Steinmueller Photo - The Art of RAW Conversion

The Art of RAW Conversion
Optimal image quality from Photoshop CS2 and leading RAW converters.
Uwe Steinmuller, Jürgen Gulbins
Publisher: Steinmueller Photo

Find us on the World Wide Web at: www.outbackphoto.com
Uwe Steinmueller uwe@outbackphoto.com
Jürgen Gulbins juergen@gulbins.de
II
Copyright © 2005 by Uwe Steinmueller and Jürgen Gulbins.

1. EDITION MAY 2005, CS 200505-0.
NOTICE OF RIGHTS
All rights reserved. No part of this e-book may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors. For
information on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact the
authors at the address given above.
NOTICE OF LIABILITY
The information in this e-book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without
warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the
book, the authors shall not have any liability to any person or entity with
respect to any loss or danger caused or alleged to be caused directly or
indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the computer
software products described in it.
TRADEMARKS
Throughout this e-book, trademarks are used. Rather than put a trademark
symbol in every occurrence of a trademark name, we state that we are using
the names in an editorial fashion only and to the benefit of the trademark
owner with no infringement of the trademark.
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to RAW files or digital negatives 1-1
1.2 How to use this book, how this book is organized 1-2
1.3 Using PCs and Macs 1-3
III
1.4 Computer configuration 1-3
1.5 What are RAW files? 1-4
Contents
What are the RAW file advantages? 1-5
Digital camera artefacts 1-11
Color aliasing / moirés 1-11
1.6 The digital negative/slide 1-12
1.7 Some strategic reasoning 1-13
Which RAW converter to use 1-14
2 Basic Color Management

2.1 Understanding the different color modes 2-2
RGB color model 2-3
LAB color model 2-3
CMYK color model 2-4
Grayscale mode 2-5
Color spaces 2-5
2.2 Understanding color management 2-6
Why you need to understand color management 2-6
The challenge 2-7
The solution 2-7
ICC-profiles 2-7
What is a color management system? 2-8
Color working spaces 2-10
Visualization of color spaces 2-11
Color space mapping 2-14
Creating device profiles 2-15
Camera profiles 2-16
Printer profiles 2-17
2.3 Profiling your monitor 2-17
Calibration by eye 2-18
Hardware based calibration 2-18
Calibration settings 2-18
Calibrating and profiling using Eye-One Display 2 2-19
2.4 Photoshop color and monitor profile settings 2-23
3 Basic RAW workflow

3.1 Setup the camera for RAW file photographs 3-2
Set your camera to RAW mode 3-2
Exposure, Exposure, Exposure 3-2
Optimize exposure using your camera’s histogram 3-3
IV
“Expose to the right” rule 3-4
Color channel clipping 3-5
Contents
The "before/live" histogram 3-7

Correct white balance (WB) for optimal color quality 3-7
Understand objective and subjective white balance 3-8
Adjust your camera’s sensitivity: selecting the right ISO 3-8
3.2 Camera to computer: enter the digital darkroom 3-9
Manage your image storage 3-9
Computer transfer and organizing your photos 3-9
Renaming 3-11
Securing your valuable photos: Backup 3-12
3.3 Setting up your digital darkroom 3-12
3.4 Browse and evaluate your RAW files 3-13
3.5 Essential image corrections 3-14
White balance (WB) 3-14
Tonality 3-17
Exposure, Contrast & Brightness 3-18
Adaptive tonality controls 3-19
Color corrections 3-24
3.6 Advanced image corrections 3-24
3.7 Extra workflow support 3-25
Adobe Camera Raw

4.1 Quick ACR real life workflow 4-3
4.2 Browse and evaluate your RAW images with “Bridge” 4-15
4.3 Adobe Camera Raw 3.x user interface overview 4-18
Workflow options 4-21
Camera Raw’s main image correction controls 4-22
How to process the images finally 4-34
Saving and reusing settings 4-36
Recording Adobe Camera Raw settings 4-37
Batch conversion 4-37
Advanced image corrections 4-38
4.5 RAW files embedded in Photoshop "Smart Objects" 4-42
Creating a Smart Object layer that contains a RAW file 4-42
Exporting RAW files from a Smart Object 4-46
5 Pixmantec RawShooter (RS)

5.1 Quick RawShooter real life workflow 5-2
V
Transfer your images to your computer 5-2
Browse your RAW files using the RS RAW file browser 5-2
Contents
Tune tonality 5-7
5.2 Getting started (setup RawShooter) 5-14
5.3 Inspect and browse your files with RawShooter 5-15
Preview size 5-19
Deletion workflow 5-19
The “Correct” toolbar: 5-20
Some useful keyboard shortcuts 5-20
5.4 Image corrections 5-20
Setting white balance (WB) 5-21
Exposure and tonality 5-22
Saturation and Hue 5-27
Sharpness and Detail 5-27
Noise reduction 5-29
Batch processing 5-30
Slide show 5-30
5.5 Advanced image corrections 5-32
6 More RAW Converters

6.1 Phase One’s Capture One DSLR (Capture One) 6-2
Capture One Setup 6-3
Capture One RAW file browser 6-5
Image Processing 6-6
Gray/White Balance (WB) 6-7
Tone Curves 6-8
Exposure 6-8
Focus and Sharpening 6-9
Develop tab 6-9
What’s More? 6-10
6.2 Bibble version 4 (B4) 6-11
Bibble Setup 6-12
Main features of Bibble 4.x 6-13
Picture Options 6-15
Workflow with Bibble 4 6-17
6.3 Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) 6-19
Setup 6-19
DPP – main features 6-21
VI Saving converted files 6-26
6.4 Nikon Capture 6-28
Contents
Setup 6-29
Main features 6-30
Advanced RAW 6-30
White Balance (WB) 6-32
Save and load settings 6-33
7 Perfecting Images
7.1 Do you really need to bother with this? 7-1
7.2 The art of sharpening 7-3
USM (Unsharp Mask) 7-4
How Photoshop “Unsharp Mask” works 7-4
The two step approach 7-8
Photoshop CS2: Smarter Sharpen 7-8
Other Sharpening Tools 7-9
7.3 Noise reduction 7-9
Photoshop CS2: Reduce Noise 7-12
Noise is in the shadows 7-12
Other Useful noise removal filters 7-12
7.4 Reduce chromatic aberration (CA) and purple fringing 7-13
Heal chromatic aberration (CA) 7-13
Photoshop CS2: Lens Correction 7-15
Heal purple fringing 7-15
7.5 Distortion 7-19
Profile based corrections 7-19
Photoshop CS2: Lens Correction 7-22
7.6 Vignetting 7-23
7.7 Correcting tilt and perspective corrections 7-24
Rotation (correcting tilt) 7-24
Perspective corrections 7-24
7.8 Removing dust spots 7-26
Patch tool 7-28
Using Selection with the Healing Brush 7-29
8 Batch Processing techniques for RAW files

8.1 Basic batch processing pattern 8-2
8.2 Batch Processing with Adobe Camera Raw 8-5
8.3 Smooth Batch Processing 8-13
8.4 Batch Processing with Capture One Pro 8-13
8.4 Batch Processing with RawShooter 8-16
VII
9 DNG – Digital Negative Format
Contents
9.1 DNG – its potentials 9-1
9.2 Usage of the Adobe DNG Converter 9-5
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of converting to DNG 9-8
10 Metadata
10.1 Metadata for Photographs 10-1
10.2 Metadata usage in Adobe Camera Raw and Bridge 10-5
10.3 Retrieving files by searching for metadata 10-9
11 Profiling and calibrating for your RAW Converter

11.1 The problem with camera profiles 11-1
11.2 Camera profiling using Eye-One Photo and ProfileMaker 11-3
11.3 Camera profiling using InCamera. 11-8
11.4 Shooting for a neutral gray 11-10
11.5 Calibrating Adobe Camera Raw 11-11
12 Creating B&W photos from color images

12.1 Turn color images into Black & White 12-1
12.2 B & W workflow with ACR, Capture One and RawShooter 12-3
Color conversion techniques 12-3
B & W with ACR 12-4
B & W with Capture One DSLR 12-7
Working in color and Black&White 12-10
B & W with Raw Shooter 12-12
Glossary/Abbreviations
A Resources
B.1 Recommended Books B-1
B.2 Useful resources in the Internet B-2
C Index
VIII
Contents
Preface
Literally dozens of books on digital photography are currently being

published. Both authors Uwe Steinmueller and Jürgen Gulbins (until
now only available in German) have contributed to this growing list.
These books largely cover photographing aspects or image process-
ing. An amazing list of hundreds of books exist on Photoshop. This
book, however, focuses on an important step connecting shooting IX
and image processing (and possible manipulation). It deals with the
Preface
conversion of images shot using RAW format into images in a stan-
dardized image format, such as TIFF or JPEG. In our experience,
shooting photographs using RAW format is strongly recommended.
Doing so allows getting the highest quality from your camera and its
images. It lets you decide on many image settings apart from the
moment you took your photo and reduces the pressure and haste
possibly existing as you took the picture. For many camera settings,
RAW processing lets you reconsider and even revise settings made
during shooting. This ability need not encourage sloppy photogra-
phy, yet it gives you substantially more control of your pictures.
In this book, we mainly restrict our close scrutiny to the process
of RAW conversion: What you should consider when shooting RAW,
how to prepare files for conversion and how to set up an efficient
conversion workflow as part of your total image workflow.
We will not go deeply into image processing and image manip-
ulation in Photoshop, but we will discuss image enhancement
either done in the camera, in the RAW converter or perhaps later in
Photoshop.
The king of all image editors is Photoshop. It may not be the
best solution for all image operations, but it provides an overall
high level of functionality, an excellent integration of those various
functions and definitely is the trendsetter for these kinds of applica-
tions. We believe these qualities justify its hefty price. Adobe
Camera Raw, an excellent RAW converter, is provided as part of
Photoshop CS. Of all RAW converters Camera Raw supports one of
the broadest range of RAW formats, and is updated regularly in
order to support newly released RAW camera formats. For this rea-
son, we delve deeper into details of Adobe Camera Raw than we do
other RAW converters. Be aware that there are a number of RAW
converters available, and some of them are quite good concerning
resulting image quality and workflow integration. It may well be
worth evaluating other RAW converters, as well and even using sev-
eral for different situations and workflows. We focus on those we
judge the best and most often used.
This book is not intended as a substitute for the program manual.
Some programs would very likely be worth a book of their own.
Instead, you will receive a thoughtful overview plus hints and recom-
mendations allowing you to set up your own RAW workflow and
X
adapting it to your personal preferences and kinds of work. We are
focusing on getting the best possible images from the RAW files your
Preface
camera produces.
The workflow we present is based on practical work with thou-
sands of real-world RAW photographs.
This book is quite technical and deals with many aspects of various
programs and techniques. Don’t become confused: The goal is tak-
ing good photographs. Don’t get lost in technique, spending time
fiddling with programs and settings.
You can be more productive shooting good photographs,
being creative, looking for appropriate light, finding the right angle
of view and optimal settings. What we hope to show you in this
book is making the most of the creative work done previously with
your digital camera.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to our many influencers and friends, but especially to:
Bill Atkinson, Paul Caldwell, Jim Collum, Charles Cramer,
Antonio Dias, Katrin Eismann, Jack Flesher, Mac Holbert,
Michael Jonsson (creator of RawShooter),
Thomas Knoll (original creator of Photoshop and Camera Raw),
Phil Lindsay, Daniel Stephens, and Ben Willmore.
Last but not least we want to thank Bill Horton for correcting
our somewhat german English.
Uwe Steinmueller, San Jose (California) June 2005
Jürgen Gulbins, Keltern (Germany)
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1
Introduction
Camera: Canon 10D
1.1 Introduction to RAW files or digital negatives

What is the digital photography workflow? All you want is to take a
picture and get a great output. Yet, this process should be:
r Fast
r At reasonable cost
r Getting optimal quality
Digital workflow includes everything from the moment you take a
picture until you print and archive it. Unfortunately there is no silver
bullet to guarantee success in all of these areas. This book will not
presume to sell you this illusion. What we can do is present a proven
workflow that enables you to:
r Improve your output quality
r Save you time by avoiding costly personal exploration
This book tries to be as simple as possible but not simpler. The goal
is not to become the great master in Photoshop or other tools. We
hope to teach you how to use all necessary imaging tools in a man-
1-2
ner allowing you to create the images you want without undue trial
and error.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.2 How to use this book, how this book is organized

In this book we attempt to cover the Microsoft Windows platform,
as well as, Macintosh (Mac OS X). The two use some different key-
board shortcuts. In most cases, substitute the Windows K key
with the Mac Â key (labeled Ä and also known as command key)
and the Windows À key with the Mac Á key (called option key).
When you read a key sequence like K/Â-(S) it means you have
to press K and (S) together in Windows and Â together with (S)
with Mac OS. Q is the symbol used for the shift key.
Some of our photographic artwork is included to remind you that it
is all about good pictures and not just technique. We prefer a great
vision not perfectly executed, over a technically perfect ,boring pic-
ture. We trust you understand what we mean by this. In the end,
your eyes are the most important tools to succeed in photography.
Keep your vision fresh!
1.3 Using PCs and Macs
We – Bettina and Uwe Steinmueller – work on PCs most of the time.
Fortunately, Photoshop CS is pretty much the same for PCs and
Macs (apart from some different keystrokes). This makes all
Photoshop content valid on both platforms. Author Jürgen Gulbins
uses a Macintosh as his primary platform. So, both systems are used
in this book – without any serious incompatibilities or problems. A
few tools we use are available only for the PC. In most cases, you can
locate an equivalent tool for the Mac platform. As for the computer
configuration, dealt with in the following section, the requirements
are very much the same for a Windows PC or a Macintosh. 1-3
1.3 Using PCs and Macs

1.4 Computer configuration
Image processing is often quite demanding of your computer hard-
ware. Some guidelines (valid for both Macs and PCs):
r 1 GB of memory is a good start (0.5 GB is the bare minimum,
(While 1 GB is good, more is even better)
r Don’t settle for a low-quality monitor. 1 280 × 1024 is an accept-
able resolution. Again, more is better (we use 1 600 × 1 200). High
resolution should accompany a sufficiently large screen (19" or
more is suggested)
r Having USB 2.0 and Firewire ports are a plus
r Dual Processors is a plus, utilized by Photoshop
r Disks space:
– 1 × 80 GB or more for your operating system
– 1 × 80 GB or more for working files
– 2 × 120 GB or more for archiving
(external USB 2.0 or Firewire drives are fine)
r External Compact Flash (CF) card reader with USB 2.0 or Firewire
connection (USB 1.0 is considerably slower)
r DVD reader/writer (external Firewire is fine)
r Device for monitor profiling (see chapter 2.3)
In all cases, “more” is better. The result is faster operation, a more
comfortable workflow and a more pleasant working environment.
Doing color work, the importance of a good large monitor should
not be underestimated. When, in previous years, CRT monitors had
advantages over LCDs – especially concerning color confidence –
this is no longer true. There are many very good LCD monitors on
the market. You have to spend up to 3 times the amount of money
to get an LCD with the same size and quality of a CRT. For color work,
laptop screens are usually not as effective as stand-alone monitors.
In most cases, their contrast is lower and in almost all cases their
color quality is of lower quality.
1-4
1.5 What are RAW files?

In many ways, using a film camera and a digital camera is identical.

This section concentrates on the things that are different and must
be known to start the digital workflow with the best possible photo-
graphic material. As always, the optimal framing and exposure lead
to better images. Otherwise, ‘garbage in means garbage out.’ This
does not mean, however, that you cannot get great pictures from
less than optimal shots. But be prepared. This requires much more
work in the digital darkroom
The most common image format today with digital cameras is
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group). The obvious limitation of
JPEGs are that they are most often used for their excellent, but lossy
compression format (there are also lossless JPEGs rarely used in
cameras). Even at low compression rates, an image degrades
slightly. A more important point is the fact that an image under-
goes heavy color/exposure/noise/sharpening processing within the
camera. These adjustments reduce the ability to make further post-
processing corrections. JPEG compression works best for images
with no need of further substantial post-processing (his is rare if
you are demanding) or under circumstances where such post-pro-
cessing is prohibited.
Many photographers try to get the best possible quality out of
their cameras using the TIFF selection, or if supported by the cam-
era, a vendor-specific RAW file format. As you will see, RAW file for-
mats allow for the greatest post-processing flexibility.
If you decide to continue using only JPEGs, this does not mean
you cannot use our workflow. In this case, you will have used the
RAW converter built into your camera. All steps that are applied
after a RAW conversion are valid for JPEG images. Even if you don’t
use RAW, it probably is helpful to better understand what RAW is all
about.
What are the RAW file advantages?

To better understand what these magic RAW file formats are, you
must understand how the majority of today’s digital cameras work.
All new digital cameras capture color photos, right? Well, you ulti-
mately get color prints, yet most modern digital cameras use sen- 1-5
sors that only record grayscale values (the Foveon X3 sensor, digital
1.5 What are RAW files?

scanning backs and multi-shot digital backs are exceptions).
Assume you want to photograph a box of Crayola crayons:
l Figure 1.1:
Full colored
sample target
A gray scale sensor would see the picture as in the figure 1.3. You
would never see any color photos at all.
1-6
l Figure 1.2:
›Grayscale
picture‹ seen
by the sensor
How do you use a grayscale sensor to capture color photos?

Engineers at Kodak came up with the following method called Bayer
Pattern. Dr. Bayer is a Kodak scientist who invented this novel Color
Filter Array configuration back in the eighties. Hence the name
Bayer pattern. There are also other pattern variations used):
B-G-B-G-B-G l Figure 1.3:

G-R-G-R-G-R Bayer pattern
B-G-B-G-B-G achieved by a
G-R-G-R-G-R matrix of color filters
First, it is interesting to note that 50 % are green and only 25 % for

each red and blue. The reason for this is that the human eye can dif-
ferentiate far more green shades than red or blue. Not really a sur-
prise if you look at nature. Green also covers the most important
and widest part of the visible spectrum.
Now our sensor captures gray values filtered by these color filters:
1-7

l Figure 1.4:
Color mosaic
seen through
the color filters
However, you want to have a photo with full-color information for

every pixel. Here a software trick comes into play called Bayer
Pattern demosaicing or color interpolation. What actually happens
is that the missing RGB information is estimated from neighboring
pixels.
A good demosaicing algorithm (the method of turning the
RAW data into a full color image) is actually quite complicated, and
there exist many proprietary solutions on the market. The problem
is to resolve detail and maintain correct colors. To illustrate some of
the challenges, think of capturing an image of a small black & white
checker pattern, small enough to just overlay the sensor cells:
color filter CCD-array final
subject
array response image
white red
black black
white blue
Figure 1.5: CCD / color mosaic sensor with color interpolation errors
1-8
blue green red final
subject sensitive sensitive sensitive
image
layer layer layer
white
white
black
black
white white
Figure 1.6: X3 sensor with no color interpretation errors
As the neighboring green filtered photo site does not add new
information, the algorithm would not know whether it would be
some kind of “red” (if the white hits a red filter) or “blue” (if the white
hits the blue filter). In contrast, for example, a Foveon sensor would
capture white and black correctly as all three color channels are cap-
tured at the same photo site. The resolution captured by the Bayer
sensors would drop if the subject only consists of red and blue
shades, since the green channel could not add any information. For
monochromatic Red/Blue (very narrow wavelengths) the green sites
get absolutely no information. But such colors are rare in real life. In
reality, there is information in both green, and to a much lesser
extent, even blue, if the sensor samples very bright and saturated
red colors. The problem in our example above is the fact that esti-
mating the color correctly requires a certain amount of spatial infor-
mation. If only a single photo site samples the red “information”
there will be no way to reconstruct the correct color for that particu-
lar photo site.
The above next cropped illustrations are from real samples that
were made in a studio to show a practical effect. Of course, these
test photos here show an extreme situation. In reality the failure is
less dramatic but is still visible by our eyes and definitely not to be
ignored.
1-9

Canon EOS 10D Sigma SD9 using the Foveon sensor
Figure 1.7: Fooling a Bayer sensor
Some of these challenges result in image artefacts like moirés and

color aliasing (shown as unrelated green, red, blue pixels or result-
ing in discoloration). Most cameras fight the aliasing problem by
putting an AA (Anti-Aliasing) filter in front of the sensor. This filter
actually blurs the image and distributes color information to the
neighboring photo sites. As you know, blurring and photography
aren't compatible. To find the right balance between blurring and
aliasing is a camera design challenge. In our experience, the Canon
1Ds does this job well. Finally the image needs stronger sharpening
to re-create much of the original sharpness. To some extent AA
filtering degrades the effective resolution of a sensor.
This appears as a complicated mission. Indeed it is, but works
surprising well in the end. Every technology has to struggle with its
inherent limitations. In many aspects, digital photography can beat
film today because film has its own limitation to contend with.
We can state what the RAW data are for any given digital cam-
era. The RAW data are, in fact, all the data for gray values captured
on a chip. To produce a final image, these RAW data require
processing (including the demosaicing) by a RAW converter. To pro-
duce JPEG images, the camera must have a full RAW converter
embedded within the camera’s firmware.
What are the limitations of using camera-produced JPEGs:
r JPEG artefacts, due to lossy compression
1-10 r Although most sensors capture 10–14 bit color (grayscale) infor-
mation only 8 bits are used in the final file
r The in-camera RAW converter can only use limited computing

resources but good RAW conversion can be very complex and
computer intensive. As software technology evolves, it is much
more efficient to have the conversion done on the host com-
puter instead of the non-upgradeable ASIC commonly used
today.
r The in-camera set or estimated white balance (WB) is applied to
the photo within the camera. The same is true for color process-
ing, tonal corrections, and in camera sharpening. This limits the
post-processing capabilities, because a previously corrected
image must be corrected again. The more processing done on a
photo (especially 8 bit) the more it can degrade.
Next we explain the different RAW files formats. The formats store
only RAW data (plus additional metadata to describe properties of
the RAW data in EXIF section of the file – the EXIF sections hold infor-
mation, such as camera type, lens used, shutter speed, f-stop and
more). All the processing previously done shooting JPEGs or TIFFs in
the camera are now ready to be performed on a more powerful
computing platform with:
r No JPEG compression
r Full use of the 12-bit color information (10–12 bit)
r Use of very sophisticated RAW file converters (as an example,
Adobe Camera Raw, Phase One’s Capture One DSLR or
Pixmantec’s Raw Shooter Essential)
r White balance, color processing, tonal/exposure correction,
sharpening and noise processing can be processed later on in
the computer
r The RAW files also resemble a digital version of an undeveloped
film negative. Over time, there are improved RAW file converters
that give better and better results from the same data.
This all confirms the fact, that shooting in RAW gives you much
greater control while processing your images.
In-camera JPEGs are similar to shooting a Polaroid (where you
simply shoot and receive your image processed immediately) while
RAW is more like a film that can be developed and enhanced in the 1-11
dark room. Raw converters like Phase One’s Capture One DSLR
mimic a magic formula for film developer.

What is the advantage of 12-bit data? The main advantage
exists if you need to make major corrections to the white balance,
exposure and color corrections. During processing of an image, you
lose bits of image data due to data clipping (accumulating over
multiple steps). The more bits you have in the beginning the more
data you have in your final corrected image.
What about using TIFF files in the camera? Actually TIFF files
only solve the lossy compression issue, but are still converted to
8-bit inside the camera. Most TIFF files are larger than RAW files
(remember RAW files only hold one 12-bit gray value per pixel) and
don’t have the other benefits of RAW. I would go so far as to say
that an 8-bit in-camera processed TIFF file is only slightly better
than a high-quality / high-resolution JPEG.
Digital camera artefacts

Current sensors do not record full RGB color but only interpolate the
color but, at a price.
Color aliasing / moirés

What happens when a fine red line crosses a green photo-site but
not any neighboring red photo-sites? There would be no indication
of this red line in RAW data. To combat this effect, most cameras
have fixed-mounted AA filters. These AA filters blur the image so
that neighboring photo-sites also acquire some red line informa-
tion.
While the AA filter fixes one problem, it introduces a different
one, a loss in sharpness. This means that some strong sharpening is
needed later during the RAW workflow. Keep in mind, lost detail
cannot be recaptured later regardless of whatever fancy sharpen-
ing methods are used. Sharpening does, however, do quite a good
job, and digital cameras work much better than this description of
it sounds.
1.6 The digital negative/slide

1-12 What you now have on your computer when shooting RAW are
often called “digital negatives”. We recommend you keep these RAW
(or original JPEG or TIFF) files as they hold all the information cap-
tured in the field. You may want to revisit these original RAW files in
case:
r You improved your own digital workflow over time (very likely)
r Better RAW converter software will be available. We have seen
many improvements over the last four years and expect more to
come.
r You lost your derived files
Actually, a RAW file is even more like a latent image and the RAW
converter software acts like your preferred magic developer. The
only big difference in digital is that you can do multiple kinds of
development over time.
1.7 Some strategic reasoning
Like many pads lead to Rome, there are many ways to shape your
digital workflow. The most appropriate way for you depends on the
kind of photographs you shoot, the purpose you intend for your
images, on your equipment and on personal preferences, as well. To
setup a workflow that suites your work best, you might give differ-
ent workflow variations a trial, then finally settle on a workflow,
which can be adapted in special cases:
Several steps in the processing of an image – e.g. white bal-
ance, sharpening, contrast enhancement, saturation enhance-
ments, …) may be done at three different stages: 1-13
r Inside the camera (some of the operations mentioned above,

even if you shoot RAW files)
r Inside your RAW converter
r Using Photoshop or some Photoshop Plug-in
Doing an operation at an early stage doesn’t necessarily mean you

may not do it again at a later stage. For example, there are reasons
to do some sharpening globally with the RAW converter and add
more sharpening with Photoshop. In Photoshop, sharpening may
be applied to either the whole image or to certain edges or areas.
You may even want to do some final sharpening when preparing for
a dedicated form of output (e.g. an image printed using an inkjet
printer or offset printing requires more sharpening than an image
presented on screen or using a light jet printer). Inside the camera
or a RAW converter, you may apply changes only globally (to the
whole image) while Photoshop allows selective corrections using
selections, masks, layers or filters.
The general rule is that corrections done in the camera or
– with more control – in the RAW converter will result in less loss of
quality. This is especially true concerning good exposure, which
correction should be done within the camera. But correcting expo-
sure values with the RAW converter is much better than done
within Photoshop.
White balance r When you shoot RAW files, it is useful to set a
proper white balance in the camera, because this value will be used
as a default and starting point for your white balance inside the RAW
converter – however it is only a starting point and may be changed
without loss of color quality. White Balancing is one of the most
important tasks in a RAW converter and should largely be done
there.
With those cameras that support Black&White (B&W) shooting,
you may consider a B&W setting if your are sure, you only want
B&W. Shooting color however gives more control and more options.
You may do a color to B&W conversion either inside the RAW con-
verter or do it in Photoshop (see chapter 12).
Sharpening, saturation, contrast enhancements r Apart from
the exposure and white balance settings, all other settings, such as
1-14 sharpening, saturation and contrast enhancements should be deac-
tivated or set to the lowest possible value when you shoot RAW files.
Up- or Down-sampling r As for scaling, we recommend using the

highest resolution available with the camera, and do up- or down-
sampling either in the RAW converter or in Photoshop. Photoshop,
as well as Capture One and Raw Shooter, support a reasonably good
up-sampling, however offer only some fixed sizes. If you wish to pre-
pare an image for large-scale printing, it may be helpful to do a
rough up-sample in Adobe Camera Raw and a final sizing in
Photoshop.
Cropping r Cropping is offered by Adobe Camera Raw 3 (or
newer), by Nikon Capture and by Raw Shooter Essentials if you are
certain your image needs cropping. This results in smaller image
files, thus faster processing.
Which RAW converter to use

There are several RAW converters available, and their number is
increasing over time. Almost all DSLRs come with a native RAW con-
verter. This may be a Photoshop Plug-in or a standalone RAW con-
verter (or both). E.g. Canon cameras supporting RAW format come
with Canon EOS Viewer Utility (EVU for short) and Canon Digital
Photo Professional (DPP for short) – both applications are a free part
of the camera package. If you use Photoshop CS1 (alias Photoshop 8)
or CS2 (alias Photoshop 9) or even Photoshop Elements 3 (or later) a
good RAW converter is included, as well. If you use a picture data-
base or good picture file browser – also referred to as “Digital Asset
Management Systems” (or DAMS for short), it probably will have a
RAW converter of its own. There are some optional RAW converters
as well – e.g. Capture One (by Phase One), Nikon’s Capture, Bibble
(by Bibble Labs) or Raw Shooter by Pixmatec, just to name a few.
Which one should you use?
There is no single answer to that. It very much depends on your
requirements and work – and it may change over time.
Those RAW converters that are part of a DAMS system such as
ThumbsPlus, iView Media Pro or Extensis Portfolio are primarily
intended to produce a reasonable preview. Though they may be
used to convert a RAW file to TIFF or JPEG, that is not their primary
focus. For that reason, you seriously consider doing your actual
RAW conversion using one of the “real” RAW converters. The range 1-15
of formats and cameras supported by the various RAW converters

differs. Nikon’s tools, for example, only support Nikon cameras. The
same is true for Canon’s tools with Canon’s cameras. Adobe Camera
Raw, Capture One, Raw Shooter and Bibble all support a wide
range of formats – however, be sure you check to see if they sup-
port your camera. Some converters are faster than others, and
some offer a better workflow integration than others. For that rea-
son alone, we recommend you read the description of all the RAW
converters we include in chapter 3 to 6, do some testing (a trial ver-
sion of most converters is downloadable from the internet) and set-
tle on that converter that best fits your needs and budget.
Sometimes it may be useful to use more than one converter,
depending on the type of work and the images you have to pro-
cess.
Intentionally left blank
1-16
Chapter 1: ›Introduction
Chapter 2
Basic Color Management
2-1
Basic color management

Camera: Canon 1D Mk. II
Usually, when working with photos, we work in color. Thus, it is very

important that the color we see on our monitor closely matches the
color seen by the camera when a photo is taken.
Likewise, when white balancing, fiddling with color saturation,
or performing other color corrections or contrast enhancements,
we want to be sure that the color we see on our monitor represents
the color values of our image, and that if we print our image (once
all optimizations and enhancements are finished), the colors in our
print will be very close to those we saw on our monitor. This is what
color management is all about. Of course, in order to do efficient
color work, you must understand the basics of color and color
management.
Color management is one of the more demanding subjects in
digital photography, and has, itself, been the subject of entire
books. Because of this, we give you only a short introduction to
color management, with a focus on those parts important to our
workflow. It is strongly recommended that you read more about
color management. There are several good books on color manage-
ment, such as Color Confidence by Tim Grey ([1]) or Real World Color
Management by Bruce Fraser ([2]).
2-2
2.1 Understanding the different color modes
Chapter 2: Basic color management
Photoshop supports several different color models. A color model

defines how colors in an image are described using numerical val-
ues. The main color models for photographers are these:
r RGB
r LAB
r CMYK
r Grayscale
Photoshop offers additional color modes, but photographers rarely
use them, thus a discussion of them is beyond the scope of this
book. These include Bitmap for pure black or white (bitonality)
images, and Index mode, used primarily for web graphics (if you can
live with fewer than 256 different color values). Duotone is used for
B&W images and allows for the addition of a second color to give
the print more depth.
Color depth: Returning to the term color model, you may use either
8-bit (one byte) to specify the amount (or percentage) of a single
value (e.g. red) or 16-bit (2 bytes). Thus you may have your image in
8-bit or 16-bit mode. A different bit length is possible, but not sup-
ported by most applications. Using 16-bit doubles the space needed
to store the values, but gives you more headroom when it comes to
differentiating color values and allows for a more precise calculation
with less rounding errors. Using 8-bit, the value of a single compo-
nent may vary from 0 to 255 (using integers), using 16-bit, the range
runs from 0 to 65,536 (actually only 15-bits are used, so the range
becomes 0 to 32.768). Though we recommend using 16-bit when-
ever possible and reasonable, for most explanations we use 8-bit
values (0–255). This is common practice. For most issues in color
management, it doesn’t matter which mode you use. When produc-
ing final output, e.g. printing, you will be required to reduce your
image to 8-bit mode, since nearly all real devices can’t actually pro-
duce more than 256 different shades of a color (taking into account
a combination of the three primary colors of RGB, this adds up to
16.777.216 different colors). Even our eyes can only differentiate
about 120–200 different shades of a color, depending on illumina-
tion. During the phase of color optimization, however, where a large
amount of color shifting and transformation and lots of calculation 2-3
of color values is done, 16-bit is the better mode.
2.1 Understanding the different color modes

RGB color model
All colors in the RGB color model Yellow
are created from three primary Red Green
colors: red, green, and blue.
RGB is the color mode most
commonly used today in digital
photography. We will perform
our workflow mainly in this Magenta Cyan
mode. RGB is an additive color
model, meaning that the sum
Blue
(addition) of all three basic col-
Figure 2-1: The RGB Color Model
ors at full strength (100 per-
cent) will add up to pure white.
Triple (0, 0, 0) defines black while (255, 255, 255) is bright white
(Either should rarely occur in any photo).
As you will learn a bit later, pure RGB values without an addi-
tional reference to the device or color space these values are used
for, do not define colors in an unambiguous way.
LAB color model

The CIE-LAB color model (often spelled Lab, LAB or L*a*b*) separates
colors (chroma, A+B) from the detail and brightness (luminance, L)
in images. As in RGB, Lab uses three basic components to build (or
describe) a color: L (for Luminance), ranging from Black (0 = no light)
to white (100), and two color axes: a and b. The a-axis is a Green to
Red and the b-axis, Blue to Yellow.
100
-a L* b
-b a
2-4
0 l Figure 2-2: LAB color model
CMYK color model

The CMYK color model uses Blue
four primary colors to define Magenta
Cyan
a color: Cyan (C), Magenta (M)
and Yellow (Y) and Black.
CMYK was designed for print-
ing, where incoming light is
Green Red
reflected by the print.
CMYK is a subtractive color
model, as each of these col-
ored inks absorbs (subtracts) Yellow
a certain spectrum of light. As Figure 2-3: CMYK Color Model
you see in figure 3, mixing
cyan and magenta gives you blue, and when you add magenta to
yellow you get red. In theory, the combination of the colors C, M,
and Y alone should be sufficient to produce black, but due to cer-
tain impurities in inks, they produce a dark muddy brown instead.
To solve this problem, a fourth color, black, is added, and is called
the key color (K for short).
Although CMYK is an important color model for the printing
press, it is not used much in digital photography. Though inkjet
printers are technically CMYK printers (most are even CcMmYK with
additional light Cyan and Magenta inks), they provide an RGB inter-
face to the user and the transformation from RGB to CMYK is done
by the printer driver in an almost transparent way.
We rarely use the CMYK color model in our workflow. Even if
you intend your images for printing preparation, which requires
CMYK , you should stick with RGB mode images whenever possible
and resort to an RGB to CMYK conversion as the very last step
(some additional sharpening and some slight increasing of satura-
tion may be required afterwards for the final touchup). Working on
photos in CMYK mode has some disadvantages:
r CMYK images are larger than RGB (with four color values per
pixel instead of three with RGB). 2-5
r Some photo filters won’t work in CMYK mode.
2.1 Understanding the different color modes

r The CMYK color space usually has fewer colors than most RGB
color spaces. Thus, when you convert from RGB to CMYK, you
probably lose some colors, and there is no way to retrieve them
should you want to later use your image for something such as
lightjet printing (used by photo services to output your image
on photographic paper) or a digital presentation using a monitor
using RGB colors.
Grayscale mode
Photoshop also works with images in pure black and white (B&W) or
grayscale. However, when working in grayscale, the color of a pixel
only describes a single (gray) value. Consequently, even when you
intend to produce a B&W photo (grayscale photo), it is recom-
mended using RGB mode, to preserve color information.
When using Photoshop’s bitmap mode, a picture has only two
possible color values: black and white, no gray. Bitmap mode is
rarely used for photographs, and most imaging techniques and fil-
ters do not support bitmap mode.
Color spaces
A color space is the total range of colors (or color values) real devices,
such as a monitor or printer or a virtual device (such as a theoretical
average monitor, represented by the sRGB color space) can record or
reproduce. This range defines the gamut of the device.
Every real device has a unique color space, and even identical
devices (of the same make and model) have slightly differing color
spaces, e.g. due to different age, production tolerances and so on.
These differences increase with variations in user selected hard-
ware- or software-settings, such as different monitor resolution, dif-
ferent printer inks or paper, or even a different brightness setting
on a monitor.
To improve our ability to work with colors, the International
Color Consortium (ICC for short, see also [13]) and some other com-
panies (e.g. Adobe, Kodak, Apple) have defined virtual color spaces
that represent the gamut of a virtual, rather than a real device. We
2-6 will see later, what the advantage of those virtual, standardized
color spaces really are.
2.2 Understanding color management

Color correction and color management (CM) are two of the most
important and difficult areas to master in digital photography. As
stated earlier, the goal of color management is ensure that the
photo you see on your monitor looks as much as possible like the
print you’ll get from your printer and very much the same when you
send it to a photo service that will reproduce it using a lightjet
printer. Color management helps to reproduce colors as truthfully as
possible across a broad range of different devices. As an identical
reproduction is often impossible due to different ways different
devices produce color, you should at least be able to predict the color
you’ll get when printing from the color you see on your monitor.
The ability of a color managed application to show (simulate)
on your monitor the colors and the impression that an image will
have when printed on a specific printer or other output device is
called soft proofing. If you actually print using the same inks and the
same paper used for final output, this is called hard proofing.
Why you need to understand color management

If you post a photo on the web and ask different people to discuss
its color quality, responses will be altered by the fact that when the
image is displayed on different monitors (without using color man-
agement), the result will show colors, which are at least slightly dif-
ferent on all monitors. The viewers will actually see different ver-
sions of the same photo. In fact, the monitors may not even be
capable of rendering some RGB values at all. It is the domain of color
management to significantly reduce the problem described here.
The challenge
Your challenge is to have a monitor present the correct impression
of how a certain photo would print on a color printer. The latest
inkjet printers can produce amazing results, but without proper
color management, color printing remains trial and error. You end
up changing the printer’s color settings for every print, with usually
less satisfaction. 2-7
2.2: Understanding color management

The solution
The solution to the color problem is to determine the color charac-
teristics of a device and to take those characteristics into account
when reading colors form an input device or when sending color to
an output device. Additionally you put a tag on color images that
define how the color values of the image are to be interpreted.
ICC-profiles
An important concept of color management is the production of a
standardized description of a device, called an ICC profile; the format
of these profiles is defined by the ICC. The ICC color profile describes
a device’s color characteristics, such as the colors the device can
record or reproduce and the values recorded for a perceived color
(input device) or the values you must send to an output device to
produce a certain color. These profiles are either from the device
manufacturer (usually called generic profiles), or you produce your
own using special profiling hardware and software. A profile pro-
duced for your specific device is called a custom profile. Almost all
color management systems today use ICC profiles. With the help of
such a profile, the color values required to produce a specific color
on device A (e.g. a monitor) can be translated to values that will
reproduce that specific color an device B (e.g. a printer) as close as
technically possible. It also describes the gamut of the device.
Note: While a raw RGB value does not define color in an absolute
way, the color produced is very much dependent on the device
used or on the device that recorded that value. An RGB value in the
context of a color space (defined by the ICC profile of the color
space) however, does define an absolute color!
Note: Because most people use their monitor as their soft proofing
device, the first step toward complete color management is to pro-
file your monitor.
Let’s return to the problem when receiving a sent image that (with-
out color management) displaying different colors on different
monitors. With the help of the input profile, a color management
system may correctly interpret the RGB values of the (input) image
2-8 and, with the aid of an ICC profile for your monitor, may transfer
them to color values producing (nearly) the same color on your out-
put device. How this is done, we see in the next section.
What is a color management system?

A color management system (CMS) is a set of program modules that
handle color translation. These modules are often part of the oper-
ating system but may be provided by applications, as well (Adobe
does this). If an application is used to display or print a color image,
it calls up these functions and hands over the image values and ICC
profile information and tells the CMS what function should be per-
formed. The central part of the CMS is a module called color man-
agement module (CMM). This does the calculations needed to trans-
late (transform) a color from color space A to color space B. Here’s
how it works:
1. First the color management module (CMM) translates the device
dependent color values of the image to a device independent
color space, using the description of the source ICC profile. Now
the color values of the image are in Lab color space, which is de-
vice independent. This intermediate space is called transfer color
space or profile connection space (PCS for short).
2. Next, these LAB-values are translated to color values that will
produce a color on the output device that is as close to the origi-
nal color impression as possible. If the output device cannot pro-
duce the very same color, the CMM will try to find a close match.
How the best match is achieved, is determined by the translation
intent (which we will explain at page 2-14).
The ICC profiles used in this scheme are actually simple translation
tables. They support translation from device dependent color values
to the device independent color values (and vice versa).
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�� 2-9
��
��

��
��
��
��
��
Figure 2-4: How color profiles function with a color management system
Photoshop, and other applications that support color management,

embed the ICC profile data within the image file, and the files with
this embedded information are called tagged files (or tagged images).
When you pass the tagged image along, the profile information is
passed along as well. You should be beware that not all image file
formats can include ICC profiles. While TIFFs and JPEGs can, GIFs can-
not.
Note: Avoid applications not using or creating these embedded
profiles and also do not support use of monitor profiles. The color of
the image they display on the monitor or print may or may not be
correct or even close to the true colors. You will not know. Some
applications may even remove the profiles from your image when
editing without telling you.
Color working spaces
It is a bit tedious to work with a large number of different device
dependent color spaces. This is why virtual, standardized color
spaces were defined. These do not describe a gamut of a real device
but for an abstract (virtual) device. There are several different such
spaces for each of the color models (RGB, Lab, CMYK). They range
from narrow to broad gamut. For example, for the RGB color model,
there is (from narrow to wide) sRGB, Apple RGB, Adobe RGB (1998),
ECI-RGB and Pro Photo RGB (and several others).
To eliminate a specific working space (including its ICC profile)
of your input device, you usually convert your image from the origi-
2-10
nal input color space to a standardized color space and continue to
work on your image using this working space. With digital photos,
you may accomplish this conversion using the RAW converter.

Why define several working spaces for a color model? These
spaces differ mainly in the color range (their gamut) they cover. In
some workflows, it is advantageous to use a narrow color space,
while in others, a wide space is better. If your input device has a
wide gamut (such as digital cameras), you should use a work space
with a wide gamut if you intend to produce output for several dif-
ferent output methods (e.g. inkjet printer, lightjet printer, monitor,
etc.). If you convert your image to a working space with a narrow
gamut, you may lose some colors that could be reproduced by
some of your output devices. If, however, you use a working space
with a very wide gamut, the numbers (bits) representing color val-
ues may not be sufficient to differentiate the many different colors
your gamut allows (with 8-bit there are only 256 discrete values
available). Many of these discrete values may be lost, because your
image may never have colors that extend to the outer edge of the
theoretical gamut of the space. This may get worse if you have to
do a lot of correcting, rounding and transformations. For this
reason, we recommend using 16-bit mode, when you intend to use
a color space with a wide gamut.
The following list shows some of the most important color spaces
for photographers:
r sRGB: This color space was designed to be used with monitors,
and is probably a good one for photos to be presented on the
Web. It defines a gamut that can be displayed by the average
monitor, which is a relatively small color space. Though many
DSLRs allow you to produce images using this color space, sRGB
color space is much narrower than the color space than the
cameras can see and record.
r Adobe RGB (1998): A color space very popular among
Photoshop users. It has a larger gamut than sRGB and covers
most printable colors. This is the color space we use for digital
photos.
r Pro Photo RGB: This color space was defined and is supported
by Kodak. It provides a very large gamut and should only be
used when working with a color depth of 16-bit. 2-11
r Apple RGB: This color space was defined by Apple Computer

and is commonly used with Macintosh systems. Its gamut is
wider than that of sRGB but smaller than that of Adobe RGB.
r ECI-RGB: This color space was defined by ECI, the European
Color Initiative – a group of companies attempting to define
color production standards in Europe. The ECI-RGB color space
was designed to include all colors that may be reproduced by
printers. Its gamut is somewhat wider than that of Adobe RGB
and includes some green colors that can be reproduced by many
printers (inkjet and offset, as well as gravure), but which are not
part of either sRGB or Adobe RGB (1998). ECI-RGB is the standard
RGB color space within the European prepress industry and
serves as the European alternative to Adobe RGB for prepress
work.
Visualization of color spaces

Color spaces are actually three-dimensional (L-, A-, B-axis). The profile
shown in Figure 2-5 is that of sRGB, using the ColorSync utility of Mac
OS X. The gray outer space shows the gamut of Adobe RGB (1998) and
allows comparing these two color spaces. As can be seen, Adobe RGB
is a superset of sRGB.
2-12
Figure 2-5: 3D diagram of sRGB (color) and Adobe RGB (1998) (gray shape)
The industry also uses some form of 2D charts to display color

spaces. The color space plot shown in Figure 2-6 was generated with
the GretagMacbeth Profile Maker Pro 4.1 Profile Editor.
2-13

Figure 2-6: Gamut Display (using Profile Maker Pro 4.1 Profile Editor)
As seen in the diagram of figure 2-6, Pro Photo RGB is extremely wide,
while Adobe RGB (1998) is much smaller and sRGB is very narrow.
We often use “Hahnemuehle German Etching watercolor paper”
for printing with our inkjet printers. The gamut that may be repro-
duced using this paper using Epson’s UltraChrome inks exceeds
sRGB but fits into Adobe RGB. The color space of the “Epson Luster
paper” has a much wider range than that of “Hahnemuehle water
color paper” (no surprise here) and exceeds both sRGB and Adobe
RGB (in some blues and greens). If you have ICC profiles describing
different printing sets (combinations of printer + ink + paper), a dis-
play like the ones shown above allow you to compare the gamut
and thus the color richness you may achieve using different papers.
Color space mapping
When images need to be converted from one color space to another,
for example, when displaying an image on a monitor, the image is
transformed from its source color space (device color space or work-
ing color space) to that of the output device (your monitor, in this
case). In most cases, the gamut of the source and the destination are
different, so some color mapping has to take place. This transforma-
tion is performed by the color management module (also called the
color management engine).
The main question is: What to do with those colors of the source
space, that are not present at the destination space? Because there
2-14
are several ways to handle this problem, ICC has defined four differ-
ent ways of mapping, called intents:
Perceptual (also called Photographic): If the gamut of the source

space is wider than that of the destination space, all colors are com-
pressed to fit into the destination space. If the gamut of the source
space is smaller than the destination space (all colors of the source
are present at the destination space), a one to one mapping takes
place (all colors keep their original appearance).
When mapping from a wider space to a smaller space, the
Perceptual mapping usually shifts colors to a bit less saturated and
somewhat lighter colors, but the overall impression of the image is
preserved (different colors keep their relative color distance).
Perceptual mapping is one of the two intents we use when con-
verting photographs (the other being Relative colormetric).
Relative colormetric: When you map from a wider color space to a
smaller color space and a color in the source space is not present at
the destination space, it is mapped to the closest color at the desti-
nation space, which usually lies at the border of the destination
space.
With this mapping, two colors different in the source space and
not present in the destination space may be mapped to the same
color of the destination space (usually residing at the border of the
that space). This may result in some color clipping or banding. The
white point of the source space is mapped to the white point of the
destination (if they differ) and all colors are adapted relativ to the
destination white point.
The Relative colormetric intent is useful for photographs, and
should be used when the source and the destination spaces have a
similar gamut with lots of overlap or if most of the colors in your
image (which may not use the full gamut of the source space) have
an identical color in the destination space. In this case, most colors
remain unmodified when transformed. This intent is used implicitly,
when colors in your image are translated to colors on your monitor
when an image is displayed in standard mode.
Absolute colormetric: This intent is like a relative colormetric,
where colors present in both color spaces are mapped 1:1, and colors
that are out of the gamut (a color of the source space, that is not
present in the destination space) are mapped to the border of the 2-15
destination space. This mapping is particularly useful if you wish to

use your output device (say your monitor) to simulate the behavior
of another device.
You should use this intent only for soft proofing: When you
want your monitor to display what your image will look like when
printed on an inkjet or with offset printing. In this case, the monitor
simulates the white color of the paper.
Saturation: This intent tries to map an out-of-gamut color to a
color of the destination space with the same saturation, even if the
color has to be shifted significantly. Use this intent when converting
logos and colored diagrams from a larger color space to smaller one.
For photographs, it is absolutely of no use! This intent tries to keep
the visual difference of two colors but not their color impression.
Creating device profiles

The introduction above emphasizes the importance of using accu-
rate device profiles. As most of our digital work is done using the
monitor, when setting up a color managed workflow we need to
consider monitor profiles as our most important task. In this section,
we turn our attention to how to build a device profile.
When profiling a device, there are normally two steps:
r Calibration. The aim of calibration is to define a standardized
state for the device, setting its controls so that it is in a state, as
close to this defined state as possible. For example, when cali-
brating a monitor, you manually set the controls of your monitor
to achieve a certain luminance (brightness of your monitor’s
white) that has proven to be good for color work. Also, you set a
white point conforming to an industry standard, such as D50 or
D65 (color temperatures of 5,000 or 6,500 Kelvin respectively).
The white point of your monitor is a mix of R, G and B that will
represent white.
r Characterization. When characterizing a device, a target is
recorded by the input device, or sent to an output device. A tar-
get is a pattern of color patches with known color values. By
comparing the color values recorded by the device (such as a
scanner) to the known color values of the target, the profiling
2-16 program can calculate a device’s color profile, using essentially a
translation table of device-dependant color values to device-
independent color values or vice versa. As an example, if the pro-

file is for an input device, it translates device-dependant colors
seen by the device into the device-independent profile connec-
tion space (PCS, which is CIE-LAB space). If, on the other hand, it is
for a profile of an output device, the table provides translation
from the profile connection space to the device-dependant col-
ors of the output device.
To perform both steps it is advisable to use a hardware device to
measure color. When calibrating monitors, the device could be
either a colorimeter or a spectrophotometer.
As the focus of this book is on the processing of RAW files, we pro-
vide a very brief overview of profiling, with only a bit deeper discus-
sion of profiling a monitor.
Camera profiles
There are two types of camera profiles: generic camera and custom
camera profiles which profile specific cameras. All RAW converters
we discuss come with quite good generic profiles. Some of them
(e.g. Raw Shooter and Capture One) also support customer profiles.
Creating your own camera profiles can be very tricky, since tar-
gets must be shot under highly controlled light conditions.
Additionally, individual cameras of the same model can vary signifi-
cantly (certain cameras vary more than others within type and
brand). For more details on camera profiling see chapter 11.
Printer profiles
There is no single profile for a printer. A printer profile is always spe-
cific to that printer using a specific paper and ink set, and a specific
driver and its settings (such as the same DPI). To make life interest-
ing, profiles for different types of printing paper also vary signifi-
cantly.
Note: While some newer inkjet printers may vary little between
individual printers of the same make and model, profiles should still
be generated for each printer and its specific settings.
When profiling a printer, a target is printed, using precisely the
2-17
printer settings, ink, and paper that the profile is intended for. Once
the print has dried (anywhere from 1 to 24 hours) the color values of
2.3 Profiling your monitor

the print are measured using either a spectrophotometer or a pro-
filed scanner (less accurate). By comparing known values of the
color patches of the target to those of the measured patches of the
print, the profiling software produces the printer profile.
Fortunately, you don’t need to invest in a costly
spectrophotometer and profiling software; you can use several pro-
filing services, which do this job for you. Look up “printer profiling
service” at Yahoo or Google.
2.3 Profiling your monitor

As stated before, an accurate monitor profile is the basis for serious
color managed workflow. When calibrating your monitor, you have
a choice of doing so by eye or with specialized hardware.
When profiling your monitor, begin by turning it on and leav-
ing it on for at least 30 minutes before beginning any calibration. To
perform the calibration follow the instructions provided by your
choice of tool, whether calibrating by eye or using hardware-based
tools as discussed below.
Be aware that room lightning, the color of your walls and desk-
top and even your clothing can influence precise calibration.
Calibration by eye
Photoshop for Windows comes with a utility called Adobe Gamma
that lets you calibrate your monitor. With Mac OS X there is a similar
little utility called ColorSync Calibrator. Both utilities use your eyes as
their measuring instrument.
Hardware based calibration

Although calibrating your monitor by eye is better than doing no
calibration at all, if precision is important to you, you should use a
hardware based color measuring device (a color spectrophotometer
2-18 or colorimeter) to achieve much more precise results. While the soft-
ware and hardware for monitor profiling used to be quite expensive
there are several packages currently available for between USD $100
– $300 for a complete kit. Your choices include: GretagMacbeth Eye
One Display 2 (see [15]), ColorVision Spyder and Spyder Pro products
(see [16]), and MonacoOPTIX from Monaco Systems (see [17]).
We use and recommend GretagMacbeth Eye-One Display 2
and the Sony Artisan monitor (which provides an integrated solu-
tion with a monitor and a special measuring device).
The entire calibration and profiling process will take you about
10 minutes. Once a good calibration is achieved, the next calibra-
tion will be much faster.
Calibration settings
As there are several options when calibrating and profiling a moni-
tor you have to decide which settings to use when starting your cali-
bration. Without going into too great detail, we recommend using
the following values:
White point 6500 K (D65)
Gamma 2.2
Luminance 130–150 cd/m2
We recommend these values even if you do prepress work (where a
white point of 5 000 K is the standard) and even if you work on a
Mac where a gamma of 1.8 is tradition.
Calibrating and profiling using Eye-One Display 2
The Eye-One Display package from Gretag Macbeth ([15]) includes
software (Eye-One Match) for calibrating and profiling monitors as
well as a sensor (colorimeter). It supports Windows as well as Mac OS
and allows the calibration of CRTs as well as LCDs and laptop dis-
plays. To use it to calibrate your monitor:
1. Launch Eye-One Match (EOM) and select the monitor from the
list of devices you can profile. We recommend using Advanced
mode.
2-19

Figure 2-7: Startup screen of Eye-One Match: Select the monitor to profile
2. Select the type of monitor you intend to calibrate (LCD, CRT, or

Laptop), then Click to continue.
3. The first task is to calibrate the sensor (not your monitor). Follow
the instructions given on the screen. (Help will provide you with
additional information.)
4. Select your target calibration settings. We recommend these
values:
l Figure 2-8:
Recommended settings
for your monitor
calibration
will take you to the next step.
5. Attach the sensor to your monitor using either the suction-cup
(if you are calibrating a CRT) or by attaching the lead weights to
your sensor cable and letting them dangle on the backside of
the monitor. If you’re calibrating an LCD you may have to tilt the
monitor backward a bit, so that the sensor lies flat on the screen.
2-20
l Figure 2-9:
Eye-One Display
colorimeter
6. Begin the calibration phase using the controls on your monitor, if
your monitor has them. (Skip this step if you are calibrating a
laptop or LCD without controls and continue with step 8). You
will set the contrast control to maximum and then slowly reduce
it until the green arrow resembles the black one. Don’t worry;
Eye-One Match will guide you through this calibration.
l Figure 2-10:
Use your monitor
dial to bring the
contrast marker
near the zero
value.
7. Press Start to have EOM begin measuring the contrast values,
then Stop and to begin calibration of the RGB controls. This
step will set the control dials so that the monitor’s white point is
set close to the intended color temperature (6500 or 5000
Kelvin). This may be achieved either by adjusting an OSD (Online
Screen Display) setting on the monitor, or by setting the moni-
tor’s R-, G- and B-controls, if any. In this step, all three colored
bars should be in the green area for optimal calibration. (The
Eye-One Match screen will give you useful feedback.)
2-21
l Figure 2-11:

If your monitor
has RGB controls
you should try to
set your target
white point.
Next, set luminance using your monitor’s brightness controls.
l Figure2-12:
Set the
luminance using
your brightness
control of the
monitor to a
target value of
120–150 cd/m2.
8. This finishes the calibration phase, and Eye-One Match will start
the actual characterization. It will display a number of color
patches and measure their values (which should take about five
minutes). You won’t need to do anything while this process runs.
9. Once the characterization is finished, Eye-One Match will display
the values used and display a diagram of the resulting color
space (see figure 2-13 at page 2-22).
2-22
Figure 2-13: When finished, EOM shows the profiling values

and the monitor color space. Enter a descriptive profile name.
EOM will also prompt you for a profile name. Choose a descriptive
name that reflects the tool used, the make of the monitor, as well as
the values used. For example, if your are using EOM to calibrate an
NEC 2180 monitor with X values, a suggested name might be “EOM-
NEC2180-D65-G2.2”.
Eye-One Match will save the ICC profile to the appropriate
folder (depending on your operating system), and will immediately
make it the active and default monitor profile. Running Windows
and having Adobe Gamma installed, you should move Adobe
Gamma out of your start folder to prevent it interfering with the
correct loading of the new monitor profile when Windows starts up.
Once you have completed these profiling steps, do not change any
monitor settings without re-calibrating. You should plan to re-cali-
brate your monitor about once a month.
2.4 Photoshop color and monitor profile settings
Before beginning to work with Photoshop, set up the program up
with your personal color management preferences. The way color
settings are made is similar with all Adobe applications since Adobe
Creative Suite 1 (CS1). When using CS2, you may use centralized color
settings. These settings will be used (by default) by all other CS2
applications, as well. With CS2, the settings may be done in Bridge.
Photoshop probably offers the most advanced color manage-
ment support in any application. For that reason, its color settings
show many different options and parameters.
2-23
To begin setting your color management preferences, select
EditrColor Settings to open the color setting dialog.
2.4 Photoshop color and monitor profile settings

Figure 2-10 shows how we set up the “Color Settings” in
Photoshop (the most relevant settings are marked).
l Figure 2-14:
Photoshop color
settings
Note: We ignore settings for CMYK and Gray here as we only cover
RGB color setup in our workflow. If you live in Europe, your CMYK
Setting should either be Euroscale Coated or ISO Coated. If you are
mainly preparing your images for prepress, use ECI-RGB as your
default RGB color space, in which case your settings might look like
this:
l Figure 2-15:
Recommended working
spaces for prepress work
2-24 in Europe
Photoshop is not particularly intuitive when it comes to finding the
monitor profile in use. To determine which profile is in use, select

EditrColor Settings and use the RGB drop-down list to select work-
ing spaces and scroll (usually up) until you find the entry Monitor
RGB (Figure 2-x shows Sony_LCD_Std_D65). The entry you see indi-
cates the monitor profile in use.
Note: Close the Color Settings dialog box by clicking Cancel in
order to avoid changing your working space settings. Your monitor
profile should never be your work space!
l Figure 2-16:
Finding the Monitor
Profile in Photoshop
Chapter 3
Basic RAW workflow
3-1
Basic RAW workflow

Camera: Canon 350D (Rebel XT)
Here, we want to outline the basic workflow steps and tasks of a

digital RAW negative workflow. The RAW converters featured in the
next chapter will perform most of these tasks outlined here.
As an overview, here is a list of the main steps:
r Handling the camera in the field using RAW file photographs
r Transferring images to the computer
r Setting up digital workflow tools
r Browsing and evaluating RAW images
r Essential image corrections
– White balance (WB)
– Improving tonality
– Getting better colors
r Advanced image corrections
r Advanced workflow helpers
In following chapters we will show how these steps can be handled

by the various RAW converters we cover, starting with Adobe Camera
Raw.
3-2
3.1 Setup the camera for RAW file photographs
Chapter 3: Basic RAW workflow
Set your camera to RAW mode

This is a basic step as you merely follow your camera manual and set
the camera to RAW. Some cameras allow use of both RAW and JPEG
simultaneously. We don’t always recommend this as it uses more
memory space on the card. Of course, there are instances when it
may make good sense to do so, e.g., when you need to have the
image available as JPEG quickly, without spending time with image
optimization using the RAW converter. For dedicated images, you
may then still go back to your RAW file, getting the most from it.
Exposure, Exposure, Exposure

There are really not a lot of differences from traditional photogra-
phy. A better exposure is the ticket to a good final result. Raw file
processing may allow you to get good results from not-so-perfect
exposure, but this should not be taken as an excuse for sloppy expo-
sures.
A good exposure sounds so easy, but it is not. What you want is:
r No blown highlights
r No underexposed images
r No noisy and dark shadows
The good news is that there is an instrument in digital cameras that

allows you to evaluate exposure instantly after you take the photo:
It is the histogram.
Optimize exposure using your camera’s histogram
In the field, the main difference between using a film and a digital
camera is the LCD on the back of the digital camera giving you the
ability to evaluate an image right after exposure. You might think
that viewing your pictures on that tiny LCD is a major benefit in
going digital. Yes, if you try hard, you can check sharpness by zoom-
ing in on the image. The main advantage of this LCD for me, how-
ever, is to check exposure in my last photo.
Correct exposure is the key to taking quality images. This did
not change from film to digital. In some ways, over-exposure
becomes more problematic in digital as the sensors tends to clip
3-3
data beyond a certain threshold. This equates to: Never over-
expose your photos. In this case, the highlights may be lost and
3.1 Handling the camera in the field for RAW file photographs
recovery is not possible (though there are some techniques to esti-
mate lost highlight).
There is help which only the digital cameras can provide: The
cameras provide a way to view the result of the last photograph
taken and show a histogram of the grayscale values from 0 (black)
to 255 (white).
Here are four histograms examples (created in Photoshop) that
show different characteristics and show histogram basics.
l Figure 3-1:
Histogram 1 – indicating
strong overexposure
Highlights (right side of the histogram) have been lost. This shot
would be a candidate for deletion in all but a few rare cases. Some
might recommend to “burn” the photo in Photoshop. Still that is fak-
ing details in the highlights that are not actually there. Histogram 2:
Histogram indicating potential over-exposure
l Figure 3-2: Histogram 2

There is only a small spike in the highlights and it very much
depends on the photo whether this might be a problem or not. If the
spike represents a real pure white or an unimportant specular high-
light then this photo may be OK . Otherwise, you are in trouble.
In such cases, if the camera has the ability to indicate overex-
posed areas, we recommend having a glance at the camera’s LCD
preview with the highlight/overexposure indicator enabled.
3-4 lFigure 3-3: Histogram 3

– indicates good exposure
Here the highlights are OK. You lost a bit of the dynamic range in the
highlight area but Photoshop can correct for this. You should
endeavor to get histograms similar to this. In principle, it is best to
get as close as possible to the right without actually touching it.
lFigure 3-4: Histogram

4 – indicates strong under
exposure
Here the data in the shadows are lost. This is not the only problem
since digital cameras show much more noise in the shadows. Once
this image is corrected, extended noise would show up even in the
midrange.
“Expose to the right” rule

From the above we learned that the ideal histogram should:
r Not indicate any over-exposure or missing highlights
r Not under-expose because you may lose shadow details, and
more importantly, get more noise
In conclusion, the perfect digital exposure is as far to the right as
possible without over-exposure. Unfortunately the reality is not that
simple.
The overall shape of the histogram does not matter at all, as it
merely reflects the tonal distribution of the scene you photo-
graphed.
Read the next section and you will understand why it is safer to
slightly under-expose than risk highlight clipping. This is especially
true as some histograms are hard to read outdoors in bright day-
light.
Color channel clipping

We mentioned that most histograms in cameras show the histo-
gram as grayscale levels. But as we are dealing with color images,
we have, in reality, histograms of all three RGB channels. 3-5
Some clipping can
happen just in one or
two color channels,
which might not display
in the luminance histo-
gram.
Here is an example
from the Canon 10D
demonstrating typical
problems with saturated
colors. Blue, orange and
yellow flowers are good
candidates, and it is safer
not to use up the full
exposure headroom to Figure 3.5: Image with clipping in the
the right. blue channel
The histogram in Camera Raw 2.2 clearly shows the challenge in the
blue channel.
lFigure 3-6: Camera Raw

2.0 histogram of image 3-5.
This overexposure in the blue channel was not shown by the cam-
era histogram as it averages all three channels (most often, they use
a so-called luminance histogram, where green gets valued higher
than red/blue).
In this difficult situation, it would be very helpful if you also had
histograms for the three-color channels. The only cameras we
know providing this are the Fuji S2 and the new Canon 1D Mark II.
The latter provides a histogram like this one:
3-6
lFigure 3-7: The “after” histogram.

Most cameras allow you to inspect the histogram as part of the
instant preview. Here is an example from the Nikon D70:
lFigure 3-8:
Histogram from a
Nikon D70.
Of course, the “after” histogram only helps if you can repeat the
shot. Fortunately, when doing nature photography, this is frequently
the case except for photographing birds and other wildlife. We
check the histogram constantly. Once the exposure is right and the
light does not change, it is necessary to only check the histogram
occasionally.
The "before/live" histogram
The ideal would be to display a live histogram and use it instead of
the camera meter. For digicams, this dream has come to be actual-
ity. The new 8MP Konica Minolta DiMAGE, Sony F828 and Olympus
8080 all sport live histograms.
3-7
lFigure 3-9:
Shot form
the LCD of
the A2.
Implementing live histograms in digital SLRs is problematic as the
viewing mirror hides the sensor. One thing for sure: Refined versions
of live histograms are the way to go.
Do we really need the histogram?
What we actually need from the histogram is the information about
under/over exposure. If this information can be presented by other
means, then the histogram may become obsolete. But, for now, the
histogram is your ticket to a better exposure.
Correct white balance (WB) for optimal color quality

The key to correct color is getting the white balance correct, and
that depends on the light source or sources illuminating the photo-
graphed scene.
When using film, the choice of film type or the filters used to
compensate for different lighting conditions (indoor, sun, cloudy,
shade, flash, etc.) all influence the white balance.
If you use only RAW file formats, WB can be corrected later. For
fine art photography, true color isn’t what really matters (would
someone use Velvia™ for that?) Most people are more interested in
the subjective ’correct’ (i.e. pleasing) WB.
Digital SLRs allows you to measure the right WB (custom WB) at
the time you photograph. This might be optimal, but is not always
easy in the field (nature). Therefore, set the WB to “auto” for all
cameras and adjust the WB later in the RAW converter. A preferred
practice is to photograph a gray card (or even better, a Macbeth
ColorChecker) in the same light as the following photos and use
this shot later for the correct WB correction.
Correcting WB (and color in general) can be very tricky, highly
subjective and requires a lot of experience. With practice, you will
3-8 improve.
Additionally, an observation: Judging colors is very much a
function of mood. Sometimes colder colors (more blue) are viewed,

and, in that case, you may want more warmth (more yellow). Such
experiments can amount to a lot of time optimizing images.
If occasionally you feel lost, don’t worry. You are not alone!
Understand objective and subjective white balance

There is a significant difference between ’pleasing’ and ‘correct’ color.
Only in a relatively few photographic disciplines are you concerned
about the correct color. This may be the case when photographing
fabrics or, perhaps, catalog shots. Otherwise, usually aim for pleas-
ing colors. The most heated discussions occur over what constitutes
a good skin tone. Even here exist many cultural differences.
Begin with a white balance you prefer, optimize the contrast
and change colors selectively only if there are major issues. Some
shots might need skin tone correction, while in others, the shade of
a boring blue sky.
Adjust your camera’s sensitivity: selecting the right ISO

Today’s digital cameras allow changing the ISO value on the fly by
simply dialing in a new value. This is a huge plus for digital as you
can change ISO speed on a picture-by-picture basis.
A low ISO normally results in lower noise (better image quality)
and a high ISO means higher noise (lower image quality). Noise can
show up in many different ways. If a camera shows noise-like grains
of “salt and pepper” then this is very positive, as we all are accus-
tomed to this grain from our film-based experience.
Note: Stay at low ISO whenever possible and use a tripod!
If you need to use a higher ISO, try to improve such photos by using
top-class noise removal tools (see Noise reduction at chapter 7).
3.2 Camera to computer: enter the digital darkroom
Manage your image storage

3-9
Once back from the field with memory cards and/or digital wallets
filled, it is time to transfer these files to your computer.
3.2: Camera to computer: Enter the digital darkroom

Be aware that this requires a lot of disk space. Converting images
to 16-bit TIFFs makes even more demands on disk space.
You might be thinking in Gigabytes and soon in Terabytes. We
currently have about 1,000 GB of storage in our network (to accom-
modate organization and duplicates). A reasonable starting point is
80 GB at minimum then adding external Firewire drives as backup
(perhaps start with 160 GB).
Computer transfer and organizing your photos

Most cameras today come with either a USB or Firewire interface.
Many also use these interfaces to transfer files to a computer. We
personally choose not use this feature, as it offers little help if you
have multiple memory cards and/or digital wallets. Nor do we
believe cameras themselves are the most robust CF card readers.
We chose a USB 2.0 card reader installed on our main PC (same
is available for Macs) then proceeded by copying our images from a
day’s shoot to a new directory in our ”inbox“ folder.
3-10 Figure 3-10: Inbox folders
Since several different cameras are frequently used, the goal is to

give every image a different name (even when using two cameras of
the same type).
The following explains the file hierarchy:
r all_2005: all RAW files from all cameras for 2005 go here
r all_dvd_2005_001: this is the first DVD set (or use CDs) for 2005.
It is suggested you create a new folder when one’s content
exceeds about 4 GB (data to fit on one DVD or 600 MB for a single
CD)
r 20050913_300d_LosGatos: a folder from a single photo session
in Los Gatos (actually better to name it “Los_Gatos” as some
archival tools filter out names.
r The name also contains the date yyyymmdd for easier sorting
r 300d: for information on the camera used
r Subject: (sometime followed by “_01” or “_0x” if more than one
card was used that day.
All image files are renamed to: 300d_nnnn_mmm where:
r 300d describes the camera type
r nnnn is a sequence number (starting at 0000) and incremented.
Why do this? You may use two 300D cameras but still all images
deserve a unique filename. Also, when 9999 is reached, the cam-
era restarts at 0001. Sequence numbers allow unique file names.
If we later work on a file in Photoshop, the result is saved as a master
TIFF file. The file name will keep its original “300d_nnnn_mmm” file
name, and can be appended with more descriptive text:
An example: r Original: 300d_0001_1256
r Derived: 300d_0001_1256_Los_Gatos_Bear_Cafe
In doing this, every file is linked by its original file name to the RAW
file in the archives.
Renaming
As described above, after copying files to a hard disk, files are
renamed to ensure their names will be unique. A free PC utility 3-11
called ”Rname-it“ is used (you can download it from our web site at
3.2: Camera to computer: Enter the digital darkroom

[38]). Several others programs are available, e.g. Renamer4Mac ([39])
for Mac OS X.
The Photoshop CS File Browser and Capture One also allow
renaming your files. We find Rname-it suitable for our use. A file
name can contain a prefix describing the digital cameras used with,
for instance, a name like “1Ds_0000_”. We use software called
Downloader Pro (PC only, see [41]).
Figure 3-11: Freeware PC renaming tool "Rname-it"

Securing your valuable photos: Backup
After transferring the images, it is strongly advised to backup these
files to a physically different hard disk or to CD/DVD. After that, it is
safe to erase the images from your memory card or possibly refor-
mat the CF cards or Microdrives.
Tip: Backup, Backup, Backup
r Make backup CDs or DVDs
r Use two different CD/DVD brands if you make two copies. If a CD
from manufacturer A fails there is a chance that additional cop-
3-12 ies may be faulty, as well.
r Store each copy in a different location
r Once you have stored your files on a disk drive, you can confi-
dently enter the digital darkroom and begin to work on your
images.
Note: Infrequently, your Microdrive or Compact Flash card becomes
corrupt. Do not panic! Get Photorescue (for more information con-
sult our web site [3]) There are several other programs to help
recover images from corrupted file systems or memory cards.
3.3 Setting up your digital darkroom

This step is required only when a new RAW converter is installed or
possibly if you change options.
r Setting up the cache folder: Most modern RAW converters use a
cache to make unnecessary the need to create previews repeat-
edly while working on a set of images.
r Choosing the working space you will use (mainly ProPhoto RGB
for 16-bit only, Adobe RGB or sRGB).
r Select either 8- or 16-bit TIFFs or 8-bit JPEGs (we do not recom-
mend the latter).
r Some RAW converters allow selecting the per-image-settings are
storage area.
r Which application (if any) to launch after converting an image.
3.4 Browse and evaluate your RAW files
It is quite important for every photographer to inspect both new
and older images. Particularly as you upload your work to a com-
puter, you want to analyze new images as quickly as possible,
decide which to retain and which to delete, and begin working on
the ‘keepers.’
A small thumbnail, as provided on older file browsers, is not
usually good enough to determine whether the following image
criteria are met. Advisable also is to preview RAW files on a digital
light table which is best integrated with a complete RAW converter.
The critical points to look for when inspecting your RAW files are: 3-13
r Is the composition satisfactory?
3.4 Browse and evaluate your RAW files

r Is critical sharpness achieved?
r Is the exposure OK? Here we need to see a histogram.
r Quality of colors. This step usually requires a correction of white
balance.
r Flagging files and/or setting priorities.
r Basic rotation (in 90-degrees increments).
r The deletion workflow: ‘Delete’ sounds simple, right? In fact, it is
one of the most dangerous operations. When you have deleted a
valuable image you know you have a problem. If you keep all
questionable images, you’ll need lots of disk space, having to
view those images again and again. An effective delete workflow
is a two-step process: First, mark for deletion, revisit the marked
images and then finally delete them. The RawShooter solution is
simple, yet elegant. ACR 3.0 and Capture One may provide helpful
solutions, as well.
r Ad hoc corrections, where the settings stick with the image: This
implies that in previewing an image you can correct white balance
and exposure on the fly. These settings remain when you revisit
RAW files later on. All RAW converters covered fulfill this criterion.
r Ad hoc slide show: (in Bridge and RawShooter)
All the major RAW converters featured in this book are very capable
browsers and inspectors.
3.5 Essential image corrections
White balance (WB)

A key part in getting the correct colors in your images is setting the
WB correctly.
White balance (WB) – Essential

Good white balance support is crucial for any useful RAW converter.
There are a couple of white balance correction techniques:
3-14 r Gray balance by clicking on a neutral spot in the photo

r White balance correction controls
– Color temperature and tint
l Figure 3-12:
White balance in
Adobe Camera Raw
lFigure 3-13:
White balance in Capture One
– Warmer/colder control
lFigure 3-14:
White balance Colder/Warmer
interface in RawShooter.
– Presets (daylight, shade, tungsten, ..)
r White balance as shot in camera
r Auto white balance
Correct white balance support is also not a trivial task for any RAW
converter. We expect that today’s capable RAW converter can pre-
view WB correction in real-time. 3-15
Note: Some RAW converters have a single color temperature slider

(measured in Kelvin). These RAW converters oversimplify the situa-
tion of color cast. In many lighting conditions, especially outdoors,
color cast cannot be corrected with a single slider.
White balance samples

This example shows how to use the white balance settings of your
RAW converter.
Figure 3-15: Image with WB “as shot”

The camera records WB settings, and these are called “as shot.” Such
settings can be achieved with the following camera settings:
r “auto”: means that the camera attempts to make a good guess.
This can be a decent start, sometimes.
r Camera presets (like daylight, flash, tungsten …): Use this option
only if you know the light source for sure.
r Custom white balance: where the white balance is measured in
the camera. Useful with mixed light or if the light stays constant
for a period of time (e.g. sports photography).
These next samples demonstrate how small changes in color tem-
3-16
perature can have a strong impact on color balance.
Figure 3-16: Color temperature set to a lower value
Note: Some may be confused by the notion of “higher color temper-

ature” believing it tends to be bluer or “colder.” Colder in this sense
makes an image look subjectively colder and more bluish.
The above sample displays slightly “colder” because we assumed it
was shot at a lower color temperature.
3-17

Figure 3-17: Color temperature set to a higher value
The above sample displays slightly “warmer” because we assumed it

was shot at a higher color temperature.
Tonality
Exposure (white point), shadow point, contrast and
brightness
A key factor in getting a correct image is creating a good tonality.
Looking at B&W photos you realize that tonality is the only thing
you care about:
r How smooth are the tonal transitions
r Contrast
r Highlights
r Shadows
r White point (brightest point)
r Black point (darkest point)
With color images it is more difficult to judge optimal tonality. Yet,
the same criteria hold for color photos. Image tonality is influenced
by the following factors:
Exposure, Contrast & Brightness
3-18
l Figure 3-18:
Tonality correction in Capture One
lFigure 3-19: Tonality

controls in Adobe
Camera Raw
Proper exposure compensation is essential. Tools should include a

histogram or equivalent with under- and over-exposure indicators
(Watch also for over-exposure in any single RGB channel). While
under-exposed shots can often be corrected to one or two stops
without too much loss of quality, over-exposure is very difficult (or
impossible) to correct. Once values are clipped in the highlights
(this may occur per RGB channel) there is rarely any way to correct it.
Control exposure to avoid over-exposure at all times.
Adaptive tonality controls
In brightening up shadows, normal curve or levels controls are not
really effective. You need tools that work adaptively. This means that
contrast is corrected locally in proportion to the area in which the
pixels reside.
3-19
lFigure 3-20:
RawShooter controls

As Photoshop does with its Shadow/Highlight function, RawShooter
uses an adaptive way to improve shadows called “Fill Light”.
Tonality sample #1
Let’s begin with a photo shot at very low contrast.
Figure 3-21: Rock colors photographed at low light

If you are able to recall the original scene when shooting took
placer, the representation in figure 3-21 may be quite accurate and
it’s color correct. But, some flat images look too truthful or even dull.
All this image needs is more contrast to bring it to life.
The histogram shows what this image is lacking:
r There are almost no dark or black tones
r Nor are there real bright tones either
3-20
Figure 3-22: Improved shadows with ACR curves
Although the curve control improves shadows some, the image is

still unacceptable.
3-21

Figure 3-23: Using the ACR “auto” setting
Using ACR “auto” settings lets the image “pop” – but possibly too
much so.
Figure 3-24: The final version with some tweaking based on “auto”
It is unwise to correct tones only referring to the histogram. Best you
judge it visually, as well.
Conclusion: Low contrast images may be a suitable starting point,
since RAW converters do allow you to improve the overall contrast.
Tonality sample #2
Images covering a wide contrast range are much more difficult to
correct. Here the classic Levels and Curves tools show limitations.
3-22
Figure 3-25: Scene with strong shadows
Normally, these kinds of images are candidates for a Shadows/

Highlight tool treatment in Photoshop CS. The RawShooter con-
verter, however, permits adaptive correction as a part of tonality
control at this early stage of RAW conversion.
Finally, manual fine tuning brings out the best results, shown in
figure 3-27.
3-23

Figure 3-26: RawShooter with “auto” exposure setting
Figure 3-27: Result after careful fine tuning
We are convinced that more RAW converters will provide adaptive

tonality control in the future.
Color corrections
The major step towards correct color is getting the white balance
right. Then, after you have corrected tonality (with the focus on con-
trast), your image should be near what you want it to be. But the
colors in RAW converters are also influenced by these other factors:
r Camera profiles
r Saturation settings
r Color controls in the RAW converter
All RAW converters we are discussing come with reasonably good

camera profiles. Profiles are available on the market, and they may
3-24
help improve your results.
It is essential to make a distinction between correct and pleas-
ing colors. As mentioned earlier, in only limited areas of photogra-

phy do you want true and correct colors (i.e., art reproductions, fab-
rics for catalogs). Most photographers, on the other hand, look for
pleasing or even expressive colors. One of the problematic areas is
skin tone. In this arena, pleasing colors are highly subjective.
3.6 Advanced image corrections

It is truly amazing how many defects you can find in an image when
you start carefully looking. While some RAW converters help correct
certain lens deficiencies, in the end you may choose Photoshop to
fix those remaining defects. We dedicate a whole chapter on how to
deal with all these different defects (see chapter 7).
Here is a list of main defects that must be covered at some
point in a workflow:
r Noise (luminance and color noise)
r Sharpening
r Removal of chromatic aberrations (CA)
r Vignetting
r Cropping
r Correcting tilt (so easy to have a shot uneven horizontally)
r Perspective corrections
r Dust removal
r Up-sampling
3.7 Extra workflow support
Here are more features offered by some RAW converters, that may
speed up work and make it easier:
r Batch conversion
r Background processing
r Applying settings from one file to other files
r Snapshots of different conversion settings
r Save/restore settings
r Camera default settings
r Undo/redo
r Support for scroll wheels 3-25
r Keyboard shortcuts
3.7 Extra workflow support:

r RGB value samplers
We go into these when describing how to work with the various
RAW converters.
3-26
Chapter 4
Adobe Camera Raw
4-1
Basic RAW workflow

Camera: Canon 1DS Mk. II
Adobe Camera Raw (ACR for short) is Adobe’s RAW converter.

Camera Raw version 1 was an optional plug-in to Adobe Photoshop
7, but ACR version 2 is supplied free of charge with Photoshop CS (1)
(also called Photoshop 8). There was a substantial jump in function-
ality with ACR2. Adobe Camera Raw version 3 (ACR 3) is now in its
third generation and is probably the most used 3rd party RAW con-
verter. It comes for free with every version of Photoshop CS1/CS2.
New with ACR3 are Auto-corrections and improved batch pro-
cessing. Additionally, cropping and straightening tools were intro-
duced with this version.
While the file browser was a module in Photoshop 7 then
enhanced in Photoshop CS1, with CS2 it becomes a separate utility
called Bridge, now the universal file browser in all Adobe applica-
tions of Creative Suite 2. It provides previews of all kinds of (Adobe)
data files. Though Bridge offers several enhancements over the pre-
vious file browser of Photoshop CS1, for many uses you may well
use the PS CS1 file browser instead of Bridge. Bridge is highly
customizable, and in our estimate, the most flexible and most pow-
erful file browser of all those we will deal with in this book. If you
do desktop publishing, its full strength will become obvious as you
use its close integration with all the Adobe applications, such as
4-2 Photoshop, Camera Raw, InDesign, Illustrator, Acrobat, GoLive and
Version Cue. However, in this book, we focus only on those func-
Chapter 4: Adobe Camera Raw
tions, relevant to Camera Raw, Photoshop and our workflow.

As many readers still use Photoshop CS1 and ACR2.x, we will
flag those features (if appropriate) since ACR3 only became available
with Photoshop CS2.
Figure 4-1: Basic ACR window

Camera Raw 2.x and 3.x can open nearly all RAW files created by
today’s digital cameras. When a new camera is introduced to the
market you may need to wait for the next update of ACR. However,
Adobe has even shipped early beta versions to satisfy its customers.
Perhaps needless to mention, everything in Adobe Camera
Raw (ACR) is fully color managed: Monitor profiles are the same as
used by Photoshop, and for all supported cameras Camera Raw
uses built in generic camera specific profiles.
4-3
4.1 Quick ACR real life workflow
4.1 Quick ACR real life workflow

To use ACR you do not need to understand all its features. A good
point to start is to describe how we use ACR for our own workflow
before discussing the gory details and numerous features of ACR.
We use images from a real-life photo session in Monterey, Califonia
(using the Canon 1Ds Mk. II camera) demonstrating how to
approach working with ACR on this particular set of images.
Transfer your images to your computer

As described in a previous chapter, we renamed all images using
Downloader Pro. Here is an example: “1ds2_5001_0039.CR2”:
r 1ds2 is our specific camera type code
r 5001 is a code we use to identify multiple cameras of the same
type or for overrun of 9999 number limitation. 5001 is also used
for a loaner camera
r 0039 is a camera internal number (camera was new at the time)
Browse the image folder of RAW files using Adobe Bridge
4-4
Figure 4-2: Folder selected in Bridge
We use Bridge in the filmstrip-mode giving the layout shown above.

At this point, we could open each picture individually to work on, but
this is not terribly efficient. Instead, we select all images (K/Á-(A))
and open ACR in filmstrip-mode (K/Á-(R)).
4-5

Figure 4-3: ACR in filmstrip-mode
ACR in filmstrip-mode is an important workflow improvement over

older versions of Camera Raw. We now have all RAW files from our
photo session in direct access, and switching from one file to the next
is close to real-time on current computers.
Browse through your images

The filmstrip-mode (for other modes, see page 4-36) allows you to
inspect all shots (almost) as fast as you like.
Make initial corrections to white balance
Sample #1
4-6
Figure 4-4: White balance set to "Off"
When we view the crab photo we see that all images are off in white
balance. This was expected as the photo was taken in the shade,
and few cameras with automatic camera-white-balance will correct
this properly. ACR shows the “As Shot” WB settings.
l Figure 4-5: "As Shot"

white balance settings in
ACR
Whenever possible, in such situations, we photograph a Mini-
ColorChecker to be used as a color reference for the white balance.
In this instance, however, we need to use other means to correct the
WB. This is really not a serious problem as white balance for these
kinds of photos is highly subjective.
We have chosen to click on the ice with the WB tool (the eye-
dropper ):
4-7

Figure 4-6: WB after correction (note the eye dropper cursor)
l Figure 4-27:
Click WB settings
The result looks significantly better, but perhaps a bit too yellow for
our taste. To reduce yellow in the image we enter a color tempera-
ture of about 5,800. Again, this is highly subjective and fully up to
your own personal style and taste.
Sample #2
4-8
Figure 4-8: Cool white balance
lFigure 4-9:
White balance
settings for “As Shot”
Once more, we have no ColorChecker included in the shot thus no

real defined gray as a reference point in the image. This time, we
begin with a WB preset of “Daylight”.
4-9

Figure 4-10: With white balance preset “Daylight”
lFigure 4-11:
White balance at
preset “Daylight”
Again, this result is a trifle too warm for our taste (highly subjective,
too). Ultimately we settled with a WB temperature of 5,000, between
both settings.
Apply settings from one image to other images (especially WB)
Because the other photos of the crabs were shot
using the identical light, we want to apply the
same WB setting to the other crab photos. Keep
the current (master picture, see blue border)
selected and add all the other crab photos to
the selection.
Click on Synchronize:
4-10
Figure 4-11:
Image with blue
border is the
"master picture"
Figure 4-13: Synchronize White Balance only
Now all crab photos have the same WB settings while the other ori-
ginal image settings are untouched.
Tune tonality
Sample #1
Normally avoiding tools with an attribute “auto”, for tonality we
select the ACR “Auto Adjustments” (not yet available with ACR 2.x) to
provide a solid headstart. You can easily toggle Auto Adjustments
on/off using K/Á-(U). Auto adjustments are signaled by the
check marks in Exposure, Shadows, Brightness and Contrast.
Let’s start with Auto Adjustments ON.
4-11

Figure 4-14: Auto Adjustments on
We fine-tune Exposure, Shadows, Brightness and Contrast manually.

In this situation, we were actually pretty close to the Auto-Adjust-
ments. The goal is to always retain shadow details and also keep the
image slightly on the soft side for further fine-tuning in Photoshop.
Figure 4-15: Tonality tuned.

Tonality may also be adjusted using ACR Curves, see below (Usually
leave this at a moderate setting Medium Contrast).
Sample #2
4-12
Figure 4-16: Default tonality settings
This image requires further minor tweaks:

r Avoid small aggressive highlights
r Open up the shadows
Figure 4-17: Tweaked tonality settings

In addition to these changed
parameters, the Tone Curve was
set to “linear”:
4-13

Figure 4-18: r
Linear curve
Organize your images for processing – rank ‘keepers’

If you browse your images, you may want to
rank them. ACR 3.x allows ranking from 0 to
5 stars. Later, Bridge will allow displaying
only the higher-ranked images so you may
concentrate on the ‘keeper’ photos.
Additionally, images may be flagged with
different colors.
ACR 2.x/Photoshop CS1 offers a simple
method for flagging files by your selecting
the appropriate files in the file browser and
clicking the flag icon. The file browser then
displays only flagged images (or if you so
choose, all those not flagged).
Figure 4-19: You may

rank images
Convert images in the background using “Save”

ACR 3.0 adds a new “Save” functionality allowing processing RAW
files in the background (more details later).
Mark bad pictures for deletion
It is disappointing viewing your poor
images, and there are often quite a few,
even with the best photographers. This is
especially true when shooting sports or
wildlife, often at high rates of frames per
second.
Confirm or abandon all changes

You can end your browsing session with
4-14 Done, Open or Cancel.
r Done: Confirms all changes including

the deletion of files marked for deletion Figure 4-20:
(Images deleted are actually put into the Image marked
system’s wastebasket where you have a for deletion
second chance to recover them).
r Open: As with Done but opens all selected files in Photoshop

r Cancel: Not a single change will be performed. This tells you that
all new setting changes are lost and no file will be deleted.
If you terminate your session with Open or Done ACR stores (saves) all
settings. We choose to store settings in local XMP files (only if your
files have non-default settings, see page ???). In this case, your folder
will also display small XMP files stored with the RAW images.
Figure 4-21: XMP files store ACR settings

Perfect your ‘winning’ images one at a time or batch
process all of them
Which of these depends on your style of post processing and also
on the number of changes made, as well as, how much work
remains to be done per image later in Photoshop.
4.2 Browse and evaluate your RAW images with “Bridge”

Bridge is the new file browser by Adobe for the entire CS2 suite. With
CS2, Bridge is no longer a module of Photoshop, but is a stand-alone
4-15
application. In the context of Bridge, ACR plays a special role: ACR
can be hosted by either Bridge or by Photoshop.
4.2 Browse and evaluate your RAW images with "Bridge"
Figure 4-21: ”Bridge” File Browser using Camera Raw

Bridge uses Adobe Camera Raw to create thumbnails and preview
images for all supported RAW file formats. Preview images are of
high quality and 1,024 pixels wide.
In the context of this book, we only cover Bridge as it is relevant
to working with RAW files. There are basically two modes in which
to work with RAW files in Bridge:
r Single files can be opened into ARC hosted by Bridge or
Photoshop. K/Á+(O) opens ACR in Photoshop and
K/Á+(R) in Bridge. Except for minor speed differences, it is
unimportant where you open ACR.
r Working on a set of RAW files in ACR.
4-16
Working on a set of RAW files by opening the files singly is not very
efficient. Capture One introduced a substantially more productive

workflow. ACR has adopted a similar style of workflow. You can
select a set of files in Bridge and open them all K/Á+(R) in ACR.
Figure 4-22: ACR in filmstrip-mode

Once you open ACR in filmstrip-mode, previews are created on the
fly. For this task, ACR uses a cache. In ACR preferences you can select
the location and set the size of this cache.
4-17
4.2 Browse and evaluate your RAW images with "Bridge"

Figure 4-23: Cache settings
Best to choose a size permitting storing all previews of the largest

folder you intend to process (a single preview file needs about 4.5 to
6.5 MB of disk space). This cache has nothing to do with image infor-
mation (it is stored in a database or in XMP sidecar files).
Still in filmstrip-mode, you may navigate through the images in
real time. Only for a brief period of time, a newly-displayed image
will warn with this icon.
This indicator tells you that there may be some minor adjustments
to the histogram and preview while ACR creates the full size image.
At this time, you can navigate through the image set, make
changes, rate or mark images for deletion. None of these changes
are permanent until you confirm them in the dialog pressing Done.
Note: If you work on a set of images, and you the press Cancel, all
changes to all images in that set will be undone. Keep this clearly in
mind so you won’t be wasting valuable time. In fact, the deleted
images are put into the system’s wastebasket.
4.3 Adobe Camera Raw 3.x user interface overview
The user interface of Adobe Camera Raw is clean and easy to use. Its
window can be resized up to full screen. The only downside of full
screen is that some operations might slow to less than real-time
which they display in a smaller window (This depends, of course, on
the performance of the computer used). We use a window size that
is quite large, and Camera Raw still performs well in virtually real-
time.
4-18
Figure 4-24: Basic Adobe Camera Raw Window
The preview image is large enough to judge color and other details.
If you need to view finer details, the preview can be zoomed to
100 % pixels and beyond.
The User Interface Elements
The Histogram
l Figure 4-25:
Use the
histogram as
an aid when
making slider
changes.
4-19
This illustration shows an RGB histogram plus histograms of the
three individual color channels, R, G and B. The white areas are those
4.3 Camera Raw 3.x User Interface overview

where all three primary colors are present. Cyan combines green
and blue pixels while yellow combines red and green channels.
Magenta signifies that there are red as well as blue pixel values. It
would be helpful if you could disable the display of the combined
channels, however, that is not currently possible.
Top left Toolbar:
Zoom / Hand tool

ACR supports all the usual zooming and image moving controls that
you are accustomed to in Photoshop. Normally, we set the preview
to “Fit in View” as we do most detailed inspections later in
Photoshop itself (This is, please note, our personal workflow style).
Eyedropper ( ) The eyedropper will be explained later when
we cover WB (White Balance). The eyedropper may also be used
for some RGB readouts which are displayed on the right side below
the preview window.
Color Samplers
ACR 3 allows up to 9 color
samplers to be placed on an
image.
These can be extremely
useful when desiring to
monitor certain areas in
images and how they are
altered while changing
image parameters.
Figure 4-26: ACR color sampler
4-20
Crop ToolACR3
You can crop images in ACR too. The crop tool also permits arbi-
trary rotation.
Straighten Tool ACR3

It is easy to tilt an image. The Straighten Tool is an easy way to cor-
rect for tilt. Follow a straight horizontal /vertical line with the
straighten cursor. ACR will then correct the tilt automatically.
Figure 4-27: Straighten Tool
Rotating ACR3
There are two controls to rotate the image either clock- or
counter-clockwise.
Workflow options
Figure 4-27: ACR Workflow Options
ICC Working Space

ACR offers four different working spaces.
4-21
We use Adobe RGB (1998) or ProPhoto
RGB (only for 16-bit). Currently there is

no way to add additional working spaces,
such as ECI-RGB.
Bit Depth
From RAW files, you may either produce 8-bit or 16-bit Tiff files when
converting (JPEG allows only for 8-bit files). Most of the time we use
ACR in 16-bit mode.
Output Size
For most RAW file formats,
ACR allows you to up/downsize
an image. The algorithm used is
much improved over the stan-
dard Photoshop
“bicubic”.
“(-)” indicates a down sampling from the native camera format
and “(+)” an up sampling.
If you intend to do large format printing of your image but the
native resolution of the image is not high enough for your intended
size and printing method, we recommend doing your first upsizing
in ACR and, if required, a second in Photoshop.
Resolution
This defines the PPI that the opened file is tagged with. We work
with the standards of 240 or 300 DPI.
You likely will not change most of these options often once you
use Camera Raw regularly.
Camera Raw’s main image correction controls

ACR offers five tabs with controls:
4-22 Figure 4-29: Main correction tools (tabs) of ACR when

"Extended Mode" is active
r Adjust
r Detail
r Lens
r Curve (new in ACR 3)
r Calibrate
We will discuss these tabs in more detail. In most cases, you only
need to bother with three of them: Adjust, Detail and Curve.
Adjust tab
The Adjust tab contains the essential controls used for any RAW con-
version.
4-23

lFigure 4-30:
Adjust Tab of ACR
The main tasks done in any RAW converter are correcting White
Balance (WB) and Exposure (EV).
White Balance (WB)

Two sliders control white balance in ACR: Temperature and Tint.
This is how Thomas Knoll (the original creator of Photoshop
and also of Camera Raw) explains their function:
”To get a color to appear white, you need to get three param-
eters correct. This is a basic feature of human vision, stemming
from the three types of color sensors in the eye.
There are several common ways of factoring these three
parameters. Probably the most familiar is red-green-blue
values, where white is when they are all equal to some maxi-
mum value.
Another common factoring is luminance-temperature-
tint, which is what the Camera Raw plug-in is using.
Luminance is basically how bright the light is. This is what
photographers fiddle with all the time by adjusting shutter
4-24 speed and f-stop. The Camera Raw plug-in allows you to fine-
tune this using the “Exposure” slider.
The remaining two parameters describe the “color” of the

light.
If you take a black object and start heating it up, first it
starts to glow red, then orange, then yellow, then “white,”
and then a blue-white. The exact color of this light is depen-
dent only on the temperature of the object, and is called
“black body radiation”. It is usually measured in degrees
Kelvin. Unfortunately, humans usually describe lower Kelvin
numbers as being “warmer,” and higher numbers is being
“colder,” which is opposite what science would suggest.
But real world light is rarely pure black body radiation.
Tungsten light comes very close to being a pure black body,
but other light sources usually have a color that is offset from
the black body curve. On one side of black body curve, the
light is greener; on the other side, the light is more magenta.
Fluorescent lights are often very green. The standardized
average daylight values (D55, D65, D75) are all slightly greener
than black body. Flashes are sometimes more magenta than
black body.
The Camera Raw plug-in has two sliders to adjust for the
color of the light. The first is “Temperature,” which is a closest
point on the black body curve to the light’s actual color. The
second is “Tint,” which is the offset distance perpendicular to
the black body curve. Positive values means the light is
greener than black body; negative means the light is more
magenta than black body.”
Having used nearly all other RAW converters out there in actual
practice, we conclude that using only a single color temperature
slider does not cut it. We consider the WB control in Camera Raw is
one of the best we have seen, to date.
Of course, Camera Raw also allows a one-click WB. Click with
the eyedropper on a gray or white (no overexposed white, please!)
area and ACR sets the correct temperature and tint values. It is pre-
ferable to photograph a gray card or ColorChecker under the same
light as other images during a photo session, correct from the gray
card image and apply WB settings to all the other photos with the
same lighting conditions (see saving and loading settings below).
Then there are also some standard WB presets: 4-25

lFigure 4-31: ACR offers
several predefined WB settings
These presets can be used as a good starting point for manual WB
correction (when you don’t find a neutral/gray object in the image).
Please read the section on ”Subjective WB“ on page 3-8 to
understand that frequently the ”right“ WB requires further subjec-
tive correction.
Exposure, Shadows, Brightness & Contrast
The slider Exposure allows you to control the proper settings for
tonality (you can also use the Curves tool). ACR has a very powerful,
unique feature to view possible blown highlights. While you drag
the exposure slider, hold down the À key and display a threshold
view (works like Photoshop Levels).
4-26
Figure 4-32: Threshold view shows clipped Highlights
If you check the Shadows and Highlights buttons at the top right
top of ACR 3 window, areas with blown out
portions of an image are marked by ACR with a marking color (by
ACR3
default red = highlights and blue = shadows).

The Shadows slider lets you control the shadows, and, once more,
the À key allows you to see a threshold view.
The preview and histogram are both updated in real-time.
4-27

Figure 4-33: Threshold view shows clipped Shadows
Exposure
With the exposure slider you control the brightest point in your
image. This means that the brightest area in your image should con-
tain the value you choose. The brightest area should not be a white
without any detail unless you have some specular highlights.
Shadows
With the Shadows slider you control the darkest point in your
image. The darkest area in your image should have a value you
choose. The darkest area in an image does not need to hold any
detail and will be mapped to the deepest black your printer can pro-
duce.
Once you have controlled both Exposure and Shadows, then
tune Brightness and Contrast.
We recommend using all four sliders to produce either the final
tonality or one that is slightly soft:
r No blown highlights
r No blocked up shadows
r No harsh contrast
Certain tonality corrections needing selection or adaptive controls

(like PS Shadow/Highlight) cannot be performed in ACR. You must
do this final tuning in Photoshop.
Saturation
4-28 The control for saturation works quite nicely. We prefer to tune color
saturation later in Photoshop and do it only for selected regions
and/or selected colors usually.
Detail tab
The Detail tab includes controls that handle sharpness and noise.
l Figure 4-34:
Detail tab of ACR
Sharpness
You can get quite good sharpening results with ACR’s sharpness
tool. There are three possible strategies:
r Do all sharpening in ACR (recommended for batch conversion)
r Do approximately 10 % sharpening in ACR and later final sharp-
ening in Photoshop
r Leave all sharpening to Photoshop.
We currently tend to use method 3 as we have very good sharpen-
ing tools to use in Photoshop (e. g. CS Smart Sharpen or our own
EasyS Sharpening Toolkit) and choose to leave sharpening as the
final step.
Here is a Canon 1Ds file as an example
4-29

Figure 4-35: 1Ds image (4064 x 2704 pixels)
Figure 4-36: ACR sharpening 0 % on the left and 50 % on the right (shown at 100 % pixels)
You may also set the option Preview images only to prevent the con-
verted files from being sharpened at all by ACR but still simulate
sharpening in the ACR preview. This makes it easier to judge the
image now while using more sophisticated sharpening techniques
later in Photoshop.
Figure 4-37: Camera Raw Preferences

4-30
We actually have the sharpening setting at zero because sharpening
is done later in Photoshop (or select sharpen for preview only).
Smoothness
Smoothness controls the image noise removal. It can be controlled
at two levels:
r Luminance Noise (detail noise)
r Color Noise (good values seem to be 20–30)
The smoothness control can be used to remove some noise (espe-

cially for higher ISO images). ACR tries to keep the sharpness on all
edges but as with any noise filter, the images gets a bit degraded.
Our strategy is to use as low as possible ISO with all our cameras to
avoid later noise removal as much as possible.
Again, the general strategies are similar as with sharpening:
r Do all noise removal in ACR (only for really high ISO images)
r Do some 10 % smoothening in ACR and later more work in
Photoshop using the filter Reduce Noise, Noise Ninja ([18]) or
equally good tools.
r Leave all noise removal to Photoshop (again “Reduce Noise”,
Noise Ninja ([18]) or equally good tools, also see [17]).
Again, we tend to use the third method or, in general, do scarcely
any noise removal at all.
Lens tab
4-31
lFigure 4-38:

ACR Lens tab. Midpoint
is grayed out, until an
Amount is set.
This tab provides two very unique tools:

r Chromatic Aberration Removal (CA)
r Vignetting compensation
Lower quality lenses – but also some prime lenses used with full
frame sensors – show so-called chromatic aberration (CA), mainly in
corners.
lFigure 4-39:
Sample Chromatic
Aberration and the fixed
result in Camera Raw 2
CA shows up on high contrast edges. One side will be green and the
other purple. ACR helps remove (or at least minimize) the effect with
ease as the tool works in real time. The Panorama Tools (a free
Photoshop plug-in for image stitching) also contain a CA filter but is
pretty slow, and you have to manually try to find the right values.
Adobe Camera Raw chromatic aberration removal is simply first
class beginning with ACR2 and worth the price of the upgrade to CS
alone if you are still using Photoshop 7 and see a lot of CA in your
images.
We have not felt the need to use the Vignetting filter yet. If your
lens, however, shows a strong vignetting, you should do a correc-
tion in your RAW converter. As vignetting may occur a little bit off
the lens center, you may use the slider Midpoint to position the
center of the vignetting.
4-32 Curves tab

l Figure 4-40:
Curve Tab of ACR
In theory, you could control the entire tonality using this curves con-
trol, however, correcting using curves often is not terribly intuitive.
We use it only for final fine-tuning. Some presets are provided that
improve the contrast (some weak S-curves mostly).
l Figure 4-41: Curve presets
Officially, there is no support to create your own permanent presets.
Fortunately, the developers allowed a workaround. You can save an
ACR setting-subset to a file. If, at that time, you only select “Tone
Curve,” the settings will be saved in a different folder. These settings 4-33
will then show up as Curves presets.

Calibrate tab
This is a tool that
some will love while
others may hate.
Some RAW converters
control colors for
different cameras by
using standard ICC
camera profiles and
even allow the users
to replace the profiles
(example Capture One
DSLR).
Figure 4-42: r
ACR Calibrate tab
This is a very powerful solution if you are able to get “good” (subjec-
tive) profiles. Creating your own profiles is not that easy, and, in our
opinion, better left to experts. There are currently third-party pro-
files for tools like Capture One DSLR on the market.
ACR has hard-coded Matrix profiles for all cameras. The
“Calibrate sliders allow you to tweak profiles defined by ACR. This is
very powerful, but you had better know what you are doing. We
leave the settings mainly at the default (all = 0) but also expect that
some photographers will come up with useful settings for different
cameras. For more details on camera profiling see chapter 11.
How to process the images finally

All ACR versions prior to ACR 3.0 had only had the options Open and
4-34 Cancel. This does not envision working with multiple images simul-
taneously. ACR 3 adds two additional buttons: Save and Done.
lFigure 4-43:
Processing options of ACR 3
It is important to understand these options and all their implica-

tions.
Save: Use Save, To convert an image and return to ACR:
Activate the Save dialog:
Figure 4-44: Save Dialog

In the dialog you specify:
r Destination folder for the converted image. We always use a
unique folder “x_acr_temp” used exclusively for ACR output files.
r Renaming options (optional)
r Output file type (either TIFF or JPEG)
Once you press Save, you will return to the main dialog of ACR. But
in the background images will get converted. The ACR dialog indi-
cates this fact by showing a message:
4-35
lFigure 4-45: Status of background
processing

What if you have many images in the queue and want to stop the
rest? Just click on the message and you get this dialog:
Figure 4-46: Background Save status dialog
Pressing Stop will terminate all unfinished processing.

Save may be executed without opening up the dialog by using the
À-K-(S) (Mac: Á-Â-(S)) keyboard combination.
Open converts all selected files and opens them in Photoshop. The
ACR dialog is closed and all settings are save (same as Done). This
also denotes that image settings for images not opened will be
saved.
Done Saves all changed image settings and closes the ACR dialog.
No images are opened or converted.
Cancel closes the ACR dialog without saving any changes. No files
will be opened and image processing is done.
Note: If you work on a set of images and you press Cancel, all (!)
changes to all images in that set will be undone. Keep this in mind
to avoid wasting time. Actually, the deleted images are put into the
system’s wastebasket. This note is repeated here to help you avoid
problems.
Saving and reusing settings

Often you want to use the same settings for an entire set of photos.
4-36 There are two ways in Camera Raw to save the settings and apply
them later to other images.
Save and Load settings (all
settings or subsets are saved

and can be restored).
Once saved into the folder
”Presets/Camera Raw“ these
settings are also shown in the
settings drop-down list. Use
descriptive names for your
saved settings, so you know
their function when recalling
them later on.
Figure 4-47: Save or load settings
Image Settings: Apply the last
saved setting to this image.
Camera Raw Defaults: Apply
camera type default (see next
paragraph).
Previous: Recall values from
the last conversion done by
ACR for a picture with the
same camera type.
Custom: User has changed
values. Figure 4-48: Drop-down list of settings
Other entries: List of user
saved settings.
Recording Adobe Camera Raw settings
Looking at a converted image, you may wonder which settings were
used for the RAW conversion. By using ACR for the conversion, this is
no problem: ACR records all settings used in the meta information of
the created file. You may recall (view) it in Photoshop by using
Photoshop’s File Information function (FilerFile Info or via
Q+À+K+(I)).
4-37

Figure 4-49: Recorded Settings
Batch conversion
There are actually three ways to do batch processing with Adobe
Camera Raw:
r Provide your RAW files with the appropriate settings (e. g. call up
ACR with the first image, do all corrections and save that setting.
Then, you may apply this setting to all other RAW images. Select
all images you want to convert using either Photoshop file
browser or Bridge). Shift-double-click on the last of the selected
files. This will bypass the Camera Raw dialog box and start the
conversion of all images selected.
r Create a Photoshop action (see page 8-5). The action may open a
file, do a RAW conversion using ACR using the assigned setting of
each individual file, open the converted image in Photoshop, do
some Photoshop steps and save the image in a predefined format.
Then use Photoshop’s function FilerAutomaterBatch to apply
the action to all files of a folder (and optionally all its subfolders).
r Use a script to do the job. A script can do operations a Photo-
shop action cannot do (e. g. use different processing steps depen-
ding on some predefined condition) and can use several applica-
tions like Bridge (e. g. to selection), ACR (e. g. selecting dedicated
settings) and Photoshop. Adobe supports scripts either in Virtual
Basic (with Windows), Apple Script (with Mac OS) or JavaScript,
which may run on both platforms.
4-38 Scripting is very powerful, but requires some learning. We rec-
ommend JavaScript, mainly for its independency of platform.
There are a few (Java) scripts shipped with Bridge. Looking at

them can provide you a painless start into scripting.
We go further into batch processing in chapter 8, please refer to that
chapter for more information.
Advanced image corrections

When white balance, exposure and other primary corrections are
done, there may still be some advanced image corrections required.
Here is a list of them and how we deal with them in Adobe Camera
Raw:
Noise (luminance and color noise) r We rarely use Luminance
noise removal as it degrades details too much. Additionally, we
often leave the color noise slider at a low level (10–15). Be aware,
however, that even color noise removal can result in colors bleeding
into other areas.
Sharpening r For optimal sharpening we use other tools in
Photoshop (Smart Sharpen or EasyS Sharpening Toolkit)
Removal of chromatic aberrations (CA) r This is a powerful option
in ACR. Aside from this, you can also use the Lens Correction tool in
Photoshop CS2. If you still use Photoshop CS1, we recommend you
do removal of CA here.
Vignetting r As mentioned before, we have few vignetting issues
(vignetting mainly occurs with extremely wide angle lenses).
CroppingACR3 r Though the cropping support in ACR is very useful,
we often leave the final crop to Photoshop.
Correcting tilt ACR3 (So easy to shoot an image unlevel)r The
straighten tool is very helpful in correcting tilt in images. If your
image is only slightly off, we recommend doing any straightening
here, especially if you convert to 8-bit output.
Perspective corrections r ACR does not have a dedicated tool for
perspective correction. You can use the Lens Correction tool in
Photoshop CS2 though.
Dust removal r Dust removal is best performed with the
Photoshop Healing Brush. 4-39
Upsampling r If you know you need your image up sampled, ACR
4.4 Extra workflow support

provides good options. Most often we perform any upsizing later
with Photoshop CS tools (see also our Upsizing articles at [49]).
Batch conversion
You can also perform batch conversions. This is done by creating
Photoshop actions and using these actions in batch mode. Follow
the instructions in the CS2 manual and see chapter 8 for more
details. You may also create added actions for different purposes.
One reason to use batch conversions would be to create some
preview JPEG images from newly captured photos, or if a set of
photos has the exact same exposure and white balance (e. g. studio
shots).
Background processingrLike Capture One and RawShooter ACR
(as from ACR 3 on) provides background processing with the new
Save functionality.
Apply settings from one file to other files r You can apply set-
tings from one image to other images in ACR or Bridge.
In ACR:
r Select the original image whose setting you intend to use
r Next, select all the other images that should be adjusted.
r Press the Synchronize button.
r ACR pops up the following Synchronize dialog, where you may
select (or deselect) all settings you want to transfer:
4-40
l Figure 4-50:
Synchronize dialog
In Bridge:
r Select the original image.
r Use EditrApply Camera Raw SettingsrCopy Camera Raw
Settings.
r Then select all those images that should be adjusted.
r Use EditrApply Camera Raw SettingsrPaste Camera Raw
Settings.
The same synchronize dialog pops up:
Snapshots for different conversion settingsr ACR does not sup-
port snapshots directly. But you may save as many settings for any
file as you wish.
Save/restore settings r You may save your settings to a file at any
time to recall later on.
Camera default settings r A very important feature for any RAW
converter is to have default settings applying to images created by a
certain camera type. ACR allows setting defaults at any time or to set
them back to factory generic settings.
Undo / redo r With ACR, Undo/Redo can be used for two purposes:
r Actually going back in history
r Toggle between the last and the current state during image cor-
rection (K-(Z)), Mac: Á-(Z)).
In some cases ACR also supports multiple undo/redo by using
K-(Z) and Q-K-(Z).(Mac: Â-(Z) and Q-Â-(Z) respectively).
4-41
Keyboard shortcuts r For crucial and often-performed operations,
4.4 Extra workflow support

keyboard shortcuts can save a lot of time. All the shortcuts we intro-
duce here are important. Check the manual for others.
Support for scroll wheel r There is no support for scroll wheels in
ACR.
RGB value samplers r Up to nine color samplers can be set using
the eyedropper icon . ACR will show their RGB values in the top
area of the main window.
Figure 4-51: With ACR3, you may set up to 9 color samplers.

4.5 RAW files embedded in Photoshop "Smart Objects"
One of the very powerful new features in Photoshop CS2 are the
Smart Objects. We will not cover Smart Objects in detail other than
what is needed for our example. Best you read Ben Willmore’s book
“CS2 Up to Speed” (see Ben’s book [3]).
Overall, we find Smart Objects more helpful for Designers than
photographers. But there is one feature that is very powerful for
photographers, indeed. You can embed a RAW file into a Smart
Object layer. The process is not complicated, but is not particularly
obvious. The method we describe was introduced to us by Ben
4-42 Willmore.
Creating a Smart Object layer that contains a RAW file

First, we may need to change a setting in Photoshop General

Preferences:
l Figure 4-52:
Preferences
Make sure that the “Resize Image During Paste/Place” property is

not checked.
Create a new 16-bit RGB document in Photoshop of about 300 x 300
pixels:
Figure 4-53:
New 16-bit
document
Next select a RAW file in Bridge and place it into the new document 4-43
by using the Place->Photoshop command in Bridge:
4.5: RAW files embedded in Photoshop "Smart Objects"

lFigure 4-54:
Place Image from
Bridge
This will open the Camera Raw dialog in Photoshop:
lFigure 4-54:
ACR for Placing
a RAW file
Change your RAW settings and confirm with Open . Now you see
the image of figure 4-55 in Photoshop CS2:
4-44
lFigure 4-55: After Place

At this point the image is not yet really placed. To continue you need
to confirm the placement with the Return key.
lFigure 4-56: After Return
Because the RAW file is larger than our newly-created document, we

view only part of it. Fortunately there is the FilerReveal All tool in
Photoshop available to get back to full size:
lFigure 4-57: Reveal All command
At this point, we see the full-sized converted RAW image as if it would
be normally as Background image. A closer inspection reveals that
we have created a so called Smart Object layer containing the original
RAW file. The first indicator is the different image title bar: 4-45
4.5: RAW files embedded in Photoshop "Smart Objects"

lFigure 4-58:
Page Title bar
rThe file name is still “Untitled-1” while a normal opened RAW file
would show the RAW file name.
rThe RAW file name shows up as a layer name which indicates that
we have a layer and not simply a Background image
The Layers palette shows more:
lFigure 4-59: Smart Object Layer
The symbol flags Smart Objects.

Now that we finally have a RAW file as a Smart Object layer, you
may ask: why is it worth the hassle? What is the big difference from
using a converted RAW file as a normal Background image?
In working with converted RAW files you have the following
limitations:
rIf you want to change any parameters for the RAW conversion you
have to begin all over again
rAlso, you must locate the matching RAW file first
The RAW file in the Smart Object layer makes it much simpler. Double-
click on the image icon and Camera Raw 3.x will open up again and
you can fine tune your RAW conversions settings. There is no need
to search for your RAW files as it is contained in the Smart Object
layer. Finally all information needed for your work on a certain RAW
file is part of your image.
4-46
Exporting RAW files from a Smart Object
Because the Smart Object layer contains the full original RAW file,
we can even take the original file back. Select the Smart Object layer
that contains your RAW file and use LayerrSmartObjectsrExport
Contents:
lFigure 4-54:
Export Contents
We think that Smart Objects allow a seamless integration of RAW

files and the needed final tuning in Photoshop.
Note: Dr. Brown‘s Services 1.0 make this whole process much easier
to understand (Check out the movie at [48]).
Chapter 5
Pixmantec RawShooter (RS)
5-1
Pixmantec RawShooter (RS)

Pixmantec RawShooter (RS for short) is a new RAW converter,

created by the software designer Capture One. Capture One has
proven to be very influential in the RAW converter evolution.
RawShooter was designed to be very simple and quick to use. Yet its
focus is excellent RAW conversion results.
As of mid-2005, there is no Mac version. That is a business deci-
sion on which we have no comment. We do hope for all Mac users
that a Mac version of this technology is released in the future.
5.1 Quick RawShooter real life workflow
To use RS it is not required to know all its features. It may be helpful
to describe how we use RS in our own workflow before discussing in
detail the many features of RS. Again, we work with images from a
real-life photo session in Monterey, California (using the Canon 1Ds
Mk. II camera) and explain how we approach working with
RawShooter on this set of images.
Transfer your images to your computer

All images are renamed using Downloader Pro (see chapter 3).
5-2
Browse your RAW files using the RS RAW file browser
Chapter 5: Pixmantec RawShooter (RS)
Figure 5-1: Folder selected in RS
RS has a RAW-only file browser which helps concentrate on only

RAW files. The RS browser acts as a digital light box. We use the
layout shown with a bottom filmstrip. When you enter a new folder,
RS creates preview files. It is advisable to wait for all previews to be
created, as work goes significantly faster when previews are avail-
able.
Browse through your images

Filmstrip-mode allows you to inspect all shots as quickly as you like.
Make initial corrections to WB
Sample #1
5-3
5.1 Quick RawShooter real life workflow
Figure 5-2: WB Off
The crab photos seen have incorrect white balance. This was
expected because the photo was shot in the shade. Few automatic
camera’s WB will correct for this situation. RS displays the “As Shot”
WB settings:
l Figure 5-3:
“As Shot” WB settings in RS
As mentioned earlier, If possible a mini ColorChecker may be photo-
graphed. In this case, however, we will use other means to correct
the WB. Because white balance for these kinds of photos is highly
subjective, no serious problems are encountered .
We have chosen to click on the ice with the white balance tool:
5-4
Figure 5-4: White balance after correction (note the eye dropper cursor)
lFigure 5-5: Click WB settings

This has improved white balance. After tonality is improved, the
image may still need some tweaking.
Sample #2
5-5

Figure 5-6: Cool white balance
l Figure 5-7: WB settings for

“As Shot”
Again, we have no ColorChecker, but also no real defined gray occurs

in the image. For that reason, we change the color temperature by
adjusting the “Color Temperature” slider.
5-6
Figure 5-8: With WB at Color Temperature 6000K
l Figure 5-9: WB set to 6 000 K

The result is slightly too warm for our taste (this is highly subjective).
Finally we settled on a WB temperature of 6,000 K. Again changes to
the tonality may suggest revisiting the WB settings.
Apply settings from one image to other images

(especially WB)
Since all other photos of crabs were shot in the same light, we wish
to apply the same WB setting to the other crab photos. Keep the
current (master picture) selected and add the other crab photos to
the selection.
Figure 5-10: Select master and target images
Click on the copy settings button
5-7

l Figure 5-11:
Copy “White Balance” only
Now, all crab photos have the same WB settings leaving the other
original image settings untouched
Tune tonality
Sample #1
Normally we ignore tools that proclaim the attribute Auto. But for
tonality correction, the RS “Auto Exposure” often provides us a head
start (keyboard shortcut À-(E)).
Let’s begin using Auto Exposure. It changes settings for
Exposure, Fill Light, Shadow Contrast and Highlight Contrast.
5-8
Figure 5-12: Image using Auto Exposure of RawShooter
l Figure 5-13: Auto Exposure
This adjustment brought much more life to the photo. It requires

tweaking to make it a bit brighter. Overall brightness is achieved
using the exposure slider, brightness in the shadows with Fill Light
(No equivalent for this in other RAW converters).
5-9

Figure 5-14: Image of figure 5-12 after some tonality tuning
l Figure 5-15:
Tonality tuned
Comparing the original image to the final result is quite impressive;

how a few slider changes can make such a huge difference.
Sample #2
Again we start with Auto-Adjustments (À-(E))
5-10
Figure 5-15: Image in RS using Auto-Adjustments
l Figure 5-16: Auto Exposure
There remain minor tweaks:

r Brighten the image overall
r Open the shadow up (more Fill Light)
r Keep some aggressive highlights in check
5-11

Figure 5-17: Image after tweaking Exposure, Fill Light, Shadow contrast and Highlight
contrast
lFigure 5-18: Tweaked tonality

settings for image of figure 5-15. The
result is shown in figure 5-17.
It takes less than 30 seconds to achieve a first usable result.
Rank/Prioritize keepers
Prioritize images
Browsing your images, you may want to prioritize them. RS allows
flagging them, ranking from 1 to 3. By doing this, you can display
only the first-ranked pictures if you choose to do that:
5-12
Figure 5-20: RS now only shows those images with priority 1

(there are 3 of them).
Convert images in the background

At any time, convert single or sets of images in the background by
clicking the Process button or just hitting the Insert key.
Mark bad pictures for deletion
lFigure 5-21:
Mark image for
deletion
No matter how unpleasant it may be to view your poor shots, which

happens to even the best photographers, you can mark those poor
images for deletion. When an image is marked for deletion, it is not
actually removed immediately. Rather, it is moved from the all
images tab to the wastebasket tab. If you then view images at the
wastebasket you may undelete them by clicking the delete button
on the thumbnail view again. For final deletion, next press the
button. RS pops-up a warning dialog. If you confirm it, your images
will be removed completely (you will no longer find them in the sys-
tem waste basket):
5-13
Figure 5-22: You receive a warning before images are deleted

All changes are always permanent
RS stores all settings permanently in some settings file:
Figure 5-23: Setting files used by RS
The setting files correlate to each folder stored in a subfolder

“.RWSettings”.
Perfect your winning images one at a time, or batch

process them all
Whether you convert images individually or use batch processing
depends both on your style of post-processing and on the number
and kind of changes required.
5.2 Getting started (setup RawShooter)
Note: Even though a lot of details are covered here, this book does
not replace the manual. Further details and principles are covered in
our e-book DOP2000 ([47]).
After installation, you must register and RS is ready to go. There is
not much to setup, but we suggest the following:
r Select the "Batch convert" tab.
5-14
l Figure 5-24: Batch convert tab
RGB Working space: We use either 8-bit Adobe RGB or 16-bit

ProPhoto RGB All as shown on the above screen shot.
This is the first RAW converter used with its sharpening set to
“on”. Later we may add minor sharpening with EasyS in Photoshop.
You can also open converted files directly into Photoshop. We
don’t do this most of the time because we have a different browser
displaying the folder with converted files
You may also use custom camera profiles, but, in our estima-
tion, the internal profiles are quite good. We will not feature expla-
nations on how to use custom profiles, but RS fully supports these
profiles and their creation process (see Preferences).
Open the "Naming and output location dialog”:
5-15
5.3 Inspect and browse your files with RawShooter

l Figure 5-25:
Set up the
naming and
location for
converted RAW
files.
We created a special folder for all converted files
(D:\_tmp_workfiles\x_raw_shooter).
5.3 Inspect and browse your files with RawShooter

Note: As the name implies, this is a browser for RAW files only.
The RAW file browser supports various features. First, you can select
from 5 different layouts to which you can switch ‘on the fly.’ We use
option #5 – filmstrip-mode:
l Figure 5-26: Different layout options
Our main layout looks like that of figure 5-27:

5-16
Figure 5-27: Viewing option #5 with filmstrip-mode
At figure 5-28 you find

the folder browser and
favorites list:
At any time you
can add a folder to
the list of favorites
(either right context
menu or via drag/
drop). Favorites are
crucial to get quickly
to your last projects.
Once you have
selected a folder, RS
will start to create
previews and thumb-
nails. RS is notably Figure 5-28: Folder navigation of RS
very fast but using
folders with many large RAW files will
take some time. Two indicators in RS
preview that building is in progress:
Figure 9-29 r
Progress wheels.
5-17
Figure 5-29: Window top border shows how many previews are still to be created

Once previews have been created, the workflow is quite fast. The
filmstrip area allows organizing your images into different priorities:
Figure 5-31: Filmstrip
There are eight tabs on top:

r All images in the folder
r All flagged images in the folder
r All images with no priority and not marked for deletion
r Images of priority 1, 2 or 3 (easily tag all files)
r Recently processed images
r Images marked for deletion (if you then finally delete them they
are gone for good)
r The filmstrip toolbar allows
control of appearance:
– Size of the thumbnails
– Sorting order (name or date)
– Finally, delete images marked
for deletion.
For any single image, perform the following
operations on thumbnails:
r Flag image
r Set priority to 1, 2 or 3
5-18 r Mark for deletion
r Rotate by 90 degrees, left or right
Once you have selected a folder and want

to work on a single image, use the full
image view (+ it toggles between both
views):
Figure 5-32: Work view

You can scale the image up to 800%. 100–400% are
pre-defined settings:
RS allows conveniently toggling between “fit View”
and the last selected zoom level by using Q-+.
If you work with zoom levels, the
navigator panel helps to find the
right locations.
Figure 5-33 r 5-19

RSE navigator panel

Here are controls for the main view:
r Zoom level
r Fit to screen
r Zoom presets
r Hand tool (better to use the space bar)
r Show under/overexposure warning colors (can also be activated
on-demand using the K key).
Preview size
RS provides full-sized previews for all cameras. Working with 100%
views or larger is much more convenient than in Capture One (check
out the slide show – see below).
Deletion workflow
Deleting files is an important and critical process. In RS you mark
files for deletion on a folder-by-folder basis. Once you have marked
all files that you want to delete in a certain folder, you can revisit all
those files in the “marked for deletion” tab (e.g. presented in a slide
show – see below). To undelete a file, just uncheck the deletion
mark on the thumbnail pane. When you are sure you want to delete
marked files, click on the wastebasket icon and remove the images
completely (they will not show up in your system waste basket).
Some useful keyboard shortcuts
As with other tools, RS provides a number of keyboard shortcuts to
speed up work and which you should keep in mind for efficient work-
ing.
+: toggle browser to image view
K: show over-exposure indicator colors
K-+: toggle between zoom and fit size view
À-(E): Auto exposure (good starting point)
5-20 5.4 Image corrections

All correction tools are on one

Correct tab: r
All essential image corrections

fall into the following categories:
r White Balance (WB)
r Exposure and Tonality
r Color tuning
r Sharpness and detail
r Noise handling
The “Correct” toolbar:
From left to right:

r Apply settings to other
selected images
r Activate WB gray balance tool
(we use Q+Click instead)
r Set WB to ”as shot“ in camera"
r Auto WB and auto exposure.
Auto exposure frequently
provides a workable starting
point (À-(E)) Figure 5-35: RS Image correction tab
l Figure 5-36: With RS, you may use “Auto
White balance” as a good starting point.
r Back to initial settings
r Forward to last active settings
Since we have reached undo/redo features, it is appropriate to show

a very powerful RS tool: Snapshots.
You can create as many snap- 5-21
shots as you like, and all those
snapshot settings are stored for
5.4 Image corrections

later use.
Note: RS stores all image settings
in a subfolder with the name
”.RWSettings“ and all settings files
appended with the suffix “*.rws”.
Setting white balance (WB)
Figure 5-37: WB by Colder/Warmer WB by color temperature
White balance works as usual. The key correction methods are via
color temperature or clicking on a light neutral gray object (do not
use over-exposed white areas). The color temperature’s default set-
ting makes colors colder/warmer. You can change this in Preferences
to sliders using absolute color temperature. We choose the default
colder/warmer method because we believe that WB is, in most
cases, a highly subjective decision.
We find that ”as shot“ WB is often satisfactory. We do like to
photograph a gray card or Color Checker and use the gray balanc-
ing eyedropper. We are just overlooking some predefined and user
WB presets.
Note: The navigator pane will show how the image would look if the
WB eyedropper is clicked at the current position.
Exposure and tonality

Aside from WB, necessary for
good colors exposure, tonality
controls are essential in getting
a pleasing photographic look to
your images. RS has unique
5-22 controls, and we had to learn
how to use them. Most RAW
converters support controls

that, in principle, are a variant Figure 5-38: Adaptive controls in RS
of levels and curves. RS works
differently. It actually operates adaptively (pixels evaluated in their
scene context, more like the Photoshop Shadow/Highlight tool). It
may seem more complicated to describe than to actually experience
yourself. To get the best from an image, you must find the optimum
setting for all four sliders:
r Exposure compensation
r Fill Light
r Shadow contrast
r Highlight contrast
Keep in mind that it is best to make use of all four sliders and avoid
extremes. Do a visual correction with RS displaying supporting his-
tograms (3 types, click to change the display type):
Figure 5-39: Watch your histogram while fiddling with the various sliders.
We like to use version #1. At the top you also find three indicators for
highlights and shadows. They signal whether a certain channel is
being clipped. In the figure above, the blue channel is clipped in its
highlights.
The best way to learn to use the controls is to play using your
own images. We often see stunning improvements. The most accu-
rate word to describe the results is: ”more 3D like.”
Here are some primary guidelines:
Note: All values are entered numerically. If you click the cursor in
one of the fields, use the mouse scroll wheel for fine adjustments.
Exposure compensation (EV): If your image is too bright, tone
down the EV. If too dark, first try Fill Light to brighten the image
5-23
Fill Light: For most images it is advisable to stay below a value of 50.

Consider perhaps lowering the EV and then turn Fill Light up. Fill
light also helps opening up shadows.
Shadow contrast: Usually best to tune up giving more depth and
contrast (punch).
Highlight contrast: Used to tone down aggressive highlights.
Again these four sliders work hand-in-hand. Work with all of them.
Sample 1
5-24
Figure 5-40: Dull overcast shot (Canon 1D Mk. II)
The Fill Light feature is a key

tool for working with your
images.
Figure 5-41:r
RS settings for tonality
Figure 5-42: Resulting image

Sample 2
5-25

Figure 5-43: Typical shot with deep shadows (Canon 1Ds Mk. II)
Before using RS, we spent

much time achieving the
correct tonality for this
image (both in the RAW
converter and later by
masking in Photoshop).
Using RS, it took us about
Figure 5-44: Corrections
30 seconds (actually!).
Figure 5-45: Corrected

Sample 3
5-26
Figure 46: Over-exposed Canon 1D Mk II shot
We hope our corrected

photo explains why we
wanted to take the picture
in the first place.
Figure 5-47: r
Corrections
Figure 5-48: Corrected

Saturation and Hue
Here you can do minor satura-
tion and hue tweaking. Usually
we set both sliders to zero.
Figure 5-49: Saturation + Hue
Note: These tools, sharpening and noise removal, are best used at a
magnification of 100% or greater. This is why the sliders are grayed
out at lower values (though they are still fully effective).
Sharpness and Detail 5-27

It is hard to know how RS

reaches its level of very natural
sharpness. Both top-of-the-class
debayering (demosaicing) and
normal sharpening are involved. Figure 5-50: Sharpness + Detail
Sharpening: slider normally left at 0. Zero does not mean that RS

does not sharpen at all, but this level is considered to deliver a very
natural sharpness with few sharpening artifacts. We set RS at level 0
and do necessary final minor sharpening in Photoshop using either
USM (Unsharp masking) or EasyS.
Detail extraction: This allows the user to set the RS bias for fine
detail or noise. The finer detail you select, the more fine noise will be
undetected and vice-versa.
Here is a sample comparison to our previous favorite of detail ren-
dering, Capture One:
5-28
Figure 5-51: Full 1Ds image 70–200 mm f/2.8 lens, tripod, mirror lockup
Figure 5-52: 100 % magnification with C1 + strong EasyS sharpening

5-29

Figure 5-53: 100 % magnification with RS + very light EasyS sharpening
It is amazing how images appear coming directly from RS with shar-

pening level set to 0 (we again remind you that this does not mean
there was no sharpening). Images do seem to have a more 3D and
natural look.
Noise reduction
Actually removing noise is easy. We hear you yelling :-). However,
removing noise AND keeping detail is the real challenge. Even more
difficult, is doing noise removal in near real time.
Honestly, we have not played enough with RS for a final judg-
ment. Also, we do not use many high ISO shots. Still, RS may be the
first RAW converter that is good enough for most of our photos
without third party noise removal tools.
The developers of RS have invested a lot of work into noise
removal since their tonality feature allows brightening shadows
quite a lot. This operation is also pulling out noise, which is found
primarily in the shadows. Opening up shadows usually needs effec-
tive noise removal. The two sliders provided deal with the two
most common types of noise:
r Luminance noise
r Shadow noise
We use the noise removal tool

in our sample session below.
Figure 5-54: RS noise reduction
Batch processing
When all parameters are set,
add the image to the batch
5-30 queue. Processing is done in
the background while you work
on the next image.

At any time you can view the
batch queue and add, stop or
remove batch jobs.
Figure 5–55: r
RS image batch queue
Slide show
Another nice feature in RS is: A slide show. The slide show is useful
for two purposes:
r To simply view your pictures
r To set priorities and for tagging files for deletion
5-31

Figure 5-56: Slide show
Figure 5-57: Controls
The slide show may be the best way for

an initial preview of your images.
Note: It is preferable to wait until all pre-
views for a folder are created before gen-
erating the slide show as this process can
be very slow if you try to do both simul-
taneously.
Figure 5-58: r
Timing and transitions
5.5 Advanced image corrections
Although RawShooter is still quite young, and until now focuses on
basic conversion functionality, there already exist quite a variety of
advanced image corrections. Expect to see even more in upcoming
versions of RS.
Noise (luminance and color noise) r Noise suppression in RS
works quite well. You may not need specialized noise removal tools.
Sharpening r For optimal sharpening, we use some sharpening in
RS and still more later with other tools in Photoshop (Smart Sharpen
5-32 or EasyS Sharpening Toolkit).
Removal of chromatic aberrations (CA) rNo correction of chro-
matic aberrations are offered with RS 1.1.

VignettingrNo correction of vignetting is supported with RS 1.1.
Cropping rRS (as of version 1.1) does not offer cropping, so any
cropping can be accomplished in Photoshop.
Correcting tiltrNo tilt correction is offered with RS 1.1.
Perspective correctionsr No perspective correction is offered with
RS 1.1.
Dust removal rThere is no provision for dust removal in RS 1.1. Dust
removal, thus, is best performed with the Photoshop Healing Brush.
UpsamplingrNo up or down sampling is supported with RS 1.1.

Batch conversion r you may convert any selection of images at any
time in the background.
Background processingrRawShooter processes all conversions in
the background. This is very convenient when working on a large
number of images. It, however, slows down your foreground pro-
cessing a bit.
Apply settings from one file to other filesr This may be easily
done (see our Batch Processing chapter 8 for more information).
Snapshots for different conversion settingsrA very powerful feature
of RS is Snapshots. You can save the current settings by creating a
new snapshot. Snapshots are permanently stored with your settings.
Save/restore settingsrYou may save your current settings, load
them again and reset to RS defaults.
Camera default settings r
RS allows defining default cor-
rection settings on a per cam-
era model basis.
Undo / redorSnapshots
allow you to go to and fro 5-33
– from current settings to
5.6 Extra workflow Support

previous settings.
Keyboard shortcutsrFor
crucial and often-performed
operations, keyboard short-
cuts can save a lot of time. All
shortcuts we introduce here
are important. Check your
manual for others.
Support for scroll wheel r
Click in any numeric field and Figure 5-59: Processing Bias
use the scroll wheel on your
mouse for fine-tuning.
RGB value samplersrRS has one color sampler that can be set to
show the RGB value of the pixel below the mouse cursor during the
editing of a single image.
5-34
Chapter 6
More RAW Converters
6-1
More RAW converts

By previously digging deeper into the details of Adobe Camera Raw

and RawShooter, we will shorten our description of those additional
RAW converters. In so doing, we are not judging them less valuable.
In his chapter, we describe the main features and some specialities
of these converters.
6.1 Phase One’s Capture One DSLR (Capture One)
Capture One Pro by Phase One ([20]) has been available for some
time and has a generally good reputation. The company is well
known for its P-series of digital camera backs for medium format
cameras, such as the Mamiya RZ0 or Hasselblad 6 x 6.
We use Capture One DSLR Pro when working with our Canon
1Ds, 10D and Nikon D1x, D100 and use Capture One Rebel with the
Canon 300D. Capture One DSLR is available for Windows and Mac
OS.
There are two main features making Capture One a state-of-
6-2 the-art RAW converter:
r Excellent image quality
Chapter 6: More RAW converts
r Great RAW converter workflow

r broad range of supported digital cameras
Figure 6-1: Capture One DSLR

There are various versions of Capture One (i.e. Capture One Pro and
Capture One SE) each supporting unique function levels and differ-
ent sets of cameras. Previously available LE version of Capture One
has been discontinued.
Note: Some dialogs may differ, but is of little concern as we cover

only those features used in our workflow.
Capture One is fully color management aware, an essential quality

in doing any serious color work. The best way to appreciate Capture
One is by learning how it works.
Capture One DSLR is what is called a “Full Service RAW Converter.”
6-3
This means you can accomplish nearly all operations on your final
image inside this tool (one exception is retouching, such as cloning
6.1 Phase One’s Capture One DSLR

and lens & perspective corrections).
Note: Capture One DSLR RAW conversion is not based on the Canon
or Nikon SDK. It uses its own algorithms utilized on their high-end
digital backs for many years.
In fact, Capture One DSLR implements a highly-productive workflow

for RAW files it supports.
We must remind you that this section is not intended to replace
the manual, as we cover only the primary steps and settings.
Capture One DSLR deserves a book of its own.
Capture One Setup

First, some help in setting up the preferences. We strongly recom-
mend you take care to follow these essential settings:
r DSLR noise Suppression: our preference is to set this at low or
medium/low for lower ISO images.
r Disable sharpening on output. Doing so simulates sharpening of
the preview but does not apply sharpening to the output. We
inspired this feature as we do sharpening later in Photoshop, but
still wanted a preview that appears sharp.
r We disable opening of the developed image in Photoshop.
Rather, these files are visible in the Photoshop file browser.
r Activate the separate RGB channels for a histogram.
6-4
Figure 6-2: Setup of Preferences in Capture One DSLR
lFigure 6-3: Capture One

color management setup
r Camera Profile: Capture One offers generic profiles for supported
cameras
r Working Space: We use Adobe RGB (1998).
r Monitor: At this time, enter your correct monitor profile (Capture
One actually checks for a mismatch to the system monitor pro-
file)
Capture One RAW file browser
6-5

Figure 6-4: Image Browser in Landscape Mode
At first glance, the browser view appears as a nice but normal image
browser. There are some major differences, however:
r By pressing function key F8, the browser toggles from portrait to
landscape mode (allowing maximum space for preview image).
r Browser and Capture One do not use original RAW files for pre-
views. Instead, Capture One creates its images in the back-
ground, and once these previews are created, you can switch
from one file to another in nearly real-time. The downside of this
approach is the large disk space needed for the preview cache (It
can be cleaned via the preferences dialog).
r Capture One allows users to define permanent project folders.
Doing so simplifies accessing all current project folders quickly.
The preview images in these permanent folders remain even
after cleaning the cache.
Image Processing
Image processing in Capture One is a five-step workflow:
6-6
r Inspect
r Gray Balance your image
r Correct exposure and contrast

r Sharpen (called focus)
r Develop
Inspect
The first thing to do is to review
photo and capture information, at:
r Histogram (best used with three-
channel histograms)
r Data recorded by the camera, for
example:
– ISO
– Exposure time and aperture
– Lens used
– Flash
Figure 6-5: Capture tab of CO

Gray/White Balance (WB)
The main tool used for gray balancing is the eyedropper. Select a
gray area within the image and click the eyedropper. Capture One
helps by giving you hints as to whether this is the best spot for gray
correction.
If no gray exists in the image, things can get a bit more compli-
cated. In such case, it is suggested you use the color temperature
controls (Color Temperature and Tone Balance).
Best to have taken the shot with a gray card or Color Checker
(we have one with us at all times) using the same light. Makes gray
balancing much easier. Capture One also allows additional cast cor- 6-7
rections.
lFigure 6-6:
Capture One’s Gray Balance tool
Since you can save/restore WB settings, you can also save some
sample settings for the same light conditions.
Capture One provides automatic correction. As in all automatic
corrections, results may not be optimal. Try and decide for yourself.
Exposure
After white balance, expo-
sure is the next most impor-
tant correction tool. Here,
you can correct ± 2.5 EV. The
histogram and preview
image (use this option in the
toolbar) let you inspect all
areas of over-/under-r
exposure. Especially impor-
tant are the RGB channel his-
6-8
tograms as there are often
over-exposures in only one
of the channels.
Besides EV, you may
correct contrast and tweak
saturation (try to maintain
moderation).
Figure 6-7:r
Capture One Exposure
Tone Curves
In addition, Capture One
includes a variety of tone
curves:
l Figure 6-8:
Capture One offers some
predefined tone curves
For most situations, the standard tone curve Film Standard will do.
When requiring greater shadow detail, try Film extra Shadow. The
curve Linear Response is used mainly for profiling purposes.
More and more often we find Curves in Capture One to be use-
ful, especially in recovering some shadow detail. Otherwise we
leave shadow recovery to Photoshop.
Focus and Sharpening
The Capture One sharpening tool
is a classic Unsharp Mask (USM).
Refrain from over- sharpening your
images.
As mentioned earlier, we
leave our own sharpening until
later in the workflow process.
Figure 6-9: r
6-9
Capture One Focus tab

Develop tab
Clicking the Develop button
(or the Insert key while you are
viewing any tab) a real RAW con-
version is performed. Once again,
Capture One demonstrates its
focus on workflow. Here’s how?
RAW processing is done in the
background, and Capture One is
free for the further interactive
image corrections.
Note: Capture One LE can have

only a limited number of files for
development at any time. We work
around this limitation by working
on developed files in Photoshop.
Then we add more to the queue. If
this is a problem for you, you are a
real pro. Buying the Pro version
might save time and money.
Figure 6-10: r
Capture One Develop tab
What’s More?
There much more to Capture One. In our personal workflow, we are
quite pleased with the basic functionality as outlined. Studying the
Capture One help file is well worth the time.
r You are able to create custom camera profiles and use them in
Capture One.
r Export preview images
Note: There are available third party profiles for Capture One. They
can make a significant difference in your work.
6-10
Because we use so many different cameras and RAW converters we
try to keep to the basics, which are:
r Get the white balance right

r Optimize Exposure
6.2 Bibble version 4 (B4)
We have used Bibble for more than 4 years. Unfortunately the previ-
ous version, Bibble 3, had not been updated for some time. Eric
Hyman, Bibble’s author (Bibble is his cat’s name) took his time and
created a completely new version 4. We suggest it was worth the
wait. Bibble 4 supports most digital SLRs available as well as some
digicams, and runs on Windows and Mac OS. Bibble’s goal is to pro-
vide satisfactory image quality along with excellent workflow.
6-11
6.2 Bibble version 4
Figure 4-11: Main window of Bibble 4 (Windows version)
The Bibble user interface is highly customizable. We show here the

interface we use (thumbnails in filmstrip-mode).
Bibble Setup
Preferences
6-12
Figure 6-12: Setup of Preferences in Bibble 4.x
We recommend unchecking the Fit to screen option, speeding up

workflow significantly.
l Figure 6-13: Setup

There are a couple of things requiring setup. We recommend using a
cache folder to store lots of data (at least 1 GB). For other setting,
refer to the help.
Color management
Bibble is fully color managed. You
may add your own custom profiles
and, moreover, change settings on an
image-by-image basis.
6-13
Figure 6-14: r
Bibble Color Management Setup

Main features of Bibble 4.x
As with Adobe Bridge, Bibble is highly customizable. When browsing
a folder we suggest use of the following view setup:
Figure 6-15: Bibble 4.x multi-image view

Bibble 4 supports all tools needed for an efficient RAW conversion (it
works on JPEGs, too).
r Picture Options (holds crucial parameters)
r Curves/Histogram
r Sharpen/Noise
r Color and color management
White balance (WB)
Apart from correct exposure, the second most important task in

6-14 Bibble 4 is correcting white balance (WB). Two ways exist to accom-
plish this:
r by setting color temperature – using either the slider

Temperature or by selecting one of the presets via the pull-down
menu.
r by selecting a point that should be neutral gray using the .
Figure 6-16: WB: Setting Color Temperature Color Temperature Presets
Normally, we are more interested in a pleasing subjective color tem-

perature than absolutely accurate color values. Our photos seldom
have well-defined gray areas enabling use of the eyedropper for a
reference point for a white balance (see description at page 6–15).
Setting the Gray Point
Correcting WB by clicking on a
gray area in the photo (e. g. a
gray card or ColorChecker)
with the eyedropper is the
method of choice when you
need the best objective WB
correction and such gray area Figure 6-18: White balance
exists within your photo.
Picture Options 6-15
This is a crucial dialog – only

the main controls are men-
tioned here:
r Exposure (EV)
r Tone Curves
r Auto levels
Make a habit, during EV cor-

rection, of very carefully
watching the image and its
Figure 6-19: EV compensation
histogram to avoid data clip-
ping in the highlights and (or)
shadows.
Bibble 4 tone curves are useful to adjust contrast:

The differences are subtle, but they can make a
huge difference in tonality.
Auto levels can be acceptable or too strong. We
leave highlight clipping always at zero (you can
define default settings for new images). Sometimes,
Auto Levels delivers the snap that you desire.
Figure 6-20:
Predefined Tone curves
Tone curve adjustment
(RGB tab)
Bibble 4 provides a powerful
curves tool with a full RGB
histogram.
Figure 6-19: r
Curve adjustment
6-16
Color adjustment
(RGB tab)
Be cautious when using the

hue slider. Using the satura-
tion slider may make more
sense. Most often we lower
saturation rather than mak-
ing it stronger. As explained
in chapter 3, you should con-
sider a more selective satura-
tion enhancement and do it
in Photoshop. Figure 6-20: Color Rendering
Sharpening/Noise
As stated previously, we prefer to
do sharpening in Photoshop us-
ing one of many sharpening tools
available. Most frequently we use
sharpening at level “low” or turn it
off entirely.
Fringe Reduction is designed to
lower fringes (mostly green or ma-
genta) at high contrast edges. This
helps keep artifacts down from
chromatic aberration (CA). If your
image displays fringes, you must
Figure 6-21: Sharpening/Noise
use high magnification to recognize them – do your fringe reduc-
tion here.
Normally we keep noise reduction “off” or set to a very low level. If
your image clearly requires further noise removal, use a dedicated
tool, such as Noise Ninja in Photoshop. Photoshop CS2 ships with a
new noise reduction filter (see chapter 7.3 at page 7-9).
Workflow with Bibble 4

Bibble provides for a good workflow. Here are some elements that
help with that:
r Fast thumbnail conversion 6-17
r Fast image preview

r Easy real-time image corrections
r Apply settings to other selected files
r Render images in the background.
Bibble 4 does an better than average job in all these areas.
Another handy feature of Bibble 4 is its so-called Batch Queue:

Figure 6-22 on page 6-18 shows our standard settings for run-
ning a conversion in the background and then launching the con-
verted files into Photoshop. You may attach a keyboard letter to
this batch queue (we used “P”). When you press ‘P’, the image gets
converted in the background, the result launched into Photoshop.
We have another queue attached to ‘T’, doing the same, but does
not open the file in Photoshop.
This is been intended as a full description of all Bibble 4 features.

Some of its other interesting features are:
r Work Queues: You can group files from different original folders
into virtual groups then work with them as though they belong
to the same folder. When working on a project, you can create
different work queues and collect ‘keeper’ images in these queues
by subject. You might, for example, have a queue each for:
– Landscape
– Wildflowers
– Wildlife/Birds
6-18
Figure 6-22: Batch Queue Settings
r Print Queues: We have not even used this, as yet, since we often
print from either Photoshop, Qimage or Image Print.
6.3 Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP)
Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP for short) is a free tool that
ships with the Canon high-end DSLRs: 1Ds, 1D and 1D Mark II (it is
also designed to support future Canon digital SLRs). DPP is Canon’s
answer to third party tools that are much stronger in terms of work-
flow than its past Canon tool.
Conversion quality is good, and also its workflow is adequate. It
runs under Windows and Mac OS. DPP is not quite as elegant to use
as ACR, Capture One or Bibble 4.
6-19
Figure 6-23: Canon Digital Photo Professional
Setup
Preferences
With DPP, we consider Operating Mode as one of the most impor-

tant settings. Standard is the best compromise of working speed to
output quality (same quality on output as “Quality Priority”).
6-20
Figure 6-24: “General settings” tab in DPP Preferences
Color management setup
DPP does not detect a system monitor profile automatically, but

allows selecting it manually. This is essential in achieving an accu-
rate color preview on your monitor.
As working space
we use “Adobe
RGB,” as with all
tools.
Figure 6-25: r
Color Management
DPP – main features
There are four types of windows used when working with DPP:
r Main Window: for browsing thumbnails (see figure 6-26)
r Image Editing Window: Editing selected RAW files
r Single-image editing window (see figure 6-27)
r A panel with settings for the RAW conversion (see figure 6-29)
6-21

Figure 6-26: Edit Image Window
6-22
Figure 6-27: Singe Image Editing Window
The tools necessary to correct and optimize a RAW image are divid-
ed into two tool tabs:
r RAW image adjustment
r RGB image adjustment
lFigure 6-28:
Bibble uses
different
tabs for RAW
conversion
and RGB
handling.
RAW image adjustment Panel
This panel contains key con-

trols to adjust your RAW files:
r Brightness (EV)
r Color Adjustment
r Dynamic range adjust-
ment (Tone curve)
White Balance (WB)

6-23
Other than EV, the second
6.3 Canon Digital Photo Professional

basic task in DPP is getting
white balance (WB) correct.
There are two ways to correct
WB.
A) Setting the color

temperature
u Figure 4-30: WB: Setting Color Temperature u Figure 6-29: RAW Adjustment Panel
When shooting
nature photographs,
we are often more
interested in the
subjective color tem-
perature than abso-
lute accurate color
values. Our photos
seldom have well-
defined gray areas to
use for method B
(Figure 6-32). Figure 6-31: Color Temperature Presets
B) Setting the Gray Point
l Figure 6-32:
Setting WB Gray Point
Correcting WB by clicking on a gray object within the photo (e. g. a
gray card or ColorChecker) is the method of choice to obtain the
best objective WB correction when you have such a gray area inside
your photo.
6-24
Setting Exposure
lFigure 6-33:
EV compensation
During EV correction, keep your eye on the image and histogram
closely to avoid data clipping (both highlights and shadows). Sadly,
the better-suited histogram is from the RGB adjustment tab as the
histogram here appears to display linear data. Therefore, it is proba-
bly better to correct exposure by only viewing the image.
Color Rendering
lFigure 6-34:
Color Rendering
We leave this menu at “shot settings”.
Tone Curve Adjustment (RGB Tab)
This is an extremely powerful curves tool. We have used all its con-
trols to demonstrate its flexibility:
r Brightness
r Contrast
r All normal curves functions
6-25

lFigure 6-35:
Tone curve
adjustment
We always leave our image slightly ‘soft’, making final adjustments in

PS using our layer-based workflow.
Color Adjustment (RGB Tab)
Be careful in using the hue slider. The saturation slider may make
more sense. Often, we’d rather make saturation lower rather than
stronger. As explained earlier in the workflow chapter, you should
possibly consider a more selective saturation enhancement and
then do it in Photoshop.
l Figure 6-35:
Color Adjustment
Saving converted files
DPP offers two ways to save converted files:
1. Single image save (don’t forget to select “Embed ICC profile”).
6-26
Figure 6-37a: Save converted file
2. Batch save
Figure 6-37b: Batch Save

We choose the second option because you are able to:
r Convert multiple files at one time
r Select a standard target folder
r Continue working on another file while conversion of the pre-
vious file is performed in the background.
When the images are processed, this dialog displays:
6-27

l Figure 6-38:
Processing dialog of
DPP
Unfortunately, no option makes this window close by itself.
Bug (feature) in our current version (6/2/2004):
When an image already exists in the target folder, that image will
not be processed. EVU would, in this case, use a different name (e. g.
xxxx(2).tif )
6.4 Nikon Capture
Nikon Capture (NC for short) is Nikon’s full-featured RAW conver-

sion utility – available for Windows and Mac OS. It is used not only
for RAW conversion, but for scanning with Nikon scanners and edit-
ing JPEG files, as well. Though it offers diverse image operations, it
does not modify the original image, rather, stores all operations as a
command sequence. Thus, you may undo or modify at any time
these operations without a loss of quality (much the same as other
RAW converters). Nikon Capture, however, does not substitute as an
image editor, such as Photoshop.
6-28
Figure 6-39: Nikon Capture

Although it must be purchased separately, if you are serious about
conversion of Nikon RAW files, you need to buy this tool. If you use
any of Nikon’s excellent films scanners, you should seriously con-
sider purchasing Nikon Capture. The kit includes both a Windows
and a Mac OS version.
Stated again, this discussion is not intended to replace the
manual. We describe only features used in our workflow.
In our judgement, the quantity of windows and panels in a
Nikon Capture screen can be a bit confusing.
When installing Nikon Capture after a Photoshop install, NC
places an import filter into the Photoshop plug-in folder which pre-
vents the Photoshop file browser from recognizing RAW files during 6-29
Nikon RAW file import and redirects data to Nikon Capture instead.

If you prefer to open NEF-files (Nikon RAW files) using primarily
Camera Raw, you may remove this plug-in (called “Nikon NEF
Plugin”) from your Photoshop Plug-in folder (Import).
Setup
Preferences
You may launch converted files directly into Photoshop. That is why
we suggest selecting the Photoshop application here. In fact, we do
not use this feature in our own workflow.
lFigure 6-40:
Selecting the Photoshop
directory
Color management
This dialog box allows
you to select your pre-
ferred working space
and monitor profile.
We use Adobe
RGB (1998) as our
working space and
select the system
monitor profile
(shown is the monitor
6-30 profile for our Sony
NV170 notebook).
You must restart

Capture to make the
monitor profile active.
Figure 6-40: Color Management Settings
Main features
Let us assume you have opened a NEF photo in Capture 3 or 4.
Advanced RAW
Making correct settings in the
“Advanced RAW” dialog box
right is essential to your suc-
cess.
r We will cover EV compen-
sation later.
r Sharpening can be set to
“low” or “normal”. Normal
sometimes introduces
unwanted halos.
r Tone compensation is set
to “normal” or, on a photo
with stronger contrast, to
Figure 6-41: Advanced RAW Dialog
“Less Contrast”.
r For color mode, we use our working space “Mode II (Adobe RGB)”.
r We rarely ever use the “Hue Adjustment” or “Saturation Compen-
sation”. If we need to correct these, we use Photoshop later.
Curves
The Capture 3 Curves tool is
quite powerful and we prefer
its interface to that of Curves
in Photoshop. Capture lets us
view the histogram. On the
other hand, we attempt to
6-31
minimize our work in the
Capture converter and leave

the rest to Photoshop.
Return to the EV com-
pensation slider in the “Ad-
vanced RAW ” dialog box.
Starting with the histogram
above, an EV of +1.0 would
result in the histogram of fig- Figure 6-42: Capture Curves
ure 6-43.
As said before, you should limit
modifications in Capture 4 and do the
rest in Photoshop. In case of a light
over-exposure, you must use a nega-
tive EV value for compensation. Play
with the slider until you see no more
spikes at the far right of the histogram.
If necessary, set the Tone settings to
“Less Contrast” to recover lost high-
lights.
Figure 6-43: EV +1.0s
Size and Resolution
Most users will not need this dialog box. If we choose to print the
photo larger than 17 ” wide, we upsize photos at an early stage (we
upsize to a 12 Megapixel equivalent). This helps minimize the effects
of degradation occurring later in the workflow when later upsizing
of the photo is often done.
This setting permits
printing up to 21 ” wide
at 180 ppi without fur-
ther resizing or increas-
ing to 30 ” with no seri-
ous problems by
utilizing Fred Miranda’s
SI actions. We were
inspired to use this
method by Paul
6-32
Figure 6-44: Upsizing In Capture
Tip: Experiment with this method as it may not be the right choice
for you (and avoid it if you print smaller than 17 ” wide).
White Balance (WB)

Beyond EV, the other main task in Capture 4 is getting the white bal-
ance (WB) correct. There are two ways to correct WB.
Setting the color temperature
The settings in the image of figure 6-44 shows the way we use usu-
ally use this dialog box. Select the light source, such as “Daylight”,
then “Sunny”, “Cloudy” or “Shade” and finally tune the color with the
“Fine Adjustment” slider.
lFigure 6-45:
WB: Setting Color
Temperature
In most photographs, we are more interested in the subjective color
temperature than absolutely accurate color values. Most of our pho-
tos contain few well-defined gray areas to use with method 2.
Setting the Gray Point
6-33

lFigure 6-45:
Setting WB Gray Point
Correcting the WB by clicking on a gray object in a photo (e. g. a gray

card or ColorChecker) remains the method of choice if you need the
best objective WB correction and you have a gray area inside your
photo to use for a reference.
Save and load settings

Once you have established settings, save them.
r To save them: From the main menu bar, click Setting then select
Image Adjustments and click Save.
r To recall them later: From the main menu bar click “Setting” then
select Image Adjustments and click Load.
Tip: Save the settings you use most often and recall them for each
photo you process.
6-34
Chapter 7
Perfecting Images
7-1
Perfecting images
Camera: Sigma SD10
7.1 Do you really need to bother with this?

For many casual images you may never have the desire to look into
all the minor shortcomings of digital images. But the camera and
lenses (even the more expensive ones) are far from being perfect.
There are several different defects, you should watch for and then
decide if you can life with it or that you should work on.
Here are some of the more important defects that we will cover in
this chapter:
r Image blur (lack of sharpness) which can have many sources
– Lens blur
– Blur introduced by the camera’s AA filter
– Motion blurs. There are tools that deal with this to some
extent. But you better use fast shutter speeds or a tripod.
– Out of focus blur. This is hard to deal with. You better use a
higher f-stop to gain more depth of field.
r Noise. There are three types of noise:
7-2
– Color aliasing
– Luminance noise
– Moiré
Chapter 7: Perfecting Images
r Chromatic aberrations
r Lens distortions
r Vignetting
r Rotation (more related to wrong camera setup)
r Perspective corrections
r Removing dust spots
You should not get that worried about all these problems and tackle
them only if you feel they distract from your images.
Why did nobody bother that much about this with film? First, in
the high-end people did bother but had a very hard time to correct
it. Second, with digital we have now many good methods to mini-
mize all these flaws.
Actually Photoshop CS2 adds three new tools to help reducing
all of the above defects:
r Smarter Sharpen
r Reduce Noise
r Lens Correction
(corrects many different types of defects created by lenses)
7.2 The art of sharpening
All digital photos require some sharpening. Especially since the AA
filters (Anti-Aliasing-filters) in most digital SLRs blur the image a bit
to decrease color aliasing (see description at page 1-9).
Sharpening is one of the most difficult and subjective topics in
digital photography but good tools are available and continue to
improve.
The sharpening process has a built-in contradiction: While giv-
ing the impression of sharpness improvement, the viewer should
be aware that some smaller details might get lost during this pro-
cess. That is why the targeted viewing distance is very important. 7-3
Sharpening may be done in (at least) three stages of your workflow:

r In the camera
(not if you shoot RAW files, and we even do not recommend it, if
you shoot JPEG or TIFF and do some optimizations in Photoshop
later).
r In the RAW converter.
We rarely use this and but most of the time just use a sharpening
of the preview image without actually sharpen the image.
However you might slightly sharpen the image in the RAW con-
verter and do some more sharpening in Photoshop afterwards.
RawShooter seems to do a better job with sharpening than
other RAW converters do. So with RawSHooter you may use a bit
more of sharpening.
r In Photoshop.
This is our preferred method as you have a very high level of
control and may even restrict sharpening to certain areas of the
image. There are quite a number of good sharpening tools as
plug-ins for Photoshop.
Even in Photoshop a three step sharpening may be the best way:
– A slight overall sharpening to improve the image
– A selective sharpening restricted to those areas of your
image, that improve with further sharpening and that should
be in the focus of the viewer. Bruce Fraser calls this a creative
sharpening.
– A final sharpening as one of the very last steps before output-
ting. This sharpening should be done when the picture is
scaled for output and it should be adapted to the output
method. Digital slide show need almost not sharpening,
while printing using an inkjet printer or an offset printer need
much more sharpening, due to its printing process using
dithering. Output on a lightjet printer or a dye sublimation
printer requires less sharpening. Part of this final sharpening
may even be done by the RIP (Raster Image Processor) if you
use one and the RIP is supporting this (e. g. Qimage , see [33])
supports it).
7-4
USM (Unsharp Mask)
The classic tool for sharpening in Photoshop is USM (Unsharp Mask).

It is also important to be aware that it is difficult to judge sharp-
ening on the screen. A photo that looks hopelessly over-sharpened
on the screen might be exactly right for some inkjet printers.
Sharpening artefacts should be limited to a minimum:
r Halos (white or black borders at edges)
r Noise will get sharpened as well, making it more pronounced.
There are a lot of sharpening tools out there and it is up to you to

figure out your favorite methods.
How Photoshop “Unsharp Mask” works

The most used tool for sharpening is probably straight USM
(Unsharp Mask) in Photoshop and nearly all techniques are a varia-
tion of it. To get an understanding of the sharpening issues you
need to better understand how Photoshop USM works and its inher-
ent limits.
l Figure 7-1:
Sample Picture
(not sharpened) 7-5
We open the FilterrSharpenrUnsharp Mask Dialog:
l Figure 7-2:
Unsharp Mask Dialog
In (almost) all cases you should check the Preview button. Three fac-
tors control USM:
r Amount
r Radius
r Threshold
Amountr defines the strength of the new improved contrast at

edges. The optimal amount depends very much on your image.
Start with a value of 50–100 % and carefully watch the effect with
your image that should be set to an enlargement level of 100 % (or
even a bit more).
Radiusrdetermines how many pixels are involved to build the new
edges with higher contrast. Often 0,5–1,0 are good values, though
7-6 the best value is very dependent on the resolution of your
image. The higher the resolution, the higher Threshold may be. An
inadequate high value will result in a high contrast and artefacts.

Thresholdrdefines “how different the sharpened pixels must be
from the surrounding area before they are considered edge pixels
and sharpened by the filter” (see Photoshop Help) and is needed to
avoid sharpening noise too much.
Good values are very much dependent on the resolution of the
image (ppi – Point per Inch). The higher the resolution, the higher
values of Amount and Radius may be selected.
l Figure 7-3:
Sharpened
Image
What is the dilemma? You can either sharpen too little or too strong
so that the image gets severely damaged by showing light or dark
halos
7-7

Figure 7-4: Image shows strong halos
We would caution you to stay on the side of low sharpening. If you

images only impress by being sharp then try to work on the con-
tent.
Here is short story. We looked at some Cibachrome prints in

one of Carmel’s top photo galleries. None of the prints in that
show was critically sharp. But they all were beautiful.
Remember sharpness is only a tool to improve the content.
Since the sharpening effect is also a function of the resolution and

the printing technology, finding optimal settings can be a lengthy
process and needs a lot of experience. There is also a principle limi-
tation to USM: all settings are global for any given image. But you
might want to sharpen the skin (smoother) different from the hair
(much more crisp) for a portrait. Also avoiding amplifying the noise
using plain USM can be tricky.
That is why there are a huge number of different sharpening
techniques published (most often based on some edge masking)
and many Photoshop plug-ins that try to make sharpening easier.
Note: There is no simple ”one size fits all“ solution to sharpening.
The two step approach
The two-step approach is a simple way to get started in sharpening
r Low sharpening in the RAW converter
r Final sharpening in Photoshop
We don’t really do any sharpening in the RAW converter and use

later only EasyS Sharpening Toolkit in Photoshop. That does not
mean that the RAW converter sharpening is that bad but we find
that good sharpening tools in PS offer more control.
Once you have a grip on sharpening, have a look into the many
sharpening tools we show at Digital Outback Photo ([8]) and pick
7-8 the technique that fits your workflow and image best.
Photoshop CS2: Smarter Sharpen

In Photoshop CS2 we finally get an improved sharpening over plain
USM.
Figure 7-5: Photoshop CS2 Smarter Sharpen

In advanced mode you can also tune the sharpening for the shad-
ows and highlights. In general you don’t want to sharpen the
extreme shadows (Noise) and the also not the bright highlights.
Other Sharpening Tools

In our daily work we use several advanced sharpening tools.
There are a lot of sharpening tools out there and it is up to you
to figure out your favorite. Here are a few of our favorites.
r Our own EasyS Sharpening Toolkit ( , ; see [46])
r Focus Magic ( , see [31])
r Focus Fixer ( , ; see [32]) 7-9
7.3 Noise reduction

7.3 Noise reduction
Small sensors and larger sensors at higher ISO settings can show dif-
ferent kinds of noise. This is mainly visible in the shadow parts as
here the signal to noise ratio gets very low. For more information on
noise in digital images read our paper at [8]. The whole industry is
working on sensors and software that allows lower and lower noise
levels.
Actually removing noise is easy. But removing noise and keeping
finest details and without muting color is the real challenge.
There are several types of noise:
r Fine and coarse (hard to remove)
r Luminance noise (detail noise)
r Color noise (means false color pixels in homogeneous colors)
7-10
Figure 7-6: Shows Luminance and color noise
Fortunately we have now quite a few good programs (and all the
good also work as Photoshop plug-ins) that can do a great job
reducing noise.
But first check whether your noise is really a problem in your
prints. Only reduce the noise so far that you keep detail and avoid
some sort of plastic look in your images.
After the use of some noise removal filter, we get the image of
figure 7-7:
7-11
7.3 Noise reduction

Figure 7-7: After noise removal
Photoshop CS2: Reduce Noise
Finally Photoshop CS2 also got a very usable noise filter Reduce
Noise:
7-12
Figure 7-8: PS CS2 Reduce Noise
As noise may be stronger in some channels – usually the blue chan-

nel shows more noise – it may be well worth to use the Per Channel
tab and start noise removal with the blue channel. This may pre-
serve more details in your red and green channel.
Noise is in the shadows

Because noise is primarily present in the shadows it can be very use-
ful to perform the noise removal in a new layer and then use a Layer
Mask so that the noise removal is only active in the shadows. We use
the masks from our own Tonality Tuning Toolkit (see [7]).
Other Useful noise removal filters

We find the following noise filters very useful:
r NoiseNinja ( , ; see [12])
r NeatImage ( , ; see [27]). There is a Standard and a Pro edition.
This is an excellent tool.
r Noiseware ( , ; see [28]). There is a Standard and a Pro edition)
r Helicon Filter Pro ( ; see [29]) This is superb freeware tool)
If you work with 16-bit images, which we recommend to do, you

usually have to buy the Pro versions of the tools.
7.4 Reduce chromatic aberration (CA) and purple fringing

Chromatic aberration (CA for short) is actually a fault that nearly all 7-13
lenses show. Whether it is also shows in the final image is up to the
7.4 Reduce chromatic abberation and purple fringing

quality of the lenses used. Most of the time chromatic aberrations
show as purple/green fringing and it gets stronger the more you get
into the corners. The reason is that the lenses have a different focal
plane for the different colors. Especially consumer class digital cam-
eras show more CA than high end digital cameras with top lenses.
There is also purple fringing that may look the same but is the
result of leaks in the imaging sensor (e. g. The Sony F828 shows
both strong chromatic aberrations and purple fringing).
Heal chromatic aberration (CA)

Lower quality lenses but also some prime lenses used with full
frame sensors show mostly in the corners so called chromatic aber-
ration (CA). It shows as magenta and green borders at opposite
sides of high contrast edges.
l Figure 7-9:
Sample Chromatic
Aberration (left)
and the fixed result
in Camera Raw 2/3
7-14 (right)
If you don’t use Adobe Camera Raw and did not upgrade to Photo-
shop CS2 yet, then you may use the Photoshop plug-in Debarrelizer
(see [30]) It corrects lens distortions and chromatic aberrations):
l Figure 7-10:
CA removal in
Debarrelizer
Photoshop CS2: Lens Correction
New in Photoshop CS2 you can also fix chromatic aberration outside
of Camera Raw using the Lens Correction filter:
7-15

Figure 7-11: “Lens Correction” filter of Photoshop CS2
Heal purple fringing

Here is a real example we got from a Sony F828. We show how to
make useful images from such files.
First get a free version of Panorama-Tools. You have to search
the web where to find it, as we have no right to distribute this free
software. A good start will be [40]. There you find a user friendly
front end to Panorama-Tools as well.
The following is working on the original file (that was not
sharpened)
l Fig. 7-12:
Original with
7-16 strong CA
1 Because we are using layers we create a new layer with the result
of all current flattened layers in it.
2 Using Panorama tools to remove some CA
Figure 7-13: Correct radial shift in Panorama Tools
These parameters may vary with the focal length.

l Fig. 7-14:
After
Panorama
Tools 7-17

This step removes some purple and even more the green CA fring-
ing.
3 Reduce purple
Use Photoshop Hue/Saturation tool to reduce the purple:
l Fig. 7-15:
Selectively
reduce a
narrow color
range of purple
It will leave desaturated areas in the picture but not as bad as purple
(see figure 7-16).
l Fig. 7-16:
Result after
applying
Hue/
7-18 Saturation
4 (Optional): You may additionally (or alternatively) reduce

magenta using Selective Color Options:
l Figure 7-17:
Purple finging may
also be reduced using
the “Seletcive Color
Options”
7.5 Distortion
You will be surprised how much distortion even good lenses may
show. But the good news is that you hardly will see it with images
that have no straight horizontal or vertical lines. However once you
photograph architecture it can be quite an annoyance.
There are two kinds of correction tools:
r Visual corrections based on barrel or pincushion distortions
r Profile based correction based on measured profiles for
camera/lens combinations
7-19
Whenever possible use a tool that is profile based as the correction
will be more correct and automatic. But also the other tools will help
7.5 Distortion
you getting a pleasing result.
Profile based corrections

Clearly our favorite tool is the free PTLens plug-in (see [25]).
Unfortunately it is only available for the PC right now. For Mac OS
however you may buy LensFix ([26]) at a very reasonable price. It is
based on the same technology.
Here is an example:
Figure 7-18: Strong barrel distortion

PTLens can correct this automatically knowing the right camera/
lens combination (even tries to get as much info from the image
EXIF as possible).
7-20
Figure 7-19: PTLens User Interface
The resulting image looks much better now:
Figure 7-20: Corrected Image

In some case PTLens can even be used for correcting distortions cre-
ated by fisheye lenses:
7-21
7.5 Distortion
Figure 7-21: Canon 15 mm fisheye lens
Figure 7-22: Corrected distortion using PTLens

Photoshop CS2: Lens Correction
7-22
Figure 7-23: Corrected image using the Photoshop CS2 "Lens Correction" filter
The correction in the Photoshop CS2 Lens Correction filter may be

not as perfect as in PTLens but in most cases it will perfectly do the
job. Remember, in the old days you did not do any correction at all.
7.6 Vignetting
We encounter this problem rarely. But wide-angle lenses at open
aperture or some flash photos may suffer from Vignetting like the
picture of page 7-23 (this is only a demo, the real image had only
minor Vignetting that would not show that well in the book):
7-23
7.6 Vignetting
l Fig. 7-24:
Severe
Vignetting
Vignetting can be fixed in ACR or in the CS2 Lens Correction tool:
Figure 7-25: Quick fix in Lens Correction

Midpoint does not define the midpoint of vignetting, but defines
how far from the middle of your image vignetting-correction should
start. In some cases this may not be enough, as some lenses show
an unsymmetrical vignetting behavior.
As always we advise not to over correct the images. These are
still photos and should show that they come from the real world.
Some enforced vignetting however may also be used as a creative
touch to your image. Slightly darkening the outer border of your
photo may lead your viewer to focus to the middle of the frame
where you usually want the focus to be. For this, use a negative
value for Amount. However as this effect will create a circular dark-
7-24 ening, in most cases we would prefer to use a darker frame pro-
duced in Photoshop.
7.7 Correcting tilt and perspective corrections
Rotation (correcting tilt)

Some RAW converters help to correct tilt directly (e. g. ACR 3.x and
Capture One). For all the others you can easily use Photoshop and
especially the CS2 Lens correction filter. If you choose to work with
an 8-bit image in Photoshop, doing a correction in the RAW con-
verter has some advantages, due to the 16-bit mode used there. If
you prefer to correct it in Photoshop, we would recommend staying
in 16-bit mode until the tilt is correct and other corrections are done
as well and only convert to 8-bit mode afterwards (ImagerModer8
Bits/Channel).
If you have to do some image alignment, you should do the
cropping after aligning the image.
Perspective corrections
Figure 7-26 shows a classic image that shows a perspective distor-
tion:
l Figure 7-26:
Perspective 7-25
distortion
7.7 Correcting tilt and perspective corrections

Besides a strong perspective distortion it also shows minor lens bar-
rel distortions. Both can be corrected in one step with the new PS
CS2 Lens Correction filter (FilterrDistortrLens Correction).
Figure 7-27: Lens Correction filter
For this correction you need the grid enabled in the filter. Here
(Figure 7-28) is the final image after a crop:
7-26
Figure 7-28: Final corrected picture
7.8 Removing dust spots

Sometimes the CCD or CMOS sensors collect dust. These spots are
easy to see in brighter parts of the image (e. g. sky). Here you can
use the Photoshop clone tool to copy over the spot with a simi-
lar area of the image.
Photoshop 7.0 introduced a very sophisticated clone tool: the
“Healing Brush” . The healing brush melds the source and target
areas together and often produces a more pleasing result than the
clone tool. Here is a sample dust spot:
l Figure 7-29:
Sensor Dust Spot
Select the Healing Brush tool in the PS tools palette. Then press
the À key and the source cursor shows up (can be hard to spot if
the color of the cursor is close to the background color). You then
click in an area where you want to sample patterns to replace the
target (here the dust spot).
l Figure 7-30: 7-27

Selecting the source for the

Healing Brush
Then you create a brush that is slightly bigger than the dust spot,
position it over the spot, and click with the mouse button.
Figure 7-31: Apply Healing Brush The corrected image
This is actually not an easy example as the dust spot sits on top of a
cloud pattern and could be improved to better reflect the original
pattern.
We rarely use the clone tool anymore to remove unwanted
parts from a photo.
Comment by Phil Lindsay: “Yes, it’s true that the healing tool is great
but there are still instances in which the rubber stamp may work
better; especially if the two regions have grossly different colors.”
Patch tool
The Patch Tool uses the same algorithms as the Healing brush, and
can be used to remove, or move, areas in your picture.
We use it here to remove the same dust spot. This time we use
the Patch Tool . The first step in using the Patch Tool is to select
the area you want to remove (works like a lasso):
7-28
l Figure 7-32:
Patch Tool Selection
Then you drag the selected area to a place with a pattern that
should replace the source:
lFigure 7-33:
Move selection to a
replacement source
The result is close to our first attempt:
l Figure 7-34:
Result after Patch Tool use
Sometimes you need to use the Healing Brush for a final touchup of
the patched area.
Using Selection with the Healing Brush

Here is a spot on the CCD (actually residue from canned air, ouch):
7-29

l Figure 7-35:
Major spot
Here the use of the healing brush is tough.

r Work at about 400 % magnification
r Select the area with a rectangular marquee that you want to pro-
tect from the healing brush and invert the selection
l Figure 7-36:
Protect
window
r Now the healing brush is restricted to the selection and would

not interfere with the areas that are not selected (in this example
the window).
After some more work we get a final result that looks like figure :
7-30 l Figure 7-37:

”Healed” image
This is not really perfect work but would not be seen in smaller to
midsize prints. This is a good example how the healing brush can
save your day.
Chapter 8
Batch Processing techniques
for RAW files
8-1
Camera: Canon 1DS

Batch Processing Techniques for RAW Files
When shooting digitally, the number of pictures taken and pro-

cessed will quite likely surpass numbers done with your analog
camera by as much a factor as 2 to 5. For this reason alone, process-
ing photographs individually is inefficient and usually not viable. In
most cases, you will want to batch process most images.
All RAW converters described in this book allow you to do just that
– some in easier and more efficient ways than with others.
8.1 Basic batch processing pattern
The basic mode used for batch processing is quite similar with all
converters described:
r Inspect and sort your files into those you wish to keep and those
you want to delete. This usually reduces the number of files by a
factor of 1.5 to 2.
r Sort your files, grouping together all files having similar lighting
conditions or possibly those with contrast and color problems
grouped together. To do this, tag them, using the browser of
8-2 your choice. You may also choose to group them for different
conversion or output settings.
Chapter 8: Batch Processing Techniques for RAW Files
r Next, process the either the first (or most typical) picture of a
group with your RAW converter, taking all necessary care to
achieve optimal results.
If you do not have time or patience for that, you may use the
RAW converter’s default settings. In most cases, the resulting
photo will be better than in-camera processing. The reason for
this is that your computer has much greater processing power
than the processor in your camera. While the camera internal
processing program (its firmware) is infrequently updated, your
RAW converter may be updated far more often, gaining an
advantage using new know-how and better algorithms. In addi-
tion, you may have corrected some default settings of your RAW
converter thus compensating or correcting some imperfections
of your specific camera in specific shooting conditions.
r Save the RAW conversion settings so you may apply them later
to all other files with the same or similar characteristics. Some
converters, e. g. ACR, Capture One and RawShoooter, allow
applying subsets of these settings, as well.
r At this time, select all files in a group and apply the same set-
tings to them. You may now safely start batch processing your
files. This is usually done in the background while you deal with
editing for the next set.
Concerning the settings for RAW conversion, you have several
choices to choose from with most converters:
– Use the camera profile default settings (these may or may not
be modified from the original defaults)
– Use the original camera profile settings (those, shipped with
the converter)
– Use settings previously applied to the individual files
– Use the settings of the previous conversion
– Use the settings of a (temporary) reference image
– Use some other saved settings
r When doing batch processing, you usually have a choice of
where to write output files – either to the same directory as the
source files or to a different destination directory. We prefer the
latter, since it separates our working file set from the valuable
originals (RAW files).
Most RAW converters offer an effective method to naming (or 8-3
renaming) output files although in practice, we rename our files
8.1 Basic Batch Processing Pattern

before they are even seen by any RAW converter.
Some RAW converters discussed offer additional options for batch
processing. For example some may produce several output files
from each source file, for instance, a high resolution 16-bit TIFF to be
used for fine-tuning and printing, as well as, a low-resolution JPEG
file for use in a web presentation.
With most RAW converters you may choose if the batch pro-
cessing will be done in the background (while you continue editing
files) or at a later time. As processing many large files takes a toll
concerning CPU and memory resources, it may be advantageous
add files to a batch queue with the intention of processing at a later
time. Don’t be surprised if the performance of your computer slows
noticeably while background processing is done (dual processor
machines help considerably at this time).
It is recommended you convert RAW files into a new location
(different folder). In this way, these files won’t be inter-mixed with
your current folder browser display. Also, there is no danger of acci-
dentally overwriting source files (most converters prevent this with
RAW files). Later, you may move or copy them back to the source
folder manually using a script or via the batch renaming of the con-
verter. Don’t overlook defining a logical name scheme for the desti-
nation (converted) files. The RAW converter usually does that as
part of the conversion process. Applying IPTC metadata to your
RAW files (e. g. from ACR/Bridge) will save the labor of assigning this
data to your converted files, as well.
Most RAW converters may be configured to open a converted
image in Photoshop automatically, in batch processing this usually
is not practical. We suggest you disable this option.
As mentioned earlier, batch processing is becoming more
important. In Photoshop CS1 you had to write your own Photoshop
action to open a file, make the various settings in Photoshop and
save them, Photoshop CS2 comes preconfigured to do that. We see
similar enhancements in batch processing in newer versions of
other RAW converters, as well.
Apart from file conversion, simple file renaming is a frequently
required batch operation. This can be done with one of the many
8-4 renaming utilities (e. g. “Rname-it” or “Downloader Pro”, both men-
tioned in chapter 3). Currently, however, renaming has become a
basic function of most RAW converters. In Bridge, this function is

found under ToolsrBatch Rename. The scheme for renaming is
quite flexible and allows for the inclusion of text, date, various
sequence numbers and some EXIF metadata in the file name (e. g.
an Image-Unique ID). A file may also be copied or moved to a dif-
ferent folder.
Figure 8-1: Batch-renaming dialog of Photoshop CS2

8.2 Batch Processing with Adobe Camera Raw
To convert a number of RAW files efficiently with Photoshop CS1 you
must create your own Photoshop action. This action should open a
file in ACR, apply all settings for the ACR workflow (selecting output
Resolution, Depth, color Space, Size, …) start the conversion, make
the setting for the target format, and finally save the file using the
appropriate (preferred) image mode. Important in file saving is
selecting an output file format and various settings for that specific
file format. (The following is brief description how to create such an
action. For more details, please refer to the Photoshop Help system).
8-5
How to create an action in Photoshop

Photoshop actions are very useful tools to do repetitive tasks.
Creating a new action may be as easy as just recording the dif-
ferent Photoshop steps in your task. Thus, an action is a
sequence of steps (such as opening a file or setting a new
image mode) in Photoshop.
To create your new action,
activate the action panel
(WindowrActions).
Before starting, have a
look at the basic recording
tools in the action button
bar:
Their functions are (from the
left to right):
Stop recording
Record button: shows “red” if Photoshop is recording an
action and “green” when the recording is stopped.
Replay action
Create a new action set
Create a new action
Delete action or action step
To create an action for batch processing RAW files, first create a
new action SET by clicking . Enter a descriptive name for this
action set:
Select the new action set in the action panel and click to cre-
ate a new action. This starts recording the following Photoshop
steps. But, first a dialog appears, asking for a name for the new
8-6 action. Lets us call it “16-bit RAW conversion”.
Chapter 8: Batch Pressing Techniques for RAW Files
The next steps to be recorded, done in Photoshop, are:

r Open a RAW file (FilerOpen). It doesn’t matter which file you
open because its name will later on be replaced by the
source selection).
r When Adobe Camera Raw appears, set all Work-flow Options
you want to use for your batch conversion. From the ACR
Settings menu, select the appropriate conversion settings
set you plan to use in your batch.
r Click Open to start the conversion. The converted image will
be opened in Photoshop.
r In Photoshop set the image mode you desire and add proto-
type adjustment layers (this, only useful, if you prepare your
images for individual image corrections after the batch con-
version is complete).
r Call up “Save as” (FilerSave as), select the appropriate file
format (e. g. TIFF) and explicitly set all options and modes
for your intended file format. The file name you give here
will be overwritten when the actual batch processing is per-
formed.
r Close the Save dialog by clicking OK.
r Close the image window in Photoshop.
Click to stop recording and thus finishing your action. Take a
glimpse of the steps in your action by clicking at of your par-
ticular action in the action panel. You will see all steps and val-
ues chosen. Photoshop allows adding more steps, deleting or
replacing steps. All this is well documented when you call up
Photoshop Help. 8-7
You should now save your action set (select action panel,

right-click on and select Save Actions).
To start batch processing with Photoshop, select FilerAutomater

Batch.
There are four sections
in this dialog:
r Play for selecting
the action-set and
action.
r Source to select the
source files.
r Destination to spec-
ify where the pro-
cessed (converted)
files should go.
r Errors-Handling
Figure 8-2: r
Batch dialog in Photoshop
Section “Play” r First, select the action set. An action set is a collec-
tion of different actions grouped into a set. To be listed in this pull-
down menu, it should reside in the Photoshop default script folder.
You may, however, load additional scripts in Photoshop: Activate the
action panel (WindowrAction). In that panel choose Load Actions
from the drop-down menu. From the Set menu of the Batch dia-
log select the specific action you plan to use to process your source
files.
Section “Source” r In the source sec-
tion is specified which files to process
and how the processing should be done.
Various source selections are available:
For this RAW conversion, only Folder
or Bridge (or File browser with CS1) is of interest. Selecting Bridge
8-8 processes those files selected in Bridge (or the Photoshop browser).
Or, if you select Folder, all files in that folder (and optionally all files
in its subfolders) are processed. In this case, you must select the
source file folder by clicking the Choose button. In either case, we
strongly recommend the following settings:
l Figure 8-3: Suppress

Open and Warning dialogs
Override Action “Open” Commands will suppress the open dialog
box as each source file is processed – it, nevertheless, will open each
individual file. If you do not check this button, only that file will be
opened which was in use when the batch script was recorded.
“Include All Subfolders” is optional and will do a recursive process-
ing of all source subfolders, as well. We rarely use this option.
Suppress File Open Options Dialog suppresses the file Open dia-
log when opening individual source files.
Suppress Color Profile Warning suppresses a pop-up of the warn-
ing dialog if there is a mismatch of color profile of the converted file
and current working space of Photoshop.
Section “Destination” r Similarly to the source section, you specify
your file destinations. They may either be written to the same folder
as the source files or to a different destination folder (which you are
asked to select by clicking Choose).
Section “Errors” r If an error occurs while processing the files, the
processing may either stop (useful when debugging your scripts) or
the error may be logged to a dedicated log file while processing con-
tinues with the next source file. The second option is preferable in
the final, well-tested script.
Batch conversion using Bridge

Using CS2 and Bridge for a standard batch RAW conversion, it is
unnecessary to build a Photoshop action. There is a simpler way: 8-9
r Select the files you want to convert within Bridge.

r Call up ToolsrPhotoshoprImageporcessor. This brings up this
dialog box:
Figure 8–4: Batch conversion via “Image Processor” in Photoshop CS2

You probably already know the scheme:
1 Open the first (additional) image in ACR and do the conversion
settings to be applied to all selected files (1).
If you don’t use this option, current settings of the individual
selected files are used instead.
2 Select the destination for converted RAW files.
3 Select a file format for converted files. You may generate JPEGs,
as well as, PSDs or TIFFs – all simultaneously.
You may even resize the (converted) images.
4 You may select an additional Photoshop action to be applied to
8-10
the converted file. The default action offers several different
workspaces.
You should always include the ICC profile of your destination

color workspace.
You may Save the current settings of this dialog box or may Load
settings previously saved.
Clicking Run starts the conversion. If you selected the Open first
image to apply settings (see area 1 of figure 8-4), ACR pops-up the
Open dialog where you may select a RAW file. This RAW file will be
open in ACR, and you may set up various ACR settings for image
optimization. Clicking Open in ACR starts the conversion using the
selected ACR settings for the selected file of the Open dialog as
well as the previous files selected in Bridge.
The pictures will eventually display in Photoshop, yet no actions are
required, and images are saved automatically.
Some Predefined scripts with Photoshop CS2 and Bridge

Photoshop CS2 ships with an assortment of preconfigured scripts to
do batch conversion. If the scripts are to your liking (test them!), all
you need to do is select the files to be converted in Bridge and call
up the chosen conversion-function.
To select batch-conversion in Bridge, select ToolsrPhotoshop r
Convert to. You may select one of the preconfigured destination
file formats like JPEG, PDF, TIFF, …
l Figure 8-5: 8-11
Batch-scripts with
Bridge (as part of

CS 2 suite)
A dialog will pop up, that allows you to do file format-specific set-
tings (e. g. Quality for JPEG or embedding of an ICC profile). You may
select further conversion parameters (e. g. destination folder, rename
options by clicking the Output button) in the dialog.
l Figure 8-6:
Option when converting to
TIFF using the “convert to”
script.
If the functions/scripts offered do not meet your requirements, or if

you need additional scripts, you may design your own Photoshop
actions and include them into the Bridge (or Photoshop) default
script folder.
These predefined conversion scripts are available only in CS2
suite. Using only Photoshop or an additional component of the
suite, may modify your tool menu (figure 8-5).
Simple Photoshop CS2 Batch Conversion Using Bridge

When using Bridge, you may proceed very similarly:
1. Select the files you want to convert within Bridge.
2. Shift-douple-click the previous file selected. This brings up ACR
in the film-strip-mode.
3. Select the file you want to use as the reference for your settings.
8-12
Do all corrections you wish to apply to this and the other images.
4. Now, select all files of the film strip (using the shift key) or click
the Select All button (upper left corner).
5. The ACR Save button will change to “Save n images”.
6. Clicking Synchronize will apply settings to all selected files.
7. Click Save n images. The dialog box of figure 8-7 pops up.
l Figure 8-7
8. Clicking Save starts the actual batch conversion of selected files.
ACR registers the status of the processing at the lower right cor-
ner of the ACR window, just above the Save button.
8.3 Smooth Batch Processing
There are several additional points you should learn to achieve pain-
less batch processing. These points are valid not only for ACR but for
other RAW converters, as well:
r Be sure the source files you want to process are correctly
selected before activating a batch – either that you selected
them with the file browser or Bridge (if that is, indeed, the
source) or you selected the correct source folder.
r Make certain there is enough disc space for your converted files.
r Select a file naming scheme for your destinations files that 8-13
avoids overwriting files with identical names.
8.4 Batch Pressing with Capture One Pro

r Disable various Open and Save (or Save As) dialogs and the
warnings, as shown in figure 8-3 at page 8-8.
r If you have created your own batch scripts (recording Photoshop
steps), you must explicitly set all parameters and settings in
those Photoshop steps which are relevant for the conversion
even when they are correctly set as you process your sample
image (e. g. resolution, depth, space and output size or scaling
and your output file format). When you call up the script next
time, different settings may be in use, and result will be unpre-
dictable output.
r If you use a script for your batch, test it thoroughly. Test it under
different conditions, for instance, in cases where the output file
already exists.
8.4 Batch Processing with Capture One Pro

Capture One Pro was one of the first RAW converters providing
advanced batch processing, thus improving workflow with RAW
files. We prefer to use Capture One in film-strip-mode while batch
processing.
Principal settings for batch processing with Capture One are
made in File rPreferencesrProcess Settings (see figure 8-8 at page
8-14).
It allows including a
copyright note into the
output files without
calling up of the ITPC
metadata dialog.
The main section
for actual processing
are found under the
tab Process within the
Capture One main win-
dow. Here, it is the sec-
8-14 tion Batch Editor which
controls batch process-
ing.
This section (figure 8-9)
shows icons to control
the batch queue, and
shows the current ele-
ments and state of the
queue:
Adds the current
image (or all
images selected)
Figure 8-8: Batch-setup in Capture One Pro
to the batch
queue. This does
not start process-
ing them.
Adds the current
image (or all
images selected)
to the batch
queue, initiating
the processing of
the file.
Removes a
selected item
from the batch Figure 8-9: Batch Editor in Capture One Pro
queue.
Starts processing of the queue. The progression bar at the bot-
tom of the sections will show the progress.
Stops processing of the batch queue. All items not yet pro-
cessed remain in the queue.
Opens files recently processed via a drop-down list.
Allows selecting a different destination folder.
Opens the current processing folder for inspection.
When an item (image) is added to the batch queue, the settings
from the process tab (e. g. Resolution, Depth, Size/Scaling, File for-
8-15
mat,) as well as all the conversion settings of the Capture, White
Balance, Exposure and Focus tabs) are copied with the image-name
8.4 Batch Pressing with Capture One Pro

as part of the conversion job ticket.
As in Photoshop, Capture One provides a rename function. To
set it up, click . To start renaming, select files in the browser and
click .
Though Capture One DSLR was one of the leading utilities con-
cerning batch processing, it has fallen somewhat behind new
releases of other converters. However, it is still fast compared to
some converters and delivers very satisfactory image quality.
8.4 Batch Processing with RawShooter
Batch processing setup in RawShooter remains relatively simple. We
prefer RawShooter in its film-strip-mode. The settings for processing
are grouped under the Batch convert tab.
After applying the proper conver-
sion settings (Correct tab), select
the file or files you want to pro-
cess, check your workflow param-
eter using the tab Batch convert
and click Add.
8-16 This create job tickets for the
batch conversion and adds them
to the batch queue. The process-

ing will only start when you click
Go!. Once you begin the batch
queue, all items of the queue are
processed as quickly as possible
until you stop batch processing
by clicking Stop (which has
appeared during an active batch
queue instead of Go!).
A status bar shows progress
of the individual conversions. All
items processed will be removed
from the batch queue. As with all
other RAW converters, original
RAW files will not be modified or
touched. There is a button to Figure 8-10: Batch-convert tab of RS
call up the dialog for
Naming and output location. Locate opens the destination folder
containing converted files using the file browser of the operating
system.
Chapter 9
DNG – Digital Negative Format
9-1
DNG – Digital Negative Format

Camera: Olympus E-20P
9.1 DNG – its potentials

As of mid-2004, each manufacturer of digital SLRs had its own pro-
prietary RAW format – moreover, most had several (somewhat)
unique RAW formats for different camera models. For photogra-
phers using more than one camera, this was a real nuisance.
Software companies, which intend to process RAW format files, must
provide a broad, ever-increasing range of conversion routines as
part of their software. Each time a new camera hits the market, they
have to evaluate its specific RAW format and often must adapt and
enhance their converters. To print-shops, studios and others hand-
ling digital data, the large variety of RAW formats remains a serious
problem, and processing becomes costly.
Having implemented Adobe Camera Raw, one of the best RAW
converters of the market, supporting a broad range of RAW formats
(as of this writing, about 60 formats), Adobe has a rich experience
with RAW conversion. To support the multitude of formats with
Camera Raw, Adobe takes a two-step approach. The first is to con-
vert the proprietary RAW data into a universal internal RAW format.
The actual conversion from RAW to JPEG or TIFF is done from an
9-2 intermediate format. The multitude of formats supported by Adobe
camera RAW, provides Adobe with a very good insight of the gen-
Chapter 9: DNG – Digital Negative Format
eral requirements of a universal RAW format. Having this record of

quite useful and universal format experience (PostScript, PDF, XMP,
…), Adobe began to specify a generalized format for RAW photo
data. The result was the introduction of Digital Negative Format
(DNG) at the Photokina exhibition, 2004. Its purpose is to provide a
universal container for RAW photo data and is partly derived from
TIFF EP, a format used by other RAW formats, as well. DNG likely
bears a resemblance to the internal intermediate format of ACR, but
it is an external file format. Apart from the actual RAW data – the
data read from the camera sensor – and the well known metadata,
such as EXIF and ITPC (see chapter 10), it allows embedding proprie-
tary data of the camera maker (Adobe calls it private data), as well.
Though introduced and controlled by Adobe, DNG is an open for-
mat – well, as of now, half open. It is open in the sense that it is well
specified, documented, and its specification is published, something
that is not true for most of the various proprietary RAW formats.
DNG holds three promises:
r It may be used as an exchange format for RAW photo data, used
whenever necessary to provide RAW files to a service or person,
who cannot (or does not wish to) process the proprietary format
of your camera.
r It may be used as an archival format for RAW photo data.
If the specific proprietary RAW format of the camera used in the
shooting is no longer supported, or the conversion to a standard
format is no longer optimized (while the general optimization of
the RAW data using the Bayern pattern continues), RAW files
archived as DNG will probably still be accessible and their access
should improve over time.
r DNG may replace some proprietary RAW formats or preclude
introduction of additional new formats, thus reducing the
jumble of different formats you may handle.
While not all of these predictions will come true immediately, DNG is
a promising newcomer. Already, some advantages are obvious.
DNG as an exchange format rTo use DNG as an exchange format
today is quite simple. Adobe offers a free Raw to DNG converter
(DNGC for short) on its web home page ([45]). It is available for 9-3
Windows and Mac OS and can handle the conversion of complete
9.1 DNG – its potentials

folders (see section 9.2). All cameras supported by Adobe Camera
Raw are also supported by DNG converter. Rather than handing-off
photos to others in a proprietary RAW file format, it is probably advis-
able to supply your data using DNG (unless JPEG or TIFF is the appro-
priate format). As the range of formats supported by Adobe Camera
Raw is extended, support will also extend for DNGC.
DNG as an exchange or archival format is not only supported
by Adobe, but most other providers of RAW converters have picked
up support for DNG, including Phase One (with Capture One) and
Raw Shooter. Most software companies supporting RAW format for
asset management systems, now support DNG or will do so soon.
So, if your favorite tool does not yet support your specific RAW for-
mat, you may convert it to DNG using DNGC. Doing this, you will be
able to include those images into your picture database or use them
with a special filter or other tool designed for working on RAW files.
There is yet another advantage in using DNG. As there is (inter-
nally) a clear separation of photo data and metadata (see chapter
10), if you change settings in the preview of a RAW converter (e.g.
Adobe Camera Raw or RawShooter), these new settings need not
be stored on a separate sidecar file, but may be included into the
dng-RAW-file without actually modifying the original photographic
information (sensor readouts).
DNG as an archival RAW format r As PDFs, are an answer to many
archiving problems troubling companies storing their office docu-
ments, DNG may be the answer for archival of RAW photo data. As
with PDF however, this may not solve all problems nor be the best
solution in every case but definitely should be seriously considered
as a long-term archival format for RAW photo data. Adobe will most
likely not go out of business for some time. If that should happen
(unlikely as that may be), numerous other RAW converters are sup-
porting the conversion from DNG to JPEG, TIFF or other standard for-
mats to come.
The Digital Negative specification provides for not only all pixel
information stored in current RAW formats, but also for all addi-
tional, proprietary metadata that many manufacturers include.
Note, however, that the current release of the Adobe DNG
Converter may, in some cases, ignore a portion of proprietary
9-4 metadata, and include only basic information required for creating
a high-quality image file. For this reason, using this release of the
Adobe DNG Converter for archival purposes, it is recommended

you save your Digital Negative files in addition to the original RAW
files created by the camera.
DNG as native camera RAW format r When DNG was introduced
by Adobe in 2004, many photographers wondered whether camera
manufacturers might pick up DNG as their native camera RAW for-
mat. It seems obvious that smaller companies and new market
entries would be the likely early adopters, while the main stream
industry, such as Canon, Nikon and Minolta have invested too many
resources into their formats and tools to switch any time soon. As it
turned out, it didn’t take long before some companies committed to
DNG. Early 2005, Hasselblad and Leica announced their commitment
and will support DNG as native camera RAW format.
DNG definitely will not be the only solution to the dilemma of a wide
variety of RAW formats. In the future, a real RAW format standard will
probably be defined by a standards organization, such as ISO or
ANSI. Then, Adobe will probably propose DNG as a standard. Today
however, DNG is an important step toward reduction of the format
variety in RAW photo data. As with PDF, DNG will undergo enhance-
ments over the years and will be extended to pick up new features of
futures camera techniques.
It is too soon to judge the success of DNG or its part in the for-
mat gamble. However, it exists, is easy to use and well supported. It
may be a reasonable solution when you want to pass RAW data to
outside parties. DNG may offer a good solution, if you want to use
some special software on RAW data not supporting your specific
RAW format, or when you wish to save an additional copy of your
RAW data, using DNG, for archival purposes.
As of today, however, we would not recommend conversion of
all RAW data to DNG then delete original files (though DNG files
may include your original RAW data), but would recommend its use
for exchanging RAW files with other parties.
9.2 Usage of the Adobe DNG Converter

The Adobe DNG converter (DNGC for short) may be downloaded
free of charge from Adobe’s Internet Home Page ([45]). It has multi- 9-5
ple functions, outlined above.
9.2 Usage of the Adobe DNG converter

l Figure 9-1:
DNG dialog
to convert a
complete folder
of RAW files
The interface is uncomplicated, and you will be wise to keep in

mind, that its task is to convert an entire folder of RAW files, not just
a single one.
In section 1 , you specify the folder in which RAW input files
requiring conversion reside. Section 2 indicates where the gener-
ated dng files will go. Parameters of section 3 define the naming
conventions of the newly-generated dng files. Parameters of sec-
tion 4 specify, how the conversion will be done. Clicking on
Change Preferences brings up the following dialog box:
9-6
l Figure 9-2:
DNG
Preferences
Compressed r should always be used since it is a lossless compres-

sion, reducing about 10–65 % from files sizes.
Image Conversion method r There are two ways to do the conver-
sion: retaining the original RAW data – usually the data of the Bayern
pattern sensor data – and a conversion to a linear picture. In most
cases, the first method is preferred. As improvements in the Bayer
pattern interpretation (also called demosaicing) come along, you still
retain original data and may apply any improved algorithm to that
data. As significant improvements were implemented in the past
couple of years, more may be expected. Converting to a linear form
actually performs an interpolation of the Bayer pattern (exception:
RAW files from a camera with a Foveon-based sensor). In doing this
method, some potential of your RAW negative is lost if you want to
go return to the original RAW data. Additionally, file size increases by
about 60 to 300 % (the linear version holds RGB data, while native
RAW format stores but one pixel value per sensor element).
Original Raw File r You may embed the complete and original RAW
file into a dng file, essentially making dng into a wrapper for your
RAW data. You may extract the original file from the dng file (to
extract such a file, activate he button Extract at the bottom of the
conversion dialog box).
Clicking Convert initiates batch conversion. DNGC is quite fast, but
converting many large files still takes time. Progress is indicated in a
separate window. Stop the conversion by clicking Stop Conversion.
9-7
9.2 Usage of the Adobe DNG converter

l Figure 9-3:
DNG Conversion
Status
As with original RAW files, DNG files may be used as input to RAW
converters. If you attempt to open a dng file using Photoshop, it will
launch Adobe Camera Raw to do the conversion from DNG to stan-
dard image format, as described in chapter 4. The dng file includes
all metadata, such as EXIF and ITPC data, embedded in the original
RAW file. It may not, however, contain some undocumented proprie-
tary parts whose meaning is known only to the manufacturer of the
camera. To keep that data, as well, you must embed the original
data in dng, hoping that its meaning will be known to Adobe (or
possibly another provider of a RAW converter) to be released at a
future date.
If you use Photoshop CS2 (Photoshop 9) or later, there would nor-
mally be no need to use DNGC, because Adobe Camera Raw 3.x pro-
duces DNG files, as well. In this instance, it is simpler to call up ACR
via Bridge and use ACR for the conversion.
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of converting to DNG
Adobe’s DNG converter runs smoothly and fast. However if you
already have dng files in your source folder, DNGC converts them as
well, which usually makes little sense. When we tested the converter,
dng files could be opened by Photoshop CS1 (aka PS 8) and Photo-
shop CS2 (aka PS9). As of this writing, C1 and Raw Shooter, Nikon
Capture 4.1, Canon Digital Photo Professional and Bibble did not
support DNG. Many Viewers and DAMS (Digital Asset Management
Systems) supporting RAW files did support DNG (e.g. ThumbsPlus,
Extensis PORTFOLIO, iView Media Pro), but an updated version of
9-8 their RAW converter plug-ins may need to be downloaded.
Using lossless compression, dng files are usually smaller than
original RAW files, depending upon the RAW format used. While
with Nikon .NEF files tend to gain about 10%, with my Olympus
.ORF files (from a Olympus E-20P DSLR) dng file size was about 1/3
the original Olympus file size! This factor may be an additional
advantage when storing files on a CD/DVD or when transferring
RAW files via the Internet. If compression is not activated, however,
the dng file is usually larger than the original file – up to 2 times. For
that reason alone, we do not recommend using this option.
Adobe supports new cameras very soon after they are on the
market. So, in some cases, converting those RAW files to dng may
allow them to be correctly handled by other applications working
with RAW files – such as, asset management systems (ThumbsPlus,
Portfolio, iView MediaPro, …) or special stand- alone filters such as
DxO – which do not yet (or never will) support your specific RAW
file format.
Exchanging RAW files as dng with outside parties, such as print
shops, may be another usage, though, to date, most print shops
and similar services prefer TIFFs or JPEGs.
Converting from a proprietary RAW format to DNG is clearly an addi-
tional step in your workflow. DNGC does not yet support hot folders
(watched folders). So, each time new RAW files are imported, you
must call up DNGC. This may become automated using a script, but
you still have to deal with them. Until now, all RAW formats sup-
ported by DNGC are also supported by Adobe Camera Raw. So, there
is currently no real advantage to using DNG locally. Exchange of RAW
data, clearly demonstrates its advantages.
Chapter 10
Metadata
10-1
Metadata
Camera: Nikon 100D
10.1 Metadata for Photographs

Metadata provides descriptions with data. Using digital photogra-
phy, metadata describes an actual photo taken. Metadata may be
embedded in the actual data file or may be stored separately –
either in a discreet file or in a database. With RAW files, TIFFs and
JPEGs, we actually find several types of metadata:
r File attributes
r EXIF information
r ITPC information
r Further metadata such as
– RAW conversion settings (e.g. embedded in XMP),
– JPEG comments,
– Preview icons and preview images,
– Keywords,
– Classification data etc. (partly stored in an image database).
File attributesr The file
system stores metadata,
such as filename and file
type (given by its exten-
sion), (file) creation and
10-2 modification date, access
rights, file length, etc.
Chapter 10: Metadata
This metadata is deter-

mined by the camera,
and, later on, by your
operating system, the
RAW converter or other
applications. Aside from Figure 10-1: File Properties in Bridge
the file name and type,
and to a lesser extent, the creation date, this data is of no great con-
cern or information value to the photographer. Some cameras
include information as part of the file name, e.g. the creation date.
EXIF informationr The
EXIF data (EXchange
Image Format for Digital
Still Cameras) is created
by the camera and
includes settings used
when the picture was
taken. You find informa-
tion on the camera maker
and model, aperture and
shutter speed, ISO set-
tings, type of lens, focal
length used and if a flash
was active. It includes the Figure 10-2: EXIF data in Bridge
date and time of the
shooting, as well as the metering mode used, white balance and
color space settings, the camera program used and the resolution of
the photograph. It may even contain the location of the shot via GPS
data (e.g. for the Nikon D2X there is an optional GPS module available
to record current GPS coordinates. This is included into the EXIF data
of the camera). There are many more data, EXIF can store. The EXIF
specification also allows for addition proprietary fields. All these val-
ues are recorded when the picture is taken and embedded into the
data file, be it JPEG, TIFF or RAW.
This EXIF data is not only valuable to the photographer, but is
also used by the RAW converter, by optimizing applications, such as
the lens correction software PTLens or DxO ([34]) or by the firm-
ware of inktjet printers when (automatically) optimizing pictures for 10-3
output. (This optimization may be suppressed by explicitly sup-
10.1 Metadata for Photographs

pressing automatic optimization with your print job or by an EXIF
flag, indicating that the picture was optimized by some other appli-
cations previously, for instance Photoshop).
Normally there is little need for a user to change this informa-
tion. Consequently, neither ACR, C1 nor DPP provide this change
function. If, however, the date and time for shooting is not set cor-
rectly, you may wish to eventually make such a correction. If you
do, you may use a special application, such as Exifer ([35]) or
ACDSee ([36]).
IPTC (International Press Telecommunication Council)r This
type of data has been in use for some time with photographers
shooting press-related material. It was defined by the International
Press Telecommunication Council, and permits inclusion of copy-
right notices, author, title, a short subject description and keywords
for retrieval. This metadata is very DRM (Digital Rights Management)
oriented; it however does not embed a watermark into the file.
Though these ITPC fields are present in pictures coming out of
the camera or RAW converter, they are usually empty. They must be
filled in by the user. Photoshop provides a function to do that.
Additional metadatar While there is a well-accepted standard for
EXIF and ITPC, you may find a multitude of additional metadata.
Adobe defined XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform) for the
metadata exchange between applications. XMP is widely used in
Adobe applications, such as Acrobat, Photoshop, Illustrator,
InDesign and others. XMP is XML based and open (its specifications
are published, and it is supported by the IETF). XMP data may be
embedded into your data file or may be stored in a separate file.
XMP is quite flexible and may contain predefined fields, as well as
user-defined fields. With Adobe Camera Raw, the settings for RAW
conversion are embedded in an XMP file. Photoshop (and Version
Cue) may even include a version history in the XMP file of a picture.
Other makers of RAW converters store such information using a dif-
ferent format. RawShooter Essentials, stores these settings in files
using the file extension .rws (inside a subfolder .RWSSettings in the
folder containing the RAW files). These files are in a binary format.
RawShooter supports having several setting files for one RAW file
and you may choose which settings to use for the conversion.
10-4 Further metadata on your photos may be stored in a separate
database, often the case when you manage pictures using a digital
asset management system (DAMS) such as Extensis Portfolio, iView

Media Pro, ThumbsPlus or one of the other numerous asset man-
agement utilities, professional document or content management
systems. While using an asset management system, you may usu-
ally add keywords, categories and further classifications. These
metadata are normally stored only in the database of the DAMS. If
you use a DAMS to administrate your images, make certain your
DAMS is importing those EXIF- and IPTC-fields, since you will likely
use them for searching into their database. Searching a database is
much faster than opening individual files to read data.
There are some overlapping fields within different metadata sets.
For example, ITPC, as well as EXIF, provide a field for the title (or
name) for your picture. You may also include it as a JPEG comment
(not so on RAW files). For that reason, you should decide where you
want to include this data. Redundancy often leads to conflicts and
errors.
Another type of metadata not mentioned above, are ICC profiles.
Profiles defines how the color (pixel) values of the image are to be
interpreted (see chapter 11). At present, ICC profiles are not part of
RAW files, but must be attached (embedded) to photographs when
they emerge from the RAW converter and should stay with the file
ever after. Files containing embedded ICC profiles are called ICC
tagged files.
All of the RAW converters discussed handle EXIF and IPTC metadata
and tag-converted files with the appropriate ICC profile. Again, at
present, XMP usage is mainly restricted to Adobe applications. All
these metadata can be quite useful and important to you. Their use-
fulness increases over time as more and more applications come
along, taking advantage of such metadata information. Bridge, for
example, lets you search and sort files by much of the metadata
mentioned (not only with photo files, but other Adobe application
files, as well).
An example: If you browse your picture files using the
Photoshop CS1 file browser or Bridge (part of Photoshop CS2) and
change the white balance of a RAW data file (even without actually
converting the RAW file), those changes are saved and stored as
XMP data either embedded into the RAW file or as separate “sidecar 10-5
files”. Since RAW files are considered sacrosanct (never to be modi-
10.2 Metadata Usage in Adobe Camera Raw and Bridge

fied), any additions or modifications of metadata are stored in sepa-
rate files by ACR, Bridge or RawShooter. When using DNG (see chap-
ter 8), metadata, such as conversion settings, may be embedded, as
DNG provides a clear, well-defined structure for accomplishing this.
Concerning display, editing and usage of metadata, Bridge, ACR
and Photoshop Elements are the most advanced of the set of appli-
cations we deal with in this book. Using a digital asset manage-
ment system, you will find more advanced features for metadata
handling.
10.2 Metadata usage in Adobe Camera Raw and Bridge

Adobe applications are making increasing use of metadata. Both
Photoshop file browser or Bridge display some metadata as part of
the image icon list and even more as part of the metadata preview
window. The (almost) complete range of metadata is displayed,
when you call up the File Info window.
Using Bridge or the file browser of Photoshop CS1, you may
customize which metadata is displayed with the preview icons of
the browser and what kind of metadata is visible at the metadata
panel of the browser (see figure 10-1 at page 10.6). This configura-
tion (customizing) is done via EditrPreferences. (Mac:
BridgerPreferences). To customize information display with the
preview icon, select General.
10-6 u Figure 10.3: Customizing of metadata in icon view
mode
To determine, which metadata is displayed in the Metadata Area of

the file browser, go to EditrPreferencesrMetadata. Again, the
metadata fields are grouped by file properties, IPTC Data and EXIF
Data. Additionally, you may activate a display of edit history. Labels
and ratings associated with a picture file are part of the file’s
metadata, as well.
l Figure 10.4: Customizing of metadata

in icon view mode s
As said previously,
all ITPC data must
be entered manu-
ally. You may do this
at the metadata
area of the file
browser. Click on
one of the ITPC
fields marked by a
and enter the
value for that field.
Pressing V will 10-7
write the data into
10.2 Metadata Usage in Adobe Camera Raw and Bridge

the file.
Alternatively,
you may call up the
metadata window
by right-clicking the
mouse button and
selecting File Info.
Though keywords Figure 10-5: ITPC data may be edited
are part of the ITPC
set, with Photoshop file browser or Bridge, you must use the Keywords
panel to edit and enter them.
Keywords may be grouped in sets. If you apply a set to a file,
all keywords of that set are included in the metadata. You
may, however, select only one or more keywords of the set
and apply them. If you delete a keyword or a set from the key-
word panel, or if you change the keyword name, it will not
change the keyword data of all those files that have those
keywords previously assigned.
To rename, delete or create a new keyword
or set, go via the menu of the keyword
panel or call up the menu via the right mouse
button while the mouse cursor is over a key-
word field.
If you select several files (preview icons) and edit the ITPC or
keyword metadata, new values are applied (added) to all selected
files. The panel in this case will usually display (Multiple values), to indi-
cate, that the data values of the selected files differ.
If you want to apply the same ITPC data to several files, e.g.
name, copyright, URL and your address – this is an uphill task.
Bridge, however, allows applying a metadata template to the files
selected in the browser windows. To do this, first apply the
metadata to a single file and save this data to a separate metadata
file (…/File InforAdvancedrSave). Next, select the files you want to
provide with the same metadata inside the file browser and apply
the saved metadata to the files via …/File
InforAdvancedsrAppend, selecting the name of the metadata pre-
10-8 viously saved in the upcoming dialog box. Using Replace instead of
Append will replace all of your file metadata with the fields set in
the template.
XMP files are Unicode text files. So, you may view their content by
simply opening the XMP file using an ordinary text (Unicode-
enabled) editor, where you may edit its content. This allows creating
your own metadata templates, e. g. for an easy assignment of copy-
right information to photographs or even creating your own cus-
tomized File Info panel (a description for this can be found at [43]).
However, the basic structure of the file should not be altered.
Conserve the correct XML/XMP syntax.
With Photoshop, Bridge and ACR, there are two ways to store
metadata not embedded in an image file:
r at the ACR database or
r inside a separate XMP file, called a “sidecar file” by Adobe.
Both methods have their benefits and their pitfalls. Storing external
metadata in the ACR database file will result in a very compact, cen-
tral solution. There are two disadvantages of this central database,
however:
r If you move your directory with picture files or rename your pic-
ture file, the connection between the picture file and its external
metadata is broken, and it is difficult to recreate that connection.
Any renaming using the Photoshop file browser or Bridge, the
association is maintained. But, there is no function to move a file
or complete directory of files within Bridge or Photoshop CS1 file
browser (except drag and drop).
r Storing metadata in an XMP sidecar file adds an additional XMP
file (name.xmp) for each picture file. It resides in the same direc-
tory as the RAW file, and contains metadata, as well as the RAW
conversion settings of the image file. As long as you rename your
image file or move it using the Photoshop file browser or Bridge,
the sidecar file will be renamed, copied or moved consistently. If
you do these operations using different tools, you must make al-
lowances for the sidecar file.
We prefer the second method because it allows moving whole fold-
ers, including the metadata information, as well as archiving a folder
while easily including metadata with the folder (e.g. on a CD or
DVD). 10-9
The scheme is very similar with the other RAW converters and file
10.3 Retrieving files by searching for metadata

browsers, though they use different file and folder names.
10.3 Retrieving files by searching for metadata

An important benefit of metadata is its use for sorting and retrieval.
With PS file browser or Bridge, you call up the find dialog box via
EditrFind or via K+(F) (Mac: Â+(F)). Here, you may include sev-
eral metadata characteristics into your search criteria:
u Figure 10-6: Bridge Find dialog. It allows to specify several loopup

criteria
The files fitting the search criteria are grouped in a temporary set.
The search function for metadata is not available (as of now) with
RawShooter, Capture One, Bibble, Nikon Capture or DPP. However
you may find these with asset management systems like ThumbsPlus,
Extensis or iView – provided they included that specific metadata
into their database when importing the image files. While Photo-
shop searches for data in its cache or by reading the metadata section
of the files, asset management systems look it up in their database,
usually much faster if a large number of files are handled. You should,
however, be sure that the metadata you will likely use for searching
is included in the DAMS database when importing your images into
10-10 these systems. This may have to be configured when customizing your
DAMS (digital asset management system).
Chapter 11
Profiling and calibrating for your
RAW Converter
11-1
Camera: Olympus E1 Profiling and calibrating for cour RAW converter
11.1 The problem with camera profiles

In chapter one and two, we emphasized the importance of ICC pro-
files. What was said is true for monitors, scanners and printers. But,
profiling is useful for digital cameras as well. Cameras, however,
present a problem:
When you profile a device, the first step is to define the relevant
parameters, light being one of the most important. When you profile
a scanner, the light source remains the same (you only differentiate
between reflective and transparencies). With printers, D50 (daylight
at 5,000 Kelvin) is the standard light source for evaluating and judg-
ing prints. Cameras however, encounter varying light conditions, e.g.
night shots, morning light, sunny or cloudy). For this reason, profiling
your cameras is practical only if you shoot in only one or just a few
different lighting conditions, such as may be the case when shooting
in a studio.
If all this holds true, the scheme for profiling can be quite simple
and similar to other device profiling:
r Shoot a camera target using the same lighting conditions you
11-2 propose to use with photographs. Use those camera settings
(e. g. resolution, white balance, exposure, …) you will (most
Chapter 11: Profiling and calibrating for Your RAW converter
likely) use later for shooting. Your target must have uniform
lighting. The hardest part is to get even lighting avoiding reflec-
tions with color targets with glossy patches.
r Import the image of the camera target into your profiling soft-
ware. Doing this avoids any color correction and much of the pro-
cessing (you need to use a RAW converter if the target shot is a
RAW file). In some cases, correcting white balance may be helpful.
r Your profiling software compares the colors appearing on the
image of the target with known color values of the target and
calculates the camera ICC profile from that.
Keep in mind however, that this ICC profile is only valid for the
camera you used for shooting and only for pictures taken with
identical (or quite similar) lighting conditions used when shoot-
ing the target originally.
If you are shooting TIFFs or JPEGs, apply this profile to your photo-
graph when opening the image in Photoshop. If you shoot RAW
files, the RAW converter should accommodate camera profiles. Only
RSE, C1 and Bibble do this.
All RAW converters we consider in the book provide their own,
generic internal profiles for the cameras they support. Usually, sev-
eral shots are taken with a specific camera while using different light-
ing conditions. From these photos, an averaged profile is calculated
(with additional tweaking). White balance control of your RAW con-
verter allows white balance of your image to shift along the axis
between the profiles for low color and high color temperature.
There are several packages to accommodate camera profiling – e. g.
the module Camera by Gretag Macbeth ([15]), inCamera by
PictoColor ([24]), or Profile Prism by Digital Domain ([33]).
11.2 Camera profiling using Eye-One Photo and

ProfileMaker
GretagMacbeth ([15]) offers
Camera, a package con-
sisting of a camera target
and a software module 11-3
called ProfileMaker 5.
11.2 Camera profiling using Eye-One Photo and ProfileMaker 5

Camera is sold as a stand-
alone package or as part
of different Eye-One pack-
ages – e.g. Eye-One Photo.
Figur 11-1: GretagMacBeth
Gretag’s Camera – sup-
MiniColorChecker
porting Windows as well
as Mac OS – including a small (4 x 5 Inch) camera target MiniColor-
Checker.
For serious camera profiling, however, you should consider
ColorChecker SG, which may be ordered separately. It is larger, has
many more patches and allows better profiles. It does come with a
fierce price tag (around 300 US Dollars or Euro plus tax).
l Figure 11-2:
Gretag MacBeth
ColorChecker SG, an
excellent camera
target
Despite this, it is of excellent color quality, quite robust and the col-
ors should not fade for a long time, even when used in bright light.
The color patches show very little metamerism in varying lighting
conditions.
To profile a camera using Eye-One Camera, follow these steps:
1. Take a picture of the target – we recommend ColorChecker SG

– using the same lighting condition you use for a shooting ses-
sion. Continue with your shooting and do the profiling before
you process your images of that shooting session.
2. Convert your target image using standard settings with your

RAW converter, then convert to a TIFF file. If you usually work
11-4 with 16-bit TIFFs, convert the target image as a 16-bit TIFF, as well.
3. Start ProfileMaker 5 and select Camera.

Figure 11-3 r: Starting dialog of ProfileMaker 5.0

4. From the drop-down list labelled Reference Data select the type
of target used.
5. With the drop-down list Photographed Testchart selected, press

Open. Navigate to the image of the target shot.
6. ProfileMaker will show the target image in a new window.
11-5
Figure 11-4: Target image that has to be cropped
Carefully crop it, using the mouse with a cross hair cursor and
the . Better to crop a bit tight than to include white surround-
ing space. You may even crop into the target area, if the image
shows a perspective view.
7. Compare your target image with the image of the reference
target. If their orientation and pattern of patches are the same,
proceed.
8. From the drop-down menu Photo Task select the type of picture
you took, and then from the drop-down menu Light Source
select the type of lighting condition used for shooting.
9. The Options found in the dialog box with Photo Task Options let
you tweak your profile for special lighting and color conditions.
11-6
Figure 11-5: Several options allow to adapt your camera profile to specific needs
These should be used only if you have prior experience in profiling.

10. Clicking Start initiates the generation of the profile. You may see
some messages, advising that the image is over- or underex-
posed. Ignore them.
11. Provide a descriptive name for the profile, naming the camera
and lighting conditions, (e.g. Nikon-D70_Studio_D50).
That’s it! This profile may be used as a camera ICC profile with C1
or RSE or may be assigned to a converted image using
Photoshop.
If your RAW converter does not support custom camera profiles,

you should consider converting your RAW files without doing 11-7
much color correction with the converter. Apply the generated

profile to your converted TIFF or JPEG file using Photoshop:
1. Open the converted image with Photoshop, avoiding any profile

conversion while opening.
2. Select ImagerModerAssign Profile from the menu (PS 9):

EditrAssign Profile). From the drop-down menu of pro-
files, select the camera custom profile you generated using
ProfileMaker for lighting conditions used for the shooting.
l Figure 11-6:
Assign your camera
profile in Photoshop
If you checked Preview in your Assign Profile dialog box, you will
see the effect of the selected camera profile even before you
click OK. Clicking OK will perform assignment of the camera pro-
file.
11.3 Camera profiling using InCamera.
InCamera is a Photoshop plugin allowing users to create camera
profiles. We recommend InCamera mainly for studio profiles in
which you control the light consistently.
1. Convert your RAW file with a RAW converter (e. g. RSE) in the mode
required for creation of camera profiles (see the documentation)
2. Open the converted file into Photoshop (do not color manage).
11-8
lFigure 11-7:
Ignore Color
Management for
this image (at the
time beeing).
3. Run the InCamera plug-in and adjust the grid to match the target.
Figure 11-8: Adjust the grid to match the target in InCamera.

4. Click on Check Capture.
InCamera lets you check for even lighting of your target.
11-9
11.3 Camera profiling using InCamera

Figure 11-9: Check for even lighting
As mentioned before. Providing good even lighting is an art. A

good profile depends on shooting good target shots.
5. Now, you just click OK and InCamera will save a ready-to-use

camera profile.
11.4 Shooting for a neutral gray
When shooting in abnormal lighting conditions, often the case
when shooting outdoors or outside a controlled studio with well
controlled lights, an ICC camera profile is of little use. However, there
are some ways to work around this problem. One reason for profil-
ing is to achieve a correct white balance (not always what you want,
e.g. when setting up soft or colored lights within a studio to achieve
an intentional special mood). In this situation, there is an easy and
universal solution, though possibly not achieving the same exact
colors that may be accomplished using a camera profile:
11-10
Shoot a color checker or gray card with right along your subject. Use
its neutral gray patches as the reference point for your white bal-
ance. If you shoot a series of pictures with the same lightning condi-
tions, include the color checker in only the first shot. Then apply the
white balance of this image to all the other images of your session –
so long as lighting conditions do not change.
l Figure 11-10:
Shoot a color reference
or a gray card with
your first image.
There are many gray cards and color checkers available, however
not all provide a truly neutral gray patch. In our experience, Mini
ColorChecker by GretagMacbeth is quite good – though not cheap
(about 60–75 US dollars).
To utilize the patches of a gray card or ColorChecker for white bal-
ancing, follow these steps:
1. Open the image (see cropped view) with your RAW converter,
e.g. ACR, and activate the tab for the white balance.
2. Pick up the eyedropper and select the

gray patch on your color checker (with MiniColorChecker by
GretagMacbeth, it is the second patch from the left in the bot-
tom line – see figure 11-10).
This sets your white balance, which should be nearly neutral by
now. If you save this setting and apply it to the other pictures taken
with the same lighting conditions, you should get good white bal-
anced result for all of them.
11.5 Calibrating Adobe Camera Raw

While Adobe Camera Raw does not support custom camera profiles,
11-11
it does provide controls and settings for special color corrections.
This allows you to basically build special profiles (at least something
11.5 Calibrating Adobe Camera Raw

resembling custom profiles) for your camera. If your camera tends to
over-saturate red or cyan, for example – more than other cameras of
the same make and model – you might correct this in one image,
then make it the default color setting for the camera.
We recommend against using these settings to correct individual
shots, but to use only as a generic correction for a specific camera.
You may, however, use different settings for different light condi-
tions.
These setting are located within the ACR tab Calibrate.
Use these sliders with care and
watch closely their visible
effect in the preview window.
Use a correctly-exposed pic-
ture to do the calibration. It
should show some neutral
light gray areas where color-
cast are easily detected. Set
several measure points with the
eyedropper in these areas
and try to obtain equal RGB
values there:
Figure 11-11: Profiling with Calibrate

You may use these calibration settings as new camera defaults. ACR
will use them for only a specific camera make and model – includ-
ing all cameras of this type. To use as camera defaults, save the set-
ting via Save New Camera Raw Defaults in the save setting menu:
l Figure 11-12:
11-12 Save your current
settings as new
camera defaults.
Alternatively, you may save settings as a special file to be loaded
again, in which case you should probably save the Calibrate settings
as a subset (Save Settings SubsetrCalibration). Adobe stores the set-
tings as .xmp files.
The default folder for that is
C:\ Documents and Settings\
user\Application Data\
Adobe\Camera Raw\Settings
(or Mac: user/Library/
Application Support/Adobe/
/Camera Raw/Settings).
If you stay with that
folder, these settings will be
listed in the ACR Image
Settings drop-down menu
and may be recalled with-
minimum navigating.
Going a step further,
instead of a good gray color
balance, you may read out Figure 11-13: ACR allows to selectively save
the color values on your your settings
target using a
spectrophotometer (e. g. Eye-One Pro), set some color checkpoints
with the ACR eyedropper at the color patches.
If you have no spectrophotometer, use the patch-values mea-
sured with our Mini-ColorChecker (see figure 11-14).
Lab: Lab: Lab: Lab: Lab: Lab:

39/13/14 66/18/18 50/-5/-22 43/-13/23 55/9/-23 70/-33/0
RGB: RGB: RGB: RGB: RGB: RGB:
109/84/72 185/147/129 101/122/153 95/107/67 129/126/169 128/128/169
Lab: Lab: Lab: Lab: Lab: Labb:

63/36/58 38/9/-43 51/48/17 30/19/-20 71/-22/56 72/20/69
202/124/55 73/88/156 173/83/95 82/63/101 164/182/74 214/160/53
11-13
29/16/-50 56/-37/32 41/53/29 81/5/80 52/49/-14 51/-29/-27
11.4 Shooting for a neutral gray

RGB: RGB: RGB: R GB: RGB: RGB:
53/65/144 103/149/91 152/50/56 226/194/49 169/86/146 63/135/164

96/0/0 81/0/0 67/0/0 50/0/0 36/0/0 21/0/0
243/243/243 200/200/200 162/162/162 118/118/118 85/85/85 54/54/54
Figure 11-14: Gretag MiniColorChecker with the rounded Lab (L) and RGB (R) (Adobe RGB)
patch color values
Try tuning the calibration settings, so that the readouts achieve tar-
get color values of the various patches. This must be done itera-
tively, since changing one color will change other colors, as well and
things can get tedious. Don’t attempt matching all patches, rather
focus on the three or four patch colors important to you, (e. g. skin
colored patches or perhaps the blues). Remember that RGB values
are color space dependent! Those RGB values given in the image
shown are those or Adobe RGB (1989).
Results you achieve using this method are generally better than
merely setting a neutral white/gray balance.
11-14
Chapter 12
Creating B&W photos from color
images
12-1
Creating B&W photos from color images
Camera: Canon 1DS
12.1 Turn color images into Black & White

When everybody is shooting in color, Black & White Photography
may seem a dying art. We, however, are convinced, that for some
scenes and some shooting, B & W is still sensible, sometimes even
superior. With B & W, the photographer, as well as the viewer, has to
concentrate on shapes and contrast. B & W permits reducing the
message to the most essential parts of the picture while drawing
attention to those parts – you have to go for a strong abstraction
with your photograph. Though some digital cameras allow shooting
in B & W, we recommend shooting in color and do the reduction to
B & W either in the RAW converter or in Photoshop (or similar image
editor). Thus, converting color images to B & W has great potential.
Still, merely converting an image from RGB mode to grayscale mode
does not (in most cases) do the trick. This method usually results in a
flat picture without high impact.
Shooting with B & W film has a long and well-established tradi-
12-2 tion, so, let us have a glance at what a workflow with B & W film
looks like then compare to steps used with digital B & W processing.
Chapter 12: Creating B&W photos from color images
B & W with Digital Camera and

B & W film
Photoshop
Real world in color Real world in color
Camera Filter Digital color image

(red, orange, yellow, green, …) (TIFF or JPEG from your RAW
converter)
B & W film spectral sensitivity Photo Filters in Photoshop
Developer B & W Channel Mixer in PS
All techniques about contrast,

Negative brightness,
shadows and highlights
B & W print Dodge and burn in Photoshop

(paper grades,
dodge and burn) Digital B & W print
Figure 12-1: Similarities and differences between B&W film

and B&W digital images
Setting up our digital B & W workflow, we want to come as close as

possible to the simulation of these classic B & W techniques.
12.2 B & W workflow with ACR , Capture One and
RawShooter
When looking into B & W, we love the power of abstraction that
B & W provides. But we might not be alone in the observation that
working in color (have a look at our color work at [5]) and B & W
requires very different thinking and, more importantly, a different
feeling.
In fact, during the process of creating effective B & W photos we
can get distracted by any color we see (especially of the same
photo). What we want to do is think in B & W only.
12-3
Color conversion techniques
12.2 B&W workflow with ACR, Capture One and RawShooter

There are endless methods of conversion color to B & W, and most
are based on Photoshop:
r Channel Mixer (full Photoshop only, not in Elements)
r Hue/Saturation desaturated
r Photoshop plug-ins
r Converting to grayscale in the RAW converter (Adobe Camera
Raw, Capture One DSLR)
Probably nothing beats the power of all these techniques, but all
require switching from color to B & W and, thus, detract from our
pure B & W viewing process.
We have developed a pure B & W workflow with ACR, Capture
One and RawShooter. This includes even thumbnails and previews
in B & W.
B & W with ACR
12-4
Figure 12-2: Setting Saturation to zero will display your images in Black & White.
Creating B & W images with ACR is pretty easy. Just set saturation to
zero. You than can manipulate tonality using:
r White balance (WB)
r Calibration data
Once you have a file converted and open in Photoshop CS, change
its mode to “Grayscale” and open the Shadow/Highlight tool.
12-5

Figure 12-3: You may optimize your image using Photoshop’s
Shadow/Highlight function.
Shadow/Highlight provides the ultimate control for tweaking your

B & W tonality. For grayscale images the “Color Correction” slider
turns into a “Brightness” slider. It is all there:
r Open up shadows
r Tone down highlights
r Enhance mid-tone contrast
r Optimize brightness
B & W thumbnails and previews

Then, apply saturation settings to all the pictures you want to con-
vert to B & W, and even thumbnails and preview images show up in
B & W:
12-6
Figure 12-4: Full B & W view
Note: Use the option “Sidecar xmp files.” Otherwise, any other color
images with the same name might turn gray, too.
lFigure 12-5:
Set your
preferences
for your image
settings.
For this setup of ACR, use (while Extended is activated) the triangle
pull down menu Settings r Preferences.
lFigure 12-6:
You may save your
ACR settings as new
camera defaults.
B & W with Capture One DSLR
We recall that Capture One DSLR (Capture One) allows displaying
images in grayscale, by activating the button (top right). This is
acceptable, but not real exciting.
12-7

Figure 12-7: Capture One in grayscale display mode (click for this)
Capture One can also convert to grayscale on output.
lFigure 12-8:
Capture One provides a generic
grayscale profile.
This creates a grayscale image with a gamma of 2.2. However, we
like to view a B & W image in RGB mode instead. An RGB image
allows further optimization within Photoshop.
The solution is to create a new profile converting to B & W. This
can be done with the profile editor of Capture One DSLR Pro by
desaturating colors. Unfortunately, Capture One only allows
desaturating by 30 % in a single step. We needed to repeat this pro-
cess a couple of times to come up with a first B & W profile which
we share with our readers (see [6]).
At this point, we are close to our goal of a 100 % B & W workflow:
12-8 1. Select the new B & W profile as default for your camera
lFigure 12-9:
You may select a B&W
profile as the default
profile for your camera
in Capture One DSLR.
This has an amazing side effect … thumbnails display in B & W.

2. The Exposure, Contrast, Levels and Curves tools in Capture One
are very good in controlling B & W contrast and brightness.
12-9

lFigure 12-10:
Use the Capture One tools
Exposure, Contrast and Curve to
adjust your B&W image to your
aesthetic liking.
3. The techniques in Photoshop (Channel Mixer) allow you to filter
the color image to get a better B & W rendering. Here we can
(mis)use the WB control in Capture One.
lFigure 12-11:
You may use the B&W control of
Capture One to control the look
of the B&W image (which is still
a color image.)
All three controls (Temperature, Tone Balance and especially Color
Cast) have an influence on the B & W conversion (settings may also
be saved).
In addition, Color Saturation can be used to alter B & W render-
ing. You can even try messing with the single RGB channels in
Levels (Unfortunately, Curves in Capture One doesn’t allow this yet).
12-10
Figure 12-12: 300D photo converted in Capture One
Working in color and Black&White

If you choose to work in B & W and color, use of Capture One allows
you to have only one type of settings and previews in your cache.
We installed Capture One a second time in a different folder to
ensure that the cache is not shared (by default). You needn’t go
through a licensing hassle by copying the *.lic file from the old
installation root to the new installation root.
Sample
We want the B & W photo to not be overly contrasty in Capture One.
Later we will open the file in Photoshop and apply some initial mild
sharpening (applied as a layer ([10]) – it allows us to improve the
sharpening later on).
Next, in Photoshop
tweak the black and
(if necessary) the
white point in an
Adjustment Layer to
get the final B & W
snap. By doing this, we
can tweak the bright-
ness and contrast later.
12-11
Figure 12-13: Use a Levels adjustment layer to

tweak the white point of your image.
Figure 12-14: 300D converted with Capture One
Finally, the image gets saved as a PSD file. ImagePrint 5.6 (see [11])
will open PSD files and print using a custom ImagePrint gray profile.
B & W with Raw Shooter
B & W also works well using RawShooter. With it you can use both
techniques from ACR (setting saturation to zero) or Capture One
(using a B & W profile). Most often, setting saturation to zero seems
to be most convenient. You can even have different color and B & W
Snapshot settings in RawShooter.
Especially the Fill Light, Shadow contrast and Highlight
contrast sliders aid in optimizing the tonality of your B & W pictures.
Hard contrast, sometimes very disturbing in color photos, looks
fine in B & W. We frequently use stronger positive settings for
Shadow and Highlight contrast.
12-12
Figure 12-15: B & W in RawShooter

AA filter • Anti-Aliasing Filter used in digital artefacts (or artifacts) • An undesirable

cameras to spread incoming light slightly effect visible when an image is printed or
so that small points of white light will be displayed, such as moiré patterns, banding
recorded by more than one sensor element. or compression artefacts. Compression
artefacts (JPEG artefacts) may result from
aberration • With digital photographs,
too severe JPEG compression. Also over-
there are two types of aberrations:
sharpening may produce artefacts. A-1
(1) chromatic aberrations. These are caused
by the fact that a lens refracts light differen- banding • Noticeable tonal level jumps in
tially as a function of its wavelength (color). an area, where a continuous tone level
Good lenses compensate largely in that by would normally be. Banding is one type of
combining several lens elements. Such a artefact.
lens is called an ‘achromatic lens’. Chromatic
Bayer pattern •
aberrations (CA for short) usually show up
An array of color
as purple/green fringes that are more visi-
filters placed in
ble at the edges of an image. Good RAW
front of camera
converters offer a tool to reduce chromatic
sensors that
aberrations.
allow the camera
(2) spherical aberrations. Results in some
to capture color infor-
blur in an image.
mation although those sensor elements
absolute colorimetric • See rendering intent. can only record brightness. The Bayern pat-
tern, in most cases, consists of a matrix of
ACR • see Adobe Camera Raw.
tiny green, red and blue filter elements. The
Adobe RGB (1998) • A color space defined Bayer pattern algorithm (there are several
by Adobe. It is well-suited for digital photo- others) interpolates from individual gray
graphs and has a reasonably wide gamut, levels RGB colors for each pixel of an image.
larger than sRGB, and includes most print-
able colors. blooming • An effect occuring when a CCD
cell of a camera sensor receives too much
Adobe Camera Raw (ACR) • This is the RAW light. Its electronic charge transfers to the
converter provided as a plug-in by Adobe next cell thus producing an undesired
as part of Photoshop CS1 and CS2. ‘blooming’ effect. Blooming is most visible
Photoshop CS1 (aka Photoshop 8) ships at the edges of high contrast and highly
with ACR 2.x while Photoshop CS2 (aka saturated colors.
Photoshop 9) has ACR 3.x. Photoshop
Elements 3 provides a slightly stripped ACR black point • The density (or color) of the
2.x interface. darkest black a device may reproduce.
Black levels beyond that are clipped to the to the output color space. Well known
black point. CMMs are Apple’s ColorSync for the Mac and
Microsoft’s ICM as an integral part of
C1• Capture One DSLR by Phase One ([36]).
Windows. Adobe provides its own CMM
As there is a trademark issue with C1, Phase
module with applications, such as
One no longer uses this abbreviation, but
Photoshop and InDesign. It’s called ACE
instead uses “CO”.
(Adobe Color Engine).
CA • Chromatic Aberration. See aberration.
CMS • Color Management System.
calibration • Adjusting the behavior of a
CMYK • A color model based on the four
device to a pre-defined state. Calibration, in
primary printing colors cyan, magenta, yel-
many cases, is the first step when profiling a
low and black (Black is also called the key
device.
A-2 color). Used in print production, they form a
camera RAW format • See RAW. subtractive color model. Though many
inkjet printers use CMYK inks (and often

candela • Unit of measurement for luminos-
other additional colors), they, in fact, pres-
ity. Luminosity is specified in candela per
ent an RGB interface to the user.
square meter (cd/m2).
CRT • Cathode Ray Tube – a component in
CCD • Charged Coupled Device, an electronic
monitors utilizing glass tubes for display.
element that accumulates an electronic
charge depending upon the amount of clipping • The loss of certain tonal values
light (photons) perceived by the element. usually found in the color or tonal limits of
The photographic sensors of most present- a color space. Clipping occurs, for example,
day digital cameras consists of a matrix of when converting images from 16-bit-mode
CCDs. An alternative technique used as to 8-bit or when converting from RGB to
camera sensors are CMOS-based sensors. CMYK. In these cases, usually some satu-
rated colors are clipped to become less sat-
cd • See candela.
urated colors.
CF • Compact Flash – a type of data storage
color gamut • See gamut.
used in memory cards for digital cameras.
colorimeter • An instrument used to mea-
CIE • Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage.
sure the color of emitted light. Often one is
This is the international scientific organiza-
used in profiling monitors.
tion which defined the CIE Lab standard.
color model • The way colors are described
CIE LAB • See Lab.
by numbers. RGB, for example, uses a triple,
characterization • See profiling. denoting the amount of red, green and
blue. CMYK uses a quadruple for the per-
CMM • Color Matching Module – the internal
centage of cyan, magenta, yellow and
color engine of a color management sys-
black. There exist other colors models, such
tem. It does the color translation from dif-
as Lab, HSM, Grayscale (a gray value) or
ferent (source) color spaces to the PCS
Bitmap (with pixel values of 0 or 1 – white
(Profile Connection Space), and from the PCS
or black respectively).
color space • A range of colors available for chroma • The technical term for saturation.
a particular profile or color model. When an
curves • A tool in Photoshop that allows
image resides in a particular color space,
control (change) of tonal values in an
this limits the range of colors available to
image. The curve diagram below represents
that image. It also defines how the color
the relationship between input and output.
values of an image are to be interpreted.
By modifying this curve, corresponding
There are device-dependant color spaces
tonal values of the pixels in the image are
(e. g. that of a scanner or printer) and
changed.
device-independent color spaces (e. g. Lab,
Adobe RGB (1998) or sRGB).
ColorSync • Apple’s implementation of ICC-
based color management (part of Mac OS 9
A-3
as well as Mac OS X).
color wheel • A circular
diagram displaying the
available color spectrum
(at a particular bright-
ness level).
CS1, CS2 • Adobe Creative Suite 1 & 2. The
full suite includes Photoshop, InDesign,
color temperature • A measure on the Illustrator, GoLive and Version Cue. The
spectrum of the wavelength of white Premium suite includes Acrobat. CS2 also
(light). The unit used is Kelvin (K). Lower includes Bridge.
color temperatures correspond to a red or
yellowish light, higher temperatures result D50 • Daylight at 5 000 Kelvin. This is the
in a bluish tint. The term ‘temperature’ standard light (illuminant) in the printing
stems from a ‘blackbody radiator’ emitting industry (prepress) for evaluating colored
(white) light when heated to a specific color prints.
temperature Here are some examples: D65 • Daylight at 6 500 Kelvin. This is the
candle light, fire 1 000–1 800 K standard (illuminant) that is closer to the
light emitted by CRT or LCD monitors.
tungsten 2 600–2 700 K
halogen lamp 3 400 K device profile • See ICC profile.
moonlight 4 100 K
dithering • A technique used to simulate
D50 daylight illuminant 5 000 K many different colors and/or halftones yet
sunny and blue sky 5 800 K utilizing only a few primary colors by plac-
D65 daylight illuminant 6 500 K ing dots in a certain pattern. Viewed from
flash 6 500 K an appropriate distance, the image is per-
cloudy sky 7 000–8 000 K ceived as a continuous tone image.
neon light 8 000–9 000 K dot gain • Halftone dots grow slightly in
sunny mountain snow up to 16 000 K size when printed (e. g. due to ink spread-
ing). This is called dot gain. Coated paper EV • Exposure Value.
has a dot gain of 8–20 %, while with
Exif, EXIF • A standardized format for cam-
uncoated paper it may grow up to 28 %.
era metadata (e. g. camera model, exposure
Photoshop may take dot gain into account
value, focal length, …). This data is usually
when producing output for printers by
embedded in the image file and may be
reducing a dot size appropriately to com-
used for searching, as well as, by applica-
pensate for its future dot gain.
tions to act in an intelligent way on the
dpi, DPI • dots per inch. Used as a measure- data. PTLens, one example, uses the focal
ment of print resolution in regard to ink or length value from EXIF data to correct lens
toner dots per inch on paper or printing distortions.
plates. Most printing techniques (e. g. inkjet
Firewire • (IEEE 1394) a fast, serial interface
printers or offset presses) simulate a half-
A-4 for cardreaders, digital cameras, scanners
tone value or a non-primary color of a pixel
and other peripheral devices. Firewire
using a pattern of tiny dots. With such
allows for transfer rates of up to 40 MByte/s

printing techniques, the dpi value of a
(1394a) or 80 MByte/s (1394b).
printing device must be considerably
higher (by a factor of 4 to 8) than the ppi gamma • (1) Relationship between tonal
(pixel per inch) value of the image. values (or input voltage with a monitor)
and perceived brightness. There are two
DSLR • Digital Single-Lens Reflex – a stan-
gamma values in broad use:
dard type of professional and semi-profes-
(A) 1.8, the Apple standard for the Mac and
sional digital camera.
preferred in prepress work.
ECI • European Color Initiative. This organi- (B) 2.2, the Windows standard. For photo-
zation focuses on defining standardized graphs, we recommend using 2.2, (even on
means to exchange colors (color images) Macintosh systems) when it comes to mon-
on the basis of ICC profiles. You may find itor calibration and profiling.
some specific color profiles at their Internet (2) The degree to which a color space or
home page (see www.eci.org). device is non-linear in tonal behavior.
ECI-RGB • An RGB work space for those gamut • The total range of colors (and den-
images destined for prepress work in sities) a device can reproduce (e. g. a moni-
Europe. Its gamut is somewhat wider tor or printer) or capture (e. g. a scanner or
(slightly more green tints) than that of digital camera). Color gamut is the range of
Adobe RGB (1998) and also covers nearly all colors a device can reproduce (or capture)
colors intended to be printed. and dynamic range refers to the brightness
levels a device can produce or capture.
EPS • Encapsulated PostScript. A standard
file format for graphics, usually those gamut mapping • The way colors are
including vector graphics or a mix of vector remapped when an image is converted
graphics and bitmap images. Often, EPS from one color space to another. If the des-
files contain both the actual graphic infor- tination space is smaller than the source
mation and additionally a preview image of space, color compression or color clipping
that graphic. will be take place.
gray balanced • A color space is called gray ICM • Image Color Management or
balanced if equal values of the primary col- Integrated Color Management – the
ors result in a neutral gray value. This situa- Microsoft implementation of the color man-
tion is preferable for work spaces. agement module in Windows.
highlights • Areas of an image with no intent • See rendering intent.
color or gray level at all.
IT-8 • A family of standard targets used by
histogram • A visual representation of tonal profiling devices such as scanners or digital
levels in an image. With color images, it is cameras.
advantageous not only to see luminance
IPTC • International Press Telecommunication
levels but also tonal levels of each individ-
Council. In photography, IPTC is a metadata
ual color channel:
format describing the image. It provides
A-5
fields, e. g. for copyright notices, rights
usage terms, a title (caption) and keywords.
JPEG • Joint Photographic Experts Group.
This ISO group defines a file format stan-
dard for color images. The JPEG format uses
lossy compression, offering various trade-
offs between high quality (at lower com-
pression) and lower quality resulting in a
higher compression but smaller files.
HSB, HSL • Adaptions of the RGB color
model. Colors are described by a hue, satu- Lab, LAB, L*a*b*, CIE LAB • A perceptual-
ration of the hue and lightness (HSL) or based color model defined by the CIE.
brightness (HSB). Colors in this model are defined by L
(Luminance) and two color components, a
hue • Hue is normally referred to as color and b. ‘a’ (or ‘A’) is the axis ranging from red
tint. to green while ‘b’ (or ‘B’) ranges from blue to
ICC • International Color Consortium. A con- yellow.
sortium of companies that develop indus- LCD • Liquid Crystal Display. A display tech-
try-wide standards for color management nique used with flat panel monitors (TFT
– e. g. ICC profiles. For more information see monitors).
www.color.org.
lpi, LPI • Lines per Inch. The measure used to
ICC profile • A standardized data format to define printing resolution (or screen fre-
describe the color behavior of a specific quency) with typical halftone printing
device. ICC profiles are the basis of color methods, such as, offset printing.
management systems. They allows CM sys-
tems to maintain consistent color impres- luminance • Amount of light (energy) emit-
sion across different devices, different plat- ted by a light source, e. g. by a monitor. The
forms and throughout a complete unit used with monitors is candela per
color-managed workflow. square meter (cd/m2).
metadata • Data describing other data space. ICC has defined four different stan-
objects. EXIF and ITPC data are examples of dard intents:
metadata as part of digital photographs. (1) Perceptual compresses colors of the
source space to the gamut of the destina-
PCS • Profile Connection Space. This is an
tion space (where the source space is
intermediate color space used when con-
smaller than the destination space). This is
verting colors from a source space to a des-
the intent recommended for photographs.
tination space (say, from one profile to
(2) Relative colorimetric does a 1:1 mapping
another). According to the ICC specification
when the colors in the source space are all
it can be either CIE-Lab or CIE XYZ.
present in the destination space. Out-of-
perceptual intent • See intent. gamut colors of the source are mapped
(clipped) to the nearest neighbor of the
PNG • Portable Network Graphics. A flexible
A-6 destination space. This intent may be used
image file format, providing indexed color
for photographs if most of the colors in the
for up to 8-bits per channel and also allow-
source space are available in the destina-

ing transparency. This format, however, is
tion space. In this case, most colors of the
not as flexible as TIFF.
source are mapped 1:1 into the destination.
ppi, PPI • pixel per inch, used to specify the The white point of the source space also is
resolution of a digital image. See also dpi. mapped to the white point of the destina-
tion space.
primary colors • Those colors of a color
(3) Absolute colorimetric does a 1:1 mapping
model used to construct the colors of the
when colors in the source space are present
pixels. For RGB the primary colors are red,
in the destination space. Out-of-gamut col-
green and blue. CMYK primaries are cyan,
ors of the source are mapped (clipped) to
magenta, yellow and black.
the nearest neighbor of the destination
profile • See ICC profile. space. The white point of the source is main-
tained. This intent is used (only) for soft
profiling • The act of creating a device pro-
proofing.
file. Usually a two-step process, whereby
(4) Saturation. This intent aims to maintain
the first step is to linearize the device. The
saturation of a source color, even when the
second step measures the color behavior of
actual color has shifted during the mapping.
the device and describes it with an ICC pro-
This intent may be used when mapping
file. The entire process is also called charac-
logos and diagrams, but is not suitable for
terization.
photographs.
PS • Photoshop.
resolution • This term defines the depth of
RAW (camera RAW format) • See ICC profile. detail that an image can reproduce.
Resolution is measured in dots per inch
Relative colorimetric • See rendering intent.
(dpi) or pixels per inch (ppi).
rendering intent • A strategy to achieve
RGB • Red, Green, Blue. These are the pri-
color space mapping when converting col-
mary colors of the standard additive color
ors from a source to a destination color
model. Keep your photographs in RGB!
mode as long as possible and use RGB for profiles, and other metadata as well as lay-
archiving your images. ers and alpha channels. It is well suited as
an archival format for images.
RIP • Raster Image Processor. A module,
either part of a printer or a software appli- USB • Universal Serial Bus. A computer
cation. The RIP converts page information device interface for peripherals such as card
into a raster image or dot pattern for print- readers, cameras, scanner or external disks.
ing. There are two version of the USB bus, where
USB 2 (high speed) is much faster (up to
RS, RSE • RawShooter Essential – a free
60 MByte/s)than USB 1.x (up to 1.2 MByte/s).
good RAW converter by Pixmatec ([35]).
USM • Unsharp Masking. A method of
saturation • (1) defines the purity of color.
sharpening an image by increasing the con-
Saturation may vary from none (which is
trast of edge pixels. The term stems from a A-7
gray) via pastel colors (some saturation) to
traditional film-composing technique.
pure colors (full saturation) with no gray.
(2) One of the four rendering intents. See vignetting • Vignetting is an effect where
rendering intents. some areas of a photograph are less illumi-
nated that others. Most camera lenses
spectrophotometer • An instrument to
exhibit “optical vignetting” to some degree
measure the color of emitted and reflected
– mostly at the outer edges but stronger
light. It usually is used for profiling printers
when an aperture is wide open.
and measuring the color (light spectrum) of
“Mechanical vignetting” may occur, if a lens
a print or other surface.
hood is too small or not properly attached.
soft proof • Usage of the monitor as a proof-
ing device. For soft proofing Photoshop
simulates the colors a picture will have on a
different output method (e. g. a print) on
the monitor.
sRGB • A standard color space for monitors.
It is intended for images presented on
monitors or in the Internet. slight vignetting very strong vignetting
tagged images • Images with embedded wide gamut RGB • A large color space that
color profile. covers almost all of RGB. There is no physi-
TIFF • Tagged Image File Format. A file for- cal device that can reproduce all color of
mat for images. TIFF acts as an envelope wide gamut. This color space is sometimes
format for a lot of different image formats used for archival purposes, if output shall
and allows several different compression be produced for photographic printers or
modes – most of them lossless (e. g. LZW, transparent recorders.
ZIP, Runlength encoding, uncompressed). It white balance • Adjusting the color tem-
allows to store different color depths (from perature and color tints in an image, so that
1 to 32 bit per channel), embed comments,
there is no color cast and gray areas show white point adaption • When a color map-
no color tint. ping has to take place and the source and
the destination spaces have different white
white point • (1) The color of ‘pure white’ in
points, with some intents (e. g. Relative colo-
an image. On a monitor, it is the brightest
rimetric) colors are adapted relative to the
white the monitor can display. In photo
new white point.
prints, it usually is defined as the color of
the blank paper. working space • A device-independent
(2) The color of a light source or lighting color space (profile). It defines the color
conditions in terms of color temperature. gamut available to the image using this
(3) The color “white” in a color space. For working space. For photographers Adobe
example Adobe RGB (1998) and sRGB have a RGB (1998) or ECI-RGB (in Europe) are the
white point of 6 500 K (D65) while ECI-RGB, working spaces recommended.
A-8
Color Match RGB and Wide Gamut RGB have
a white point of 5 000 K (D50). Most CMYK
color spaces have a white point of D50.

Resources
B-1
Resources
Camera: Nikon D100
Remember that Internet addresses may [2] Bruce Fraser, Chris Murphy, Fred
change or vanish over time. We attempt, how- Buntig: Color Management. Industry-
ever, to keep up to date. In the e-book version strength production techniques.
you can click on the links (in blue) to get to a Peachpit Press, Berkeley, CA, 2003.
particular page directly with your browser.
[3] Ben Willmore:
B.1 Recommended Books uptospeed – Photoshop CS2.
Peachpit Presss, Berkeley, 2005.
[1] Tim Grey: Color Confidence.
The digital photographer’s guide to
color management.
Sybex Inc, San Francisco, 2004.
B.2 Useful resources in the Internet [12] Paper on Noise Ninja – a noise removal
tool ( , ):
[4] Outback Photo: The home-page of www.outbackphoto.com/workflow/
Bettina & Uwe Steinmueller with lots wf_25/essay.html
of information on digital photography:
www.outbackphoto.com [13] ICC – International Color Consortium:
www.color.org
[5] Colors by Nature – some of the color
works of Bettina & Uwe Steinmueller: [14] ECI – European Color Initiative
www.colors-by-nature.com www.eci.org
[6] Uwe Steinmueller: A Profile for B&W [15] GretagMacbeth: ColorChecker and
conversion: several profile packages (e. g. Eye-One
B-2
www.outbackphoto.com/artofraw/ Match and Eye-One Photo):
raw_08/profile_BW.zip www.gretagmacbeth.com
Resources
[7] Digital Outback Photo: Our Tonality [16] ColorVision: Color Management Tools
Tuning Toolkit: (e.g. ColorPlus, Spyer2Pro, ProfilerPlus,
www.outbackphoto.com/workflow/ PrintFIX, …):
wf_61/essay.html www.colorvision.com
[8] Digital Outback Photo: Paper on [17] Monaco Systems (now part of X.rite):
sharpening: Color Management Tools (Profiling
http://www.outbackphoto.com/ packages, e.g. Monaco OPTIX for mon-
dp_essentials/dp_essentials_05/ itor profiling):
essay.html www.xritephoto.com
[9] Digital Outback Photo: Paper on noise [18] Digital Domain Inc.: Profile Prism.
reduction: ICC profiling tool for cameras and
www.outbackphoto.com/ scanners:
dp_essentials/dp_essentials_04/ www.ddisoftware.com/prism/
essay.html
[19] Pixmantec: RawShooter Essentials ( ).
[10] Digital Outback Photo: An essay on A RAW converter for a broad range of
Workflow techniques using actions and DSLRs:
filters in layers: www.pixmantec.com
www.outbackphoto.com/workflow/
wf_19/essay.html [20] Phase One: Capture One DSLR ( , ).
A RAW converter for a broad range of
[11] Digital Outback Photo: An essay on DSLRs.
printing insights: www.phaseone.com
www.outbackphoto.com/
printinginsights/pi.html
[21] Bibble Labs: Bibble. ( , ). A RAW [30] Debarrelizer. For corrections of barrel
converter for a broad range of DSLRs. distortions ( , ):
www.bibblelabs.com www.theimagingfactory.com/data/
pages/products/products1.htm
[22] Canon: Canon Digital Photo
Professional. ( , ). [31] Focus Magic. A sharpening tool ( ):
A RAW converter for various Canon www.focusmagic.com
DSLRs:
www.canon-europe.com/Support/ [32] Focus Fixer. A sharpening tool ( , ):
Patches/dpp/ www.fixerlabs.com
[23] Nikon: Nikon Capture. ( , ) [33] Digital Domain Inc: Qimage RIP ( )
A RAW converter for most of Nikon’s and Profile Prism ( ) – a profiling
B-3
DSLRs: software for printers, digital cameras
http://nikonimaging.com/global/ and scanners:
Resources
products/software/capture4/ www.ddisoftware.com
[24] PictoColor: inCamera. ICC profile soft- [34] DxO Optics Pro. Corrects distortions
ware for digital cameras and scanners: and lateral chromatic aberrations and
www.picto.com vignetting ( , ):
www.dxo.com
[25] PTLens – A correction program for
lens flaws (Photoshop Plug-in for [35] Exifer for Windows. Management of
Windows): EXIF/ITPC meatadata. ( ):
http://epaperpress.com/ptlens www.friedemann-schmidt.com/
software/exifer/
[26] LensFix & PanoTools – Lens distortion
correction & image remapping plug- [36] ACD Systems: ACDSee.
ins for Mac OS: Photo Management Software ( ):
www.kekus.com www.acdsystems.com
[27] NeatImage. Noise removal tool ( , ): [37] Cerious Software: ThumbsPlus Pro.
www.neatimage.com Simple to use digital asset manage-
ment system ( ):
[28] Noiseware. Noise removal tool ( , ): www.cerious.com
www.imagenomic.com
[38] Rname-it ( ). A free flexible Windows
[29] Helicon Filter Pro. A freeware set of renaming utility:
filters to remove red eye, reduce www.outbackphoto.com/handbook/
noise, to do sharpening and cameratocomputer.html
color tuning ( ):
www.shareup.com/Helicon_Filter_
pro_download-21227.html
[39] Renamer4Mac ( ): A free renaming [47] Bettina&Uwe Steinmueller:
utility for Mac OS X: Digital photography workflow hand-
http://mac.softpedia.com/get/ book:
Utilities/Renamer4Mac.shtml www.outbackphoto.com/booklets/
dop2000/DOP2000.html
[40] Helmut Dersch: Panorama-Tools. ( )
Tool for digital panoramas, used as [48] Dr. Brown Russell: Tips & Techniques for
the basis for PTLens. Photoshop CS2.
www.ptgui.com Dr. Brown‘s Services 1.0 make this
whole process much more easy
[41] Donwloader Pro. ( ). A windows utili- (check out the movie):
ty to download and rename image www.russellbrown.com/
B-4
files from a memory card or from a tips_tech.html
camera:
www.outbackphoto.com/ [49] Jack Flesher: Paper Upsizing in
Resources
computers_and_more/ Photoshop:
veit_downloader_pro/essay.html www.outbackphoto.com/workflow/
wf_60/essay.html
[42] Photorescue ( ).
A utility for Windows and Mac to ex-
tract image files from a corrupted
memory card:
http://www.outbackphoto.com/
handbook/usingdslr.
html#photorescue
[43] Adobe: Paper on XMP customizing:

www.adobe.com/products/xmp/
custompanel.html
[44] New versions of Adobe Camera Raw

www.adobe.com/support/
downloads/
[45] Free Adobe DNG converter

www.adobe.com/products/dng/
[46] EasyS Sharpening Toolkit:

www.outbackphoto.com/workflow/
wf_66/essay.html
Index
A Adobe Bridge 4-4 RS 5-30

AA filter 1-9, A-1 Adobe Camera Raw 4-1, A-1 smooth processing 8-13
aberration A-1 batch processing 8-5 Bayer
chromatic aberration 7-13 calibrating 11-11 pattern 1-6, A-1
absolute colorimetric 2-15, A-1, Adobe Creative Suite A-3 demosaicing 1-7
A-6 Adobe Gamma 2-18 sensor 1-8
ACDSee 10-3, B-3 Adobe RGB (1998) 2-11, 2-13, A-1, Bibble 6-11, B-3
C-1
ACR (Adobe Camera Raw) A-1 A-8 color management 6-13
adjust tab 4-22 advanced image corrections Picture Options 6-15
Index
advanced image corrections 3-24, 4-38 setup 6-12
4-38 Anti-Aliasing filter 1-9 sharpening 6-16
apply settings 4-10 Apple RGB 2-11 WB 6-14
batch conversion 4-37, 4-39 archival RAW format 9-3 workflow 6-17
brightness 4-26 artefacts A-1 bitmap mode 2-2
calibrate tab 4-33 camera artefacts 1-11 bit depth 4-21
contrast 4-26 Auto Adjustments 4-11 black point 3-17, A-1
curves 4-12 blooming A-1
curves tab 4-32 B blur 7-2
exposure 4-26 B&W Bridge 4-15
filmstrip-mode 4-16 creating photos 12-1 batch conversion 8-12
histogram 4-19 film 12-2 brightness 3-17
ICC working space 4-21 profile 12-8 ACR 4-26
image correction controls thumbnails and previews 12-5 browsing
4-22 with ACR 12-4 RAW files 3-13, 4-4
Lens tab 4-31 with Capture One DSLR 12-7
real life workflow 4-3 with RawShooter 12-3, 12-12 C
resolution 4-21 backup 3-12 C1 (Capture One) A-2
reuse settings 4-36 banding A-1 cache settings 4-17
saturation 4-28 barrel distortions 7-19 calibrate tab
save settings 4-36 batch 8-7 ACR 4-33
shadows 4-26 Adobe Camera Raw 8-5 calibrating Camera Raw 11-11
sharpness 4-28 basic pattern 8-2 calibration 2-15, A-2
toolbar 4-19 conversion 4-39, 8-16 by eye 2-18
white balance 4-23 ACR 4-37, 4-39 hardware based 2-18
workflow support 4-39 using Bridge 8-12 settings 2-18
action 8-6 predefined scripts 8-10 camera
additive color model 2-3 RawShooter 8-16 artefacts 1-11
adjust tab renaming default settings 4-40
ACR 4-22 Photoshop 8-4 histogram 3-3
profile 2-16, 11-1 clipping 3-5 command key 1-2
profiling 11-3 color noise 7-9 Commission Internationale de
RAW format A-2 conversion techniques 12-3 l’Eclairage A-2
set to to RAW mode 3-2 corrections 3-24 Compact Flash (CA) A-2
target 11-2 depth 2-2 computer configuration 1-3
to computer 3-9 filters 1-7 configuration 1-3
candela A-2 gamut A-2 for color work 1-3
Canon Digital Photo Professional index mode 2-2 contrast 3-17
6-19 management 2-6 ACR 4-26
Capture One DSLR 6-2, B-2 Bibble 6-13 enhancements 1-14
B&W 12-7 DPP 6-20 corrections
batch processing 8-13 module 2-8 color corrections 3-24
color management setup 6-4 NC 6-30 Correct toolbar 5-20
C-2 develop 6-9 setup in Capture One 6-4 cropping 1-14
exposure 6-8 system 2-8 crop tool 4-20
Index
Preferences 6-4 mode A-3 CRT 2-19, A-2

RAW file browser 6-5 bitmap mode 2-2 CS1 A-3
setup 6-3 model A-2 CS2 A-3
sharpening 6-9 additive 2-3 curves A-3
WB 6-7 CMYK 2-4 ACR 4-12, 4-32
CA (chromatic aberration) 7-13, grayscale 2-5 NC 6-31
A-1, A-2 LAB 2-3
CCD A-2 RGB 2-3 D
CcMmYK 2-4 subtractive 2-4 D50 A-3
cd (candela) A-2 modes 2-2 D65 2-18, A-3
CF (Campact Flash card) A-2 sampler 4-20 Debarrelizer 7-14, B-3
Channel Mixer 12-3 settings 2-23 deletion workflow 5-19
characterization 2-16, A-2, A-6 settings in Photoshop 2-23 demosaicing 1-7
Charged Coupled Device A-2 space develop tab Capture One 6-9
chroma A-3 CMYK A-8 device
chromatic aberration (CA) 7-13, mapping 2-14 gamut 2-5
A-1, A-2 visualization 2-11 profile A-3
CIE A-2 spaces 2-5 creation 2-15
LAB 2-3, 2-16, A-2, A-5 temperature 3-16, A-3 digital darkroom
clipping A-2 wheel A-3 setup 3-12
clone tool 7-26 working space 2-10 Digital Negative 1-1
CMM 2-8, A-2 ColorChecker B-2 Format 9-1
CMS 2-8, A-2 ColorChecker SG 11-3, 11-4 distortion 7-19
CMYK 2-5, A-2, A-8 colorimeter 2-20, A-2 DNG 9-1
color model 2-4 colorimetric A-6 advantages 9-8
color absolute colorimetric intent converter 9-3, 9-5
adjustment 2-15 disadvantages 9-8
DPP 6-25 relative colorimetric intent potentials 9-2
aliasing 1-11, 7-2 2-14 support 9-3
and B&W 12-10 ColorSync A-3 DNGC 9-3, 9-5
channel clipping 3-5 ColorVision B-2 Donwloader Pro B-4
dot gain A-3 Focus Fixer B-3 ACR 4-22
Downloader Pro 3-11 Focus Magic B-3 advanced 3-24
dpi (DPI) A-4 folder organization 3-10 in RS 5-20
DPP 6-19 format defects 7-1
color adjustment 6-25 RAW exchange format 9-3 naming 3-10
color management 6-20 Foveon sensor 1-9 organize your images 4-13
exposure 6-24 fringing (purple fringing) 7-15 storage 3-9
main features 6-21 ImagePrint 12-11
setup 6-19 G Image Color Management A-5
WB 6-23 gamma 2-18, A-4 inCamera 11-3, 11-8, B-3
DSLR A-4 gamut 2-5, A-4 index mode 2-2
dust spots 7-26 mapping A-4 intent 2-14, A-5, A-6
DxO Optics Pro B-3 grayscale mode 2-5 absolute colormetric 2-15
gray balanced A-5 perceptual 2-14 C-3
E GretagMacbeth B-2 photographic 2-14
Index
ECI A-4, B-2 relative colormetric 2-14
ECI-RGB 2-11, 2-24, A-4, A-8 H saturation 2-15
EOM 2-19 hardware based calibration 2-18 International Press Telecommu-
EPS A-4 healing brush 7-29 nication Council A-5
Euroscale Coated 2-24 Helicon Filter Pro 7-13, B-3 IPTC 10-3, A-5
EV A-4 highlights A-5 ISO 3-8
exchange format 9-3 Highlight Contrast 5-7 ISO Coated 2-24
EXIF 10-1, 10-2, A-4 histogram A-5 IT-8 A-5
Exifer for Windows 10-3, B-3 ACR 4-19 ITPC 10-1
expose camera histogram 3-3 iView MediaPro 9-8
rule 3-4 indicating overexposure 3-3
Exposure 5-7 live histogram 3-7 J
exposure 3-2, 3-17, 5-22 how to create an action 8-5 JPEG 1-4, A-5
ACR 4-26 HSB A-5 artefacts 1-10, A-1
Capture One 6-8 HSL A-5
DPP 6-24 hue A-5 K
Extensible Metadata Platform in RS 5-27 keyboard
10-3 RS 5-27 option 1-2
Eye-One Hue/Saturation 12-3 shortcuts 1-2, 4-41
Display 2-19 in RS 5-20
Photo 11-3 I
ICC 11-1, A-5, B-2 L
F profile 2-7, A-5 L*a*b* A-5
file attributes 10-2 ICM A-5 LAB A-5
file hierarchy 3-10 IEEE 1394 A-4 color model 2-3
Fill Light 5-7 image layer (Smart Object) 4-42
filmstrip-mode advanced corrections LCD 2-19, A-5
ACR 4-16 ACR 4-38 LensFix 7-19, B-3
Bibble 6-11 in RS 5-32 lens correction 7-15, 7-22
RS 5-15 blur 7-2 Lens tab
Firewire A-4 correction 3-14 ACR 4-31
lossy compression 1-11 using PS filter „Reduce Noi- camera 11-1
lpi (LPI) A-5 se“ 7-12 camera profile 2-16
luminance 2-18, A-5 NoiseNinja 7-12 monitor profile 2-17
noise 7-2 Noiseware 7-13, B-3 printer 2-17
profiling A-6
M O camera 11-3
Macs 1-3 Online Screen Display 2-21 settings in Photoshop 2-23
main features option key 1-2 ProfileMaker 11-3, 11-4
NC 6-30 organize your images 3-9, 4-13 Profile Connection Space A-6
mapping OSD 2-21 Profile Prism 11-3, B-2
color Outback Photo B-2 Pro Photo RGB 2-11, 2-13
space 2-14 output size 4-21 PSD 12-11
mark bad pictures 4-14 PS (Photoshop) A-6
C-4 metadata 10-1 P PTLens 7-19, B-3
EXIF 10-1, 10-2 Panorama-Tools 7-15, B-4 purple fringing 7-15
Index
file attributes 10-1, 10-2 PanoTools B-3

for seraching 10-9 patch tool 7-28 Q
further metadata 10-3 PCS 2-16, A-6 Qimage RIP B-3
IPTC 10-3 PCs 1-3
ITPC 10-1 perceptual 2-14 R
usage in ACR 10-5 intent A-6 Raster Image Processor A-7
XMP 10-2 Percetual A-6 RAW 1-1, A-6
MiniColorChecker 11-3 perspective corrections 7-2, 7-24 advantages 1-5
Lab values 11-13 Photorescue 3-12, B-4 archival RAW format 9-3
moiré 1-11, 7-2 Photoshop (PS) camera settings 3-2
Monaco Systems B-2 action 8-5 converter 1-14
monitor profile 2-17 batch-renaming 8-4 converters 6-1
color and monitor profile exchange format 9-3
N settings 2-23 files 1-1
NC (Nikon Capture) 6-28 how to create an action 8-5 browsing 3-13
color management 6-30 profile settings 2-23 file browser 3-13
curves 6-31 Picture Options Capture One 6-5
main features 6-30 Bibble 6-15 RawShooter 5-2
Preferences 6-29 pincushion distortions 7-19 workflow 3-1
setup 6-29 Pixmantec 5-1, B-2 RawShooter 5-1
WB 6-32 PNG A-6 B&W 12-12
NeatImage 7-13, B-3 Portfolio 9-8 B&W workflow 12-3
neutral gray 11-10 ppi (PPI) A-6 batch convert 8-16
Nikon Capture B-3 Preferences batch processing 8-16
Nikon Capture (NC) 6-28 Capture One 6-4 real life workflow 5-2
noise 7-2, 7-9 NC 6-29 setup 5-14
color noise 7-9 preview size 5-19 RawShooter Essentials B-2
luminance noise 7-9 primary colors A-6 relative colorimetric 2-14, A-6
noise removal filters 7-12 printer profile 2-17 Renamer4Mac 3-11, B-4
reduction 7-9 profile A-6 renaming 3-11
in RS 5-29 B&W profile 12-8 rendering intent A-6
resolution A-6 ACR 4-26 USB 1-3, A-7
ACR 4-21 sharpening 1-14, 7-3 USM 7-4, A-7
reuse settings Bibble 6-16
ACR 4-36 Capture One 6-9 V
RGB A-6 in RS 5-27 vignetting 7-2, 7-23, A-7
Adobe RGB (1998) 2-11, A-8 tools 7-9
Apple RGB 2-11 sharpness W
color model 2-3 ACR 4-28 WB (White Balance) 1-10, 1-13,
ECI-RGB 2-11, A-8 slide show 5-30 3-7, 3-14, 4-6, 4-23, A-7
information 1-7 Smarter Sharpen 7-8 ACR 4-23
Pro Photo RGB 2-11 Smart Object 4-42 Bibble 6-14
RIP A-7 layer 4-42 Capture One 6-7
Rname-it 3-11, B-3 smoothness 4-30 DPP 6-23
rotating 4-20 soft proof 2-15, A-7 NC 6-32 C-5
RS 5-1, A-7 source 8-7 objective and subjective 3-8
Index
advanced image corrections spektrophotometer A-7 seeting in RS 5-21
5-32 spherical aberrations A-1 settings
batch processing 5-30 sRGB 2-10, A-7 in RawShooter 5-4
hue 5-27 straighten tool 4-20 white point 2-18, 3-17, A-8
slide show 5-30 strategic reasoning 1-13 adaption A-8
workflow support 5-32 subtractive color model 2-4 wide gamut A-7
RSE A-7 Synchronize 4-10 workflow
ACR 4-3
S T Bibble 6-17
saturation 1-14, A-6 tagged images A-7 deleting files in RS 5-19
ACR 4-28 target 11-2 options 4-21
intent 2-15 threshold 7-6 support
in RS 5-27 ThumbsPlus 9-8, B-3 ACR 4-39
save settings TIFF 1-4, A-7 in RS 5-32
ACR tilt 7-24 support in RAW converters
4-36 tonality 3-17, 5-22 3-25
scroll wheel support 4-41 adaptive 3-19 working space A-8
sensor Foveon 1-9 tool
settings clone tool 7-26 X
apply settings in ACR 4-10 crop tool 4-20 X3 sensor 1-8
cache settings 4-17 healing brush 7-29 XMP 4-14, 10-2, 10-3
setup patch tool 7-28
Bibble 6-12 straighten tool 4-20
Capture One 6-3 toolbar
DPP 6-19 ACR 4-19
NC 6-29 transfer your photos 3-9
shadow
contrast 5-7 U
point 3-17 undo, redo 4-41
Shadow/Highlight 12-5 unsharp mask 7-4
shadows up-sampling 1-14

Steinmueller Photo - The Art of RAW Conversion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steinmueller Photo - The Art of RAW Conversion

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steinmueller Photo - The Art of RAW Conversion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Art of RAW Conversion

Publisher: Steinmueller Photo

Copyright © 2005 by Uwe Steinmueller and Jürgen Gulbins.

2 Basic Color Management

3 Basic RAW workﬂow

The "before/live" histogram 3-7

Adobe Camera Raw

5 Pixmantec RawShooter (RS)

6 More RAW Converters

8 Batch Processing techniques for RAW ﬁles

9 DNG – Digital Negative Format

11 Proﬁling and calibrating for your RAW Converter

12 Creating B&W photos from color images

Literally dozens of books on digital photography are currently being

1.1 Introduction to RAW ﬁles or digital negatives

1.2 How to use this book, how this book is organized

1.3 Using PCs and Macs

1.5 What are RAW ﬁles?

In many ways, using a ﬁlm camera and a digital camera is identical.

What are the RAW ﬁle advantages?

1.5 What are RAW files?

How do you use a grayscale sensor to capture color photos?

B-G-B-G-B-G l Figure 1.3:

First, it is interesting to note that 50 % are green and only 25 % for

1.5 What are RAW files?

However, you want to have a photo with full-color information for

layer layer layer

Figure 1.6: X3 sensor with no color interpretation errors

1.5 What are RAW files?

Some of these challenges result in image artefacts like moirés and

r The in-camera RAW converter can only use limited computing

1.5 What are RAW files?

Digital camera artefacts

Color aliasing / moirés

1.6 The digital negative/slide

1.7 Some strategic reasoning

Doing an operation at an early stage doesn’t necessarily mean you

Up- or Down-sampling r As for scaling, we recommend using the

Which RAW converter to use

1.7 Some strategic reasoning

Basic color management

Usually, when working with photos, we work in color. Thus, it is very

Photoshop supports several diﬀerent color models. A color model

2.1 Understanding the different color modes

LAB color model

0 l Figure 2-2: LAB color model

CMYK color model

r Some photo ﬁlters won’t work in CMYK mode.

2.1 Understanding the different color modes

2.2 Understanding color management

Why you need to understand color management

2.2: Understanding color management

put device. How this is done, we see in the next section.

What is a color management system?

2.2: Understanding color management

Photoshop, and other applications that support color management,

you may accomplish this conversion using the RAW converter.

2.2: Understanding color management

Visualization of color spaces