TTX3237-FIBRE TO FABRICS

Guidelines for Laboratory Sessions

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL TECHNOLOGY
OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA
Please note to bring this document for the Laboratory classes, which are compulsory to attend

2

LABORATORY SESSON I
INSTRUCTION SHEET

This lab class has two parts:

Part I: Fiber identification
Part II: Effect of water, acids and alkali on fibres

The objectives of the practical: After completing the practical you must be able to

Explain how do you identify given natural and man-made fibers
Observe the effect of water, acids and alkalis on the given natural and
man-made fibers

Procedure:
Session1

(a) Fibre identification through microscopic views for natural and man-made fibres
-Observe the cross sectional and longitudinal views of textile fibres and identify their
special features (Duration: 2 hours)
(b) Fibre burning test (Duration: 0.5hrs)
(c) Solubility test (Duration:0.5 hrs)

Write down your observations in the provided practical report sheet.

Session 2

1. Observe the effect of acids, alkali and water on the following fibres such as cotton,
wool polyester etc.
2. Write down your observations in the provided practical report sheet. You can sketch
the changes if necessary.
The Practical Report
The report of this practical class has to be submitted within 1 week after
your laboratory date (no late submissions will be accepted)

Use the following format to write the practical report.
*Report must be completed by a covering page, which should include the lab session name (in the
middle of the page), your name and registration no. at the bottom left corner of the covering page.
Please note to bring this document for the Laboratory classes, which are compulsory to attend

3


TTX3237 Fibre to Fabric
Lab Class 1: Identification of Textile Fibres
Report contents
Part I:
(a) Classify the textile fibres into categories and give one example for each category (10 marks)
(b) Microscopic views of textile fibres: (30 marks)

Fibre Type Longitudinal View and its special features Cross-Sectional View and its special features


Cotton






Wool









Silk









Viscose









Nylon









Polyester







(c) Observations of burning behavior and flame appearance during the burning test (20 marks)
(d) Several examples for the solubility test of identifying textile fibres (10 marks)

(e) Write down comprehensive notes on the tensile strength, elongation, moisture
absorbency/resistance to water and thermal properties of following textile fibres
(you may have to refer unit 1 and 2 lesson materials)
(i) Cotton (ii) Wool (iii) Silk (iv) Viscose (v) Polyester (iv) Nylon (30 marks)

4

Part II: Characteristics of Textile fibres
(a)Write down the effect of water, acids and alkali on the following textile fibres (45 marks)

Fibre Type Effect of Water on the fibre Effect of Acid on the fibre Effect of Alkali on the fibre


Cotton




Wool






Polyester



Discuss the practical importance(during processing and using as apparel fabrics)
of above findings (10 marks)

(b) Discussion
Discuss how molecular structures of the above fibres affect for the above mentioned
behaviors under the effect of water, acids and alkali. (you have to refer unit 1 and 2
lesson materials)

Cotton:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Wool:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Polyester:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(45 marks)


5

LABORATORY SESSON II
INSTRUCTION SHEET

This lab class has two parts:

Part I: Yarn formation and machines for yarn formation
Part II: Fabric formation and machines for fabric formation

The objectives of the practical: After completing the practical you must be able to

Explain different stages of the cotton yarn spinning process.
List out all the important machines required for spinning of cotton yarns
and their functions.
Explain the objectives of the process of Yarn preparation for weaving
Describe the weaving preparatory process

Preparation for the Lab 2:

Refer your lesson material and prepare a set of short notes about the following:
- Different Stages of Yarn Formation
Blow room processes, Carding, Drawing, Roving and Ring Spinning
- Different stages of weaving preparation
Warping, Sizing, Drawing-in, Looming, Pirn Winding

Prepare two flow charts to show:
-The process of cotton yarn spinning (From fibre to Yarn)
-The Process of Weaving (Yarn to Fabric)

Procedure
Session1
Study of different machines used for cotton spinning

Study the operational principle, material path and most important parts of the following
machines
Carding Machine,
Draw Frame,
Roving Frame and
Ring Frame.




Please note to bring this document for the Laboratory classes, which are compulsory to attend

6

Session 2

Study of the process of weaving preparation
Observe the video of weaving process and study the operational principles of the
weaving preparatory process.
Study the parts of the hand loom weaving machine and operational principals of
the each and every part.

The Practical Report

The report of this practical class has to be submitted within 1 week after
your laboratory date (no late submissions will be accepted)

Use the following format to write the practical report.
*Report must be completed by a covering page, which should include the lab session name (in the
middle of the page), your name and registration no. at the bottom left corner of the covering page.

Title of the Practical: Yarn and Fabric Formation

Description of the Machines and Processes:

Part I: Yarn Formation:

Draw the sequence of machines involved in carded yarn manufacturing process
and name the input and output of the given machine. (10 marks)
Sketch all four machines showing most important parts and the material flow. (10 marks)
Explain the operational principle of individual machine. (20 marks)
Discuss the changes taking place in the material processed by the machines. (10 marks)

Part II: Fabric Formation

List the processes involve in weaving preparatory process. (10 marks)
Give the importance of each and every process. (10 marks)
Sketch all three machines winding, pirn winding and hand loom showing most
important parts and the material flow. (10 marks)
Explain the operational principle of individual machine. (20 marks)








7

LABORATORY SESSON III
INSTRUCTION SHEET

This lab class has two parts:

Part I: Primary and secondary motions of weaving
Part II: Knitted fabric formation process and structures

The objectives of the practical: After completing the practical you must be able to

Explain primary motions and secondary motions of weaving
Name the main parts of the circular and flat knitting machines
Explain the functions of knitting needles, sinkers, cams and feeders of the
knitting machines
Identify the technical front side and the technical back side of the basic
weft knitted structures

Preparation for the Lab 3:

Refer your lesson material and prepare a set of short notes about the following:
- Primary and secondary motions of the weaving machines and the
importance of each motion in woven fabric formation process
- Classification of weaving machines on based of above mechanisms
- Different stages involve in a latch needle loop formation process
- The basic weft knitted structures and their properties

Prepare two flow charts to show:
-Weaving machine classification
-Knitting machine classification

Procedure
Session1
Study of different motions in weaving machine
Study the operational principles and the importance of following motions with
relate to woven fabric formation

Primary motions
Shedding
Picking
Beat-up
Secondary motions
Take-up
Let off
Please note to bring this document for the Laboratory classes, which are compulsory to attend

8

Session 2

Study the process of knitted fabric formation

Observe the available flat and circular knitting machines in the laboratory and
name the importance parts of them and identify the functions of them.
Observe and identify the operational principals of the different types of knitting
needles
Identify the technical front and technical back side of the basic weft knitted
structures

The Practical Report

The report of this practical class has to be submitted within 1 week after
your laboratory date (no late submissions will be accepted)

Use the following format to write the practical report.
*Report must be completed by a covering page, which should include the lab session name (in the
middle of the page), your name and registration no. at the bottom left corner of the covering page.

Title of the Practical: Woven and Knitted Fabric Formation

Description of the Machines and Processes:

Part I: Primary and secondary motions of weaving:

Explain briefly the function and importance of primary and secondary motions of
weaving (20 marks)
Compare the different shedding mechanisms available showing most important (20 marks)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages in between the conventional shuttle
weaving and modern shuttle less weaving techniques (10 marks)

Part II: Knitted fabric formation process and structures

Discuss the functions and importance of the elements of the knitting machines
(sinkers, cams, needles and yarn feeders etc) (20 marks)
Draw the main steps involved in the loop formation of the latch needle (15 marks)
Attach the relevant fabric samples and describe their technical front and back
appearance (15 marks)


Prepared by Academic Coordinator:
Dr. C N Herath
Department of Textile & Apparel Tech.
OUSL