Algebra 8

ALGEBRA
For NAKHICHEVAN
PRIVATE TURKISH HIGH SCHOOLS
ALGEBRA
8th CLASS
For NAKHICHEVAN PRIVATE TURKISH HIGH SCHOOLS
CHAPTER I Rational numbers
CHAPTER II Radicals
CHAPTER III Quadratic equations
CHAPTER IV Inequalities
CHAPTER V Powers with integer
exponent
MEHMET AKİF ALTUNDAL

MAAKIF PUBLICATIONS
SHERUR 2002
3
CHAPTER I RATIONAL NUMBERS..................................................... 7
RATIONAL NUMBERS AND PROPERTIES ..................................................... 7

1. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS ....................................................................... 7
2. SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL FRACTIONS ..................................................... 8
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF FRACTIONS ....................................................... 8
3. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS WITH SAME
DENOMINATOR .............................................................................................. 8
4. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS WITH DIFFERENT
FRACTIONS .................................................................................................... 9
PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT OF FRACTIONS ................................................ 10
5. MULTIPLICATION AND POWER OF FRACTIONS..................................... 10
6. DIVISION OF FRACTIONS ...................................................................... 11
7. EVALUATION RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS ............................................... 12
CHAPTER II RADICALS....................................................................... 13
REAL NUMBERS ......................................................................................... 14

9. RATIONAL NUMBERS ........................................................................... 14
10. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS ...................................................................... 15
RADICALS................................................................................................... 15
11. SQUARE ROOTS .................................................................................. 15
12. x2 = aEQUATION........................................................................... 16
13. CALCULATING VALUE OF SQUARE ROOT APPROXIMATELY .............. 16
14. y = x AND ITS GRAPH ................................................................... 17
PROPERTIES OF SQUARE ROOT ................................................................. 17
15. SQUARE ROOT OF PRODUCT AND FRACTION...................................... 17
16. SQUARE ROOT OF POWER .................................................................. 18
APPLICATION OF SQUARE ROOT............................................................... 19
17. MOVING THE FACTOR TO INSIDE OR OUTSIDE OF ROOT .................... 19
18. EVALUATION OF EXPRESSIONS WITH SQUARE ROOTS ....................... 19
CHAPTER III QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ........................................ 20
QUADRATIC EQUATION AND ITS ROOTS ................................................... 21
4
19. DEFINITION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION AND INCOMPLETE QUADRATIC
EQUATION ................................................................................................... 21
20. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH USING SQUARE OF
BINOMIALS .................................................................................................. 22
FORMULA OF QUADRATIC EQUATION ...................................................... 24
21. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION WITH FORMULA ............................ 24
22. SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH THE HELP OF QUADRATIC EQUATION ...... 25
23. VIET THEOREM .................................................................................. 25
RATIONAL EQUATIONS .............................................................................. 26
24. SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS ....................................................... 26
25. SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS WITH RATIONAL EQUATIONS..................... 27
EXTRA EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER III ........................................................... 29
CHAPTER IV INEQUALITIES ............................................................. 33
NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ...................................................................... 33

EXERCISES OF NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ................................................. 34
28. PROPERTIES OF NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ....................................... 36
EXERCISES OF PROPERTIES OF NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ........................ 38
29. ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ...... 40
EXERCISES OF ADDITION AND MULTİPLİCATİON OF NUMERICAL
INEQUALITIES .............................................................................................. 42
INEQUALITIES WITH ONE VARIABLE AND SYSTEM OF INEQUALITIES .... 44
30. INTERVALS ........................................................................................ 44
EXERCISES OF INTERVALS .......................................................................... 44
31. SOLVING INEQUALITIES WITH ONE VARIABLE ................................... 46
EXERCISES OF SOLVING INEQUALITIES WITH ONE VARIABLE .................... 47
32. SOLVING SYSTEM OF INEQUALITIES WITH ONE VARIABLE ................ 52
EXERCISES OF SOLVING SYSTEM OF INEQUALITIES WITH ONE VARIABLE .. 55
EXTRA EXERCISES FROM CHAPTER IV........................................................ 59
CHAPTER V POWERS WITH INTEGER EXPONENT.................... 65
POWER WITH INTEGER EXPONENT AND PROPERTIES ............................. 65

33. DEFINITION OF POWER WITH NEGATIVE INTEGER ............................. 65
EXERCISES OF DEFINITION OF POWER WITH NEGATIVE INTEGER ............... 66
34. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIALS WITH INTEGER POWERS ................... 69
EXERCISES OF PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIALS WITH INTEGER POWERS .... 69
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35. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ....................................................................... 73
ERROR CALCULATIONS ............................................................................. 73
36. WRITING APPROXIMATELY (WITH ERROR) ........................................ 73
37. OPERATIONS ON APPROXIMATE VALUE ......................................... 74
EXTRA EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER V ............................................................ 75
6
CHAPTER I Rational numbers
CONTENT
Rational numbers and properties
Sum and difference of fractions
Product and quotient of fractions
Rational numbers and properties

1. Rational expressions
Expressions with numbers, variables and operations are algebraic
expressions.
Rational expressions are all algebraic expressions with fractions.
Polynomials are algebraic expressions without fractions.
Example: 7a 3b , m3 + n3 , ( x − y )( x 2 + y 2 ) are polynomials.
b x− y n 5
Example: 4a − , 2 , − 2 are rational
2a + 1 x − 3xy + y 3 n + 12
expressions.
Domain is the values of variables in rational expressions. These
values don’t make undefined.
1
Example: 10 + is a rational expression. Domain is a ≠ 0 .
a
x
Example: x + is a rational expression. Domain is x ≠ y .
x− y
5
Example: is a rational expression. Domain is a ≠ 0 and
a(a − 9)
a ≠ 9.
3a − b 2
Example: Find value of if a = and b = −1,5
2ab 3
2
3 × − (−1,5)
3a − b 3 2 + 1,5 3,5
= = = = −1, 75
2ab 2 2 − 2
2 × × (−1,5) × (−3)
3 3
7
Exercises
2. Simplifying rational fractions

Fundamental property of fractions;
If a, b, c are integers and b ≠ 0 , c ≠ 0 then
a ac
=
b bc
21y
Example: Simplify
3y2
21y 3 × y × 7 7
= =
3y2 3 × y × y y
a2 − 9
Example: Simplify
ab + 3b
a −9
2
a 2 − 32 (a + 3)(a − 3) a − 3
= = =
ab + 3b b(a + 3) b(a + 3) b
2x
Example: Change denominator of to 35y 3
7y
2 x 2 x × 5 y 2 10 xy 2
= =
7 y 7 y × 5 y 2 35 y 3
5
Example: Change denominator of to x − 2 y .
2y − x
5 × (−1) −5 −5
= =
(2 y − x) × (−1) −2 y + x x − 2 y
Exercises
Sum and difference of fractions

3. Addition and subtraction of fractions with same
denominator
3a − 7b 2a + 2b
Example: Add with
15ab 15ab
8
3a − 7b 2a + 2b 3a − 7b + 2a + 2b
+ =
15ab 15ab 15ab
3a + 2a − 7b + 2b 5a − 5b 5 × (a − b) a − b
= = = =
15ab 15ab 5 × 3 × ab 3ab
6a a2 + 9
Example: Subtract from
5a − 15 5a − 15
a +9
2
6a a + 9 − 6a
2
− =
5a − 15 5a − 15 5a − 15
a − 6a + 9
2
(a − 3) 2 (a − 3) × (a − 3) a − 3
= = = =
5 × (a − 3) 5 × (a − 3) 5 × (a − 3) 5
x2 − 3 2 2x −1
Example: Simplify + 2 − 2
x + 2x x + 2x x + 2x
2
x − 3 + 2 − (2 x − 1) x 2 − 3 + 2 − 2 x + 1 x 2 − 2 x x( x − 2) x − 2
2
= = 2 = =
x2 + 2 x x2 + 2 x x + 2 x x( x + 2) x + 2
3a 6x
Example: Add with
2x − a a − 2x
3a 6x 3a 6 x × (−1) 3a −6 x 3a − 6
+ = + = + =
2 x − a a − 2 x 2 x − a (2 x − a) × (−1) 2 x − a a − 2 x a − 2 x
Exercises
4. Addition and subtraction of fractions with different

fractions
We’ll first equalize denominators then add numerators.
x 5
Example: Add 3
with
4a b 6ab 4
x 5 x × 3b3 5 × 2a 2 3b3 x + 10a 2
+ = + =
4a 3b 6ab 4 4a 3b × 3b3 6ab 4 × 2a 2 12a 3b 4
9
a+3 b−3
Example: Evaluate −
a + ab ab + b 2
2
a+3 b−3 (a + 3) × b (b − 3) × a
− = −
a ( a + b) b( a + b) a ( a + b) × b b( a + b) × a
(a + 3)b − (b − 3)a ab + 3b − ba + 3a
= =
a(a + b)b ab(a + b)
3b + 3a 3(a + b) 3
= = =
ab(a + b) ab(a + b) ab
a2 − 3
Example: Evaluate a − 1 −
a +1
a − 3 a − 1 a − 3 (a − 1) × (a + 1) a 2 − 3
2 2
a −1− = − = −
a +1 1 a +1 1× (a + 1) a +1
a 2 − 1 a 2 − 3 a 2 − 1 − (a 2 − 3)
= − =
a +1 a +1 a +1
a −1− a + 3
2 2
2
= =
a +1 a +1
Exercises
Product and quotient of fractions

5. Multiplication and power of fractions
We’ll multiply numerators with numerators and denominators with
denominators.
a3 6b
Example: Multiply 2 with 2
4b a
a 3
6b a × 6b
3 3
6a b 2 × 3 × a 2 × a × b 3a
× = = = =
4b 2 a 2 4b 2 × a 2 4b 2 a 2 2 × 2 × b × b × a 2 2b
pm + 2 p pm 2
Example: Multiply with 2
m m −4
10
pm + 2 p pm 2 ( pm + 2 p ) × pm 2
× 2 =
m m −4 m × (m 2 − 4)
p × (m + 2) × p × m × m p2m
= =
m × (m − 2) × (m + 2) (m − 2)
x −1 x +1
Example: Multiply with
x+2 x
x − 1 x + 1 ( x − 1) × ( x + 1) x2 − 1
× = =
x+2 x ( x + 2) × x x2 + 2 x
x+a
Example: Multiply with x 2 − a 2
x−a
x+a x + a x2 − a2
× ( x2 − a2 ) = ×
x−a x−a 1
( x + a ) × ( x − a ) ( x + a )( x + a )( x − a )
2 2
= =
( x − a) ×1 ( x − a)
= ( x + a)( x + a) = x + 2ax + a 2
2
2a 2
Example: Evaluate third power of
b4
2a 2 3 (2a 2 )3 23 × (a 2 )3 8a 6
( ) = 4 3 = = 12
b4 (b ) b12 b
Exercises
6. Division of fractions
We reverse second fraction then multiply them.
7a 2 14a
Example: Divide 9 with
b b
7a 14a 7a 2 b
2
7a 2 × b a
: = × = = 8
b 9
b b 9
14a b × 14a 2b
9
11
x−2 x +1
Example: Divide with
x x+2
x − 2 x + 1 x − 2 x + 2 x2 − 4
: = × =
x x+2 x x + 1 x2 + x
a2 − 9
Example: Divide with a + 3
3y
a2 − 9 a2 − 9 a + 3 a2 − 9 1 a2 − 9
: (a + 3) = : = × =
3y 3y 1 3y a + 3 3 y × (a + 3)
(a − 3)(a + 3) a − 3
= =
3 y (a + 3) 3y
Exercises
7. Evaluation rational expressions

1 x2 − 4
Example: Evaluate x + 1 − ×
x+2 x
x + 1 1× ( x − 4) x + 1 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
2
− = −
1 ( x + 2) × x 1 ( x + 2) x
x + 1 x − 2 ( x + 1) × x x − 2
= − = −
1 x 1× x x
( x + 1) x − ( x − 2) x + x − x + 2 x 2 + 2
2
= = =
x x x
b a a 2b + ab 2
Example: Evaluate ( + ) × +1
a 2 − ab ab − b 2 a 2 + b2
b a a 2b + ab 2
( + )× 2 +1
a ( a − b) b( a − b) a + b2
b×b a×a a 2b + ab 2
=( + )× 2 + 1e
a ( a − b) × b b( a − b) × a a + b2
12
b × b + a × a a 2b + ab 2 b 2 + a 2 a 2b + ab 2
=( )× 2 + 1 = × +1
a (a − b)b a + b2 a (a − b)b a 2 + b 2
(b 2 + a 2 ) × (a 2b + ab 2 )
= +1
a (a − b)b × (a 2 + b 2 )
a 2b + ab 2 ab (a + b) a+b
= +1 = +1 = +1
a (a − b)b a ( a − b) b a−b
a + b 1 a + b 1× ( a − b) a + b a − b
= + = + = +
a − b 1 a − b 1× ( a − b) a − b a − b
a +b+ a −b 2a
= =
a −b a −b
x y
−
y x
Example: Evaluate
x y
+ −2
y x
x y x2 y 2 x2 − y 2
− −
y x yx xy xy x 2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy
= 2 = = :
x y x y 2
2 xy x 2
+ y 2
− 2 xy xy xy
+ −2 + −
y x xy xy xy xy
x2 − y2 xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) × xy
= × 2 =
xy x + y 2 − 2 xy xy × ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy )
( x 2 − y 2 ) xy ( x + y )( x − y ) x + y
= = =
xy ( x + y − 2 xy )
2 2
( x − y)2 x− y
Exercises
CHAPTER II Radicals
Content
Real numbers
Radicals
13
Properties of radicals
Application of radicals
Real numbers
9. Rational numbers
Natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, … and their symbol is Ν .
Integers are ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … and their symbol is Z .
m
Rational numbers are in the form , m is integer and n is natural ,
n
their symbol is Q.
We can write rational numbers with decimal numbers.
1
Examples: is a rational number after dividing 1 with 8. We can
8
1
write = 1, 25
8
2 2
is a rational number after division we can write = 0, 4
5 5
3 3
1 is a rational after division we can write 1 = 1,15
20 20
8 8
is a rational after division we can write = 0, 216216216...
37 37
0, 216216... is a repeating decimal we can write 0, (216) or 0, 216
7 7
= 0,58333... we can write = 0,58(3)
12 12
1
5 = 5,1666... = 5,1(6)
6
5
− = −0, (45)
11
Also we can write all decimals as repeating decimals
2,5 = 2,5000... = 2,5(0)
−3 = −3, 000... = −3, (0)
14
Exercises
10. Irrational numbers

3, 0100100010000... is an irrational number.
−5, 020022000222... is an irrational number.
π = 3,1415926535897932384626433832795... is an irrational
number.
e = 2,7182818284590452353602874713527... is an irrational
number.
2 = 1,4142135623730950488016887242097... is an irrational
number.
0,123456789101112... is an irrational number.
We can not write fractions for irrational numbers. But we can write
12334
for rational numbers. ( 0,12334 = )
100000
Rational and irrational numbers make real numbers.
Exercises
Radicals
11. Square roots
x 2 = 64 is an equation. Roots are 8 and −8 . So square root of 64 is 8 .
With square roots we use positive root.
4 = 2 , , 0 = 0 , 1, 21 = 1,1
a = b if b ≥ 0 and b 2 = a
a = undefined if a < 0
−25 = undefined , −3, 7 = undefined
( a ) 2 = a if a > 0
Exercises
15
12. x 2 = a equation.
In solution of x 2 = a , there are three cases.
Case1. if a < 0 , equation x 2 = a has no root.
Case2. if a = 0 , equation x 2 = a has one root, this root is 0.
Case3. if a > 0 , equation x 2 = a has two roots. These are x1 , x2
x1 = a and x2 = − a
Example: Solve x 2 = 49
x1 = 49 = 7 and x2 = − 49 = −7
4
Example: Solve x 2 =
9
4 2 4 2
x1 = = and x2 = − =−
9 3 9 3
Example: Solve x = 2
2
x1 = 2 and x2 = − 2
Exercises
13. Calculating value of square root approximately

Example: Calculate 2
12 = 1 and 22 = 4 so answer must be between 1 and 2, i.e. 2 = 1,...
1,12 = 1, 21 1, 22 = 1, 44 1,32 = 1,96
1, 42 = 1,96 1,52 = 2, 25
so answer is between 1,4 and 1,5. i.e. 2 = 1, 4...
1, 412 = 1,9881 1, 422 = 2, 0164
so answer is between 1,41 and 1,42. i.e. 2 = 1, 41...
And we can continue if we want.
Exercises
16
14. y = x and its graph
We use some values of variables.
x 0 1 4 9 16
y 0 1 2 3 4
y
Properties of graphic. 6
1. x = 0 and y = 0 graphic
passes through origin.
2. x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 graphic is
on first quadrant.
3. x and y increase together, x
-1 6
graphic increases. -1
Properties of square root

15. Square root of product and fraction
Calculate 81× 4 and 81 − 4
81× 4 = 324 = 18
81 − 4 = 9 − 2 = 7
Theorem: if a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0 then a×b = a × b
a a
Theorem2: if a ≥ 0 and b > 0 then =
b b
Example: 64 × 0, 04 = 64 × 0, 04 = 8 × 0, 2 = 1, 6
Example: 32 × 98 = 16 × 2 × 2 × 49 = 16 × 4 × 49
= 16 × 4 × 49 = 4 × 2 × 7 = 56
36 36 6
Example: = =
169 169 13
Example: 20 × 5 = 20 × 5 = 100 = 10
17
80 80
Example: = = 16 = 4
5 5
Exercises
16. Square root of power

For x = 5 and x = −6 calculate x2
For x = 5 , x 2 = 52 = 25 = 5
For x = −6 , x 2 = (−6) 2 = 36 = 6
Or shortly we can write 52 = 5 = 5 and (−6) 2 = −6 = 6
Theorem: x2 = x
Example: a16 = (a8 ) 2 = a8
But we know even power of any number is not negative so
a16 = (a8 ) 2 = a8 = a8
Example: x10 = ( x 5 ) 2 = x5
If x ≥ 0 then x 5 is positive or zero so x10 = ( x 5 ) 2 = x 5 = x 5
If x < 0 then x 5 is negative and − x 5 is positive so
x10 = ( x5 ) 2 = x5 = − x 5
Example: 893025 = 36 × 52 × 7 2 = (33 ) 2 × 52 × 7 2
= 33 × 5 × 7 = 945
Exercises
18
Application of square root
17. Moving the factor to inside or outside of root
Compare 50 and 6 2
First way
50 = 25 × 2 = 5 × 2 = 5 2 ,
5 2 < 6 2 so
50 < 6 2
Second way
6 2 = 6 × 2 = 36 × 2 = 36 × 2 = 72
50 < 72 so
50 < 6 2
Example: a 7 = a 6 × a = a 6 × a = (a 3 )2 × a
= a3 × a = a3 a
Example: −4 x = −4 × x = −1× 4 × x = −1× 16 × x
= −1× 16 × x = −1× 16 x = − 16 x
Example: a 2
If a ≥ 0 then a 2 = a 2 = a 2 × 2 = a 2 × 2 = 2a 2
If a < 0 then a 2 = − a 2 = − a 2 × 2 = − a 2 × 2 = − 2a 2
Exercises
18. Evaluation of expressions with square roots

Example: 3 5a − 20a + 4 45a = ?
= 3 5a − 4 × 5a + 4 9 × 5a = 3 5a − 2 5a + 12 5a
= (3 − 2 + 12) 5a = 13 5a
Example: (3 5 − 6 2) × ( 5 + 2 2) = ?
19
= 3 5× 5 +3 5×2 2 −6 2× 5 −6 2×2 2
2 2
= 3 5 + 6 10 − 6 10 − 12 2 = 3 × 5 − 12 × 2
= 15 − 24 = −9
x2 − 3
Example: Simplify
x+ 3
2
x2 − 3 x2 − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= = = x− 3
x+ 3 x+ 3 x+ 3
c
Example: Simplify
2
c c× 2 c 2 c 2
= = 2
=
2 2× 2 2 2
4−3 6
Example: Simplify
6 −1
4 − 3 6 (4 − 3 6) × ( 6 + 1) 4 6 + 4 − 3 6 × 6 − 3 6 × 1
= = 2
6 −1 ( 6 − 1) × ( 6 + 1) 6 − 12
4 6 − 3× 6 − 3 6 6 − 18
= =
6 −1 5
Exercises
CHAPTER III Quadratic equations

Content
Quadratic equation and its roots
Formula for roots of quadratic equation
Rational equations
20
Quadratic equation and its roots
19. Definition of quadratic equation and incomplete
quadratic equation
4
− x 2 + 6 x + 1, 4 = 0 and 8 x 2 − 7 x = 0 and x 2 − = 0 are quadratic
3
equations.
Quadratic equations have the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 here x is variable,
a, b, c are constants.
In − x 2 + 6 x + 1, 4 = 0 a = −1 b=6 c = 1, 4
In 8 x − 7 x = 0
2
a =8 b = −7 c=0
4 4
In x 2 − = 0 a =1 b=0 c=−
3 3
These equations are quadratic equations.
Definition: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is quadratic equation if a ≠ 0 and b, c
are constants and x is variable.
Also we say quadratic equation as second degree equation.
In incomplete quadratic equation b = 0 or c = 0
−2 x 2 + 7 = 0 and 3x 2 − 10 x = 0 and −4 x 2 = 0 are incomplete
quadratic equations.
Because in −2 x 2 + 7 = 0 , b=0
In 3x − 10 x = 0 ,
2
c=0
In −4 x = 0 ,
2
b = 0,c = 0
There are three types of incomplete quadratic equations. These are
1. ax 2 + c = 0 c≠0
2. ax + bx = 0
2
b≠0
3. ax = 0
2
Example: Solve −3x 2 + 15 = 0

−3x 2 + 15 = 0
−3x 2 = −15
x 2 = −15 : (−3)
x2 = 5
21
x = 5 or x = − 5
Example: Solve 4 x 2 + 3 = 0
4 x2 + 3 = 0
4 x 2 = −3
3
x2 = −
4
x = noroot
Example: Solve 4 x 2 + 9 x = 0
4 x2 + 9 x = 0
x × (4 x + 9) = 0
x = 0 or 4 x + 9 = 0
x = 0 or 4 x = −9
9
x = 0 or x = −
4
Example: Solve 5 x = 0
2
5x2 = 0
x2 = 0
x=0
Exercises
20. Solving quadratic equations with using square

of binomials
Let’s study complete quadratic equation.
We’ll start with quadratic equation with a = 1
These equations are called simplified quadratic equation.
Example: Solve x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0
x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0
( x + 5) 2 = 0
x = −5
22
Example: Solve x 2 − 6 x − 7 = 0
x2 − 6 x − 7 = 0
x2 − 6 x = 7
x2 − 6 x + 9 = 7 + 9
( x − 3) 2 = 16
x −3 = 4 or x − 3 = −4
x=7 or x = −1
Example: Solve x + 8 x − 1 = 0
2
x2 + 8x = 1
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 1 + 16
( x + 4) 2 = 17
x + 4 = 17 or x + 4 = − 17
x = 17 − 4 or x = −4 − 17
Example: Solve x − 4 x + 10 = 0
2
x 2 − 4 x = −10
x 2 − 4 x + 4 = −10 + 4
( x − 2) 2 = −6
x = noroot
Example: Solve 3x 2 − 5 x − 2 = 0
1 1
× (3x 2 − 5 x − 2) = × 0
3 3
1 1 2
× 3x 2 − × 5 x − = 0
3 3 3
5 2
x2 − x − = 0
3 3
5 2
x2 − x =
3 3
5 5 2 5
x2 − x + ( )2 = + ( )2
3 6 3 6
23
5 2 25
( x − )2 = +
6 3 36
5 49
( x − )2 =
6 36
5 7 5 7
x− = or x − = −
6 6 6 6
7 5 7 5
x= + or x = − +
6 6 6 6
−7 + 5
x=2 or x =
6
1
x=2 or x = −
3
Exercises
Formula of quadratic equation

21. Solving quadratic equation with formula
Let ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and a ≠ 0
−b ∓ D
x= and D = b 2 − 4ac
2a
If D > 0 then there are two roots.
If D = 0 then there is one root.
If D < 0 then there is no root.
Example: 12 x 2 + 7 x + 1 = 0
D = 7 2 − 4 × 12 × 1 = 1 so D > 0
−7 ∓ 1 1 1
x1,2 = , x1 = − and x2 = −
2 × 12 3 4
Example: x − 12 x + 36 = 0
2
D = 122 − 4 × 36 = 0
−(−12) ∓ 0
x1,2 = =6
2 ×1
Example: 7 x 2 − 25 x + 23 = 0
24
D = (−25) 2 − 4 × 7 × 23 = −13 so D < 0
there is no root.
Exercises
22. Solving problems with the help of quadratic

equation
Example: Hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20cm. one side is 4cm
shorter then the other side. Find length of sides.
Let short side’s length be x
Then long side’s length must be x + 4
With Pythagoras formula x 2 + ( x + 4) 2 = 202
x 2 + x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 400
2 x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 400
x 2 + 4 x + 8 = 200
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 200 − 4
( x + 2) 2 = 196
( x + 2) 2 = 132
x + 2 = 14 or x + 2 = −14
x = 12 or x = −16
length must be positive so x = 12
short side is 12 cm and long side is 16 cm.
23. Viet theorem

i. Let ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and a ≠ 0 then
b c
x1 + x2 = − and x1 × x2 =
a a
ii. if m × n = q and m + n = − p then m and n are roots of
x 2 + px + q = 0 .
Example: if 3x 2 − 5 x + 2 = 0 then find sum and product of roots.
b −5 5
Sum of roots is − = − =
a 3 3
25
c 2
Product of roots is =
a 3
Exercises
Rational equations
24. Solving rational equations
x − 1 2 x 5x
Example: Solve + =
2 3 6
x −1 2x 5x
6×( + ) = 6× ( )
2 3 6
3 × ( x − 1) + 2 × 2 x = 5 x
3x − 3 + 4 x = 5 x
7 x − 3 = 5x
2x = 3
x = 1,5
x −3 1 x+5
Example: Solve + =
x − 5 x x( x − 5)
x−3 1 x+5
x( x − 5) × ( + ) = x( x − 5) × ( )
x −5 x x( x − 5)
x( x − 3) + ( x − 5) ×1 = x + 5
x 2 − 3x + x − 5 = x + 5
x2 − 2 x − 5 = x + 5
x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0
D = (−3) 2 − 4 × 1× (−10) = 9 + 40 = 49
−(−3) ∓ 49 3 ∓ 7
x1,2 = =
2 2
x1 = 5 and x2 = −2
check these answers in original equation
5 is not answer because there is x − 5 at the denominator so answer
of problem is only −2
26
2 1 4− x
Example: − 2 = 2
x − 4 x − 2x x + 2x
2
2 1 4− x
− =
x − 2 x( x − 2) x( x + 2)
2 2
2 1 4− x
− =
( x − 2)( x + 2) x( x − 2) x( x + 2)
2 1 4− x
x( x + 2)( x − 2) × ( − )=( ) × x( x + 2)( x − 2)
( x − 2)( x + 2) x( x − 2) x( x + 2)
2 x − ( x + 2) = (4 − x)( x − 2)
2x − x − 2 = 4x − 8 − x2 + 2x
x − 2 = 6x − 8 − x2
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
D = (−5) 2 − 4 × 6 = 25 − 24 = 1
−(−5) ∓ 1 5 ∓ 1
x1,2 = =
2 2
x1 = 3 and x2 = 2
check answers in original equation
2 is not answer because there is x − 2 at denominator
so answer is 3.
Exercises
25. Solving word problems with rational equations

604. Denominator of a fraction is 3 more than numerator. After
1
adding 7 to numerator and 5 to denominator, fraction increases .
2
Find this fraction
605. Numerator of a principal fraction is 5 less than denominator.

After decreasing numerator with 2 and increasing denominator with
1
16, fraction decreases . Find this fraction
3
27
606. Two cars started traveling at the same time from a city to a
country with 120 km distance. Car with speed 20 km/h more than the
other reached country 1 hour earlier. Find speeds of cars.
607. A bike started traveling from A to B, after 1 hour 36 minutes a

motorbike started traveling from A to B. They reached B together.
Bike’s speed is 32 km/h less than motorbike’s speed and distance
between cities is 45 km. Find bike’s speed.
608. One skater traveled 20 km distance 20 minutes shorter than the

other. This skater’s speed is 2 km/h more than the other. Find each
skater’s speeds.
609. Two cars started traveling at the same time from same city to
another. Because of first car’s speed was 10 km/h more than the
other, it reached destination 1 hour earlier. Distance is 560 find
speeds of cars.
610. Because of delay with 1 hour, train increased its speed 10 km/h
to travel 720 km distance just in time. Find trains normal speed.
611. Tourist traveled 6 km opposite of stream and 15 km at lake.

Travel time of lake is 1 hour more than travel time of stream. If
speed of stream is 2 km/h find speed of tourist at lake.
612. Speed of a boat at lake is 15 km/h, this boat traveled 35 km

with stream and 25 km opposite of stream. Travel time of with
stream is equal to travel time of opposite of stream. Find speed of
stream.
613. Speed of a ship at lake is 20 km/h, this ship traveled 22 km with

stream and 36 km opposite of stream. Total travel time is 3 hours.
Find speed of stream.
28
614. One worker finishes a task 5 hours earlier than the other. Two of
them together finish same task in 6 hours. Find each worker’s alone
time.
615. Two workmen finish a service in 12 days. One workman need

10 days more to finish service alone than the other workman. Find
each workmen’s alone time.
616. Two boys paint a wall in 6 days. One boy need 5 days more to
finish painting alone than the other boy. Find each boys’ alone time.
617. Two trains from different cities with 720 km distance met at
center of distance. If train with 4 km/h more speed started 1 hour
later than the other. Find each train’s speed.
Extra exercises for chapter III

649. Find five consequent integer numbers such that sum of squares
of first three numbers is equal to sum of square of last two numbers.
650. Find three consequent even numbers such that sum of first two
numbers is equal to square of last number.
651. Area of football field is 1800 m 2 , if length is 5 m longer than

width then find length and width.
652. Square of sum of two consequent numbers is 112 greater than

sum of their squares. Find these numbers.
653. Perimeter of a rectangle is 28 cm and sum areas of squares

constructed on one short and one long side is 116 cm 2 . Find
measurements of rectangle.
657. Width is half of length of a pool. Depth is 0,5 m. Area of bottom

is 1,08 m 2 less than area of laterals. Find volume of pool.
29
658. Length of a rectangle paper is 1,5 times of width. After cutting
squares with 8cm from each corner of paper, we can prepare an open
paper box with 6080 cm3 volume. Find measurements of paper.
681. Train delayed for 10 min at the midpoint of A and B, to reach B

at estimated time it increased its speed 12 km/h. If distance between
A and B is 120 km then find train’s normal speed.
682. Train delayed 1 hour 30 min after traveling one fourth of 600
km distance. To reach destination at estimated time it increased its
speed 15 km/h. Find travel time of train.
683. Tourists traveled in three tunnels with 12,5 km , 18 km and 14

km. Their speed in first tunnel was 1 km/h less than in second tunnel
and 1 km/h more than third tunnel. Time they spent in third tunnel 30
min more than time in second tunnel. Find three times they spend in
each tunnels.
684. A car traveled from A to B with 240 km distance. Then in

return it traveled half of distance with same speed, then it increased
2
its speed 10 km/h. It spent hours less in return travel than going.
5
Find going speed of car.
685. Train traveled from A to B with 400 km distance. It returned

2
of distance with same speed, then it decreased its speed 20
5
km/h .If total travel time is 11 hours then find train’s last speed.
686. Ferryboat traveled 150 km with stream and returned with

opposite stream. If total travel time is 5 hours 30 minutes and speed
of ferryboat at lake is 55 km/h then find stream’s speed.
687. Tourist traveled 25 km opposite of stream by motorized boat ,

and returned by boat. Time with motorized boat is 10 hour less than
30
time with boat. If speed of motorized boat on lake is 12 km/h find
stream’s speed.
688. Ship traveled 35 km opposite of stream, and 18 km opposite of

stream at a branch. It spent totally 8 hours. Stream’s speed is 1 km/h
less than stream’s speed at branch. If ship’s speed at lake is 10 km/h
then find stream’s speed.
689. A boat is sent with stream and after 5 hours 20 minutes a

motorized boat sent from same point. Motorized boat reached boat
after 20 km. If speed of motorized boat is 12 km/h more than boat
then find speed of boat.
690. A man with motorized boat traveled opposite of stream 6 km

then he turned off motor and stream took him to start point. If total
time is 4 hours 30 min and speed of motorized boat at lake is 90
m/min then find speed of stream.
691. From port A to port B a raft is sent with stream, after 2 hours
and 40 min from port B to port A a ship is sent opposite of stream.
They met 27 km far from port B. If speed of ship at lake is 12 km/h
and distance between A and B is 44 km then find speed of raft.
692. Truck started to go from A to B with distance 225 km. After 1,5
1
hours it delayed for hour, so it increased its speed 10 km/h to reach
2
at estimated time. Find truck’s normal speed.
693. Two cars started to travel from A to B with distance 120 km.
3
One car didn’t change its speed, other traveled hours and delayed
4
15 min and increased its speed 5 km/h. If they reached B at same
time then find first car’s speed.
31
694. A bus traveled from A to B with distance 400 km. In return it
traveled for 2 hours with its normal speed, then it increased its speed
10 km/h. If return time is 20 min less than going time then find return
time.
695. A plane traveled from A to B in 4 hours. In return in first 100

km it traveled with normal speed, then decreased its speed 10 km/h.
If return time is 30 min more than going time then find distance
between A and B.
697. A plane traveled from A to B with wind in 6 hours. One time

plane returned from C which distance with B 40 km and spent totally
9 hours. If speed of wind is 2 km/h find speed of plane without wind.
698. Motorbike traveled from M to N in 5 hours. In return it traveled

with normal speed in first 36 km, and remaining part with 3 km/h
more than normal speed. If return time is 15 minutes less than going
time then find normal speed.
699. Father and son walked 240 m. Father stepped 100 less than son.
Step of father is 20 cm more than step of son. Find length of father’s
and son’s step.
700. First boy’s homework was 160 questions, second boy’s

homework was 25% less than first boy’s homework. First boy solved
10 more questions than second boy everyday and finished 2 days
earlier than estimated time. If other boy finished 2 days later than
estimated time, find second boy’s daily questions.
2
702. Two tractors hoed of field in 4 days. If one tractor can alone
3
hoe this field 5 days earlier than the other. Find each tractors alone
hoe time.
707. Two workers can complete together task in 12 days. If one

worker works alone at first half of task and other works alone at
32
second half then task finishes in 25 days. Find each workers alone
complete time.
CHAPTER IV Inequalities
Content
Numerical inequalities
Inequalities with one variable, system of inequalities
Numerical inequalities
After comparing two numbers, we can write an equation with symbol
= or an inequality with symbol < or >. For arbitrary values of
variables a and b . Only one of below is true.
a=b or a>b or a because > because 35 > 32
8 7 56 56
2. Let’s compare 3, 6748 and 3, 675 . First three digits of both

numbers are same. Digits at millionths are 4 and 5 so 3, 6748 < 3, 675
9 9
3. Let’s compare and 0, 45 . After writing as decimal i.e.
20 20
9 45 9
= = 0, 45 so these are same. = 0, 45
20 100 20
4. Let’s compare −15 and −23 . Absolute value of first number is
less than second number’s absolute value. So first number is greater
than second number i.e. −15 > −23
We compared some numbers in previous examples with different

methods but there is a common method for comparing number too.
33
This method is calculating difference of two numbers and examining
result if negative or positive or zero.
Definition: if a − b is positive then a is greater than b .,if a − b is

negative then a is less than b .
Remark: if a − b is zero than a is equal to b .
Note: if a > b then a is at right of b on number line.

If a < b then a is at left of a on number line.
Example1: Let’s prove with arbitrary value of a ,this inequality is

true.
(a − 3)(a − 5) < (a − 4) 2
we’ll write difference of two sides.
(a − 3)(a − 5) − (a − 4) 2 = a 2 − 5a − 3a + 15 − (a 2 − 8a + 16)
= a 2 − 8a + 15 − a 2 + 8a − 16 = −1
difference is negative so left side is less than right side.
(a − 3)(a − 5) < (a − 4) 2
Example2: Let’s prove sum of squares of two arbitrary numbers is

not less than twice of product of them.
We want to prove a 2 + b 2 ≥ 2ab
We’ll write difference of two sides
a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = (a − b) 2
this is positive or zero so
a 2 + b 2 > 2ab or a 2 + b 2 = 2ab therefore a 2 + b 2 ≥ 2ab
Exercises
Exercises of Numerical inequalities

710. If value of p − q is −5,8, 0 then compare p and q
711. Compare a and b if

a) a − b = −0, 001 b) a − b = 0 c) a − b = 4,3
34
712. a < b is given. Can a − b be 3,72 or −5 or 0
713. 3a(a + 6) and (3a + 6)(a + 4) are two expressions. If

a = −5 , a = 0 , a = 40 then compare values of expressions. Prove with
arbitrary values of a first expression’s value is less than second
expressions value.
714. 4b(b + 1) and (2b + 7)(2b − 8) are two expressions. If

b = −3 , b = −2 , b = 10 then compare values of expressions. Is it
possible to state with arbitrary values of a first expression’s value is
more than second expressions value?
715. Prove with arbitrary value of variable inequality is true.

a) 3(a + 1) + a < 4(2 + a ) b) (7 p − 1)(7 p + 1) < 49 p 2
c) (a − 2) 2 < a(a − 4) d) (2a + 3)(2a + 1) > 4a (a + 2)
716. Prove inequality

a) 2b 2 − 6b + 1 > 2b(b − 3) b) (c + 2)(c + 6) < (c + 3)(c + 5)
c) p ( p + 7) > 7 p − 1 d) 8 y (3 y − 10) < (5 y − 8) 2
717. Is inequality true for arbitrary values of x

a) 4 x( x + 0, 25) > (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3) b) (5 x − 1)(5 x + 1) < 25 x 2 + 2
c) (3x + 8)2 > 3x( x + 16) d)
(7 + 2 x)(7 − 2 x) < 49 − x(4 x + 1)

a) a(a + b) ≥ ab b) m 2 − mn + n 2 ≥ mn
c) 2bc ≤ b 2 + c 2 d) a(a − b) ≥ b(a − b)
719. Prove with arbitrary value of variable inequality is true.

a) 10a 2 − 5a + 1 ≥ a 2 + a b) a 2 − a ≤ 50a 2 − 15a + 4
35
720. Prove sum of an arbitrary positive number and its reciprocal is
not less than 2.
722. With showing square prove inequality

a) a 2 − 6a + 14 > 0 b) b 2 + 70 > 16b
a+b
723. Prove if a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0 then ≥ ab
2
724. Which one is greater? a 2 + b 2 or ab(a + b) here a and b are

different positive numbers.
725. We add same k to each 0,1,2,3. Compare product of new

exteriors and product of new interiors.
28. Properties of numerical inequalities

Let’s study theorems about properties of inequalities.
Theorem1: if a a and if a > b then b < a .
Indeed if difference of a and b is positive then difference of b and a
is negative.
Theroem2: if a < b and b < c then a < c

Let’s write difference of a and c.
a − c = a − c + b − b = a − b + b − c = (a − b) + (b − c)
is negative, because a − b is negative ( a b and b > c than a > c .
Theorem3: if a < b then a + c < b + c ,

Proof; let’s write difference of a + c and b + c
(a + c) − (b + c) = a + c − b − c = a − b
36
is negative because a < b given.
So after adding a number to both sides of a true inequality we get
another true inequality.
Theorem4: if a bc
Proof: let’s write difference of ac and bc.
ac − bc = c(a − b) = c × negativenumber ( a bc
if c is positive then c × negativenumber is negative so ac − bc is
negative therefore ac < bc
This theorem is true for division of c .
So we can say sign of inequality doesn’t change after multiplying or
dividing both sides with same positive number and
sign of inequality changes after multiplying or dividing both sides
with same negative number
1 1
Corollary: if a and b are positive and a 
a b
Proof: let’s start with a 
a b
Example: if 54, 2 < a < 54,3 is given and a is length of one side of
equilateral triangle. Find this triangle’s perimeter.
Solution: We can perimeter with formula P = 3a
37
We must multiply both sides of inequalities with 3.
54, 2 < a
3 × 54, 2 < 3 × a
162, 6 < 3a
and
a < 54,3
3 × a < 3 × 54,3
3a < 162,9
so
162, 6 < 3a < 162,9
Exercises of Properties of numerical inequalities

729. Draw number line. Mark points a,b,c,d and e if a b
and c < d and a > e
730. m,n,p and q are numbers. If m > p and n > m and n < q then
compare p and n, p and q, q and m if it is possible. Use number line.
731. a b − 3 and b > 4 b) a − 8 > b − 8 and a < −12
1
c) 7 a > 7b and b > 1 d) −2a > −2b and b < −
3
733. With using properties of inequalities evaluate

a) Add −5and 2, 7 and 7 to both sides of inequality 18 > −7
b) Subtract 2and12and − 5 from boths sides of inequality 5 > −3
1
c) Multiply 2and − 1and − to both sides of inequality −9 < 21
3
d) Divide both sides of inequality 15 > −6 with 3and − 3and − 1
38
734. a < b is given. With using properties of inequality
a) Add 4 to both sides
b) Subtract 5 from both sides
c) Multiply both sides with 8
1
d) Divide both sides with
3
e) Multiply both sides with (−4,8)
f) Divide both sides with −1
735. a to make true
inequality.
a b
a) −12, 7 a ?− 12, 7b b) ?
3 3
a b
c) 0, 07a ? 0, 07b d) − ?−
2 2
736. Determine the sign of a in inequalities below.

a) 5a < 2a b) 7 a > 3a c) −3a < 3a d) −12a > −2a
738. a, b, c, d are positive numbers and a > b and d a ,
1 1 1 1
Order , , , in increasing order.
a b c d
739. 3 < a < 4 is given. Determine value of expression.

a) 5a b) − a c) a + 2 d) 5 − a e)
0, 2a + 3
740. 6 < x < 8 is given. Determine value of expression.

a) 6x b) −10x c) x − 5 d) 3 x + 2
741. Use 1, 4 < 2 < 1,5 determine value of expression.

a) 2 +1 b) 2 −1 c) 2 − 2
39
742. Use 2, 2 < 5 < 2,3 and determine value of expression
a) 5+2 b) 3 − 5
1
744. Determine value of
y
a) 5 < y < 8 b) 0,125 < y < 0, 25
29. Addition and multiplication of numerical

inequalities
Let’s study theorems about addition and multiplication of numerical
inequalities.
Theorem5: if a < b and c < d then a + c < b + d
Proof: let’s add c to both sides of a < b
a<b
a+c <b+c
let’s add b to both sides of c < d
c<d
c+b < d +b
We got two inequalities a + c < b + c and c + b < d + b

We can write a + c < b + d
Note: This theorem is also valid with more than two inequalities.
Therefore after adding inequalities with same symbol we get another
true inequality.
Theorem6: if a, b, c, d are positive numbers and a < b and c < d

then ac < bd
Proof: Let’s multiply c to both sides of a < b ; ac < bc
Let’s multiply b to both sides of c < d ; bc < bd
From these inequalities ac < bc and bc < bd we can write ac < bd
This theorem is also valid with more than two inequalities with given
positive number.
40
Therefore after multiplying corresponding sides of inequalities of
positive numbers with same symbol we get another true inequality
Note: if there are negative numbers in a, b, c, d with a < b and
c < d then inequality ac < bd may not be true.
Example: let’s take a = −3 , b = −2 , c = −5 , d = 6
a < b is true because −3 < −2
c < d is true because −5 < 6
but ac < bd is not true because (−3) × (−5) < (−2) × 6 ; 15 < −12 is
not true.
Corollary: If a and b are positive number and a < b then a n < b n (n
is natural number)
Proof: Calculate product of n times a < b inequality.
We use these theorems in calculating sum, difference, product and

quotient of variables with inequalities.
x
Example: 15 < x < 16 , 2 < y < 3 are given. Find x + y , x − y , xy ,
y
1. for x + y we’ll add two inequalities.
15 < x < 16
2< y<3
17 < x + y < 29
2. for x − y firstly we’ll write an inequality with − y then we’ll add

inequalities with x and − y ,so we must multiply 2 < y < 3 with (−1)
2< y<3
(−1) × 2 > (−1) × y > (−1) × 3
−2 > − y > −3
−3 < − y < −2
15 < x < 16
−3 < − y < −2
15 − 3 < x − y < 16 − 2
3. for xy here x and y are positive numbers so xy is also positive.
So we can multiply both inequalities.
41
15 < x < 16
2< y<3
15 × 2 < x × y < 16 × 3
30 < xy < 48
x 1
4. we’ll use product of x and , so firstly we must write an
y y
1
inequality with
y
2< y<3
1 1 1
> >
2 y 3
1 1 1
< <
3 y 2
15 < x < 16
1 1 1
< <
3 y 2
1 1 1
15 × < x × < 16 ×
3 y 2
x
5< <8
y
Exercises of Addition and multiplication of numerical

inequalities
747. Add inequalities term by term
a) 12 > −5 and 9 > 7 b) −2,5 < −0, 7 and −6,5 < −1,3
748. Multiply inequalities term by term

1 1
a) 5 > 2 and 4 > 3 b) 8 < 10 and <
4 2
749. Is it true for positive numbers a and b.

a) if a > b then a 2 > b 2
42
b) if a 2 > b 2 then a > b
750. Find value of expressions if 3 < a < 4 and 4 < b < 5 are given.
a
a) a + b b) a − b c) ab d)
b
751. Find value of expressions if 6 < x < 7 and 10 < y < 12 are given.
y
a) x + y b) y − x c) xy d)
x
752. Find value of expressions if 1, 4 < 2 < 1,5 and 1, 7 < 3 < 1,8
a) 2+ 3 b) 3− 2
753.Find value of expression if 2, 2 < 5 < 2,3 and 2, 4 < 6 < 2,5
a) 6+ 5 b) 6− 5
754. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are a and b. If 26 ≤ a ≤ 28

and 41 ≤ b ≤ 43 are given then find perimeter of triangle.
755. Two sides of a right triangle are a and b. If 5, 4 < a < 5,5 and
3, 6 < b < 3, 7 are given then find
a) area of triangle b) perimeter of triangle
756. Width and length of a room are a and b. Is this room suitable for
a bookstore with area no less than 40 m2 . If 7,5 ≤ a ≤ 7, 6 and
5, 4 ≤ b ≤ 5,5
757. α and β are two angles of a triangle , and 58 ≤ α ≤ 59 ,

103 ≤ β ≤ 120 . Find value of third angle.
43
Inequalities with one variable and system of
inequalities
30. Intervals
inequality number line interval
-3 2
−3 < x < 2 (−3, 2)
-3 2
−3 ≤ x ≤ 2 [−3, 2]
-3 2
−3 ≤ x < 2 [−3, 2)
-3 2
−3 < x ≤ 2 (−3, 2]
6
x>6 (6, +∞)
6
x≥6 [6, +∞)
10
x < 10 (−∞,10)
10
x ≤ 10 (−∞,10]
x: all real numbers (−∞, +∞)
Intersection of intervals
[1,5] ∩ [3, 7] = [3,5]
Union of intervals
[1,5] ∪ [3, 7] = [1, 7]
Exercises of Intervals
761. Show intervals below on number line
a) [−2; 4] c) [0;5] e) (3; +∞) g) (−∞; 4]
44
b) (−3;3) d) (−4;0) f) [2; +∞) h) (−∞; −1)
762. Show interval on number line

a) (3;7) b) [1;6] c) (−∞;5) d) [12; +∞)
763. Show numbers on number line that satisfies inequality

a) x ≥ −2 b) x ≤ 3 c) x > 8 d) x < −5
764. Show numbers on number line that satisfies inequality

1
a) −1,5 ≤ x ≤ 4 c) −5 ≤ x ≤ −3
3
b) −2 < x < 1,3 d) 2 < x ≤ 6,1
765. a) Which of −3; −5;5; −6; −7,5 belongs (−4;6,5)

b) Which of −9; −8; −5,5; −5; −6; −7,5 belongs [−8; −5]
766. Which of −1, 6; −1,5; −1;0;3;5,1;6,5 belongs

a) [−1,5;6,5] b) (3; +∞) c) (−∞; −1)
767. Which of 2; 3; 5; 6 belongs (1,5; 2, 4)
768. Show two positive and two negative numbers in interval below
a) (−4;5) b) [−1;1]
769. Write integers in interval below

a) (−4;3) b) [−3;5]
770. Write integers in interval below

a) [0;8] b) (−3;3) c) (−5; 2) d) (−4;9]
771. Write the greatest integer in interval below

a) [−12; −9] b) [−1;17) c) (−∞;31] d) (−∞;8)
45
772. Is 1,98 in interval (−∞; 2) ? Write two numbers in interval that
is greater than 1,98. Is it possible to find the greatest number in this
interval? Is it possible to find the least number in this interval?
773. Find intersection of intervals using number line.

a) (1;8) and (5;10) c) (5; +∞) and (7; +∞)
b) [−4; 4] and [−6;6] d) (−∞;10) and (−∞;6)
774. Show union of intervals on number line.

a) [7;0) and [−3;5] c) (−∞; 4) and (10; +∞)
b) (−4;1) and (10;12) d) [3; +∞) and (8; +∞)
775. Find union and intersection of intervals

a) (−3; +∞) and (4; +∞) c) (−∞; 4) and (10; +∞)
b) (−4;1) and (10;12) d) [3; +∞) and (8; +∞)
31. Solving inequalities with one variable

Solving inequality is similar with solving equations. The only
difference is changing of inequality sign after multiplying or dividing
both sides with negative number. And also we use intervals for
answers.
Example: Let’s solve 16 x > 13 x + 45
16 x − 13 x > 45
3 x > 45
x > 45 : 3
x > 15
answer is (15, +∞)
Example: Let’s solve 15 x − 23( x + 1) > 2 x + 11

15 x − 23 x − 23 > 2 x + 11
−8 x − 23 > 2 x + 11
−8 x − 2 x > 11 + 23
−10 x > 34
46
x < 34 : (−10)
x < −3, 4
answer is (−∞, −3.4)
x x
Example: let’s solve − <2
3 2
x x
6× ( − ) < 6× 2
3 2
2 x − 3 x < 12
− x < 12
x > −12
answer is (−12, +∞)
Example: Let’s solve 0 × x > 1

0 × x is always 0. 0 is not greater than 5. so no answer.
Example: Solve 0 × x < 2
0 × x is always 0. 0 is less than 2. so answer all real numbers.
(−∞, ∞)
Example: Solve 0 × x > −3
0 × x is always 0. 0 is greater than −3 . so answer all real numbers.
(−∞, ∞)
Example: Solve 0 × x < −4
0 × x is always 0. 0 is not less than −4 . so no answer.
Exercises of Solving inequalities with one variable

780. Which of 8; −2;1,5; 2 is root of 5 y > 2( y − 1) + 6
781. Which of −2; −1; −1,5; −0,3 is root of 12 x + 4 < 7 x − 1
782. Show two roots of 2 x < x + 7
783. Solve inequality and show on number line

47
a) x + 8 > 0 b) x − 7 < 0 c) x + 1,5 ≤ 0 d) x − 04 ≥ 0
784. Solve inequality

a) 3 x > 15 d) 12 y < 1,8 h) 0,5 y > −4
b) −4 x < −16 e) 27b ≥ 12 i) 2,5a > 0
1
c) − x ≥ −1 f) −6 x > 1,5 j) x > 6
3
1
d) 11 y ≤ 33 g) 15 x ≤ 0 k) − y < −1
7

1
a) 2 x < 17 e) 30 x > 40 i) x<2
6
1
b) 5 x ≥ −3 f) −15 x < −27 j) − x < 0
3
c) −12 x < −48 g) −4 x ≥ −1 k) 0, 02 x ≥ −0, 6
d) − x < −7,5 h) 10 x ≤ −24 l) −1,8 x ≤ 36
786. Solve inequality 5 x + 1 > 11 , write three roots
4 4
787. Solve inequality 3 x − 2 < 6 . Are 4; 2 ; 2 roots ?
5 7

a) 7 x − 2, 4 < 0, 4 e) 17 − x > 10 − 6 x
b) 1 − 5 y > 3 f) 30 + 5 x ≤ 18 − 7 x
c) 2 x − 17 ≥ −27 g) 64 − 6 y ≥ 1 − y
d) 2 − 3a ≤ 1 h) 8 + 5 y ≤ 21 + 6 y
48
a) 11x − 2 < 9 e) 3 y − 1 > −1 + 6 y
b) 2 − 3 y > −4 f) 0, 2 x − 2 < 7 − 0,8 x
c) 17 − x ≤ 11 g) 6b − 1 < 12 + 7b
d) 2 − 12 > −1 h) 16 x − 34 > x + 1
790. a) With which values of x expression 2 x − 1 takes positive

values. b) With which values of y expression 21 − 3y takes negative
values.
c) With which values of c expression 5 − 3c takes values greater than
80.
791. a) With which values of a value of 2a − 1 is less than value of

7 − 1, 2a .
b) With which values of p value of 1,5 p − 1 is greater than value of
1 + 1,1p

a) 5( x − 1) + 7 ≤ 1 − 3( x + 2) e) 4 x > 12(3x − 1) − 16( x + 1)
b) 4(a + 8) − 7(a − 1) < 12 f) a + 2 < 5(2a + 8) + 13(4 − a)
c) 4(b − 1,5) − 1, 2 ≥ 6b − 1 g) 6 y − ( y + 8) − 3(2 − y ) ≤ 2
d) 1, 7 − 3(1 − m) ≤ −(m − 1,9)

a) 4(2 − 3x) − (5 − x) > 11 − x
b) 2(3 − z ) − 3(2 + z ) ≤ z
c) 1 > 1,5(4 − 2a) + 0,5(2 − 6a) .
d) 2,5(2 − y ) − 1,5( y − 4) ≤ 3 − y
e) x − 2 ≥ 4, 7( x − 2) − 2, 7( x − 1)
f) 3, 2(a − 6) − 1, 2a ≤ 3(a − 8)
49
a) a (a − 4) − a 2 > 12 − 6a c) 5 y 2 − 5 y ( y + 4) ≥ 100
b) (2 x − 1)2 x − 5 x < 4 x 2 − x d) 6a(a − 1) − 2a(3a − 2) < 6

a) 0, 2 x 2 − 0, 2( x − 6)( x + 6) > 3, 6 x
b) (2 x − 5) 2 − 0,5 x < (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1) − 15
c) (12 x − 1)(3x + 1) < 1 + (6 x + 1) 2
d) (4 y − 1) 2 > (2 y + 3)(8 y − 1)

a) 4b(1 − 3b) − (b − 12b 2 ) < 43 c) 2 p(5 p + 2) − p(10 p + 3) ≤ 14
b) 3 y 2 − 2t − 3 y ( y − 6) ≥ −2 d) a(a − 1) − (a 2 + a) < 34

2x 3x − 1 12 − 7 x
a) >1 d) >2 g) ≥0
5 4 42
x 6− x 1
b) < 2 e) 2 > h) ( x + 15) > 4
3 5 3
6x 2 + 3x 2
c) ≥0 f) <0 i) 6 ≤ ( x + 4)
7 18 7

9x 5 + 6x 1
a) ≥0 c) >3 e) x≥2
5 2 7
3x 4 x − 11 2
b) 1 < d) ≤0 f) ( x − 4) < 3
4 4 11
799. Which values of y makes

7 − 2y 3y − 7
a) Value of greater than value of
6 12
50
4,5 − 2 y 2 − 3y
b) Value of less than value of
5 10
3 y −1
c) Value of 5 y − 1 greater than value of
4
5− 2y
d) Value of less than value of 1 − 6 y
12

x x x x 2x
a) + < 5 c) − > −3 e) − x ≤1
2 3 4 2 5
3y y y 3x
b) − ≥2 d) y + > 3 f) − 2x < 0
2 3 2 4

13x − 1 x x
a) < 4x c) − ≤ 2
2 4 5
5 − 2a 2y y
b) ≥ 2a d) − ≥1
4 5 2

3+ x 2− x x − 3 2x −1
a) + <0 d) x − + ≤4
4 3 5 10
4− y y −1 2 y −1
b) − 5y ≥ 0 e) −1+ ≥y
5 2 6
2 y −1 p −1 p + 3
c) y − ≥1 f) p − − >2
4 2 4

2a − 1 3a − 3 5x − 1 x + 1
a) − >a c) + ≤x
2 5 5 2
2x + 3 x −1 y −1 2 y + 3
b) x − ≤ d) − −y>2
2 4 2 8
51
804. Which value of variable makes
2a − 1 a −1
a) Sum of and positive
4 3
3b − 1 1 + 5b
b) Difference of and negative
2 4

a) 21(2 x + 1) − 12 x > 50 x c) 3 x + 7 > 5( x + 2) − (2 x + 1)
x 2x 12 − x
b) x + 4 − < d) < 4x − 3
3 3 3
806. Function y = −1,5 x + 7,5 is given. Which value of x makes

a) y=0 b) y > 0 c) y < 0
807. Which values of x makes value of y = 2 x + 13 negative, positive.
808. With which value of variable expression is no undefined

1 + 3a
a) 2 x − 4 c) e) −3(1 − 5 x)
25
7 − 5a
b) 4 − 6a d) f) −(6 − x)
8
809. a) Find greatest integer satisfies inequality 1, 6 − (3 − 2 y ) < 5

b) Find least integer satisfies inequality 8(6 − y ) < 24, 2 − 7 y
810. Which natural n makes

a) Difference (2 − 2n) − (5n − 27) positive
b) Sum (−27,1 + 3n) + (7,1 + 5n) negative
32. Solving system of inequalities with one variable

We solve inequalities separately and find intervals. Then we find
intersection of these intervals.
52
2 x − 1 > 6
Example1: Solve 
5 − 3x > −13
2x −1 > 6
2x > 7
x > 3,5
(3.5, +∞)
and 5 − 3 x > −13
−3 x > −18
x<6
(−∞, 6)
The intersection of these intervals is (3.5, +∞) ∩ (−∞, 6) = (3.5, 6) or
3,5 < x < 6
3x − 2 > 25
Example2: Solve 
1 − x < 0
3 x − 2 > 25
3 x > 27
x>9
(9, +∞)
and 1 − x < 0
− x < −1
x >1
(1, +∞)
The intersection of these intervals is (9, +∞) ∩ (1, +∞) = (9, +∞) or
x>9
2 − x > 0
Example3: Solve 
0, 2 x − 1 < 0
2− x > 0
− x > −2
x<2
(−∞, 2)
53
and 0, 2 x − 1 < 0
0, 2 x < 1
x < 1: 0, 2
x<5
(−∞,5)
The intersection of these intervals is (−∞, 2) ∩ (−∞,5) = (−∞, 2) or
x<2
1 − 5 x > 11
Example4: Solve 
6 x − 18 > 18
−5 x > 10
x < 10 : (−5)
x < −2
(−∞, −2)
and 6 x − 18 > 18
6 x > 36
x>6
(6, +∞)
The intersection of these intervals is (−∞, −2) ∩ (6, +∞) = empty
so there is no answer
Example5: Solve −1 < 3 + 2 x < 3

 −1 < 3 + 2 x
This is same with 
3 + 2 x < 4
−1 < 3 + 2 x
−4 < 2 x
−2 > x
(−2, +∞)
and 3 + 2 x < 4
2x < 1
x < 0,5
(−∞, 0.5)
54
The intersection of these intervals is (−2, +∞) ∩ (−∞, 0.5) = (−2, 0.5)
−2 < x < 0,5
or
−1 < 3 + 2 x < 3
−1 − 3 < 2 x < 4 − 3
−4 < 2 x < 1
−2 < x < 0,5
Exercises of Solving system of inequalities with one

variable
818. Is 3 root of system of inequality?
6 x − 1 < x 7 x < 5 x + 7 5 x + 4 < 20
a)  b)  c) 
4 x − 32 < 3x 3 x − 1 > 5 − x 3 − 2 x > −1
3x − 22 < 0
819. Which of −2;0;5;6 is root of inequality 
2 x − 1 > 3
820. Solve system of inequality.

 x > 17 x > 0  x ≥ −1
a)  c)  e) 
 x > 12 x < 6 x ≤ 3
x < 1  x < −3,5 x > 8
b)  d)  f) 
x < 5 x > 8  x ≤ 20
821. Solve system of inequality

2 x − 12 > 0 3x − 10 < 0
a)  c) 
3x < 9 2 x > 0
4 y < −4 6 y ≥ 42
b)  d) 
5 − y > 0 4 y + 12 ≤ 0
55
 x − 0,8 > 0 1 > 3x
a)  c) 
5 x < 10 5 x − 1 > 0
2 − x ≤ 0 10 x < 2
b)  d) 
x − 4 ≤ 0  x > 0,1

0, 2 x < 3
0, 6 x + 7, 2 > 0 
a)  c)  1
5, 2 ≥ 2, 6 x  6 x > 0
1,5 x + 4,5 ≤ 0 2 x − 6,5 < 0
 
b)  1 d)  1
 9 x ≥ 0  3 x < −1

2 x − 1 < 1, 4 − x 17 x − 2 < 12 x − 1
a)  c) 
3x − 2 > x − 4 3 − 9 x < 1 − x
5 x + 6 ≤ x 25 − 6 x ≤ 4 + x
b)  d) 
3x + 12 ≤ x + 17 3x + 7, 7 > 1 + 4 x

57 − 7 x > 3 x − 2 102 − 73z > 2 z + 2
a)  c) 
22 x − 1 > 2 x + 47 81 + 11z ≥ 1 + z
1 − 12 y < 3 y + 1 6 + 6, 2 x ≥ 12 − 1,8 x
b)  d) 
2 − 6 y > 4 + 4 y 2 − x ≥ 3,5 − 2 x
827. Show possible values of variable

a) 3 − 2 x + 1 − x c) 6 − x − 3x − 9
b) x − 3x − 1 d) 2x + 2 + 6 − 4x

56
5( x − 2) − x > 2 7 x + 3 ≥ 5( x − 4) + 1
a)  c) 
1 − 3( x − 1) < −2 4 x + 1 ≤ 43 − 3(7 + x)
 2 y − ( y − 4) < 6 3(2 − 3 p ) − 2(3 − 2 p ) > p
b)  d) 
 y > 3(2 y − 1) + 18 6 0, 6(10 x + 1)
b) 
1, 6 − 4,5(4 x − 1) < 2 x + 26,1
5,8(1 − a) − 1,8(6 − a ) < 5
c) 
8 − 4(2 − 5a) > −(5a + 6)
 x( x − 1) − ( x 2 − 10) < 1 − 6 x
d) 
3,5 − ( x − 15) < 6 − 4 x
830. Solve system of inequality and show all integer roots
3 − 2a < 13 2 − 6 y < 14
a)  c) 
5a < 17 1 < 21 − 5 y
12 − 6 x ≤ 0 3 − 4 x < 15
b)  d) 
3 x + 1 ≤ 25 − x 1 − 2 x > 0
831. Find integer roots of system of inequality

y ≥ 0 6 − 4b > 0
a)  c) 
7, 2 − y ≥ 0 3b − 1 > 0
12a − 37 > 0 3 − 18 x < 0
b)  d) 
6a ≤ 42 0, 2 − 0,1x > 0

2,5a − 0,5(8 − a) < a + 1, 6
a) 
1,5(2a − 1) − 2a < a + 2,9
57
0, 7(5a + 1) − 0,5(1 + a) < 3a
b) 
2a − (a − 1, 7) > 6, 7

x x  3x − 1
 2 + 4 < 7  2 − x ≤ 2
a)  c) 
1 − x > 0 2 x − x ≥ 1
 6  3
 y −1  p−2
 y − 2 > 1 2 p − 5 > 4
b)  d) 
y <5 p− p ≤6
 3  2 8

 x −1 x − 3  y−2
 2 − 3 < 2 4 − 3 ≥ y
a)  c) 
13x − 1 > 0  7 y −1 ≥ 6
 2  8
 3x + 1  5a + 8
 2 < −1  3 − a ≥ 2a
b)  d) 
 x −1 < x 1 − 6 − 15a ≤ a
 2  4

a) −3 < 2 x − 1 < 3 c) 2 < 6 − 2 y < 5
b) −12 < 5 − x < 17 d) −1 < 5 y + 4 < 19

7x + 6 3x − 1
a) −6,5 ≤ ≤ 20,5 c) −2 ≤ ≤0
2 8
58
4−a 1− 3y
b) −1 ≤ ≤5 d) −2,5 ≤ ≤ 1,5
3 2

a) −1 ≤ 15 x + 14 ≤ 44 c) −1, 2 ≤ 1 − 2 y ≤ 2, 4
6−a 4x −1
b) −1 ≤ ≤1 d) −2 < ≤0
3 3
838. Which values of variable makes

a) Value of 3 y − 5 in (−1;1)
5 − 2b
b) Value of in [−2;1]
4

x > 8  y < −1 m > 9 q < 6
   
a)  x > 7 b)  y < −5 c) m > 10 d) q < 5
 x > −4 y < 4  q < 1
  m < 12 

x − 4 < 8 2 x − 1 < x + 3
 
a) 2 x + 5 < 13 b) 5 x − 1 > 6 − 2 x
3 − x > 1 x − 5 < 0
 

3 − 2a < 13 6 − 4 a < 2
 
a) a − 1 > 0 b) 6 − a > 2
5a − 35 < 0 3a − 1 < 8
 
Extra exercises from chapter IV

846. Compare m and n if difference of m − n is
a) (−2, 7)15 b) (−3,1)36
59
a) (6 y − 1)( y + 2) < (3 y + 4)(2 y + 1)
b) (3 y − 1)(2 y + 1) > (2 y − 1)(2 + 3 y )
848. Is inequality true for arbitrary values of a

a) (a − 8) 2 > 0 c) − a 2 − 2 < 0 e) (5 − a) 2 ≥ 0
b) a 2 + 1 > 0 d) −a 2 < 0 f) −(a − 3) 2 ≤ 0

a) ( x + 1) 2 > 4 x b) (3b + 1) 2 > 6b c) 4( x + 2) < ( x + 3) 2 − 2 x

a) a 2 + b 2 + 2 > 2(a + b) b) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 3 ≥ 2(a + b + c)
858. a,b,c,d are arbitrary numbers. If a > b , c d then
compare a and c. Compare b and d.
859. Order a + 5 , a − 7 and a + 1 in increasing order
860. Prove if a > b then

a) a + 5 > b + 3 b) 1 − a < 2 − b
861. Prove if a > b > 0 then

a) 5a > 4b c) −4a < −2b
b) 17 a > 12b d) −5a < −1, 2b
862. Prove
a) if a ≤ b and c positive then a + c ≤ b + c
b) if a ≤ b and c positive then ac ≤ bc
c) if a ≤ b and c negative then ac ≥ bc
863. If a > b which of a − 1 > b − 1 , 1 − a > 1 − b , 5 − a < 5 − b is true?
60
864. 12 ≤ y ≤ 16 is given. Find value of
1
a) −0,5y b) 42 − 2 y c) +2
y
865. Find value of expression

a) a + 2b if 0 < a < 1 and −3 < b < −2
1
b) a − b if 7 < a < 10 and 14 < b < 15
2
867. Prove
a) If a ≤ b and c ≤ d then a + c ≤ b + d
b) If 0 ≤ a ≤ b and 0 ≤ c ≤ d then ac ≤ bd
869. Write all integers in interval

a) [−4; 4] b) (−2,5;7) c) (4, 2;8, 2) d) (−4;3)
870. Is there any integer in interval a) [−1,8; −1, 6] b) [−3, 7; −2, 7]
871. Write any number in interval

a) (2, 4; 2,8) b) (−3,8; −3,1) c) (3,5;3, 6) d) (−0, 2; −0,1)
872. Is 40,9 in interval [8; 41) ? Write a number in interval that is

greater than 40,9. Is it possible to find the greatest number in this
873. Is 7,01 in interval (7;17] ? Write a number in interval that is

less than 7,01. Is it possible to find the greatest number in this
874. Show least and greatest number in interval

a) [12;37] b) [8;13) c) (11;14) d) [3;19)
875. Is it true?
a) (−5;5) ∩ (−3; 2) = (−3; 2)
61
b) (4;11) ∪ (0;6) = (4;6)
c) (−∞; 4) ∪ (1; +∞) = (−∞; +∞)
d) (−∞; 2) ∩ (−2; +∞) = (−2; 2)
876. a) Find intersection and union of integers and positive numbers.

b) Find intersection and union of rational and irrational numbers
877. Is 4,99 root of x < 5 ? Find a number greater than 4,99 that
satisfies inequality
878. Is 3,01 root of x > 3 ? Find a number less than 3,01 that satisfies
inequality

a) 0, 01(1 − 3 x) > 0, 02 x + 3, 01
b) 12(1 − 12 x) + 100 x > 36 − 49 x
c) (0, 6 y − 1) − 0, 2(3 y + 1) < 5 y − 4
2 1
d) (6 x + 4) − (12 x − 5) ≤ 4 − 6 x
3 6
e) (3a + 1)(a − 1) − 3a 2 > 6a + 7
f) 15 x 2 − (5 x − 2)(3x + 1) < 7 x − 8
880. Which value of a makes inequality true?

a −1 a +1 1 − 2a 1 − 5a
a) −1 > +8 c) −2<
4 2 4 8
3a − 1 a − 1 5a 3a − 1 2a − 1
b) − >0 d) − + <1
2 4 6 3 2

x − 0,5 x − 0, 25 x − 0,125 5 − x 1− x
a) + + <0 b) − >1
4 4 8 3 2
882. Find all natural numbers satisfy inequality

62
a) 3(5 − 4 x) + 2(14 + x) > 0 b) ( x + 1)( x − 1) − ( x 2 − 3x) ≤ 14
883. Find x which makes

3x − 8 x −1
a) Value of greater than value of
12 4
x +1 2x + 3
b) Value of less than value of
3 6

a) 2(4 y − 1) − 5 y < 3 y + 5 b) 6(1 − y ) − 8(3 y + 1) + 30 y > −5
x > 3
892. With which value of a system of inequality has no root 
x < a

4 x > 1 x < 0 − x < 3 3 x > −9
   
a) 5 x > 0 b) − x > −1 c) 2 x > 10 d)  x < −2
x > 9 4 x < 8  x < −10 
    −2 x > 10
894. Prove there is no root in system of inequality

 x2 + 1 < 0 6 x < 0
a)  c) 
3 x − 1 > 0 3 x > 0
2 x − 4 > 2 x − 1 3x + 5 > 0
b)  d) 
5 x > 0 3x + 5 < 0

0,3x − 1 < x + 0, 4 3( x − 2)( x + 2) − 3 x 2 < x
a)  d) 
2 − 3 x < 5 x + 1 5 x − 4 > 4 − 5 x
2,5 x − 0,12 > 0, 6 x + 0, 07 ( x − 4)(5 x − 1) − 5 x 2 > x + 1
b)  e) 
1 − 2 x > − x − 4 3 x − 0, 4 < 2 x − 0, 6
63
 3x − 7  1 + x 2x −1
2 x + 1, 4 < 5 1 + 3 > 6 − 2
c)  f) 
2 x > 3 − 2 x 3x − x > 4
 5  4
896. Find integer roots of system of inequality

6 x( x − 1) − 3x(2 x − 1) < x
a) 
0,5 x − 3, 7 < 0, 2 x − 0, 7
0, 7 x − 3(0, 2 x + 1) ≤ 0,5 x + 1
b) 
0,3(1 − x) + 0,8 x ≥ x + 5,3
1 1
 3 (3 x − 2) + 6 (12 x + 1) > 0
c) 
 1 (14 x − 21) + 2 (9 x − 6) < 0
 7 9
 1
0, 2(5 x − 1) + 3 (3 x + 1) < x + 5,8
d) 
8 x − 7 − 1 (6 x − 2) > x
 6

a) −9 < 3 x < 18 c) 3 ≤ 5 x − 1 ≤ 4
2x +1 1− x
b) 1 < <2 d) 0 ≤ ≤1
2 3
898. a) Which value of x makes value of 2 x − 4 in (−1;5)

x −5
b) Which value of x makes value of in [0;5]
3
1
c) Which value of x makes value of y = − x + 8 in (−1;1)
3
d) Which value of x makes value of y = −2,5 x + 6 in [−2; −6]
64
899. Find positive values of y satisfies inequality
3( y − 1) − 4( y + 8) < 5( y + 5)
a) 
1, 2(1 + 5 y ) − 0, 2 < 5(1 − 3 y ) − 3 y
15( y − 4) − 14( y − 3) < y ( y − 9) − y 2

b)  5 − y 2− y
 − y > 14 −
 3 6
(2 y − 1)(3 y + 2) − 6 y ( y − 4) < 48

c)  y − 1 6 y + 1
 8 − 4 − 1 < 0
900. Find negative values of y satisfies inequality

5 y −1 2 y −1
 6 − 2 > 0 ( y + 6)(5 − y ) + y ( y − 1) > 0
a)  b) 
1 − y + 4 < 0 0,3 y (10 y + 20) − 3 y + 30 > 0
2
 3
CHAPTER V Powers with integer exponent

Content
Powers with integer exponent and properties
Error calculations
Power with integer exponent and properties

33. Definition of power with negative integer
Definition: if a ≠ 0 and n is negative integer then
1
an = −n
a
1 1 1
Example: 5−2 = − ( −2) = 2 =
5 5 25
65
1 1 1
(−3) −4 = − ( −4)
= =
(−3) (−3) 4
81
1 1 1 1 8
(− ) −3 = = = = − = −8
2 1 1 1 1
(− ) − ( −3) (− )3 −
2 2 8
note : 0 = 0 if n ≥ 1 and n is integer
n
Exercises
Exercises of Definition of power with negative integer

903. Change negative power with fraction
a) 10−6 c) a −1 e) (ab) −3
b) 9−2 d) x −20 f) (a + b) −4
904. Change fraction with negative power

1 1 1 1 1
a) 2 b) 7 c) 7 d) 10 e)
10 6 x y 7
1 1 1
905. a) Show 8; 4; 2;1; ; ; as power of 2
2 4 8
1 1 1
b) Show ; ; ;1;5; 25;125 as power of 5
125 25 5
1 1 1
906. a) Show ; ; ;1;3;9; 27;81 as power of 3
81 9 3
b) Show 100;10;1;0,1;0, 01;0, 001;0, 0001 as power 10
907. Calculate
−3 −2
 2  2
a) 4 −2
d) (−1) −20 f)  −  h)  −2 
 3  5
66
−2 −5
−3 1  1
b) (−3) e)   g) 1  i) 0, 01−2
7  2
c) (−1) −9 j) 1,125−1

a) −10−4 c) (−0,8) −2 e) −(−2) −3
b) −0, 2−3 d) (−0,5) −5 f) −(−3) −2
909. Calculate
−2
 3
a) (−4) −3 c)  −  e) −0, 4−4
 4
−3 −2
−1  1  1
b) 2,5 d) 1  f) −  2 
 3  2
910. Compare value of exponential with zero.

a) 9−5 b) 2, 6−4 c) (−7,1) −6 d) (−3,9) −3
911. Is it true?
a) If a > 0 and n is integer than a n > 0
b) If a < 0 and n is even negative than a n > 0
c) If a < 0 and n is odd negative than a n < 0
912. Find value of x p if

a) x = −7 and p = −2 c) x = 2 and p = −6
b) x = 8 and p = −1 d) x = −9 and p = 0
913. Find value of x p if

a) x = −1 and p = −2 c) x = 2 and p = −1
b) x = 0,5 and p = −2 d) x = 0,5 and p = −5
67
914. Find value of x n and x − n if
2
a) x = and n = −2 b) x = −1,5 and n = 3
3

−1 −1
−3  1 1
a) 8 ⋅ 4 d) 10 ⋅  −  −2
g) 0,5 +  
 5 3
b) −2 ⋅10−5 e) 3−2 + 4−1 h) 0,3 + 0,1−4
0
c) 18 ⋅ (−9) −1 f) 2−3 − (−2) −4 i) (−2,1)0 − (−0, 2) −2
916. Calculate
−1
1
a) 6 ⋅12 −1 −1
c) 6 − 3 −2
e) 12 −  
6
b) −4 ⋅ 8−2 d) 1,30 − 1,3−1 f) 25 + 0,1−2
917. Show expression as fraction without negative powers

a) 3x −5 c) 5ab −7 e) x −1c −3 g) 2( x + y ) −4
b) x −4 y d) 5(ab) −7 f) −9 yz −8 h) 10 x −1 ( x − y ) −3
918. Show expression as fraction

3 2a 8 1 2a
a) 2 c) 5 e) 2 3 g)
b c x y (a − 2) 2
x a5 ( a + b) 2 (c + b)5
b) d) 3 f) h)
y 7b b 4c 4 2(a − b) 4

a) a −2 + b −2 c) (a + b −1 )(a −1 − b)
b) xy −1 + xy −2 d) ( x − 2 y −1 )( x −1 + 2 y )
920. Convert expression to fraction
68
a) (a −1 + b −1 )(a + b) −1 b) (a − b) −2 (a −2 + b −2 )
34. Properties of exponentials with integer powers

If a ≠ 0 and m, n are integers then
a m × a n = a m+ n
a m : a n = a m−n
(a m ) n = a mn
If a ≠ 0 , b ≠ 0 and n is integer then
(ab) n = a nb n
a an
( )n = n
b b
Examples: a −17 × a 21 = a −17 + 21 = a 4

b 2 : b5 = b 2−5 = b −3
1
(2a 3b −5 ) −2 = 2−2 (a 3 ) −2 (b −5 ) −2 = a −6b10
4
Exercises of Properties of exponentials with integer

powers
a) 3−4 ⋅ 36 d) 210 ⋅ 212 g) (2−4 ) −1
b) 24 ⋅ 2−3 e) 5−3 ⋅ 5−3 h) (52 ) −2 ⋅ 53
c) 108 ⋅10−5 ⋅10−6 f) 3−4 ⋅ 3 i) 3−4 ⋅ (3−2 ) −4
926. Calculate
a) 5−15 ⋅ 516 c) 4−8 : 4−9 e) (2−2 ) −3
−4 3 2 4
1 1 1 1
b)   ⋅   d)   :  f) (0,1−3 ) −1
 3  3 5  3
927. Prove opposite powers of nonzero number are opposite.

69
−n n
a b
928. Prove if a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0 then   = 
b a
929. Calculate
−3
1
a)   c) 0, 01−2 e) 0, 002−1
3
−1 −4 −5
3  2  1
b)   d) 1  f)  −1 
4  3  2
930. Prove if a and b are positive and a > b then a −1 < b −1
931. Show expression as power of 3 and calculate value of

expression
a) 27 ⋅ 3−4 c) 9−2 : 3−6
b) (3−1 )5 ⋅ 812 d) 813 : (9−2 ) −3
932. Show expression as power of 2

1 10
a) ⋅2 b) 32 ⋅ (2−4 ) 2 c) 8−1 ⋅ 43 d) 45 ⋅16−2
16
933. Show expression as power of 5

a) 5m ⋅ 5m +1 ⋅ 51− m b) (5m ) 2 ⋅ (5−3 ) m c) 625 : 54 m− 2
934. Calculate
2−21 3−10 ⋅ 98
a) 8−2 ⋅ 43 c) 100 :10−3 e) g)
4−5 ⋅ 4−6 (−3) 2
4−2 ⋅ 8−6 5−5 ⋅ 2510
b) 9−6 ⋅ 275 d) 125−4 : 25−5 f) h)
2−22 1253
70
(23 )5 ⋅ (2−6 )
−1
a) 125 ⋅ 25 2
c) (62 )6 : 614 e)
42
(3−2 )3 ⋅ 94
b) 16−3 ⋅ 46 d) 120 : (12−1 ) 2 f)
(33 ) 2
936. Show x −10 as product of powers in three different ways.
937. If a ≠ 0 then show a12 as power of a) a 4 b) a −6
938. Show power of x

a) x10 : x12 c) x n −1 : x −8 n is integer
b) x 0 : x −5 d) x 6 : x n + 2 n is integer
939. Simplify expression

5
a) 1,5ab −3 ⋅ 6a −2b d) 3, 2 x −1 y −5 ⋅ xy
8
3 −2 4 1 −1 −3 1 2 −5
b) m n ⋅ 8m3n −2 e) p q ⋅ p q
4 2 6
1 1 5 −18
c) 0, 6c 2 d 4 ⋅ c −3 d −4 f) 3 a b ⋅ 0, 6a −1b 20
3 3

a) 0, 2a −2b 4 ⋅ 5a 3b −3 if a = −0,125 and b = 8
1 −1 −5 1 1
b) a b ⋅ 81a 2b 4 if a = and b =
27 7 14
941. Simplify expression and find value of expression
a) 1, 6 x −1 y12 ⋅ 5 x 3 y −11 if x = −0, 2 and y = 0, 7
5 1
b) x −3 y 3 ⋅ 30 x3 y −4 if x = 127 and y =
6 5
942. Show power as product
71
−3
−1 −1 −2 −3 5 −12 1 
a) (a b ) c) (0,5a b ) e)  p −2 q 2 
3 
b) ( x 3 y −1 ) 2 d) (−2m5 n −3 ) 2 −3 4 3
f) (−0,5 x y )
943. Convert to product

−1
−5 −1 −1 7 
a) (6a b ) c)  p −6 q 
8 
2
3 
b)  a −1b −3  d) (−0,3x −5 y 4 ) −2
4 
944. Show expression as power of product

a) 0, 0001x −4 c) 0, 0081a8b −12
b) 32 y −5 d) 10n x −2 n y 3n n is integer

12 x −5 y 5 x −1 y 3 9 x 6
a) −6 ⋅ c) ⋅ −2
y 36 x −9 3 y
63a 2 18b 2 16 p −1q 2 25 p 6
b) ⋅ d) ⋅
2b −5 7a 5 64q −8
946. Evaluate expression

13 x −2 y12 p 15c
a) ⋅ c) ⋅
y 39 x −3 3c −2 p −2
5a 5 7b −3 26 x17 y
b) ⋅ d) −8
⋅
b −7 25a y 13 x 25

−3 −2
−4  x −3 
−3 2  c −4 
a) (0, 25 x y ) ⋅  2  c)  5 2 
⋅ (5a 3bc 2 ) −2
 4y   10 a b 
72
−3 −3 2
 a −3b 4   3   x 2 y −3   x 2 y −2 
b)   ⋅  −2 3  d)   ⋅ 
 9  a b   6z   9z 
948. Evaluate expression

−2 −6
 2 x −1  a
a)  −2  ⋅12 xy 5 −2 3 2
c) (2a b ) ⋅  
 3x  b
−1 −1
 ab   2x2 
7 −1
b) 4a b ⋅   d)  3  ⋅ ( x −1 y )3
 5   y 
35. Scientific notation

We write numbers in the form α ×10n where 1 ≤ α < 10 and n is
integer. This form is scientific notation.
Examples: 4350000 = 4,35 ×106
0, 000508 = 5, 08 ×10−4
Exercises
Error calculations
36. Writing approximately (with error)
Example: l = 18 ∓ 0,3 means 18 − 0,3 < l < 18 + 0,3
17, 7 < l < 18,3
Example: p = 1, 429 here error is 0, 001 so we can show error with
p = 1, 429 ∓ 0, 001
Example: m = 7,35 × 1022 , here error is
(7,35 ∓ 0, 01) × 1022 = 7,35 ×1022 ∓ 0, 01× 1022
= 7,35 × 1022 ∓ 1020 so error is 1020
Relative error is the quotient of error : value
= 7,35 × 1022 ∓ 1020 has error 1020 so relative error is
73
1020 1
=
7,35 × 10 22
735
Exercises
37. Operations on approximate value

In addition and subtraction we write numbers in decimal forms and
calculate result then write result in decimal form. But we count
decimal digits in numbers and use minimum number of decimal
digits in result.
Example: x ≅ 17, 2 and y ≅ 8, 407 calculate x + y
x + y ≅ 17, 2 + 8, 407 ≅ 25, 607 ≅ 25, 6
Example: x ≅ 6, 784 and y ≅ 4,91 calculate x − y
x − y ≅ 6, 784 − 4,91 ≅ 1,874 ≅ 1,87
In multiplication and division we write numbers in scientific notation

and again count number of decimal digits.
Example: x ≅ 0,86 and y ≅ 27,1 calculate xy
x ≅ 0,86 ≅ 8, 6 × 10−1
y ≅ 27,1 ≅ 2, 71× 101
x × y ≅ 8, 6 × 10−1 × 2, 71× 101 ≅ 2,3306 × 101 ≅ 2,3 ×101 ≅ 23
Example: x ≅ 563, 2 and y ≅ 32 calculate x : y
x ≅ 563, 2 ≅ 5, 63 ×102
y ≅ 32 ≅ 3, 2 × 101
x : y ≅ (5, 63 × 102 ) : (3, 2 × 101 ) ≅ 1, 76 × 101 ≅ 1, 7 ×101 ≅ 17
Example: x ≅ 3, 75 and y ≅ 48,8 and z ≅ 0, 0095 calculate
( x + y) × z
x + y ≅ 3, 75 + 48,8 ≅ 52,55 ≅ 52, 6
( x + y ) × z ≅ 52, 6 × 0, 0095
52, 6 = 5, 26 × 101
0, 0095 = 9,5 ×10−3
74
52, 6 × 0, 0095 ≅ 5, 26 × 101 × 9,5 × 10−3 ≅ 4,997 × 10−3 ≅ 5, 0 × 10−1 ≅ 0,5
Exercises
Extra exercises for chapter V

a) 10x −3 if x = 0,1 b) xy −4 if x = 200 and y = 5
1037. Prove values of expressions are opposite

4
3
a)   and 0, 6−4 c) 1000−2 and 0, 001−2
4
−4
2
b) 1, 253 and 0,83 d) 2,5−4 and  
5
1038. Compare expressions

−5 −5
1 1
a) 5 −3
and 7 −3
b)   and   c) (−2)0 and (−2) −2
2  3
1039. Calculate
−2
−2 −4 1 2
a) −0, 25 ⋅100 c) 0, 2 ⋅ (1, 6) e) 3 ⋅   − 0,5
3 3
b) 0, 01⋅ (−0,5) −3 d) 0,1−1 ⋅1,10 f) −4−1 ⋅ 5 + 2,52
1040. Change expression to a new expression without negative

power
am −2 (a + b)b 2a −1b 2
a) −1 b) −1 c)
a b b ( a − b) (a + b) −2

a) xy −2 − x −2 y c) mn(n − m) 2 − n(m − n) −1
75
−1 −2
x x
b)   +   d) ( x −1 + y −1 )( x −1 − y −1 )
 y  y

x −1 + y −1 ab −1 − a −1b
a) b)
( x + y)2 a −1 − b −1

a) 0,3a −2b3 ⋅1,5a 2b −1 d) (−0, 2m 2 n3 ) −3 ⋅ 0,1m6 n9
b) 6−1 x 2 y −1 ⋅1,5 xy −2 e) a −2b5 ⋅ (3ab) −1
c) 1, 2 xy −2 ⋅ 4 x −1 y f) 6,1−3 y ⋅ (0,1xy −1 ) −1
1046. Show expression with one factor

a) x b) x −1 c) x −2
1047. Remove factor given below outside of parenthesis from

expression a −6 + a −4
a) a −4 b) a −6
1049. Prove equation is true with integer values of n

a) 2n + 2n = 2n +1 b) 2 ⋅ 3n + 3n = 3n +1
76

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ALGEBRA

CHAPTER I Rational numbers

CHAPTER III Quadratic equations

CHAPTER V Powers with integer

MEHMET AKİF ALTUNDAL

RATIONAL NUMBERS AND PROPERTIES ..................................................... 7

REAL NUMBERS ......................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER III QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ........................................ 20

QUADRATIC EQUATION AND ITS ROOTS ................................................... 21

CHAPTER IV INEQUALITIES ............................................................. 33

NUMERICAL INEQUALITIES ...................................................................... 33

CHAPTER V POWERS WITH INTEGER EXPONENT.................... 65

POWER WITH INTEGER EXPONENT AND PROPERTIES ............................. 65

Rational numbers and properties

2. Simplifying rational fractions

Sum and difference of fractions

4. Addition and subtraction of fractions with different

Product and quotient of fractions

7. Evaluation rational expressions

10. Irrational numbers

13. Calculating value of square root approximately

Properties of square root

16. Square root of power

18. Evaluation of expressions with square roots

CHAPTER III Quadratic equations

Example: Solve −3x 2 + 15 = 0

20. Solving quadratic equations with using square

Formula of quadratic equation

22. Solving problems with the help of quadratic

23. Viet theorem

25. Solving word problems with rational equations

605. Numerator of a principal fraction is 5 less than denominator.

607. A bike started traveling from A to B, after 1 hour 36 minutes a

608. One skater traveled 20 km distance 20 minutes shorter than the

611. Tourist traveled 6 km opposite of stream and 15 km at lake.

612. Speed of a boat at lake is 15 km/h, this boat traveled 35 km

613. Speed of a ship at lake is 20 km/h, this ship traveled 22 km with

615. Two workmen finish a service in 12 days. One workman need

Extra exercises for chapter III

651. Area of football field is 1800 m 2 , if length is 5 m longer than

652. Square of sum of two consequent numbers is 112 greater than

653. Perimeter of a rectangle is 28 cm and sum areas of squares

657. Width is half of length of a pool. Depth is 0,5 m. Area of bottom

681. Train delayed for 10 min at the midpoint of A and B, to reach B

683. Tourists traveled in three tunnels with 12,5 km , 18 km and 14

684. A car traveled from A to B with 240 km distance. Then in

685. Train traveled from A to B with 400 km distance. It returned

686. Ferryboat traveled 150 km with stream and returned with

687. Tourist traveled 25 km opposite of stream by motorized boat ,

688. Ship traveled 35 km opposite of stream, and 18 km opposite of

689. A boat is sent with stream and after 5 hours 20 minutes a

690. A man with motorized boat traveled opposite of stream 6 km

695. A plane traveled from A to B in 4 hours. In return in first 100

697. A plane traveled from A to B with wind in 6 hours. One time

698. Motorbike traveled from M to N in 5 hours. In return it traveled

700. First boy’s homework was 160 questions, second boy’s

707. Two workers can complete together task in 12 days. If one

2. Let’s compare 3, 6748 and 3, 675 . First three digits of both

We compared some numbers in previous examples with different