Gavrilo Princip

Biography:
Gavrilo Princip was born in the village of Obljaj, near Bosansko
Grahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungarian Empire, the son of a
postman. His parents, Petar and Marija (née Mićić), had nine children, five
sons and four daughters, six of whom died in infancy. Gavrilo's health was
poor from an early age and it was further aggravated by his living conditions.
His impoverished parents could not provide for him and sent him to live with
an older brother in Zagreb.
Most historians agree that Princip was a member of Young Bosnia; that
the group got its weapons from the Black Hand (Црна рука/Crna ruka); and
that the latter group was at least somewhat responsible for coordination,
training, and/or supplying weapons for the forthcoming assassination
attempt on Franz Ferdinand.[6] However, Princip had minimal contact with the
group, and did not associate with them. The Young Bosnia movement was a
group made up of Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims, committed to the
independence of the South Slavic peoples from Austria-Hungary. In February
1912, Princip took part in protest demonstrations against the Sarajevo
authorities for which he was expelled from school. Following his expulsion, he
moved to Belgrade. In Belgrade, he sought to gain admission to the First
Belgrade Gymnasium but failed the entrance exam.
On 6 October 1908, Bosnia-Herzegovina was declared a part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Josef. This created a stir among
Slavic people of southern Europe and the Russian Czar who opposed this
annexation.
In 1912, Serbia was abuzz with mobilization for the First Balkan War.
Princip planned to join the komite, irregular Serbian guerrilla forces under
Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić which had fought in Macedonia against
Ottoman units. Tankosić was a member of the central committee of the
secret society Unification or Death (Ujedinjenje ili Smrt). Princip, however,
was rejected by the komite in Belgrade because of his small physical stature.
He then went to Prokuplje in Southern Serbia where he sought a personal
interview with Tankosić. Tankosić, however, rejected Princip due to being "too
small and too weak." Vladimir Dedijer argued that this rejection was "one of
the primary personal motives which pushed him to do something
exceptionally brave in order to prove to others that he was their equal."

Contribution:

➢ Associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna.

 ➢ assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in
Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
➢ Implicated a number of members of the Serbian Military, leading
Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July
Ultimatum.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Biography:
Chaucer was born circa 1343 in London, though the exact date and
location of his birth are not known. His father and grandfather were both
London vintners and before that, for several generations, the family
members were merchants in Ipswich. His name is derived from the French
chausseur, meaning shoemaker.[1] In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffrey's father,
was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the twelve-year-old boy to
her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was
imprisoned and the £250 fine levied suggests that the family was financially
secure, upper middle-class, if not in the elite.[2] John married Agnes Copton,
who, in 1349, inherited properties including 24 shops in London from her
uncle, Hamo de Copton, who is described as the "moneyer" at the Tower of
London.
There are few details of Chaucer's early life and education but
compared with near contemporary poets, William Langland and the Pearl
Poet, his life is well documented, with nearly five hundred written items
testifying to his career. The first time he is mentioned is in 1357, in the
household accounts of Elizabeth de Burgh, the Countess of Ulster, when he
became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections.[3] He also
worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for
the king, collecting and inventorying scrap metal.
In 1359, in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, Edward III
invaded France and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of
Clarence, Elizabeth's husband, as part of the English army. In 1360, he was
captured during the siege of Rheims, becoming a prisoner of war. Edward
contributed £16 as part of a ransom, [4] and Chaucer was released.

Contribution:

➢ Unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales.

➢ Father of English literature.
 ➢ The first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular
English language, rather than French or Latin.
➢ Source of the English vernacular tradition and the "father" of modern
English literature.
➢ The first founder of our fair language.

Georges Buffon

Biography:
He was born at Montbard, Côte-d'Or. His father, Benjamin Leclerc, was
the Lord of Dijon and Montbard. He attended Jesuit College from the age of
ten, and then University of Angers. He began studying law, but soon began
to concentrate on his twin interests of mathematics and science. He was
later forced to leave university after becoming involved in a duel, and set off
on a grand tour of Europe, returning when his father's remarriage threatened
his inheritance.
He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and in Sur le jeu de
franc-carreau introduced differential and integral calculus into probability
theory. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician,
Gabriel Cramer. The problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is
named after him. His translations of works by Isaac Newton and Stephen
Hales' Vegetable staticks into French heightened his interest in biology.
He moved to Paris where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and
other intellectuals. In 1734 he joined the French Academy of Sciences at the
age of 27. In 1739 he was appointed head of the Jardin du Roi (later Jardin
des Plantes), Paris, by his patron, Minister Maurepas. He converted it from
the King's garden to a research centre and museum, and the park was
considerably enlarged, with the addition of many trees and plants from
around the world.
Leclerc was made Comte (Count) de Buffon in 1773. He died in Paris in 1788.

Contribution:
 ➢ Influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck and Cuvier.
➢ Published thirty-five quarto volumes of his Histoire naturelle during his
lifetime, and nine more volumes were published after his death.
➢ The father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the
18th century.
➢ His great work Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788:
in 35 volumes, 9 additional volumes published after his death by
Lacépède). It included everything known about the natural world up
until that date. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read... by
every educated person in Europe."

Henry the Navigator

Biography:
Henry was born in 1394 in Porto, probably when the royal couple was
being housed in the old mint of the city, nowadays called Casa do Infante
(Prince's House). He was the third son born to Philippa of Lancaster, the
sister of King Henry IV of England. Henry was 21 when he, his father and
brothers conquered the Moorish port of Ceuta in northern Morocco, that had
been for a long time the base for Barbary pirates that assaulted the
Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be
sold in the African slave market. This attack was successful, as it inspired
Henry to explore down the coast of Africa, most of which was unknown to
Europeans. The desire to locate the source of the West African gold trade,
find the legendary Christian kingdom of Prester John, and stop the pirate
attacks on the Portuguese coast were three of his main interests in the
region. The ships that sailed the Mediterranean at that time were too slow
and too heavy to make these voyages. Under his direction, a new and much
lighter ship was developed, the caravel, which would allow sea captains to
sail further, faster and much more efficiently. In 1419, his father appointed
him the governor of the province of the Algarve. Died November 13, 1460
(aged 66).
Contribution:
➢ An important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being
responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.
➢ Rediscovered the Madeira Islands in 1420, and at Henry's instigation
Portuguese settlers colonized the islands.
➢ Primary organizer of the Portuguese expedition to Tangier in 1437.

James Hopwood Jeans

Biography:
On Sept. 11, 1877, James Jeans was born in Ormskirk, Lancashire, the
son of a parliamentary journalist. He was brought up in a strict, very religious
Victorian home atmosphere. A precocious child, he was reading by age 4 and
had a remarkable ability to memorize numbers. At an early age he also
became interested in physics, as well as in mechanical devices, especially
clocks - the subject of a short book he wrote at age 9.
In 1897 Jeans entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1903 received
his master's degree. In 1904 he was appointed university lecturer in
mathematics at Cambridge; and in 1906, at the very early age of 28, he was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society - all this in spite of the fact that during
1902-1903 tuberculosis of the joints forced him to go to several sanatoriums.
During his illness, from which he completely recovered, he wrote his first
book, The Dynamical Theory of Gases.
Jeans taught applied mathematics at Princeton University, N.J., from
1905 to 1909. He returned to Cambridge as Stokes lecturer in 1910 but 2
years later relinquished the position and thereafter devoted full time to
research and writing.
In 1907 Jeans married Charlotte Tiffany Mitchell; she died in 1934,
leaving one daughter. The following year he married Suzanne Hock, a
concert organist, with whom Jeans wrote his very popular and informative
book Science and Music (1938). They had two sons and a daughter. Jeans
was awarded numerous honorary degrees and professional offices. He was
knighted in 1928 and won the coveted Order of Merit in 1939. He was a
modest and unassuming man and a devoted father. Jeans died on Sept. 16,
1946, at his home in Dorking, Surrey.

Contribution:

➢ He made important contributions in many areas of physics, including

quantum theory, the theory of radiation and stellar evolution.
➢ Is a founder of British cosmology.
➢ One of Jeans' major discoveries, named Jeans length, is a critical radius
of an interstellar cloud in space.
➢ The Dynamical Theory of Gases (1904)
➢ Theoretical Mechanics (1906)
➢ Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism (1908)
➢ Physics and Philosophy

Jean-François Champollion

Biography:
Champollion was born at Figeac, Lot, the last of seven children (two of
whom had already died before he was born). He was raised in humble
circumstances; his parents could not afford school for him, and he was eight
years old before his older brother Jacques, who was living in Grenoble, began
to teach him.[1] This brother, although studious and largely self-educated, did
not have Jean-François' genius for language; however, he was talented at
earning a living, and supported Jean-François for most of his life.[1]
He lived with his brother in Grenoble for several years, and even as a
child showed an extraordinary linguistic talent. By the age of 16 he had
mastered a dozen languages and had read a paper before the Grenoble
Academy concerning the Coptic language. By 20 he could also speak Latin,
Greek, Hebrew, Amharic, Sanskrit, Avestan, Pahlavi, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldean,
Persian and Ge'ez in addition to his native French.[2] In 1809, he became
assistant-professor of History at Grenoble. His interest in oriental languages,
especially Coptic, led to his being entrusted with the task of deciphering the
writing on the then recently-discovered Rosetta Stone, and he spent the
years 1822–1824 on this task. His 1824 work Précis du système
hiéroglyphique gave birth to the entire field of modern Egyptology. He also
identified the importance of the Turin King List, and dated the Dendera
zodiac to the Roman period. His interest in Egyptology was originally inspired
by Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798–1801. Champollion was
subsequently made Professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France.

Contribution:

➢ Deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphs with the help of groundwork laid

by his predecessors: Athanasius Kircher, Silvestre de Sacy, Johan David
Akerblad, Thomas Young, and William John Bankes.
➢ Champollion translated parts of the Rosetta Stone in 1822, showing
that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and
ideographic signs.

Jean Paul

Biography:
Jean Paul born May 24, 1744, at Boudry, near Neufchâtel, Switzerland.
In youth he made himself master of several languages; subsequently he
studied medicine at Bordeaux and at Paris, and, after traveling extensively in
Europe, removed to London. There he practiced medicine and published An
Essay on Man (1772) and The Chains of Slavery (1776). Returning to Paris, he
wrote on optical subjects and electricity and entered the service of the Count
of Artois as a veterinary surgeon in 1777. The fruits of his studies in physics
appeared in a number of publications on electricity and optics. Upon the
outbreak of the Revolution, Marat soon came to the front as one of its most
extravagant, passionate leaders, and won a large following. After several
abortive journalistic experiments he established, Sept. 12, 1789, a journal,
Le Publiciste Parisien, which as L'Ami du Peuple and, after Sept. 21, 1792, as
Le Journal de la République became one of the most famous papers of the
revolutionary period. In it Marat attacked the moderates of the Constituent
Assembly and later the Girondists with such violence that he was compelled
on several occasions to take refuge in England. Danton, who had found Marat
useful in the preparation of the events which led up to the storming of the
Tuileries (Aug. 10, 1792), made him a member of the Commune of Paris. It
was in a great measure the influence of Marat which led to the cruelties and
massacres of September, 1792, in the midst of which he was elected a
member of the Convention. His journal became more radical and vehement
than ever. During the King's trial he was urgent for his immediate execution,
and in his journal called upon the people to slay 200,000 of the adherents of
the old régime. On April 14, 1793, he was brought before the Revolutionary
Tribunal on the charge of fomenting sedition, but was acquitted (April 24)
and returned to the Convention more powerful than ever. He played probably
the leading part in the events of May 31 to June 2, which brought about the
downfall of the Girondists, who had long regarded him as their inveterate
enemy. On July 13, 1793, Marat was stabbed in his own house by Charlotte
Corday (q.v.). His death aroused tremendous public feeling. His bust was
placed in the Hall of the Convention; the scene of his murder was painted by
David; fêtes in perpetuation of his memory were held all over France;
mothers named their children after the "martyr of the people," and in
November the Convention decreed to Marat's remains the honors of the
Panthéon.

Contribution:

➢ His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and

uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the
revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society.
➢ His constant persecution, consistent voice and uncanny prophetic
powers brought him the trust of the people and made him their
unofficial link to the radical Jacobin group that came to power in June
1793.

John Cabot

Biography:
Few hard facts are known about John Cabot, but he is historically
important because his explorations were the basis for England's early claims
on North America. By all accounts, Cabot was not English; he was born
Giovanni Caboto, probably in Genoa, Italy, around 1450. He later moved to
Venice and became a naturalized citizen there about 1476, working as a
sailor and trader in the eastern Mediterranean. Sometime in the 1490s he
ended up in England, where he was given permission by King Henry VII to
seek a northern route to Asia across the Atlantic. In 1497 Cabot sailed from
Bristol, England in the ship Matthew to what is now eastern Canada. Precisely
where he landed is not clear; the possibilities include Newfoundland, Cape
Breton Island, Labrador and Nova Scotia. He returned successfully to England
and received permission to make a second voyage in 1498. He and 300 crew
members set out from Bristol in May of that year, but were never heard from
again.
Cabot's son, Sebastian, was a famous explorer and cartographer in his
own right, and may have accompanied his father on the successful 1497
voyage... Cabot's 1497 voyage was just five years after the famous first
voyage, in 1492, of Christopher Columbus.

Contribution:

➢ The first Europeans to set foot on the North American mainland since
the Vikings, whose voyages half a millennium earlier were unknown in
the age of discovery.

Lucius Junius Brutus

Biography:
Brutus gained the trust of Tarquin's family by feigning slow-wittedness
(in Latin brutus translates to dullard), thereby allowing the Tarquins to
underestimate him as a potential threat. He accompanied Tarquin's sons on a
trip to the Oracle of Delphi. The sons asked the oracle who would be the next
ruler of Rome. The Oracle responded the next person to kiss his mother
would become king. Brutus interpreted "mother" to mean the Earth, so he
pretended to trip and kissed the ground.[1] Upon returning to Rome, Brutus
was forced to fight in one of Rome's unending wars with neighboring Italian
tribes. Brutus returned to the city once he heard about the rape of Lucretia.
Lucretia, believing that the rape dishonored her and her family, committed
suicide by stabbing herself with a dagger after confessing all to a gathering
of the extended family (including Brutus). This event proved to be the straw
that broke the camel's back. According to legend, Brutus grabbed the dagger
from Lucretia's breast after her death and immediately shouted for the
overthrow of the Tarquins. Soon, Brutus would achieve this goal, causing
Tarquin Superbus and his family to flee back to their ancestral home of
Etruria in exile. In place of kings, Brutus declared power to be in the hands of
the Senate, with him as one of the first two Praetors, executive officers that
would later become the Roman office of Consul.
His consulship came to an end during a battle with the Etruscans, who
had allied themselves with the Tarquins to restore them to power in Rome.
Brutus's death is romantically described by Livy during the battle. Arruns
Tarquinius, the king's son, challenged Brutus from across the battlefield on
horseback. Charging at one another, without any thought to their own
defense, both were impaled upon one another's spears.
There is some confusion as to the details of Brutus' life. His consulship, for
example, may have been a later embellishment to give the republican
institutions greater legitimacy by associating them with the overthrower of
the kings. Similarly the tale of Brutus' execution of his own sons for failing in
their military duties may well have been a later invention.

Contribution:

➢ The founder of the Roman Republic and traditionally one of the first
consuls in 509 BC. He was the primary ancestor of the Junius family in
Ancient Rome, including Marcus Junius Brutus.
➢ Brutus was a hero of Republicanism during the Enlightenment and
Neoclassical periods, and artists like Jacques-Louis David painted
scenes of his life.

Michelangelo

Biography:

Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo,

Tuscany. His family had for several generations been small-scale bankers in
Florence but his father, Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, failed
to maintain the bank's financial status, and held occasional government
positions. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the Judicial
administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi.
Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The
Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa; this
claim remains unproven, but Michelangelo himself believed it. Several
months after Michelangelo's birth the family returned to Florence where
Michelangelo was raised. At later times, during the prolonged illness and
after the death of his mother when he was seven years old, Michelangelo
lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano
where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. Giorgio Vasari
quotes Michelangelo as saying, "If there is some good in me, it is because I
was born in the subtle atmosphere of your country of Arezzo. Along with the
milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer, with
which I make my figures."
In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto.
Here, according to the legend, he fell in love with Vittoria Colonna, marquise
of Pescara and a poet. His house was demolished in 1874, and the remaining
architectural elements saved by the new proprietors were destroyed in 1930.
Today a modern reconstruction of Michelangelo's house can be seen on the
Gianicolo hill. It is also during this period that skeptics allege Michelangelo
executed the scultpure Laocoön and His Sons which resides in the Vatican.

Contribution:

➢ Created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of

Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last
Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
➢ Pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library.
➢ He was the first Western artist whose biography was published while
he was alive.
➢ Painted the Holy Family and St John, also known as the Doni Tondo or
the Holy Family of the Tribune: it was commissioned for the marriage
of Angelo Doni and Maddalena Strozzi and in the 17th century hung in
the room known as the Tribune in the Uffizi.
Republika ng Pilipinas
Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State
College
Science Laboratory High School
EJC Montilla, Tacurong City

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