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    Transmission Media: Solutions To Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

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    shahabzaheer
    This document summarizes key points about transmission media from Chapter 7, including: 1) Transmission media are located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical layer. Guided media have physical boundaries while unguided media are unbounded. 2) Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light - the inner core is denser than the cladding so light is reflected if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle. 3) Radio wave propagation can occur through sky propagation, where waves are reflected by the ionosphere, or line-of-sight where signals transmit directly between antennas. Attenuation increases with distance and decreasing frequency for various transmission media.

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    Transmission Media: Solutions To Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

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    shahabzaheer
    104 views4 pages
    This document summarizes key points about transmission media from Chapter 7, including: 1) Transmission media are located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical layer. Guided media have physical boundaries while unguided media are unbounded. 2) Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light - the inner core is denser than the cladding so light is reflected if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle. 3) Radio wave propagation can occur through sky propagation, where waves are reflected by the ionosphere, or line-of-sight where signals transmit directly between antennas. Attenuation increases with distance and decreasing frequency for various transmission media.

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    Data Communication and Network by Behroz A. Ferozan - Solution Chapter 07

    Original Title

    Transmission Media

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    This document summarizes key points about transmission media from Chapter 7, including: 1) Transmission media are located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical layer. Guided media have physical boundaries while unguided media are unbounded. 2) Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light - the inner core is denser than the cladding so light is reflected if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle. 3) Radio wave propagation can occur through sky propagation, where waves are reflected by the ionosphere, or line-of-sight where signals transmit directly between antennas. Attenuation increases with distance and decreasing frequency for various transmission media.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    104 views4 pages

    Transmission Media: Solutions To Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

    Uploaded by

    shahabzaheer
    This document summarizes key points about transmission media from Chapter 7, including: 1) Transmission media are located beneath the physical layer and controlled by the physical layer. Guided media have physical boundaries while unguided media are unbounded. 2) Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light - the inner core is denser than the cladding so light is reflected if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle. 3) Radio wave propagation can occur through sky propagation, where waves are reflected by the ionosphere, or line-of-sight where signals transmit directly between antennas. Attenuation increases with distance and decreasing frequency for various transmission media.

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    CHAPTER 7

    Transmission Media
    Solutions to Odd-Numbered Review Questions and Exercises

    Review Questions
    1. The transmission media is located beneath the physical layer and controlled by
    the physical layer.
    3. Guided media have physical boundaries, while unguided media are unbounded.
    5. Twisting ensures that both wires are equally, but inversely, affected by external
    influences such as noise.
    7. The inner core of an optical fiber is surrounded by cladding. The core is denser
    than the cladding, so a light beam traveling through the core is reflected at the
    boundary between the core and the cladding if the incident angle is more than the
    critical angle.
    9. In sky propagation radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere and are then
    reflected back to earth. In line-of-sight propagation signals are transmitted in a
    straight line from antenna to antenna.

    Exercises
    11. See Table 7.1 (the values are approximate).

    Table 7.1 Solution to Exercise 11


    Distance dB at 1 KHz dB at 10 KHz dB at 100 KHz
    1 Km −3 −5 −7
    10 Km −30 −50 −70
    15 Km −45 −75 −105
    20 Km −60 −100 −140

    13. We can use Table 7.1 to find the power for different frequencies:

    1 KHz dB = −3 P2 = P1 ×10−3/10 = 100.23 mw


    10 KHz dB = −5 P2 = P1 ×10−5/10 = 63.25 mw

    1
    2

    100 KHz dB = −7 P2 = P1 ×10−7/10 = 39.90 mw

    The table shows that the power for 100 KHz is reduced almost 5 times, which may
    not be acceptable for some applications.
    15. We first make Table 7.2 from Figure 7.9 (in the textbook).

    Table 7.2 Solution to Exercise 15


    Distance dB at 1 KHz dB at 10 KHz dB at 100 KHz
    1 Km −3 −7 −20
    10 Km −30 −70 −200
    15 Km −45 −105 −300
    20 Km −60 −140 −400

    If we consider the bandwidth to start from zero, we can say that the bandwidth
    decreases with distance. For example, if we can tolerate a maximum attenuation of
    −50 dB (loss), then we can give the following listing of distance versus bandwidth.

    Distance Bandwidth
    1 Km 100 KHz
    10 Km 1 KHz
    15 Km 1 KHz
    20 Km 0 KHz

    17. We can use the formula f = c / λ to find the corresponding frequency for each wave
    length as shown below (c is the speed of propagation):
    a. B = [(2 × 108)/1000×10−9] − [(2 × 108)/ 1200 × 10−9] = 33 THz
    b. B = [(2 × 108)/1000×10−9] − [(2 × 108)/ 1400 × 10−9] = 57 THz
    19. See Table 7.3 (The values are approximate).

    Table 7.3 Solution to Exercise 19


    Distance dB at 800 nm dB at 1000 nm dB at 1200 nm
    1 Km −3 −1.1 −0.5
    10 Km −30 −11 −5
    15 Km −45 −16.5 −7.5
    20 Km −60 −22 −10

    21. See Figure 7.1.


    a. The incident angle (40 degrees) is smaller than the critical angle (60 degrees).
    We have refraction.The light ray enters into the less dense medium.
    b. The incident angle (60 degrees) is the same as the critical angle (60 degrees).
    We have refraction. The light ray travels along the interface.
    3

    Figure 7.1 Solution to Exercise 21

    Refraction

    a. 40 degrees Critical angle = 60

    Critical angle

    Refraction

    b. 60 degrees
    Critical angle = 60
    Critical angle

    Reflection

    c. 80 degrees
    Critical angle = 60

    Critical angle

    c. The incident angle (80 degrees) is greater than the critical angle (60 degrees).
    We have reflection. The light ray returns back to the more dense medium.
    4

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