ENDOCRINE AND RESPIRATORY RELATED DISORDERS

By: Stephanie Mae P. Velez

ENDOCRINE RELATED DISORDERS

Disease Condition Cardinal & Pathognomonic Signs

Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Addisons Disease
- A condition resulting from
inadequate function of adrenal
cortex to meet patients need for
cortical hormones

Bronze like pigmentation of skin






Hyperpigmentation is associated with elevated ACTH
levels, leading to elevated MSH levels. The MSH
stimulates melanocytes, which give the skin a bronze
color. Sometimes it is an overall bronze, like a tan, and
sometimes it is more localized in the gums, or areas
subjected to increased pressure.

Cushings Syndrome
- A condition that results from
excessive adrenocortical activity





Weight gain is the most common feature and results from
the accumulation of adipose tissue in the trunk, facial,
and cervical areas. These characteristic patterns of fat
deposition have been described as truncal *central+
obesity, moon face, and buffalo hump.

Diabetes Mellitus
- A group of metabolic disorders
characterized by hyperglycemia
resulting from defects in insulin
secretion, insulin action, or both

Polydipsia: Because of elevated blood sugar levels, water
is osmotically attracted from body cells, resulting in
intracellular dehydration and hypothalamic stimulation of
thirst.
Polyuria: Hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic; the
amount of glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the
kidneys exceeds that which can be reabsorbed by the
renal tubules; glycosuria results, accompanied by large
Moon face Buffalo hump Truncal obesity
Polydipsia Polyphagia Polyuria
amounts of water lost in the urine
Polyphagia: Depletion of cellular stores of carbohydrates,
fats, and protein results in cellular starvation and a
corresponding increase in hunger.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- A metabolic derangement in type
I diabetes that results from a
deficiency in insulin. Highly acidic
ketone bodies are formed,
resulting in acidosis.

Acetone breath
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) develops when there is an
absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. This is most
common in individuals with type I diabetes but can occur
in those with type II diabetes as well.

Graves Disease
- A condition that results from
excessive output of thyroid
hormones due to abnormal
stimulation of the thyroid gland
by circulating immunoglobulins

Exophthalmos





The most noticeable sign of exophthalmos are bulging or
protruding eyeballs (either one or both). In Graves
disease, the bulging develops because the tissues in the
eyeballs swell, and the number of cells in the eyes
increases.

Hypoparathyroidism


Tetany




Tetany is a general muscle hypertonia, with tremor and
spasmodic or uncoordinated contractions occurring with
or without efforts to make voluntary movements.

Hypocalcemia







Chvosteks sign is positive when a sharp tapping over the
facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior
to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose,
and eye.
Trousseaus sign is positive when carpopedal spasm is
induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3
minutes with a blood pressure cuff.


(+) Chvosteks sign (+) Trousseaus sign
Pancreatitis (Hemorrhagic)
- Inflammation of the pancreas
- A serious disorder that can range
in severity from a relatively mild,
self-limiting disorder to a rapidly
fatal disease that does not
respond to any treatment.
Cullens sign





Typically a blue or purple discoloration around the navel,
but may also occur in shades of green or yellow,
depending on the stage of erythrocyte breakdown.


RESPIRATORY RELATED DISORDERS
Disease Condition Cardinal & Pathognomonic Signs

Asthma
- A disease with multiple
precipitating mechanisms
resulting in a common clinical
outcome of reversible airflow
obstruction.

Wheezing on expirations

A wheeze is a high-pitched, musical, adventitious lung
sound produced by airflow through an abnormally
narrowed or compressed airway.

Bronchiectasis
- A chronic, irreversible dilation
and impaired mucociliary
clearance of the bronchi and
bronchioles.







Copious purulent sputum, which has the quality of
layering out into three layers on standing:
a frothy top layer
a middle clear layer
a dense particulate bottom layer

Carbon monoxide poisoning
- an illness caused by exposure to
too much carbon monoxide a
colorless, odorless, and tasteless
gas.

Cherry pink skin






When carbon monoxide reacts with human blood, it
forms carboxyhemoglobin, which above concentrations
of 30% is a bright red, becoming brighter and more
intense as the concentration increases.

Cystic fibrosis
- An inherited disease caused by a
faulty gene, which controls the
movement of salt and water in
and out of the cells. As a result,
the lungs and digestive systems
become clogged with mucus,
making it harder to breathe and
digest food.
Salty taste on skin
Appears histologically normal, but the body secretes
excessive sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl).

Emphysema
- A nonuniform pattern of
abnormal, permanent distention
of the air spaces with destruction
of the alveolar walls and
eventually a reduced pulmonary
capillary bed.

Barrel chest





Barrel chest describes a rounded, bulging, almost barrel-
like appearance of the chest that occurs as a result of
long-term overinflation of the lungs.

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
- aka Croup
- Refers to an infection of the
upper airway, generally in
children, which obstructs
breathing and causes a
characteristic cough.

Seal bark cough (at night)
It is the result of the inflammation around the vocal cords
(larynx), windpipe (trachea), and bronchial tubes
(bronchi). When a cough forces air through this narrowed
passage, the swollen larynx produce a noise similar to a
seal barkinh.

Pleural effusion
- A collection of fluid in the pleural
space.

Stony dull percussion
Lungs normally sound resonant (hollow), because they
are filled with air. In the case of pleural effusion, fluid
surrounds the lungs. When percussed, sound waves are
dulled as they travel through the fluid.

Pneumonia
- An inflammation of the lung
parenchyma commonly caused
by microbial agents.

Rusty colored sputum



Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)
- An infectios disease commonly
affecting the lung parenchyma
- Most often caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis




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