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    Chapter 11 PDF

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    teknikpembakaran2013
    This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 11 PDF

    Uploaded by

    teknikpembakaran2013
    37 views16 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

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    This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views16 pages

    Chapter 11 PDF

    Uploaded by

    teknikpembakaran2013
    This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

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    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11

    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999


    1
    Chapter 11: Drag and Lift

    11.1 Basic Considerations

    Recall separation of drag components into form and skin-
    friction


    ( )

    '


    S
    w
    S
    2
    D
    dA i

    t dA i

    n p p
    A V
    2
    1
    1
    C
    C
    Dp
    C
    f


    ( )

    '


    dA j

    n p p
    A V
    2
    1
    1
    C
    S
    2
    L


    c
    t
    << 1 C
    f
    > > C
    Dp
    streamlined body

    c
    t
    1 C
    Dp
    > > C
    f
    bluff body

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    2
    11.2 Drag of 2-D Bodies

    First consider a flat plate both parallel and normal to the
    flow



    ( ) 0 i

    n p p
    A V
    2
    1
    1
    C
    S
    2
    Dp

    S
    w
    2
    f
    dA i

    t
    A V
    2
    1
    1
    C

    =
    2 / 1
    L
    Re
    33 . 1
    laminar flow

    =
    5 / 1
    L
    Re
    074 .
    turbulent flow



    where C
    p
    based on experimental data


    vortex wake
    typical of bluff body flow
    flow pattern
    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    3












    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    4
    ( )


    S
    2
    Dp
    dA i

    n p p
    A V
    2
    1
    1
    C

    =

    S
    p
    dA C
    A
    1


    = 2 using numerical integration of experimental data


    C
    f
    = 0


    For bluff body flow experimental data used for c
    D
    .

    In general, Drag = f(V, L, , , c, t, , T, etc.)
    from dimensional analysis

    c/L

    ,
    _

    . etc , T ,
    L
    ,
    L
    t
    , Ar Re, f
    A V
    2
    1
    Drag
    C
    2
    D


    scale factor




    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    5
    Potential Flow Solution:

    ,
    _



    sin
    r
    a
    r U
    2


    2 2
    U
    2
    1
    p V
    2
    1
    p

    + +


    2
    2 2
    r
    2
    p
    U
    u u
    1
    U
    2
    1
    p p
    C


    ( )
    2
    p
    sin 4 1 a r C surface pressure
    r
    u
    r
    1
    u
    r

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11


    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    6


    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    7

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    8

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    9

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    10

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    11








    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    12

    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    13



    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    14



    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    15
    < 0.3 flow is incompressible,
    i.e., constant
    11.7 Effect of Compressibility on Drag: C
    D
    = C
    D
    (Re, Ma)

    a
    U
    Ma


    speed of sound = rate at which infinitesimal
    disturbances are propagated from their
    source into undisturbed medium

    Ma < 1 subsonic
    Ma 1 transonic (=1 sonic flow)
    Ma > 1 supersonic
    Ma >> 1 hypersonic

    C
    D
    increases for Ma 1 due to shock waves and wave drag

    Ma
    critical
    (sphere) .6

    Ma
    critical
    (slender bodies) 1

    For U > a: upstream flow is not warned of approaching
    disturbance which results in the formation of
    shock waves across which flow properties
    and streamlines change discontinuously







    57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
    Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
    16

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