MQ 10 Rational and Irrational Numbers

Rational and irrational numbers
1
Mannings formula is a formula used to estimate the ow of water down a river in a ood event, measured in metres per second. The R3 S2 - , where formula is v = ---------n R is the hydraulic radius, S is the slope of the river and n is the roughness coefcient. What will be the ow of water in the river if R = 8, S = 0.0025 and n = 0.625? To nd the answer to this problem you will need to have an understanding of fractional indices, which in this chapter we will be relating to your work on surds from last year.
2 -1 --
areyou
2
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Are you ready?

1.1
Identifying surds
Try the questions below. If you have difculty with any of them, extra help can be obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon next to the question on the Maths Quest 10 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy.
READY?
b 10 c 49 d 4 2 b 98 c 5 12 d 3 72
1 Which of the following are surds? a 7
1.2
Simplifying surds
2 Simplify each of the following. a 48
1.3
Adding and subtracting surds
3 Simplify each of the following. a 2 6 4 3 +7 3 5 6 b 2 32 5 45 4 180 + 10 8
1.4
Multiplying and dividing surds
4 Simplify each of the following. a 7 10 b 2 3 4 6 6 c -----2 5 6 d -----------10 3
1.5
Rationalising denominators
5 Rationalise the denominator of each of the following. 1 a -----5 2 b -----3 3 c -----6 7 5 d --------5 7
1.9
Evaluating numbers in index form
6 Evaluate each of the following. a 72 b 34
c (2.5)6
d (0.3)4
1.10
Using the index laws
7 Simplify each of the following. a x3 x7 b 4y3 5y8
c 24a3b 6ab5
d (2m4)2
Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers
Classifying numbers
The number systems used today evolved from a basic and practical need of primitive people to count and measure magnitudes and quantities such as livestock, people, possessions, time and so on. As societies grew and architecture and engineering developed, number systems became more sophisticated. Number use developed from solely whole numbers to fractions, decimals and irrational numbers. We shall explore these different types of numbers and classify them into their specic groups. The Real Number System contains the set of rational and irrational numbers. It is denoted by the symbol R. The set of real numbers contains a number of subsets which can be classied as shown in the chart below.
Real numbers R
Irrational numbers I (surds, non-terminating and non-recurring decimals, ,e)
Rational numbers Q
Integers Z
Non-integer rationals (terminating and recurring decimals) Positive Z+ (Natural numbers N)
Negative Z
Zero (neither positive nor negative)
The relationship which exists between the subsets of the Real Number System can be illustrated in a Venn diagram as shown on the right. We can say N Z, Z Q, and so on, where means is a subset of.
=R
Q (Rational numbers) Z (Integers) N (Natural numbers) I (Irrational numbers)
Rational numbers (Q)

A rational number (ratio-nal) is a number that can be expressed as a ratio of two whole a - , where b 0. numbers in the form -b Rational numbers are given the symbol Q. Examples are: . 1 2 3 9 -- , -- , ----- , -- , 7, 6, 0.35, 1.4
5 7 10 4
M a t h s Q u e s t 1 0 fo r N ew S o u t h Wa l e s 5 . 3 P a t h w ay
Integers (Z)
Rational numbers may be expressed as integers. Examples are:
5 -1
= 5,
4 ----1
= 4,
27 ----1
----- = 15 = 27, 15 1
The set of integers consists of positive and negative whole numbers and 0 (which is neither positive nor negative). They are denoted by the letter Z and can be further divided into subsets. That is: Z = {. . ., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .} Z + = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . .} Z = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . .} Positive integers are also known as natural numbers (or counting numbers) and are denoted by the letter N. That is: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . .} Integers may be represented on the number line as illustrated below.
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Z The set of integers 1 2 3 4 5 6 N The set of positive integers or natural numbers Z 6 5 4 3 2 1 The set of negative integers
Note: Integers on the number line are marked with a solid dot to indicate that they are the only points in which we are interested.
Non-integer rationals
Rational numbers may be expressed as terminating decimals. Examples are:
7 ----10
= 0.7,
1 -4
= 0.25,
5 -8
= 0.625,
9 -5
= 1.8
These decimal numbers terminate after a specic number of digits. Rational numbers may be expressed as recurring decimals (non-terminating or periodic decimals). For example: . 1 -- = 0.333 333 . . . or 0.3
3 9 ----11 5 -6 3 ----13
.. = 0.818 181 . . . or 0.8 1 (or 0.81 ) . = 0.833 333 . . . or 0.83 . . = 0.230 769 230 769 . . . or 0.2 30769 (or 0.230 769 )
3.743 3 1 These decimals do not terminate, and the specic 2 1.63 2 3.6 4 digit (or number of digits) is repeated in a pattern. Recurring decimals are represented by placing a dot 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 Q or line above the repeating digit or pattern. Rational numbers are dened in set notation as: Q = rational numbers a - , a, b Z, b 0 where means an element of. Q = -b Rational numbers may be represented on the number line as shown above.
Irrational numbers (I)

Numbers that cannot be expressed as a ratio between two whole numbers are called irrational numbers. Irrational numbers are denoted by the letter I. Numbers such as surds (for example 7 , 10 ), decimals that neither terminate nor recur, and and e are examples of irrational numbers. The numbers and e are examples of transcendental numbers; these will be discussed briey later in this chapter. Irrational numbers may also be represented on the number line with the aid of a ruler and compass. An irrational number (ir-ratio-nal) is a number that cannot be expressed as a a - , where b 0. ratio of two whole numbers in the form -b Irrational numbers are given the symbol I. Examples are: 7 - , , e 13 , 5 21 , -----9 Irrational numbers may be expressed as decimals. For example: 7, 5 = 2.236 067 977 5 . . . 18 = 4.242 640 687 12 . . . 0.03 = 0.173 205 080 757 . . . 2 7 = 5.291 502 622 13 . . .
= 3.141 592 653 59 . . . e = 2.718 281 828 46 . . . These decimals do not terminate, and the digits do not repeat themselves in any particular pattern or order (that is, they are non-terminating and non-recurring). Rational and irrational numbers belong to the set of real numbers (denoted by the symbol R). 1 2 12 5 2 They can be positive, negative or 0. The real 4 numbers may be represented on a number line as shown at right (irrational numbers above the 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 R line; rational numbers below it). To classify a number as either rational or irrational: 1. Determine whether it can be expressed as a whole number, a fraction or a terminating or recurring decimal. 2. If the answer is yes, the number is rational; if the answer is no, the number is irrational.
Consider an isosceles right-angled triangle of side length 1 unit. By Pythagoras theorem, (OB)2 = (OA)2 + (AB)2; therefore the length of the hypotenuse is 2 units. By using a compass, we can transfer the length of the B hypotenuse OB to the number line (labelled C). This distance can now be measured using a ruler. Although 2 units 1 unit this distance will be inaccurate due to the equipment used, A C there is an exact point on the number line for each O 2 2 R 0 1 unit 1 irrational number. This geometric model can be extended to any irrational number in surd form.
(pi)
The symbol (pi) is used for a particular number; that is, the circumference of a circle whose diameter length is 1 unit. It can be approximated as a decimal that is nonterminating and non-recurring. Therefore, is classied as an irrational number. (It is also called a transcendental number and cannot be expressed as a surd.)
In decimal form, = 3.141 592 653 589 793 23 . . . It has been calculated to 29 000 000 (29 million) decimal places with the aid of a computer.
WORKED Example 1
Specify whether the following numbers are rational or irrational. a
1 -4
16
11
d 2
e 0.28
64
22
3 1 -8
THINK a b
1 -4
WRITE a b
1 -4
is already a rational number.
is rational. 16 = 4 16 is rational.
1 2
Evaluate
16 .
The answer is an integer, so classify 16 .
1 2
Evaluate
11 .
11 = 3.316 624 790 36 . . . 11 is irrational.
The answer is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal; classify 11 .
1 2
Use your calculator to nd the value of 2. The answer is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal; classify 2.
d 2 = 6.283 185 307 18 . . . 2 is irrational.
e 0.28 is a terminating decimal; classify it accordingly. f

1 2
e 0.28 is rational.
Evaluate
64 .
3 3
64 = 4 64 is rational.
The answer is a whole number, so classify

3
64 .
3
1 2
Evaluate
22 .
3 3
22 = 2.802 039 330 66 . . . 22 is irrational.
The result is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal; classify

3
22 . h
3 1 -8 3 1 -8
1 2
Evaluate
3 1 --. 8
1 -2
The result is a number in a rational form.
is rational.
remember
a - , where a and b are whole 1. Rational numbers (Q) can be expressed in the form -b numbers and b 0. They include whole numbers, fractions and terminating and recurring decimals. a - , where a and b are 2. Irrational numbers (I) cannot be expressed in the form -b whole numbers and b 0. They include surds, non-terminating and nonrecurring decimals, and numbers such as and e. 3. Rational and irrational numbers together constitute the set of Real numbers (R).
1A
WORKED
Classifying numbers
c
7 -9
Example
1 Specify whether the following numbers are rational (Q) or irrational (I). a f 4 0.04 b
4 -5
d 5 14.4 i n s x
9 -4
-g 21 2
h m
j 0.15 1.44 1000

1 ----16
k 2.4 p
25 ----9
100
o t 7.216 349 157 . . . y

3
q 7.32 v 3
r 21 w
3
u 81
62
0.0001
2 Specify whether the following numbers are rational (Q), irrational (I) or neither. a f k p u
1 -8 3
b 81 21
625
c h m
11 ----4 1.44 --------4 3
d i
0 -8
-e 6 1 7
g 11 l q v
3
11
j o t y
8 -0 1 -------100 1 -----4
-7
2 ----25
( 5 )2
3 n -----
64 ----16 22 -------7
6 -----2
27
1.728
w 6 4
x 4 6
( 2)
3 multiple choice Which of the following best represents a rational number? A B

4 -9 9 ----12 3
4 multiple choice Which of the following best represents an irrational number? A 81 5 multiple choice Which of the following statements regarding the numbers 0.69, correct? A B
-3
6 -5
343
22
7,
--, 3
49 is
is the only rational number. 7 and 49 are both irrational numbers. 49 are the only rational numbers.
C 0.69 and
D 0.69 is the only rational number. 6 multiple choice

11 -- , -----, Which of the following statements regarding the numbers 2 1 2 3 correct? ----- and A 11 3
624 ,
99 is
624 are both irrational numbers.

3
B C
624 is an irrational number and 624 and

2 3
99 is a rational number.
99 are both irrational numbers.

3
11 -- is a rational number and ----- is an irrational number. D 21
Surds
We have classied a particular group of numbers as irrational and will now further examine surds one subset of irrational numbers and some of their associated properties. A surd is an irrational number that is represented by a root sign or a radical sign, for example: Examples of surds include: , 7,
3 4
, 5,
11 ,
15
Examples that are not surds include: 9, 16 ,

3
125 ,
81
Numbers that are not surds can be simplied to rational numbers, that is: 9 = 3, 16 = 4 ,
3
125 = 5 ,
81 = 3
WORKED Example 2
Which of the following numbers are surds? a 25 b 10 c
1 -4
11
59
343
THINK a
1 2
WRITE a 25 = 5 25 is not a surd.
Evaluate 25 . The answer is rational (since it is a whole number), so state your conclusion. Evaluate 10 . The answer is irrational (since it is a non-recurring and non-terminating decimal), so state your conclusion. Evaluate
1 --. 4
1 2
10 = 3.162 277 660 17 . . . 10 is a surd.
1 2
1 -4 1 -4
1 -2
The answer is rational (a fraction); state your conclusion. Evaluate 3 11 . The answer is irrational (a nonterminating and non-recurring decimal), so state your conclusion. Evaluate 4 59 . The answer is irrational, so classify 4 59 accordingly. Evaluate 3 343 . The answer is rational; state your conclusion. d
3 3
is not a surd.
1 2
11 = 2.223 980 090 57 . .. 11 is a surd.
1 2
4 4
59 = 2.771 488 002 48 . . . 59 is a surd.
1 2
343 = 7 343 is not a surd. So b, d and e are surds.

3
Proof that a number is irrational

In Mathematics you are required to study a variety of types of proofs. One such method is called proof by contradiction. This method is so named because the logical argument of the proof is based on an assumption that leads to contradiction within the proof. Therefore the original assumption must be false. a - (where a and b An irrational number is one that cannot be expressed in the form -b are integers). The next worked example sets out to prove that 2 is irrational.
10
WORKED Example 3
Prove that THINK
1
2 is irrational. WRITE a - , where b 0 2 = -b
Assume that
2 is rational; that is, it a - in simplest form. can be written as -b We need to show that a and b have no common factors. Square both sides of the equation. Rearrange the equation to make a2 the subject of the formula. If x is an even number, then x = 2n. Since a is even it can be written as a = 2r. Square both sides. Equate [1] and [2].
2 3 4 5 6 7
a 2 = ---2 b a2 = 2b2 a2 is an even number and a must also be even; that is, a has a factor of 2. a = 2r a 2 = 4 r2 But a2 = 2b2 from [1] 2 b 2 = 4 r2
2
[1]
[2]
Repeat the steps for b as previously done for a.
4r b2 = ------2 = 2 r2 2 b is an even number and b must also be even; that is, b has a factor of 2. Both a and b have a common factor of 2. This contradicts the original assumption that a - , where a and b have no common factor. 2 = -b 2 is not rational. It must be irrational.
The dialogue included in the worked example should be present in all proofs and is an essential part of the communication that is needed in all your solutions. Note: An irrational number written in surd form gives an exact value of the number; whereas the same number written in decimal form (for example, to 4 decimal places) gives an approximate value.
remember
A number is a surd if: 1. it is an irrational number (equals a non-terminating, non-recurring decimal) 2. it can be written with a radical sign (or square root sign) in its exact form.
11
1B
WORKED
Surds
1.1
d j p
3
Example
1 Which of the numbers below are surds? a g m s y

3 3 5
81
3 -4
b h n t z
48
3 3
c i o u
3 4
16 1000 100 16
1.6 1.44 125

2
e q w
3
0.16 6+ 6 33
11
SkillS
HEET
----27
k 4 100
l 2 + 10 Identifying surds r 2 x 0.0001
32 169 32
361
7 -8
v ( 7)
80
2 multiple choice The correct statement regarding the set of numbers A B C D

WORKED
6 --, 9
20 ,
54 ,
27 ,
9 is:
27 and
6 -9 6 -9
9 are the only rational numbers of the set.
is the only surd of the set. and 20 are the only surds of the set. 54 are the only surds of the set.
20 and
Example
3 Prove that the following numbers are irrational, using a proof by contradiction: a 3 b 5 c 7 4 multiple choice Which of the numbers of the set A 21 only B
1 -8
1 3 1 -- , -----, 4 27
1 --, 8
21 ,
1 -8
8 are surds?
3
only
and
1 -8
and
21 only
5 multiple choice
1 Which statement regarding the set of numbers , -----, 49 true? A 12 is a surd. B 12 and C is irrational but not a surd. D 12 and
12 ,
16 ,
3+1
} is not
16 are surds. 3 + 1 are not rational.
6 multiple choice Which statement regarding the set of numbers 6 7 , not true? A
144 -------16
144 --------, 16
7 6, 9 2,
18 ,
25 is
when simplied is an integer.
144 -------16
and
25 are not surds.
C 7 6 is smaller than 9 2 .
D 9 2 is smaller than 6 7 .
7 Complete the following statement by selecting appropriate words, suggested in brackets:

6
a is denitely not a surd, if a is . . . (any multiple of 4; a perfect square and cube).

3
8 Find the smallest value of m, where m is a positive integer, so that
16 m is not a surd.
12
Operations with surds

In Year 9 we looked at surds and various operations with surds. In this section, we will revise each of these operations.
Simplifying surds
To simplify a surd means to make a number (or an expression) under the radical sign ( ) as small as possible. To simplify a surd (if it is possible), it should be rewritten as a product of two factors, one of which is a perfect square, that is, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 and so on. We must always aim to obtain the largest perfect square when simplifying surds so that there are fewer steps involved in obtaining the answer. For example, written as 4 8 = 2 8 ; however, 32 could be
8 can be further simplied to 2 2 , so
32 = 2 2 2 ; that is
32 = 4 2 . If, however, the largest perfect square had been 16 2 = 16 2 = 4 2 , the same answer
selected and 32 had been written as would be obtained in fewer steps.
WORKED Example 4
Simplify the following surds. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers. a 384 b 3 405
-- 175 c 1 8
d 5 180 x 3 y 5 WRITE a 384 = 64 6
THINK a
1
Express 384 as a product of two factors where one factor is the largest possible perfect square. Express 64 6 as the product of two surds. Simplify the square root from the perfect square (that is, 64 = 8). Express 405 as a product of two factors, one of which is the largest possible perfect square. Express surds. Simplify 81 5 as a product of two 81 .
64 6
=8 6
b 3 405 = 3 81 5
= 3 81 5 = 39 5 = 27 5
3 4
Multiply together the whole numbers outside the square root sign (3 and 9).
13
THINK c
1
WRITE
1 -- 175 = -- 25 7 c 1 8 8
Express 175 as a product of two factors in which one factor is the largest possible perfect square. Express surds. Simplify 25 7 as a product of 2 25 .
-- = 1 8
25 7
3 4
-- 5 7 = 1 8 8 -- 7 = 5
Multiply together the numbers outside the square root sign. Express each of 180, x3 and y5 as a product of two factors where one factor is the largest possible perfect square. Separate all perfect squares into one surd and all other factors into the other surd. Simplify 36 x 2 y 4 . Multiply together the numbers and the pronumerals outside the square root sign.
d 5 180 x 3 y 5 = 5 36 5 x 2 x y 4 y
= 5 36 x 2 y 4 5 xy
3 4
= 5 6 x y 2 5 xy = 30 xy 2 5 xy
Addition and subtraction of surds

Surds may be added or subtracted only if they are alike. Examples of like surds include 7 , 3 7 and 5 7 . Examples of unlike surds
include 11 , 5 , 2 13 and 2 3 . In some cases surds will need to be simplied before you decide whether they are like or unlike, and then addition and subtraction can take place. The concept of adding and subtracting surds is similar to adding and subtracting like terms in algebra.
WORKED Example 5
Simplify each of the following expressions containing surds. Assume that a and b are positive real numbers. a 3 6 + 17 6 2 6 THINK a All 3 terms are alike because they contain the same surd ( 6 ) . Simplify. b 5 3 + 2 12 5 2 + 3 8 WRITE a 3 6 + 17 6 2 6 = ( 3 + 17 2 ) 6 = 18 6
Continued over page
1 -2
100 a 3 b 2 + ab 36 a 5 4 a 2 b
14
THINK b
1
WRITE b 5 3 + 2 12 5 2 + 3 8 = 5 3+2 435 2+3 42 = 5 3+22 35 2+32 2 = 5 3+4 35 2+6 2 = 9 3+ 2

1 -2
Simplify surds where possible.
Add like terms to obtain the simplied answer. Simplify surds where possible. c
100 a 3 b 2 + ab 36 a 5 4 a 2 b = =
1 -2 1 -2
10 a 2 a b 2 + ab 6 a 5 2 a b 10 a b a + ab 6 a 5 2 a b
= 5 ab a + 6 ab a 10 a b
2
Add like terms to obtain the simplied answer.
= 11 ab a 10 a b
Multiplication and division of surds

Multiplying surds
To multiply surds, multiply together the expressions under the radical signs. For example, a b = ab , where a and b are positive real numbers. When multiplying surds it is best to rst simplify them (if possible). Once this has been done and a mixed surd has been obtained, the coefcients are multiplied with each other and then the surds are multiplied together. For example, m a n b = mn ab
WORKED Example
a 11 7
6
c 6 12 2 6 WRITE a 11 7 = = 11 7 77 d 15 x 5 y 2 12 x 2 y
Multiply the following surds, expressing answers in the simplest form. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers. b 5 38 5
THINK a Multiply the surds together, using a b = ab (that is, multiply expressions under the square root sign). Note: This expression cannot be simplied any further.
15
THINK b Multiply the coefcients together and then multiply the surds together.
WRITE b 5 38 5 = 58 3 5 = 40 3 5 = 40 15
Simplify
12 .
c 6 12 2 6 = 6 4 3 2 6 = 62 32 6 = 12 3 2 6 = 24 18 = 24 9 2 = 24 3 2 = 72 2
Multiply the coefcients together and multiply the surds together. Simplify the surd.
Simplify each of the surds.
15 x 5 y 2 12 x 2 y =
2
15 x x y
43x y 3y
= x2 y
15 x 2 x
= x y 15 x 2x 3 y
2
Multiply the coefcients together and the surds together. Simplify the surd.
= x2y 2x 15 x 3 y = 2x3y 45 xy = 2x3y 9 5 xy = 2x3y 3 5 xy = 6x3y 5 xy
When working with surds, we sometimes need to multiply surds by themselves; that is, square them. Consider the following examples:
( 2 )2
2 2 =
4 = 2
( 5 )2
5 5 =
25 = 5
We observe that squaring a surd produces the number under the radical sign. This is not surprising, because squaring and taking the square root are inverse operations and, when applied together, leave the original unchanged. When a surd is squared, the result is the number (or expression) under the radical sign; that is,
( a )2
= a , where a is a positive real number.
16
WORKED Example 7
Simplify each of the following. a ( 6)
2
b (3 5)
THINK a Use ( a )2 = a, where a = 6. b

1 2
WRITE a ( 6) = 6 b ( 3 5 ) = 32 ( 5 )2 =95 = 45
2 2
Square 3 and use ( a )2 = a to square 5 . Simplify.
Dividing surds
To divide surds, divide the expressions under the radical signs; a a - = -that is, ------ , where a and b are whole numbers. b b When dividing surds it is best to simplify them (if possible) rst. Once this has been done, the coefcients are divided next and then the surds are divided.
WORKED Example
55 a --------5 THINK a
1 2 3
8
36 xy d ----------------------25 x 9 y 11 WRITE 55 - = a --------5 = 55 ----5 11
Divide the following surds, expressing answers in the simplest form. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers. 48 b --------3 9 88 c -----------6 99
a a - = -Rewrite the fraction, using ------. b b Divide the numerator by the denominator (that is, 55 by 5). Check if the surd can be simplied any further. a - = Rewrite the fraction, using -----b Divide 48 by 3. Evaluate 16 . a --. b
1 2 3
48 - = b --------3 = =4
48 ----3 16
17
THINK c a - = Rewrite surds, using -----b a --. b
WRITE c 9 88 9 88 ------------ = -- ----6 99 6 99 9 8 - -= -6 9
Simplify the fraction under the radical by dividing both numerator and denominator by 11. Simplify surds. Multiply the whole numbers in the numerator together and those in the denominator together. Cancel the common factor of 18.
92 2 = ------------------63 18 2 = -----------18 =
Simplify each surd.
36 xy 6 xy - = -------------------------------------------d ---------------------25 x 9 y 11 5 x 8 x y 10 y 6 xy = ----------------------5 x 4 y 5 xy
Cancel any common factors in this case xy .
6 = ------------5 x4 y5
If the denominator of a fraction is a surd, it can be changed into a rational number. In other words, it can be rationalised. As we discussed earlier in this chapter, squaring a simple surd (that is, multiplying it by itself) results in a rational number. This fact can be used to rationalise denominators as follows.
b a b ab - =1 ------ ------ = --------- , where -----b b b b If both numerator and denominator of a fraction are multiplied by the surd contained in the denominator, the denominator becomes a rational number. The fraction takes on a different appearance, but its numerical value is unchanged, because multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number is equivalent to multiplying by 1.
18
WORKED Example
6 a --------13 THINK a
1
9
17 3 14 c ---------------------------7 WRITE 6 a --------13 6 13 - --------= --------13 13 78 = --------13
Express the following in their simplest form with a rational denominator. 2 12 b -----------3 54
Write the fraction.
Multiply both the numerator and denominator by the surd contained in the denominator (in this case 13 ). This has the same effect as multiplying the 13 - = 1. fraction by 1, because --------13
Write the fraction.
2 12 b -----------3 54 2 12 2 4 3 ------------ = ------------------3 54 3 9 6 22 3 = ------------------33 6 4 3 = --------9 6 4 3 6 - -----= --------9 6 6 4 18 = -----------96
Simplify the surds. (This avoids dealing with large numbers.)
Multiply both the numerator and denominator by 6 . (This has the same effect as multiplying the fraction by 6 - = 1.) 1, because -----6 Note: We need to multiply only by the surd part of the denominator (that is, by 6 rather than by 9 6 ).
Simplify
18 .
4 92 = ------------------96 43 2 = ------------------54 12 2 = -----------54 2 2 = --------9
Divide both the numerator and denominator by 6 (cancel down).
19
THINK c
1
WRITE 17 3 14 c ---------------------------7 ( 17 3 14) 7 - -----= --------------------------------7 7 17 7 3 14 7 = --------------------------------------------------------7 7 119 3 98 = ------------------------------7
Write the fraction.
Multiply both the numerator and denominator by 7 . Use grouping symbols to make it clear that the whole numerator must be multiplied by 7 . Apply the Distributive Law in the numerator. a(b + c) = ab + ac
Simplify
98 .
119 3 49 2 = ----------------------------------------7 119 3 7 2 = -------------------------------------7 119 21 2 = ------------------------------7
Rationalising denominators using conjugate surds

The product of pairs of conjugate surds results in a rational number. (Examples of pairs of conjugate surds include 6 + 11 and 6 11 , a + b and a b , 2 5 7 and
2 5 + 7 .) This fact is used to rationalise denominators containing a sum or a difference of surds. To rationalise the denominator that contains a sum or a difference of surds, we multiply both numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. Two examples are given below: 1 a b - , multiply it by -------------------. 1. To rationalise the denominator of the fraction ------------------a+ b a b 1 a+ b - , multiply it by -------------------. 2. To rationalise the denominator of the fraction ------------------a b a+ b A quick way to simplify the denominator is to use the difference of two squares identity:
a b )( a + b ) = ( a ) ( b ) =ab
20
Rationalise the denominator and simplify the following. 1 a --------------4 3 THINK a

1
WORKED Example 10
6+3 2 b ----------------------3+ 3
WRITE 1 a --------------Write down the fraction. 4 3 (4 + 3) 1 - -------------------Multiply the numerator and denominator = -------------------( 4 3 ) ( 4 + 3 ) by the conjugate of the denominator. (4 + 3) - = 1.) (Note that -------------------(4 + 3) Apply the Distributive Law in the numerator and the difference of two squares identity in the denominator. Simplify.
4+ 3 = -----------------------------2 ( 4 )2 ( 3 ) 4+ 3 = --------------16 3 4+ 3 = --------------13
Write down the fraction.
6+3 2 b ----------------------3+ 3 ( 6 + 3 2) (3 3) - -------------------= ---------------------------(3 + 3) (3 3)
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. (3 3) - = 1.) (Note that -------------------(3 3) Multiply the expressions in grouping symbols in the numerator, and apply the difference of two squares identity in the denominator. Simplify.
63+ 6 3+3 23+3 2 3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 ( 3 )2 ( 3 ) 3 6 18 + 9 2 3 6 = ----------------------------------------------------------93 18 + 9 2 = -----------------------------6 92+9 2 = ------------------------------------6 3 2+9 2 = ------------------------------6 6 2 = --------6 = 2
21
remember
1. To simplify a surd means to make a number (or an expression) under the radical sign as small as possible. 2. To simplify a surd, write it as a product of two factors, one of which is the largest possible perfect square. 3. Only like surds may be added and subtracted. 4. Surds may need to be simplied before adding and subtracting. 5. When multiplying surds, simplify the surd if possible and then apply the following rules: (a) a b = ab (b) m a n b = mn ab , where a and b are positive real numbers. 6. When a surd is squared, the result is the number (or the expression) under the radical sign: ( a )2 = a, where a is a positive real number. 7. When dividing surds, simplify the surd if possible and then apply the following rule: a a - = -b = -----b b where a and b are whole numbers, and b 0. 8. To rationalise a surd denominator, multiply the numerator and denominator by the surd contained in the denominator. This has the effect of multiplying the fraction by 1, and thus the numerical value of the fraction remains unchanged, while the denominator becomes rational: a a a b ab ------ = ------ ------ = --------b b b b where a and b are whole numbers and b 0. 9. To rationalise the denominator containing a sum or a difference of surds, multiply both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the conjugate of the denominator. This eliminates the middle terms and leaves a rational number.
1C
WORKED
Operations with surds

1.2
c g k 27 68 245 d h l 125 180 448
Math
cad
Example
1 Simplify the following surds. a e i 12 54 88 b f j 24 112 162
4a
SkillS
HEET
Simplifying surds
WORKED
Example
2 Simplify the following surds. a 2 8 e 6 75 i

1 -9
4b, c
b 8 90 f 7 80 j
1 -4
c 9 80 g 16 48 k
1 -9
d 7 54 h l
1 -7 3 ----10
392 175
Simplifying surds
162
192
135
22
WORKED
EXCE
reads L Sp he
Example
4d
3 Simplify the following surds. Assume that a, b, c, d, e, f, x and y are positive real numbers. a e 16 a 2 338 a 3 b 3 b f 72 a 2 68 a b
3 5
Simplifying surds
am rogr Ca
et
sio
c g k
1 -2
90 a 2 b 125 x 6 y 4 88 ef
338 a 4
h 5 80 x 3 y 2 l
1 -2
GC p
i 6 162 c 7 d 5
WORKED
j 2 405 c 7 d 9
392 e 11 f 11
Surds
Example
5a
GC p
am rogr TI
4 Simplify the following expressions containing surds. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers. a 3 5+4 5 c 8 5+3 3+7 5+2 3 e 7 2+9 23 2 g 12 3 8 7 + 5 3 10 7 b 2 3+5 3+ 3 d 6 11 2 11 f 9 6 + 12 6 17 6 7 6 h 2 x+5 y+6 x2 y
Surds
SkillS
HEET
1.3
WORKED
Example
5b
5 Simplify the following expressions containing surds. Assume that a and b are positive real numbers. a c 200 300 27 3 + 75 b 125 150 + 600

Mat
d hca
d 2 20 3 5 + 45 f 150 + 24 96 + 108
e 6 12 + 3 27 7 3 + 18
g 3 90 5 60 + 3 40 + 100 i 2 30 + 5 120 + 60 6 135 k

1 -2 1 -- 48 + -- 12 98 + 1 3 3
h 5 11 + 7 44 9 99 + 2 121 j 6 ab 12 ab + 2 9 ab + 3 27 ab l
1 -8 -- 18 + 3 72 32 7 6
WORKED
Example
5c
6 Simplify the following expressions containing surds. Assume that a and b are positive real numbers. a 7 a 8 a + 9 9 a 32 a c e g 150 ab + 96 ab 54 ab 8 a 3 + 72 a 3 98 a 3 9a3 + 3a5 b 10 a 15 27 a + 8 12 a + 14 9 a d 16 4 a 2 24 a + 4 8 a 2 + 96 a f
1 -2 1 -- 128 a -- 144 a 36 a + 1 4 6
h 6 a5b + a3b 5 a5b j l a 3 b + 5 ab 2 ab + 5 a 3 b 4a2b + 5 a2b 3 9a2b
SkillS
HEET
1.4
Multiplying and dividing WORKED Example surds 6
i ab ab + 3 ab a 2 b + 9 a 3 b 3 k 32 a 3 b 2 5 ab 8 a + 48 a 5 b 6
7 Multiply the following surds, expressing answers in the simplest form. Assume that a, b, x and y are positive real numbers. a 2 7 10 10 b e 6 7 21 3 c f 8 6 27 3 3
Mat
hca
Multiplying and dividing surds
g 5 3 2 11
h 10 15 6 3
i 4 20 3 5
23
j 10 6 3 8 m p
WORKED
k n q
1 -4
48 2 2 xy x 3 y 2 15 x 3 y 2 6 x 2 y 3
l o r
1 -9
48 2 3 3a4b2 6a5b3
1 ----10
-- 40 60 1 5
12 a 7 b 6 a 3 b 4
1 -2
15 a 3 b 3 3 3 a 2 b 6
Example
8 Simplify each of the following. a ( 2 )2 e (3 2 )2 b ( 5 )2 f (4 5 )2 c ( 12 )2 g (2 7 )2 d ( 15 )2 h (5 8 )2
WORKED
Example
9 Simplify the following surds, expressing answers in the simplest form. Assume that a, b, x and y are positive real numbers. 15 a --------3 18 e --------4 6 i 9 63 -----------15 7 8 b -----2 65 f -----------2 13 2040 j --------------30 60 c --------10 96 g --------8 x4 y3 k -------------x2 y5 128 d -----------8 7 44 h --------------14 11 l 16 xy ----------------8 x7 y9
xy 12 x 8 y 12 - ---------------------m -------------5 7 2 3 x y x y
WORKED
2 2a2b4 10 a 9 b 3 - --------------------n --------------------5a3b6 3 a7b
Example
10 Express the following in their simplest form with a rational denominator. 5 a -----2 15 f --------6 5 14 k -----------7 8 7 b -----3 2 3 g --------5 l 16 3 -----------6 5 4 c --------11 3 7 h --------5 8 3 m --------7 7 8 d -----6 i 5 2 --------2 3 12 e --------7 4 3 j --------3 5 2 35 o -----------3 14
1.5
9a, b
SkillS
Math
HEET
cad
8 60 n -----------28
WORKED
Example
11 Express the following in their simplest form with a rational denominator. 6 + 12 a ---------------------3 3 5+6 7 e -------------------------8 i 7 12 5 6 ----------------------------6 3 15 22 b ------------------------6 4 2+3 8 f -------------------------2 3 6 2 5 j ---------------------4 8 6 2 15 c ------------------------10 3 11 4 5 g ----------------------------18 6 35 5 k -------------------------7 20 2 18 + 3 2 d ----------------------------5 2 72 5 h -------------------------12 l 3 5+7 3 -------------------------5 24
9c
24
SkillS
HEET
1.6
Conjugate pairs
WORKED
Example
10
12 Rationalise the denominator and simplify. 1 1 a --------------b ------------------5+2 8 5 5 3 d -------------------------3 5+4 2 31 g --------------5+1 83 e --------------8+3 3 6 15 h ------------------------6+2 3
4 c ---------------------------2 11 13 12 7 f ---------------------12 + 7 i 5 3 ---------------------4 2 3
SkillS
HEET
1.7
Applying the difference of two squares rule to surds
Work
T SHEE
1.1
1
1 Explain whether 2 Explain whether 3 Simplify 80 . 3 is rational or irrational. 1 -- is a surd. 4
4 Simplify 6 2 + 11 2 . 5 Simplify 18 + 50 72 .
6 Simplify 6 18 2 8 . 90 -. 7 Simplify --------6 2 24 -. 8 Simplify -----------3 3 6 3 - in simplest form with a rational denominator. 9 Express --------5 2 1+ 2 - in simplest form with a rational denominator. 10 Express --------------1 2
25
Fractional indices
Consider the expression a . Now consider what happens if we square that expression. ( a )2 = a (using the Fourth Index Law, (am)n = am n) Now, from our work on surds we know that ( a )2 = a. From this we can conclude that ( a )2 = ( a )2 and further conclude that a = We can similarly show that a =
1 -3 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2
a.
a.
WORKED Example 11
Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. a 9 THINK a
1 2
1 -2 1 -2
b 64
1 -3
WRITE 9. a 9 = 9 =3 b 64 = 3 64 =4
1 -n 1 -3 1 -2
Write 9 as Evaluate. Write 64 as Evaluate.

1 -3
1 2
64 .
This pattern can be continued and generalised to produce a calculator, the

x
a . On a Casio
function can be used to nd the value of expressions containing

1 -y
fractional indices. Other models of calculator may have the function x . Check with your teacher if you are unsure.
WORKED Example 12
Use a calculator to nd the value of the following, correct to 1 decimal place. a 10 THINK
1 -4
b 200
1 -5
WRITE/DISPLAY
Continued over page
26
THINK a Press
4
x
WRITE/DISPLAY
1 0 = on a scientic
a 10 1.8
1 -4
x 0 EXE on a calculator or 4 SHIFT [ ] 1 Casio graphics calculator. (On a TI graphics calculator,
press b Press
4 5
MATH
x
5 2
(5: 0
) 0
ENTER .)
= on a scientic
b 200 2.9
1 -5
x 0 0 EXE calculator or 5 SHIFT [ ] 2 on a Casio graphics calculator. (On a TI graphics calculator,
press
MATH
(5:
0
1 -n
ENTER .)
Now consider 1 the expression ( a ) . Using our work so far on fractional indices, we can say ( a ) =
m
-n
a .
m
1 -n m --n
We can also say ( a ) = a using the index laws. We can therefore conclude that a = a . Such expressions can be evaluated on a calculator either by using the index function, which is usually either ^ or xy and entering the fractional index, or by separating the two functions for power and root.
m --n
WORKED Example 13
Evaluate 3 , correct to 1 decimal place. THINK Method 1 Press on a scientic b ( ) ^ 2 7 EXE a /c calculator or 3 on a Casio graphics calculator. (On a TI graphics calculator, ( ) ENTER .) ^ 2 7 press 3 Method 2 Press
7
x
2 -7
WRITE
xy
2
ab/c
3 1.4
2 -7
xy
= on a scientic
x ^ 2 EXE on a calculator or 7 SHIFT [ ] 3 Casio graphics calculator. (On a TI graphics calculator, press
MATH
(5:
ENTER .)
1 -2
We can also use the index law a = fractional indices and surds.
a to convert between expressions that involve
27
WORKED Example 14
Write each of the following expressions in surd form. a 10 THINK
1 -2
b 5
3 -2
WRITE a 10 =
1 -2
-- is equivalent to a Since an index of 1 2 taking the square root, this term can be written as the square root of 10.
10
1 2 3
A power of means square root of the number cubed. Evaluate 53. Simplify 125 .
3 -2
b 5 = =
3 -2
125
=5 5
In Year 9 you would have studied the index laws and all of these laws are valid for fractional indices.
WORKED Example 15
Simplify each of the following. a
1 -m5
2 -m5
1 -( a2 b3 )6
THINK a
1 2
2 -- - x 3 2 c ----- 3 -- y 4
WRITE a m5 m5 = m5
3 -1 -2 --
Write the expression. Multiply numbers with the same base by adding the indices. Write the expression. Multiply each index inside the grouping symbols by the index on the outside. Simplify the fractions. Write the expression.
1 2
b ( a2b3 )6 = =
2 3 -- -a6b6 1 1 -- -a3b2 1
1 --
2 -- - x 3 2 - c --- 3 -- y 4 1 -x3 3 --
Multiply the index in both the numerator and denominator by the index outside the grouping symbols.
= ---y8
28
remember
1. Fractional indices are those that are expressed as fractions. 2. Numbers with fractional indices can be written as surds, using the following identities: an =
1 -n m --m
an =
am = ( n a )
3. All index laws are applicable to fractional indices.
1D
SkillS
Fractional indices
b 25 2 e 27 3
1 -1 --
HEET
1.8
WORKED
Example
1 Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. a 16 2 d 83

1 -1 --
11 Finding square roots, cube roots and other roots
c 81 2 f 125 3
1 -1 --
SkillS
HEET
1.9
Evaluating numbers in index form
WORKED
Example
2 Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, correct to one decimal place. a 81 4 d 52
1 -1 --
12
b 16 4 e 75
1 --
1 --
c 33
f 89
1 --
WORKED
Example
Mat
hca
13 Fractional indices
3 Use a calculator to nd the value of each of the following, correct to one decimal place. a 12
3 -8 4 -5
b 100 e
3 -4 3
5 -9
c 50 f
4 -- 5
2 -3
d ( 0.6 )
WORKED
2 -3
- 4
Example
4 Write each of the following expressions in simplest surd form. a 7 d 2 a

1 -2 5 -2
14
b 12 e 3 b
3
3 -2
1 -2
c 72 f 10 c f
3 -28 3
1 -2 5 -2
5 Write each of the following expressions with a fractional index. 5 m

3 -45 3 -x4
10
x 6
1 -a3
SkillS
HEET
1.10
Using the index laws
d
WORKED
e 2 t
1 -45 2 -x5 2 -y9 1 -28
Example
6 Simplify each of the following. a d b e h c f

1 -a2
15a
EXCE
reads L Sp he
1 -5m3 3 2 ---a8
1 -2m5 3 -0.05 a 4
3 1 ---b7
4b7
1 --
2 --
Index laws
et
g 4 y 2
i 5 x3 x2
29
7 Simplify each of the following. a a3b4 a3b4

3 2 3 -- -1 3 -- -1 2
b x5 y9 x5 y3
1 1 -- --
3 2 -- --
1 1 -- -1 1 1 -- -- --
c 2 ab 3 3 a 5 b 5
2 3 1 -- -- --
1 --
3 4 -- -3 3 -- --
-- -1 --m4n5 d 6 m 7 -3
e x3 y2 z3 x6 y3 z2
f 2a5b8c4 4b4c4
8 Simplify each of the following. a 32 33 d

6 -a7 1 -1 --
b 53 54 e
3 -x2
2 --
1 --
c 12 2 12 2 m5 f -----m9
5 -3 -4 --
3 --
3 --
3 -a7
1 -x4
2x4 g -------3 -4x5
7n2 h ----------4 -21 n 3
25 b 5 ----------1 -20 b 4
9 Simplify each of the following. a x3 y2

4 --
4 3 -- -x3 y5 2 1 -- --
5 2 -- -a9b3
2 2 -- -a5b5
3 4 -- -m8n7 7 1 -- -p8q4
3 -3n8
d 10 x 5 y 5 x 3 y 4
e ----------------1 1 -- -20 a 5 b 4
3 3 -- -5a4b5
f -------------7 p3q6
6 2 1 -- --
10 Simplify each of the following. a (2 ) d

3 -4 3 -5
1 ----( a 3 ) 10
3 -7 14 ----15
g 4( p )
WORKED
b (5 ) e (m ) h (x )
4 -9 m --n
2 -3
1 -4 3 -8 n -p
c f i
(7 ) ( 2b ) ( 3m )
1 -2 a -b 3 -5 7 -8
1 -5
1 -3 b -c
Example
11 Simplify each of the following. a (a b ) d

1 -3 1 -2 1 -3 1 -2
15b, c
b ( a4b )4
1 -3
3 --
c
1 -2
(x y )
3 2
( 3a b c )
2
3 3 -- -5 4
(x y z )
2
1 -2
2 2 -- -3 5
- - -a 4 3 f --- b
4 -- m 5 g ------ 7 -- n8
3 -- - b 5 3 - h --- 4 -- c 9
1 - 4 x 7 2 - i ------ 3 -- 2 y 4
30
12 multiple choice Note: There may be more than one correct answer. If ( a )
GAM
3 -4 m --n
me E ti
is equal to then m and n could not be: A 1 and 3 B 2 and 6 C 3 and 8

Rational and irrational numbers 001
1 -a4 ,
D 4 and 9
13 Simplify each of the following. a d g

3
a8 16 x 4 27 m 9 n 15
b e h
3 3 5
b9 8 y9 32 p 5 q 10
c f i
4 4 3
m 16 16 x 8 y 12 216 a 6 b 18
Work
T SHEE
1.2
Mannings formula
At the start of this chapter we looked at Mannings formula, which is used to calculate the ow of water in a river during a ood situation. Mannings formula is R S - , where R is the hydraulic radius, S is the slope of the river and n is the v = ---------n roughness coefcient. This formula is used by meteorologists and civil engineers to analyse potential ood situations. We were asked to nd the ow of water in metres per second in the river if R = 8, S = 0.0025 and n = 0.625. 1 Use Mannings formula to nd the ow of water in the river. 2 To nd the volume of water owing through the river, we multiply the ow rate by the average cross-sectional area of the river. If the average crosssectional area is 52 m2, nd the volume of water owing through the river each second. (Remember 1 m3 = 1000 L.) 3 If water continues to ow at this rate, what will be the total amount of water to ow through in one hour? 4 Use the Bureau of Meteorologys website, www.bom.gov.au, to nd the meaning of the terms hydraulic radius and roughness coefcient.
2 -3 1 -2
31
How was Albert Einstein honoured in 1921? Simplify each of the following
to solve the code below.
B(x ) L
3 2
2 1 3 2
R
3 1
3x 3 3 y 3
x4 y 3 x4 y3
E 16x
4
12
y4
T ( x)
4 3
F(3x )
3 4 2 5
1 2
2 2 5
W12x y 4x y
1 3 3 7 1 5
1 3
2 5
Cx y x y P
1 2
Sx x
x 2 y3
1 6
x 5 6 x5
N 3(x ) I
2 x3 y
2
2 2 5
O( x)
3
H(x y )
5
2 5
4 x5
1
Y
x
4
2 xy x 8 y 8
xy 5
3x 15 y 35
2 3
3x 5
3 2
xy 5
2 x3 y
3x 5
2 3
x3
2 x3 y
xy
2 1
3 2
3x 5
9x 3 y 3 2x 2
x2 y2
5
2x3 y
9x 5
x3
9x 3 y 3
3x 5
xy 5
2x 8 y 8
x6
2x 2
x4 y5
13
13
x6
32
2
1 Simplify 4 63 . 2 Simplify 5 3 + 8 27 4 3 + 2 147 . 3 In simplest surd form, what is the product of 3 30 and 5 6 ? 4 Evaluate (3 5 )2. 7 56 7 - in simplest form with a rational denominator. 5 Express -------------------------2 3 6 State the value of 64 . 7 Find 90 correct to two decimal places. 8 Find 10 correct to one decimal place. 9 Write 6 in surd form. 10 Write
3
1 -2 4 -5 1 -3 1 -2
x using a fractional index.
Negative indices
In Year 9 you would have looked at negative indices and discovered the rules 1 1 - and an = ----. a1 = -n a a When using a calculator to evaluate expressions that involve negative indices, we need 1 -. to familiarise ourselves with the keys needed. Many calculators will have a key for ---y x 1 - 2. Other calculators, To evaluate 52 on a calculator using this function, press 5 ---y x including the Casio and TI graphics calculators, have an x1 function. To perform the same calculation, rst calculate 52 and then press x1. The following worked examples demonstrate how these calculations are performed on a Casio calculator. Check with your teacher if you are unsure how to use your calculator for these questions.
33
WORKED Example 16
Evaluate each of the following. a 41 b 24 THINK WRITE/DISPLAY
a Press the following keys. Scientic calculator: 4 x1 Graphics calculator: 4 SHIFT [x1] b Press the following keys. Scientic calculator: (2 xy 4) x1 Graphics calculator: 2 ^ 4 SHIFT [x1]
a 41 = 0.25 b 24 = 0.0625
1 - . Now let us look at the case in which a is fractional. Consider the index law a1 = -a a 1 - . Consider the expression - b a -- b
1
1 = ----a -b b = 1 -a
b = -a We can therefore consider an index of 1 to be a reciprocal function.
WORKED Example 17
Write down the value of each of the following. a
1 -(2 3)
1 -(1 5)
-c 11
( 4 )1
WRITE a b
1 --=3 (2 3) 2 1 --=5 (1 5) 1
THINK a To evaluate b c
1 2 1 2
5 -1
1 ---. take the reciprocal of 2 (2 3) 3 1 ---. To evaluate ( 1 take the reciprocal of 1 5) 5
Write
as a whole number.
4 -c 11
=5 =
4 -5
-- as an improper fraction. Write 1 1 --. Take the reciprocal of 5 4
1 -( 4 )1 = ( 5 4)
34
remember
1 - or the x1 1. To evaluate an expression that involves negative indices, use the ---y x function. 2. An index of 1 can be considered as a reciprocal function and applying this to a 1 b -. fractions gives us the rule -= - b a
1E
Mat
hca
Negative indices
c 81 g 52 d 101 h 104
WORKED
Example
Negative indices
reads L Sp he
1 Evaluate each of the following. a 51 b 31 16 3 e 2 f 32
2 Find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 signicant gures. a 61 b 71 c 62 d 93 3 2 2 e 6 f 15 g 16 h 54 3 Find the value of each of the following, correct to 2 signicant gures. a (2.5)1 b (0.4)1 c (1.5)2 d (0.5)2 3 4 3 e (2.1) f (10.6) g (0.45) h (0.125)4 4 Find the value of each of the following, correct to 2 signicant gures. a (3)1 b (5)1 c (2)2 d (4)2 1 1 1 e (1.5) f (2.2) g (0.6) h (0.85)2
WORKED
et
Example
EXCE
Negative indices
5 Write down the value of each of the following. a e i

4 1 ( -5) 1 -(1 2) 1 -(1 1 2)
17
b f j
3 1 ( ----10 ) 1 -(1 4) 1 -(2 1 4)
c g k
7 1 ( -8) 1 -(1 8) 1 1 (1 ----10 )
d h l
13 1 ( ----20 ) 1 1 ( ----10 ) 1 -(5 1 2)
6 Find the value of each of the following, leaving your answer in fraction form. a
me E ti
e
Rational and irrational numbers 002
1 2 ( -2) 2 -(1 1 2)
b f
2 2 ( -5) 2 -(2 1 4)
c g
2 3 ( -3) 3 -(1 1 3)
d h
1 2 ( -4) 3 -(2 1 5)
GAM
7 Find the value of each of the following.

-a 2
Work
T SHEE
1.3
( 3 )1 2 2 ( -3)
-b 3
( 5 )1 1 2 ( -5)
c g
1 -( 1 4) 1 1 (1 -2)
1 d -----
( 10 )1 3 2 (2 -4)
8 Consider the expression 2n. Explain what happens to the value of this expression as n increases.
35
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or expression from the word list that follows. 1 a - , where b 0, is called a A number that can be expressed in the form -b number. An a - , where b 0, and cannot be expressed in the form -b takes the form of a decimal that neither recurs nor terminates. and numbers such as 2
3 4 5 6
Examples of irrational numbers are and e. A surd is as possible. Only
when the number under the radical sign is as small
surds can be added or subtracted. using the rules a b = ab and
Unlike surds can be m a n b = mn ab .
7 8
When a surd is squared the result is a
number. the
A surd in fractional form can be simplied by denominator. Raising a number to an index of of the number.
1 -2
is equivalent to nding the
10
The rules connecting fractional indices to surds are a = =

n
1 -n
and
a . function.
11
An index of 1 is equivalent to a
WORD
a reciprocal multiplied
n
LIST
rational simplied irrational square root like whole surds a rationalising
m ---n
36
CHAPTER review
1A
1 multiple choice Which of the given numbers, . 0.81 , 5, 3.26, 0.5 and
6 -----, 12 6 -----, 12
. -, 0.81 , 5, 3.26, 0.5 , -5 B

6 ----12
3 ----12
are rational?
A C
3 ----12
and -5
6 ----12
0.81 and
3 ----12
D 5, 3.26 and
1A 1B
2 For each of the following, state whether the number is rational or irrational and give the reason for your answer: . -a 12 b 121 c 2 d 0.6 e 3 0.08
9
3 multiple choice Which of the numbers of the given set, { 3 2 , 5 7 , 9 4 , 6 10 , 7 12 , 12 64 }, are surds? A 9 4 , 12 64 B 3 2 and 7 12 only C 3 2 , 5 7 and 6 10 only D 3 2 , 5 7 , 6 10 and 7 12 m 20 ----- , -----, 16 m b if m = 8?
3 3
1B 1C 1C
4 Which of a if m = 4?
2m ,
25 m ,
m,
8 m are surds
5 Simplify each of the following. a 50 b 180 c 2 32 d 5 80
6 multiple choice The expression A 196 x 4 y 3 2 y 392 x 8 y 7 may be simplied to: B 2 x 4 y 3 14 y C 14 x 4 y 3 2 y D 14 x 4 y 3 2
1C
7 Simplify the following surds. Give the answers in the simplest form. a 4 648 x 7 y 9 2 25 5 11 - -----x y b -5 64
37
1C
8 Simplify the following, giving answers in the simplest form. a 7 12 + 8 147 15 27 b

1 -2
1 -- ab 16 ab + -------- 100 a 5 b 5 64 a 3 b 3 3 4 5 ab
9 Simplify each of the following. a 3 5 b 2 6 3 7 c 3 10 5 6 d ( 5 )2
1C 1C
10 Simplify the following, giving answers in the simplest form. a

1 -5
675 27
b 10 24 6 12
11 Simplify the following. 30 a --------10 6 45 b -----------3 5 3 20 c -----------12 6 ( 7) d ------------14

2
1C
12 Rationalise the denominator of each of the following. 2 a -----6 3 b --------2 6 2 c --------------52 31 d --------------3+1
1C 1D 1D 1D 1D
13 Evaluate each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place. a 64

1 -3
b 20
1 -2
c 10
1 -3
d 50
1 -4
14 Evaluate each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place. a 20

2 -3
b 2
3 -4
c ( 0.7 )
3 -5
2 -- 3
2 -3
15 Write each of the following in simplest surd form. a 2

1 -2
b 18
1 -2
c 5
3 2
d 8
4 -3
16 Evaluate each of the following, without using a calculator. Show all working. 16 81 a --------------------1 6 16
-2 3 -4 1 -4
b 125 27
2 -3
1 2 --- 2 3
17 Evaluate each of the following. a 41 b 91
c 42
d 103
1E 1E 1E
18 Find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 signicant gures. a 121 b 72 c (1.25)1 d (0.2)4 19 Write down the value of each of the following. a
1 -(2 3)
7 1 ( ----10 )
1 -(1 5)
-d 31
( 4 )1
38
Non-calculator questions
20 multiple choice The expression A 25 10 21 multiple choice When expressed in its simplest form, 2 98 3 72 is equal to: A 4 2 22 multiple choice When expressed in its simplest form, x x A --------2
1
250 may be simplied to: B 5 10 C 10 5 D 5 50
B 4
C 2 4
D 4 2
8 x3 ------- is equal to: 32 x3 C -------2

2
x3 B -------4
x x D --------4
23 Find the value of the following, giving your answer in fraction form.
CHAPTER
test yourself
2 -- 5
2 -- 3
24 Find the value of each of the following, leaving your answer in fraction form. a 21 b 32 c 43 d
1 -- 2 1

MQ 10 Rational and Irrational Numbers

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MQ 10 Rational and Irrational Numbers

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Rational and irrational numbers

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1 Which of the following are surds? a 7

2 Simplify each of the following. a 48

Adding and subtracting surds

3 Simplify each of the following. a 2 6 4 3 +7 3 5 6 b 2 32 5 45 4 180 + 10 8

Multiplying and dividing surds

4 Simplify each of the following. a 7 10 b 2 3 4 6 6 c -----2 5 6 d -----------10 3

Evaluating numbers in index form

6 Evaluate each of the following. a 72 b 34

7 Simplify each of the following. a x3 x7 b 4y3 5y8

Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers

Irrational numbers I (surds, non-terminating and non-recurring decimals, ,e)

Non-integer rationals (terminating and recurring decimals) Positive Z+ (Natural numbers N)

Zero (neither positive nor negative)

Rational numbers (Q)

Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers

Irrational numbers (I)

is already a rational number.

The answer is an integer, so classify 16 .

11 = 3.316 624 790 36 . . . 11 is irrational.

The answer is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal; classify 11 .

d 2 = 6.283 185 307 18 . . . 2 is irrational.

e 0.28 is a terminating decimal; classify it accordingly. f

The answer is a whole number, so classify

22 = 2.802 039 330 66 . . . 22 is irrational.

The result is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal; classify

The result is a number in a rational form.

Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers

j 0.15 1.44 1000

o t 7.216 349 157 . . . y

11 ----4 1.44 --------4 3

3 multiple choice Which of the following best represents a rational number? A B

D 0.69 is the only rational number. 6 multiple choice

624 are both irrational numbers.

624 is an irrational number and 624 and

99 are both irrational numbers.

11 -- is a rational number and ----- is an irrational number. D 21

Examples that are not surds include: 9, 16 ,

Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers

WRITE a 25 = 5 25 is not a surd.

10 = 3.162 277 660 17 . . . 10 is a surd.

11 = 2.223 980 090 57 . .. 11 is a surd.

59 = 2.771 488 002 48 . . . 59 is a surd.

343 = 7 343 is not a surd. So b, d and e are surds.

Proof that a number is irrational

2 is irrational. WRITE a - , where b 0 2 = -b

Repeat the steps for b as previously done for a.

Chapter 1 Rational and irrational numbers

1 Which of the numbers below are surds? a g m s y

1.6 1.44 125

l 2 + 10 Identifying surds r 2 x 0.0001

2 multiple choice The correct statement regarding the set of numbers A B C D

9 are the only rational numbers of the set.

16 are surds. 3 + 1 are not rational.

when simplied is an integer.

25 are not surds.

7 Complete the following statement by selecting appropriate words, suggested in brackets: