INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume I/Issue 2/DEC 2013

IJPRES 91

Performance and Analysis of STATCOM for
Damping power system Disturbances using
Fuzzy Logic Controller
Raghavender
1
, J . Prakash Kumar
2
, M. Surya Kalavathi
3

1
PG scholar, Dept of E.E.E, St. Martins Engg College baruraghu9@gmail.com
2
Assoc Proffesor, Dept of E.E.E, St. Martins Engg College, jprakashkumar@gmail.com
3
Proffesor, Dept of E.E.E, J NTUH College of Engg, munagala12@yahoo.co.in

AbstractThis paper presents a control scheme
based on a static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) to achieve both damping
enhancement and voltage control of a grid-
connected integrated offshore wind farm (OWF)
and marine-current farm (MCF). The
performance of the studied OWF is simulated by
an equivalent doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) driven by an equivalent wind turbine
(WT) while MCF is simulated by an equivalent
squirrel-cage rotor induction generator (SCIG). A
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for the STATCOM
is proposed to contribute effective damping
characteristics to the studied system under
different operating conditions. The model studied
is subject to various disturbances, like noise wind
speed disturbance, marine current speed
disturbance and a three phase short circuit fault
at grid. It can be concluded from the simulated
results that the proposed STATCOM joined with
the Fuzzy Logic Controller is very effective to
stabilize the studied system under disturbance
conditions. The voltage fluctuations of the AC bus
subject to the active-power variations of the
studied system can also be effectively controlled
by the proposed control scheme.
IndexTermsmarine current farm, offshore wind
farm, static synchronous compensator.
I. Introduction
The wind energy and ocean energy have been
integrated together in the U. K. [1]. Ocean energy may
includetidal energy, waveenergy, thermal energy, offshore
wind energy. Offshoregenerators driven by wind turbine
(WT) combined with generators driven driven by marine-
current turbine (MCT) will become hybrid scheme for
energy production in future. Sinceoceans cover morethan
70% surface of the earth, this hybrid scheme can be
extensively developed at different parts of the world in
future. Oneof themethod of running OWF is to connect
theoutput terminals of DFIGs together and then connect to
power grid through an offshore step-up transformer and
undersea cables. To run an MCF wemay usesquirrel-cage
induction generators (SCIG) connected to power grid
through an offshore step-up transformer and undersea
cables. The WT and MCT have same operating
characteristics. TheOWF with DFIG operateat closeto
unity power factor, while MCF with SCIG requires
reactive power for magnetization. When the generated
active power of an DFIG based OWF is varied dueto noise
wind speed disturbance, the active power generated by
MCF is affected, thereactive power generated by OWF
and MCF is also affected, thecommon AC bus voltage
also affected. In theevent of marine-current fluctuations the
absorbed and generated activepower also affected and grid
disturbances likefaults at grid, an energy storagesystemor
a control device for a large-scale high-capacity power
generation system is generally required to compensate
fluctuating components when connected to a power grid. A
large scale OWF may combine with different FACTS
devices or energy-storagesystems such as STATCOM[2],
super conducting magnetic energy storagesystem(SMES)
[3] etc.
Theanalyzed results of stability improvement of
power systems using STATCOMs and the damping
controller design of STATCOMs were presented in [4].
The design of an output feed-back linear quadratic
controller for a STATCOM and a variable-bladepitch of a
wind energy conservation systemto performboth voltage
control and mechanical power control under grid-
connection or islanding conditions were shown in [5].
Systemmodeling and controller design for fast load voltage
regulation and mitigation of voltage flicker using a
STATCOM were demonstrated in [6]. A new D-
STATCOM control algorithmenabling separatecontrol of
positiveand negativesequencecurrents was proposed, and
thealgorithmwas based on thedeveloped mathematical
model in theco-ordinates for a D-STATCOM operating
under unbalanced conditions [7]. An in-depth investigation
of thedynamic performanceof a STATCOM and a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) using digital
simulations was performed in [8]. Theresults of a study on
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OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume I/Issue 2/DEC 2013
IJPRES 92

theapplication of therecently developed STATCOM for
thedamping of torsional oscillations occurred in a series
compensated AC system were studied while dynamic
performance of the nonlinear systemwith an optimized
STATCOM controller was evaluated under athree-phase
fault condition [9]. Discussion and comparison of different
control techniques such as PSS, static VAR compensator
(SVC) and STATCOM for damping undesirableinterarea
oscillations in power systems werecarried out in [10]. The
conventional method of PI control for a STATCOM was
compared and contrasted with various feedback control
strategies and a linear optimal control based on LQR
control was shown to be superior in terms of response
profile and control effort required [11]. A STATCOM
based on a current-sourceinverter (CSI) was proposed and
thenonlinear model of theCSI was modified to bea linear
model through a novel modeling technique [12]. The
integrated STATCOM/BESS was introduced for the
improvement of dynamic and transient stability and
transmission capability. Theperformanceof thedifferent
FACTS/BESS combinations was compared and provided
experimental verification of the proposed controls on a
scaled STATCOM/BESS system[13]. A dynamic voltage
control scheme based on a combination of SVC and
STATCOM technology on a connected transmission
systemwith IGs in a wind farmwas discussed [14].

This paper is organized as below. The
configuration and the employed models for the studied
integrated OWF and MCF with STATCOM areintroduced
first. Then, theFLC damping controller of theproposed
STATCOM. The simulations are carried out without
STATCOM and with STATCOM, STATCOM with PID
controller and finally STATCOM with FLC controller
under a noise wind-speed disturbance, a marine-current
speed disturbance, and a three-phaseshort-circuit fault at
the grid. Finally, specific important conclusions of this
paper aredrawn.
II. MODELSOFTHESTUDIEDINTEGRATED
OWFANDMCF
Fig.1shows the configuration of the studied
integrated DFIG-based OWF and SCIG-based MCF
with the proposed STATCOM.
The 80MW OWF is represented by a large
equivalent aggregated DFIG driven by an equivalent
aggregated variable-speed WT through an equivalent
aggregated gearbox. The 40 MW MCF is represented
by a large equivalent aggregated SCIG driven by an
equivalent aggregated variable-speed MCT through an
equivalent aggregated gear-box. The OWF, the MCF,
the STATCOM and a local load are connected to an
AC bus that is fed to the onshore power grid through
an offshore step up transformer and undersea cables.
The employed mathematical models of the studied
system are described as below.
A. Wind Turbine
Themechanical power ( in W ) produced by a WT can
beexpressed by

P
mw
=
w
. A
rw
. V
w
3
. C
pw
(
w
,
w
)
(1)
Where
w
is the air density in Kg/m
3
,A
rw
is the blade
impact area in m
2
, V
w
is thewind speed in m/s , and C
pw
is
thepower coefficient in m/s of theWT . Thewind speed
V
w
is modeled as thealgebraic sumof a basewind speed, a
gust wind speed, a ramp wind speed and a noise wind
speed. Thedetailed equations for these four wind speed
components can be referred to [15] while the power
coefficient of theWT is given by [16].
The cut-in, rated, and cut-out wind speeds of the
studied WT are4, 15, and 24 m/s, respectively. When V
w

is lower than therated wind speed of theWT ( V
wrated
),
w
=
0
0
. when V
w
>V
wrated
, thepitch anglecontrol systemof the
WT (
w
) increases. Fig..3. shows thecharacteristics of the
captured per-unit mechanical power versus the per-unit
generator rotor speed of oneof theforty 2-MW WTs of the
studied 80-MW OWF fromcut-in wind speed to rated
wind speed. Theoptimal output points in Fig.3 aretheideal
maximumoutput mechanical power of theWT.


Fig.1. Configuration of theintegrated OWF and MCF with
STATCOM.

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Fig.2. Block diagramof thepitch-anglecontrol systemof thestudied WT.

Fig.3. Characteristics of turbinepower versus generator rotor speed [19].
B. Mass-Spring-Damper system and Induction Generator
Fig. 4 shows thetwo-inertia reduced-order equivalent
mass-spring-damper model of theWT coupled to therotor
shaft of thestudied wind DFIG [17]-[19].Theeffect of the
equivalentgear box (GB
w
)between theWT and DFIG has
been included in this model.


Fig. 4. Two-inertia reduced-order equivalent mass-spring-
damper model of theWT coupled to therotor shaft of the
studied wind DFIG.



Fig. 5. One-linediagramof thestudied doubly-fed induction generator.
Theper-unit q- and d-axis voltage-current equations of an
induction generator can bereferred to [26] and they can be
used for the electrical parts of the wind DFIG and the
marine-current SCIG.

C. Power Converters of DFIG
Fig.5 shows the one-line diagramof the studied wind
DFIG. Thestator windings of thewind DFIG aredirectly
connected to thelow-voltagesideof the0.69/23-kv step-up
transformer while the rotor windings of the DFIG are
connected to thesame0.69-kv sidethrough a rotor-side
converter (RSC), a DC link, agrid-sideconverter (GSC), a
step-up transformer,, and aconnection line.


Fig. 6. Control block diagramfor theRSC of theDFIG
For normal operation of a wind DFIG, theinput AC-side
voltages of the RSC and the GSC can be effectively
controlled to achieve the aims of simultaneous output
active-power and reactive-power control. Fig.6 shows the
control block diagramof theRSC of thestudied DFIG. As
shown in Fig. 6, theoperationof theRSC requires i
qrw
and
i
drw
to follow the varying reference points that are
determined by maintaining theoutput active power and the
stator-winding voltageat thesetting values, respectively.
The required voltage for the RSC (V
rw
) is derived by
controlling theper-unit q- and d-axis currents of theRSC
[21]-[23]. Thecontrol block diagramof theGSC of the
studied wind DFIG is shown in Fig. 7. Theper unit q- and
d-axis currents of theGSC, i
qgw
and i
dgw
, haveto track the
referencepoints that aredetermined by maintaining theDC
link voltageV
dcw
at thesetting valueand keeping theoutput
of the GSC at unity power factor, respectively. The
required per-unit voltage of theGSC (v
gw
) is derived by
controlling theper-unit q- and d-axis currents of theGSC
[21]-[23].
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Fig. 7. Control block diagramfor theGSC of theDFIG.
D. Marine-Current Speed and Marine-Current Turbine
TheMCT is assumed to bedriven by tidevelocities,
and thecurrent velocity is determined by spring and neap
tides. The marine-current speeds are given at hourly
intervals starting at 6 h beforehigh waters and ending 6 h
after. It is easy to derivea simpleand practical model for
marine-current speeds under theknowing tidecoefficients
as follows:
V
MR
=V
nt
+ (2)

Where C
mr
is the marine coefficient, 95 and 45 are the
spring and neap tidemediumcoefficients, respectively, and
V
st
and V
nt
arethespring and neap marine-current speeds,
respectively [1]. The employed marine-current model is
between France to England area [1]. The mechanical
power (in W) generated by the studied MCT can be
expressed by

P
mmr
=
mr
.A
rmr .
V
3
MR
. C
pmr
(
mr
,
mr
) (3)

Where
mr
is the seawater density in kg/m
3
(
mr
=
1025 kg/m
3
), A
rmr
is thebladeimpact area in m
2
, V
MR
is
themarinevelocity in m/s as depicted in (2), and C
pmr
is the
power coefficient of theMCT.
The cut-in, rated and cut-out speeds of the studied
MCT are1, 2.5, and 4 m/s, respectively. When V
MR
is
higher than therated speed, thepitch-anglecontrol system
of theMCT activates to limit theoutput power of theMCT
at therated value. Sincetheemployed turbinemodel, pitch-
angle control system, and mass-spring-damper model of
thestudied MCF aresimilar to theones that areemployed
in theOWF, somemathematical models employed in the
OWF can be slightly modified to be used in the MCF
except theparameters.
E. STATCOM
The one-line diagramof the studied STATCOM was
shown in Fig. 1. Theper-unit q- and d-axis output voltages
of STATCOM can beexpressed by, respectively, [11]

V
qsta
=V
dcsta
.km .cos(
bus
+ ) (4)
V
dsta
=V
dcsta
.km .sin(
bus
+ ) (5)

WhereV
qsta
and V
dsta
aretheper-unit q- and d-axis voltages
at the output terminals of the STATCOM, respectively,
bus

is thephaseangleof theAC-bus voltage, V
dcsta
is theper-
unit DC voltageof theDC capacitor C
m
, and km and
are the modulation index and phase angle of the
STATCOM, respectively. Theper-unit DC voltage-current
equation of the DC equivalent capacitance C
m
can be
written as

( C
m
) (V
dcsta
) =
b
[ I
dcsta
( V
dcsta
/ R
m
)] (6)
Where

I
dcsta
=i
qsta
.km .cos(
bus
+ ) + i
dsta
. km .sin(
bus
+ )
(7)

is theper-unit DC current flowing into thepositiveterminal
of V
dcsta
, R
m
is the per-unit equivalent resistance that
considers theequivalent electrical losses of theSTATCOM,
and i
qsta
and i
dsta
aretheper-unit q- and d-axis currents
flowing into theterminals of theSTATCOM, respectively.
Thecontrol block diagramof theproposed STATCOM
including the proposed STATCOM including a FLC
damping controller is shown in Fig. 8. Theper-unit DC
voltageV
dcsta
is controlled by the phase angle while the
voltageV
sta
is varied by changing themodulation index km.
Theemployed parameters of this paper arelisted in TableI.


Fig. 8. Control block diagramof theproposed STATCOM includingthe
FLC dampingcontroller.

III. A FLC DAMPING CONTROLLER FOR
STATCOM
The disadvantage of PID controller is its inability to
react to abrupt changes in the error signal, , because
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it is only capable of determining the instantaneous
value of the error signal without considering the
change of the rise and fall of the error, which in
mathematical terms is the derivative of the error
signal, denoted as . To solve this problem, Fuzzy
logic control is proposed. The determination of the
output control signal, is done in an inference engine
with a rule base having if-then rules in the form of
IF is ....... AND is ......., THEN output is ........
Theshapeof membership functions (MF) depend on type
of application, likemonotonic, triangular, trapezoidal and
bell-shaped. Thetriangular is thesimplest and effectiveMF,
sinceit is formed through straight lines. Heretriangular MF
is used. The inputs are fuzzified using five fuzzy sets:
positivebig (PB), positivesmall (PS), zero (ZO), negative
small (NS), and negative big (NB). Theinput and output
arelinearized in therangeof [-8,8]. Thefuzzy rules are
shown in Table1.



Fig. 9. Membership functions for FLC.

Themamdani typeFuzzy inferenceis used. Thetask of the
inferencing process is to map thefuzzified inputs to therule
base and to produce a fuzzified output for each
rule.Defuzification process is to convert theoutput of the
fuzzy rules into a non-fuzzy valueor numerical value. Here
centroid method is used.
The control block diagram of the phase angle of the
STATCOM including the FLC damping controller was
shown in Fig. 8. It is seen that theFLC damping controller
employs theactivepower deviation of thetransmission line
(P
t
) as feedback signal to generate a damping signal
V
cs
.
Table1: Fuzzy Rules
error

Change in
error
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB NB NB NB NS ZE
NS NB NS NS ZE PS
ZE NB NS ZE PS PB
PS NS ZE PS PS PB
PB ZE PS PB PB PB
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

This sectionusesthenonlinear systemmodel developedinsectionII
to compare the damping characteristics contributed by
the proposed STATCOM joined with FLC damping
controller on dynamic stability improvement of the
studied systemunder a noise wind-speed disturbance, a
marine-current speed disturbance, and a three-phaseshort-
circuit fault at thegrid, respectively.
A.Noise Wind-Speed Disturbance
Thenoisewind-speed disturbanceshown in Fig. 10(h) is
addedto studied system, but the marine-current speed is
still kept at V
mr
=2.5 m/s.
Fig 10(a)-(g) illustrates the studied system with and
without the STATCOM and STATCOM with PID
damping controller and STATCOM with Fuzzy Logic
Controller.
Thedynamic simulation results shown in Fig. 10(a)-(g) are
analyzed as below.
1) It can be seen that STATCOM with Fuzzy logic
controller can effectively maintain the AC bus
voltage at 1.0 p.u by properly adjusting to tune the
quality of the reactive power of the STATCOM
delivered to the AC bus and fluctuations of active and
reactive power are minimized.
2) STATCOM with Fuzzy Logic controller can offer
adequate damping characteristics to the studied
system, the oscillations of P
w
, Q
w
, P
mr
, Q
mr
P
grid
,
Q
grid
and V
bus
due to random noise wind speed
disturbance can be fast damped .
3) TheP
mr
,Q
mr
and V
bus
have the smallest amplitudes
in three curves with PID and FLC controller.
4) The generated active power DFIG P
w
shown in fig
10(a) is not affected by the addition of STATCOM
with PID controller.
B. Marine-Current Speed Disturbance
The marine current speed disturbance shown in fig
11(h) is added to the system but the Wind farm speed
is still kept at V
w
=12 m/s.
Fig 11(a)-(g) illustrates the studied system with
and without the STATCOM and STATCOM with
PID damping controller and STATCOM with Fuzzy
Logic Controller.
It is observed from simulations that all quantities are
slightly deviated from steady state operating points at
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t =0 s due to small variations of marine current
speed.
Since marine-current speed is closely related to the
output active power of the MCT, it is seen that the
response of Pmr shown in Fig. 11(c) is similar to the
one of V
mr
shown in Fig. 11(h) and the high-
frequency components existing in shown in Fig.
6.2(h) have been filtered out. Comparing the dynamic
responses of Q
mr
shown in Fig. 11(d) with Vmr
shown in Fig. 11(h), it is found that the magnitude of
Q
mr
gets higher when V
mr
increases This is due to the
fact that the IG-based MCF requires larger reactive
power for magnetization when the rotational speed
and the output active power of the SCIG of the MCF
increase. With fuzzy logic controller the system has
better damping and peak magnitude of oscillations
are minimum with the proposed scheme.
C. Three-Phase Short-circuit Fault at Power Grid
The OWF operates under a base wind speed of V
w
=
12 m/s and MCF operates under a base marine
current speed of V
mr
=2.5 m/s. A three phase short
circuit fault is applied to the grid at t =0.1 s and
cleared at t =0.125 s.
It is seen when fault is applied all the values drop to
low values and when fault is cleared all the responses
stably return to the original steady-state operating
conditions. The STATCOM with FLC controller can
offer better damping characteristics to the studied
system. The peak magnitude of oscillation reached is
minimum with STATCOM with FLC. V.
CONCLUSION
This paper presented the damping enhancement and
stability improvement of an integrated OWF and
MCF using STATCOM. A Fuzzy Logic Controller
has been proposed for STATCOM and time domain
simulations are carried out for the studied system.
The studied system is subjected to a noise wind-
speed disturbance, a marine-current speed
disturbance a three phase short circuit fault at the grid
have been systematically performed to demonstrate
the effectiveness of proposed controller for
STATCOM on suppressing fluctuating active and
reactive powers of the studied system and improving
the dynamic stability and transient stability under
different operating conditions. It can be concluded
from simulated results that the proposed STATCOM
joined with Fuzzy Logic Controller is capable of
improving the performance of the studied integrated
OWF and MCF under different operating conditions
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
The paper can be further investigated by adding a
suitable Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for
STATCOM for active power exchange. The
controller design can be further investigated by
adaptive network based fuzzy interference (ANFIS).
The FLC can be combined PID, the PID controller is
supervised by FLC. The system may be joined with
SVC or other FACTS devices for improving the
stability of the system.







































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Fig. 10. Dynamic responseof thestudied systemwith and without FLC STATCOM damping controller under noisewind speed disturbance(a) Pw ,(b) Qw ,(c)
Pmr ,(d) Qmr ,(e) Pgrid ,(f) Qgrid ,(g) Vbus ,(h) Vw .

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Fig. 11. Dynamic responseof thestudied systemwith and without FLC STATCOM damping controller under marine-current
speed disturbance(a) P
w
,(b) Q
w
,(c) P
mr
,(d) Q
mr
,(e) P
grid
,(f) Q
grid
,(g) V
bus
,(h) V
w
.
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Fig. 12. Transient responseof thestudied systemwith and without FLC STATCOM damping controller under three-phasefault
at power grid (a) P
w
,(b) Q
w
,(c) P
mr
,(d) Q
mr
,(e) P
grid
,(f) Q
grid
,(g) W
gw
,(h) W
gmr
,(i) V
sw
,(j) V
mr
,(k) V
bus
,(l) V
w
.
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B.Raghavender was born in
Hyderabad, India. He received the
B.Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from JNT
University, Anantapur, Andhra
Pradesh, India. He is persuing
M.tech in St.Martins Engg College. His research
interest are Power Systems, renewable energy and
Control Systems.
J.PRAKASH KUMAR was born in
Hyderabad, India. He received the
B.Tech and M.Tech degrees in
Electrical Engineering from JNT
University, Hyderabad, India. He is
working as an Assoc.Prof in EEE Dept. in
St.Martins Engg. College. His research interest
Power System Protection, Monitoring and Control
development in Digital Protective Relays and Smart
grid, Power Electronics, Renewable energy and
Control Systems.

Dr. M. Surya Kalavathi obtained her
B.Tech degree from S.V.University
in 1988 and M.Tech from S.V.U. in
the year 1992. Obtained her doctoral
degree from J.N.T University
Hyderabad and Post Doctoral from
CMU, USA. She is presently the Professor in JNTU
College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.
Published 16 Research Papers and presently guiding
5 Ph.D. Scholars. She has specialized in Power
Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control
Systems. Her research interests include Simulation
studies on Transients of different power system
equipment. She has 18 years of experience.