conference Cigre WG A3.23 Update

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reports from Cigre on Fault Current Limiters

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

HTS Cables Status of Standards Work

PES Power & Energy Society

ICC Insulated Conductor Committee

C22D Superconducting Cables

Cigre International Council on Large Electric Systems

Study Committee B1 Insulated Cables

TF B1.31 Testing of Superconducting Cable Systems

Proposal for US Sub-Committee on HTS Standards

New IEC Ad-Hoc Group

Potential US Committee Members approached by Cooley

Action items for coming year

USA Formal Response to JNC

An Assessment of Fault Current Limiter Testing Requirements

Dr. Michael Mischa Steurer

What is a FCL and How Does it Work?

Very Low Impedance

Project Purpose and Scope

Testing TestingNeeds Needs

Gap GapAnalysis Analysis

Specifications for DOEs FCL Projects

Uses high power semiconductors Super-gate turn-off thyristor (SGTO)

Ratings (final design) Fault Current Reduction Testing Protocol Basis

Current Status and Future Requirements of FCLs

SuperPower AMSC Silicon Power

Zenergy AMSC Silicon Power Current Status

1 SuperPower 0.1 0.1

Resistive HTS Saturated Iron Core Solid State

1 Rated Current / kA rms

Examples of Test Facility Capabilities

KEMA KEMA Power Tech ORNL LANL

0.80 2.60 3.00 0.8

0.10 1.00 1.00 0.3 0.025

50 for 1 s 13.8 63 for 0.5 s.

KERI NEETRAC Florida State UniversityCAPS

Testing Facility Gaps

Limited Current (kA)

Major Findings Part 1

Zenergys FCL Device

Major Findings Part 2

AMSCs FCL module testing

Major Findings Part 3

SuperPowers FCL module testing

Brian Marchionini bmarchionini@energetics.com 202-406-4109 Michael Mischa Steurer steurer@caps.fsu.edu 850-644-1629

Calculating required voltage

Ashok Sundaram EPRI asundara@epri.com (650) 855-2304

Mahesh Gandhi Silicon Power Corp. mahesh_gandhi@siliconpower.com (484) 913-1520

Ashok Sundaram Mahesh Gandhi

Silicon Power Corporation Proprietary