AP European History Unit 1 Test Review

I. Early, High, Late Middle Ages

A. Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire
i. Martel: founder; grandson=Charlemagne
a. Changed marriage laws; monogamy
ii. Carolingian Renaissance: Return to Classical time period
iii. Treaty of Verdun: Divided the great Carolingian empire into 3 parts after the death of Charlemagne
B. Invasions
i. 3 major invaders: Muslims, Vikings, Magyars
ii. Consequences: disrupted political, religious, and economic development of Europe
C. Feudalism
i. Knights: vassals to Lord
ii. Chivalry: code under which knights were expected to act; violation was punishable by death
a. Principles
iii. Fiefs: compensation in the form of land
D. Manorialism
i. Serfs: tied to land; contract with lord; owed labor
ii. Manors: village farms
iii. Agricultural innovations: 3-field system; plow, riding equipment
E. Growth
i. Climax in High Middle Ages
ii. Overall growth; Easter Europe has less growth
F. Byzantine Civilization: Eastern Europe, capital=Constantinople, established by Constantine, decline was much slower than that
of Rome
G. Role of the Catholic Church
i. Crusades: take back Holy Lands; Europe re-introduced Classical learning
ii. The Great Schism: Pope Clemont moves center of church to Avignon; result of 2 popes; Council of Constance
resolved issue
H. Intellectual and Artistic World
i. Growth of Universities: resulted from renaissance of ancient knowledge
ii. Scholasticism: system of thought; brought together faith and reason
iii. Thomas Aquinas: accepted by faith, explained by reason
iv. Medieval Art and Architecture
a. Gothic Art
Lacked of depth and perspective
Lacked background
Religiously themed
Not realistic and made no sense geometrically or physically
Subjects did not show emotions except for calm/piety
b. Emphasis on Religion: medieval art heavily featured religion
c. Church as Patron: in medieval times, church=major patron
I. Social Trends
i. Population: population doubled in Europe over short amount of time
ii. Types of food (peasants, nobles): peasants rarely had meat
iii. Marriage (age, role of Church): church gained control over marriage; one wife policy
iv. Role of women (peasants, nobles): women in general were subjugated; ran households and raised children
v. Role of men: upper-class chief occupation=warfare, lower-class=labor
vi. Anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews
vii. Growth of Towns and Cities: growing demand of foodmore people moving into cities
a. North=Flanders
b. South=Italisn states
J. Guilds
K. Hundred Years War
i. Causes: long history of prejudice and animosity between France and England; Flanders; Edward IIIs claim to French
Throne
ii. Joan of Arc: Maid of Orleans, rallied troops and delivered Orleans from English
iii. Consequences: French won
L. Black Death/Plague: decimated population by 50-60%
M. Holy Roman Empire
i. Barriers to Centralization
ii. The Hanseatic League
II. Renaissance
A. Definition: rebirth
B. Italy
i. Birthplace of the Renaissance
a. Why did it start in Florence? Center of trade; heart of Roman empire; growth of middle class; patronage;
Rome-center of church; competition; higher concentration of people
ii. Roles of the Middle Class
iii. City-States: free to develop and grow; led to separations and rivalrydiplomacy
iv. Home of Medicis: charged interest; large patrons of arts; politically powerful
C. Renaissance Values and characteristics
i. Individualism: work for self
ii. Revival of Antiquity: classical learning
iii. Secularism: separation from Church
iv. Quantification: rationalism; use of numbers and logic
v. Humanism: revival of antiquity
a. Vernacular: local language
b. Role of the Printing Press: spread education and learning; increased literacy
c. Civic Humanism: actively engage in human life
d. Neoplatonists
e. Christian Humanism
vi. Italian Art
D. Italian vs. Northern Renaissance
Italian Northern
Wealthy/Church were patrons Kings and princes were patrons
Secular Non-secular
Humanists=elites Humanists=Middle-class
7 characteristics:
Realism and expression (first nudes)
Perspective (first use of linear perspective)
Classicism
Emphasis on individualism
Geometrical arrangement of figures
Light and shadowing/softening
Artists as personalities and celebrities
6 characteristics:
Continuation of late medieval attention to details
Tendency toward realism and naturalism
Interest in landscapes
More emphasis on middle class and peasants
Details of domestic interiors
Great skill in portraiture
*English were more interested in architecture than painting
Spread to France:
French invasions of Italian peninsula
Francis I: most important royal patron
School of Containebleu
E. Women and the Renaissance: upper-class women and nuns experienced partial Renaissance; women of virtue=maintain
household and hold conversation
F. Rennaisance Man: well-rounded, well-educated
G. Politics
i. England
ii. France
iii. Holy Roman Empire
H. Exploration and economic Renewal
i. Reasons for European Exploration: Gold, God, Glory, Rivalries
ii. Results of European exploration for Europe, America, and Africa: Columbian Exchange, decimation of native
populations, increasing numbers of slaves
iii. Columbian Exchange: system of trade between the New World and Old World
iv. Mercantilism: creating a favorable balance of trade
v. Encomienda: wealthy were given land and native labor for a certain amount of time
vi. African Slave Trade
III. Significant Artists, Humanists, Writers and Patrons
A. Francesco Petrarch: first humanist
B. Boticelli: painter, Birth of Venus
C. Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man; botanist; painter, architect; anatomist
D. Filippo Brunelleschi: domed buildings; architect; Cuppolo of St. Maria
E. Lorenzo Ghiberti: goldsmith
F. Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel; sculptor
G. Baldassare Castiglione: Courtier
H. Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince
I. Desiderius Erasmus: translated First Testament
J. Jan Van Eyck: French painter; more courtly and aristocratic work; reflections; worked name into paintings
K. Titian: painter; Venus of Urbino; mannerism
i. Mannerism: dramatic and dynamic effects; elongated forms; exaggerated, out-of-balance posses; unrealistic
lighting
L. Albrecht Durer: greatest of German artists; scholar; Maxmillian I=patron
M. Bruegel: one of the greatest artistic geniuses; master of landscapes; NOT a portraitist
N. Donatello: sculptor; David statue; first free-form nude bronze statue
O. Masaccio
P. Raphael: School in Athens; painter
Q. Giotto
R. Johann Gutenberg: invented the printing press; first print=bible
S. Thomas More: Utopia; executed for refusing to recognize Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne Boleyn
T. Francois Rabelais
U. Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici
V. El Greco: most famous Spanish painter; actually Greek; MANNERISM; Spanish Counter Revolution
W. Shakespeare: playwright