Capvt XII: The perfect active system; Synopsis

The Perfect Active System

- the present, future, and imperfect are the tenses that constitute the present system
- all look at time from the absolute perspective of the present

- the perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect comprise the perfect system and look at time from a somewhat different
perspective

Perfect Active Stem
- the first two principle parts are used when conjugating a verb in the present system
- the 3rd principal part is analogous to the first
- the 4th principal part deals with perfect past participles
- there are no simple rules governing the 3rd and 4th principal parts like there were for the 1st and 2nd

The Perfect Active Stem
- drop the -! that characterizes the third principal part of every verb

Perfect Active Indicative

I praised, have praised I led, have led Endings
laudav - i eg - i - i
laudav - isti eg - isti - isti
laudav - it eg - it - it

laudav - imus eg - imus - imus
laudav - istis eg - istis - istis
laudav - erunt eg - erunt - erunt

Pluperfect Active Indicative

I had praised I had led Endings
laudav-eram eg - eram - eram
laudav - eras eg - eras - eras
laudav - erat eg - erat - erat

laudav - eramus eg - eramus - eramus
laudav - eratis eg - eratis - eratis
laudav - erant eg - erant - erant

Future Perfect Active Indicative

I will have praised I will have led Endings
laudav - ero eg - ero - ero
laudav - eris eg - eris - eris
laudav - erit eg -erit - erit

laudav - erimus eg - erimus - erimus
laudav - eritis eg - eritis - eritis
laudav - erint eg - erint - erint

Perfect (i) Pluperfect (era) Future perfect (eri)

- notice the the endings in the pluperfect match the imperfect conjugation of -sum and the endings in the future
perfect match the future conjugation of -sum (excluding the third person plural -erint)

Usage, Translation, and Distinction from the Imperfect
- the perfect system focuses on actions that, at some given point, have been completed and typically considering the
consequences of the completed action

Pluperfect: I had studied this (previously) ---- and so I understood it (past)
Perfect: I have studied this (already) ---- and so I understand it (present)
Future Perfect: I will have studied (by tomorrow) ---- and so I will understand it (future)

- the pluperfect describes an action in the distant past that has consequences on an action in the more recent past
- the future perfect describes an action that will be completed at some point in the future and will have consequences
on a more distant point in the future
- the perfect describes a completed act that has consequences for the present
- the perfect can be interpreted often as just a simple past tense (the boy warned his friend), but remember it
is also used when that event has consequences on something in the present (he has warned his friend, so
his friend is now prepared)

Vocabulary

adulescens, adulescentis, m. and f., young man or woman

annus, anni, m., year

Asia, Asiae, f., Asia

Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar

mater, matris, f., mother

medicus, medici, m., and medica, medicae, f., doctor, physician

pater, patris, m., father

patientia, patientae, f., suffering; patience, endurance

principium, principii, n. beginning

acerbus, acerba, acerbum, harsh, bitter, grievous

pro, prep. + abl. in front of, before, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as

diu, adv. long, for a long time

nuper, adv. recently

amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum, to send away; lose, let go

cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum, to fall

creo, creare, creavi, creatum, to create

Exercitationes
1. Then you will have written to us about the virtue of youth.
2. The reasons of the other daughter were not the same yesterday.
3. Nobody had escaped into this street from the other gate.
4. However, those men recently came to us with his doctor.
5. Those young men often came to you because of friendship.
6. We have felt neither the same fear in that consul nor in its friendship.
7. After a few hours Caesar had defeated Asia.
8. That happy woman only felt the great longing for peace.
9. Were you able to lead a good life without any liberty?
10. Therfore the truth was dear to the entire population.
11. Neither doctor had heard the name of the father.
12. Regina illa amica ibi diu non remansit.
13. Nostrae matres naturam loci illius non intellexerant.
14. Nullam autem culpam in patriae capite nostrae inveneramus.
15. Eam ad illum mecum mittebant.

Sententiae
1. In the beginning God created heaven and earth; and God created man.
2. In a triumphal procession Caesar displayed this placard: I came, I saw, I conquered.
3. He lived well, while he lived.
4. The young man wishes to live a long time; the old man has lived a long time.
5. He has not lived a long time, but he was for a long time.
6. Hurray, you spoke beautifully!
7. Sophocles made tragedies to extreme old age.
8. Those men have poured forth no only money but also life for the fatherland.
9. Kings had Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave liberty to the Romans.
10. Under Caesar however we lost liberty.
11. When liberty will have fallen, nobody will dare to speak freely.

Capvt XIII: Reexive Pronouns and Possessives;
Intensive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronouns
- used ordinarily only in the predicate and refer back to the subject

Declension of Reflexives
- they have no nominative case; they refer back to the subject so they cant BE the subject
- the declension of reflexives in first and second persons is the same as that of corresponding personal pronouns
- the third person is different, it follows the declension of -tu except there is no nominative, everything starts with an
-s, and it is the same for singular and plural

Reflexive Possessive Adjectives
- first and second persons are identical with the regular possessives we already know (meus, tuus, noster, vester)
- the third person reflexive possessive is a new word: suus, sua, suum (is a regular first/second declension adjective)
- eius, eorum, earum: refer to someone other than the subject

The Intensive Pronoun Ipse, ipsa, ipsum
- follows the declensional pattern of the demonstratives in the genitive and dative singular, otherwise it is just like an
ordinary adjective (magnus, magna, magnum)
- used to emphasize any noun or pronoun in the subject or the predicate of a sentence
- can mean: myself/ourselves (1st), yourself, yourselves (2nd), himself/herself/itself/themselves (3rd, as well as the
very and the actual



Vocabulary

divitae, divitiarum, f. pl., riches, wealth

factum, facti, n., deed, act, achievement

signum, signi, n., sign, signal, indication; seal

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself etc.

quisque, quidque, indef. pronoun, each one, each person, each thing

sui, reflexive pron. 3rd person, himself, herself, itself, themselves

doctus, docta, doctum, taught, learned, skilled

fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum, lucky, fortunate, happy

suus, sua, suum, reflexive possessive adjective of 3rd person, his own, her own, its own, their own

nam, conj. for

ante, prep. + acc., before, in front of; adv. before, previously

per prep + acc through, with reflexive pron, by

olim, adv. once, long ago, formerly

alo, alere, alui, altum, to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish

diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum, to esteem, love

iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum, to join

sto, stare, steti, statum, to stand, stand still, firm

Exercitationes
1. The consul themselves joined neither with you nor with those others.
2. The entire Roman population has lost liberty.
3. The evil king never truly has been able to capture me myself.
4. Then you fled to their mother and father through that place.
5. The gods create souls and send them into the bodies of men from the sky.
6. They themselves have recently overcome him in Asia by themselves.
7. Cicero has seen her doctor in this road, not his own.
8. Nobody has been able to love the bitter daughter of the consul himself for a long time.
9. These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always loved him.
10. The friendly woman will send her books to you before that time.
11. That man had good old age, for he lived through good years.
12. The mother understood the son well and had felt anger, and the young man gave thanks to her for her patience.
13. I myself did not join with that and
14. Autem illi adulescenses ad Caesarem ipsem heri venerunt.
15. Cicero igitur eius nomen cum suo numquam iunget.
16. Cicero ipsem semper delexit et etiam te diligis.
17. Cicero suos libros laudabat et meos libros nunc laudo.
18. Consul Cicero ipse eius librum numquam viderat.

Sententiae
1. He himself was hastening to them and he sent the horseman ahead of himself.
2. They themselves were not able to do nothing by themselves without him.
3. In the beginning, he himself recognized his own sign and his own letters.
4. Each person himself loves themselves, because each person is precious to himself by himself.
5.