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    CT Wire Sizing

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    bookreaderAU
    This document discusses the selection and sizing of current transformers and wiring in substations. It covers characteristics of CTs including class types, specifications, saturation issues, and standards. The document explains how CT secondary currents are determined from primary currents based on the transformer ratio. It also discusses factors that can cause AC and transient saturation in CTs such as connected burdens, lead resistances, and remanence. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate lead resistances and check for adequate CT sizing to avoid saturation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the application and performing sizing checks for critical systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CT Wire Sizing

    Uploaded by

    bookreaderAU
    265 views28 pages
    This document discusses the selection and sizing of current transformers and wiring in substations. It covers characteristics of CTs including class types, specifications, saturation issues, and standards. The document explains how CT secondary currents are determined from primary currents based on the transformer ratio. It also discusses factors that can cause AC and transient saturation in CTs such as connected burdens, lead resistances, and remanence. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate lead resistances and check for adequate CT sizing to avoid saturation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the application and performing sizing checks for critical systems.

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    CT wire sizing

    Original Title

    CT wire sizing

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    This document discusses the selection and sizing of current transformers and wiring in substations. It covers characteristics of CTs including class types, specifications, saturation issues, and standards. The document explains how CT secondary currents are determined from primary currents based on the transformer ratio. It also discusses factors that can cause AC and transient saturation in CTs such as connected burdens, lead resistances, and remanence. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate lead resistances and check for adequate CT sizing to avoid saturation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the application and performing sizing checks for critical systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    265 views28 pages

    CT Wire Sizing

    Uploaded by

    bookreaderAU
    This document discusses the selection and sizing of current transformers and wiring in substations. It covers characteristics of CTs including class types, specifications, saturation issues, and standards. The document explains how CT secondary currents are determined from primary currents based on the transformer ratio. It also discusses factors that can cause AC and transient saturation in CTs such as connected burdens, lead resistances, and remanence. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate lead resistances and check for adequate CT sizing to avoid saturation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the application and performing sizing checks for critical systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Selection of Current Transformers

    and Wire Sizing in Substations


    Sethuraman Ganesan
    ABB Inc.
    Allentown, PA

    Presented to:

    59th Conference for Protective Relay Engineers


    Texas A&M University
    College Station, Texas
    April 4-6, 2006
    1

    Discussion Paper

    Characteristics of CT
    Metering and Protection Class
    Specifications of CTs
    CT Wiring and other issues
    IEEE Std C57.13, Guide C37.110
    IEC Std 60044-6

    CT Simplified Circuit and Phasor


    IP

    IP/n

    1:n
    a

    IS

    e
    RCT

    c
    Xm

    RB

    IE

    f
    Vef
    ISRCT

    IS

    Vcd=n. Vab

    IP
    n

    IE
    3

    Metering

    Metering class Typical Spec 0.3 B-0.1


    Meters can be off Protection CTs

    Thermal stress
    Auxiliary CTs
    Burdens of auxiliary CTs, accuracy

    Summation CTs

    Protection Class CTs

    Ratings, Ratio
    Polarity
    Class, Knee point voltage, Excitation
    characteristics

    Magnetizing
    Voltage

    Vx
    Vk

    10A(10%)
    Secondary Current
    5

    AC Saturation

    Severe Saturation
    Too large CT secondary burden,
    currents

    Ideal

    Actual

    CT ratings to avoid AC saturation

    Vx > If (RCT+RL+RB)
    Vx = Saturation Voltage
    If

    = CT secondary current during fault

    RCT= CT Secondary Resistance- Ohms


    RL = CT lead Resistance- Ohms
    RB = CT Connected burden ResistanceOhms

    CT Transient Saturation

    Caused by DC Transients in the power


    system
    2
    1
    Current

    DC

    AC
    1

    -1
    -2

    Cycles

    CT Transient Saturation (Minimum Math!)

    = current , v = voltage = Flux in the magnetic core,


    all instantaneous;

    v (d /d t)

    where d /d t represents the rate of change of flux.

    i (d /d t)
    Integrating,

    i
    Rewriting,

    i (Flux is decided by area under the


    time function i)
    9

    Flux during AC currents


    v i d/dt

    10

    Flux during DC Transients


    v i d/dt

    11

    CT ratings to avoid Transient saturation

    Vx > If (1+X/R) (RCT+RL+RB)


    Where,
    X, R= Primary system reactance and
    resistances
    Avoiding CT saturation may not always be
    possible.

    12

    Waveforms during AC+DC Transients


    Ideal CT secondary current

    Actual CT secondary current

    Time
    DC (Ideal CT)

    Saturation

    AC+DC Actual in CT

    13

    Typical ANSI Class C CT

    14

    Specifications for ANSI CTs


    Classification Letter C, K or T
    C Performance can be Calculated, low leakage
    reactance
    K- Same as C but with Knee point 70% of secondary
    terminal voltage

    T- Performance to be Tested

    Recommended maximum secondary current

    100A
    Error max: 10% at 100A, so 10A error

    15

    Class C CTs
    C800- Develops >800V
    At 100A current
    At connected burden of 8 Ohms
    Internal voltage > 800 + 100RCT

    Burden 1,2,4,8 Ohms for C100, C200,

    C400,C800 etc (RBx100A = C Volt Rating)

    16

    Class C CTs
    To avoid AC Saturation, in C800,
    100(RCT+ 8) > If (RCT+RL+RB)
    Typically
    If

    < 100A

    Connected

    burden RL+RB < 8 Ohms

    17

    Class C CTs
    To avoid DC Saturation, in C800,
    100(RCT+ 8) > If (1+X/R)(RCT+RL+RB)
    Normally If < 100A, Connected burden is less

    than design burden;


    Define Ni = 100/ If ( Ideally >1)
    Define Nr = (RCT+ 8) / (RCT+RL+RB ) (Ideally >1)
    The equation above becomes

    Ni. Nr > (1+X/R)


    In other words CT saturation is avoided if
    (1+X/R) < Ni. Nr
    18

    Remanence
    Remanence, Residual flux
    Similar to permanent magnetism
    Reduces available excursion of flux to

    translate currents
    If is the per unit of maximum flux remaining

    as residual flux, CTs have to be oversized by a


    factor
    1/(1- )
    If = 0.9, the above factor is 10, that bigger
    CT is required!!!
    19

    Remanence
    Reduce
    Gap

    in the steel core

    Different
    Biased

    core materials

    core

    Account for remanence Increase


    Reduce

    the CT size- Not an option always

    the burdens, leads etc.

    Make

    the relay faster- to operate before CT


    saturation starts

    Increased
    Special

    slope

    relays with algorithms


    20

    CT- Time to saturate


    2

    t/T
    1

    Vx / (IRT)
    Vx = Saturation Volts
    I = Symm. Secy Current, A
    R = Secy. Circuit Resist,
    Ie = Exciting Current, A
    T = Primary Circuit Time Constant, Cycles
    t = Time to saturate in Cycles

    21

    Calculating Lead Resistance - Example


    Data
    CT C400, 1000/5A, RCT = 0.25 Ohms
    Fault Primary = 10kA at X/R = 15
    Relay burden = Negligible
    Calculations:
    If = 10000/CTR = 10000/200 = 50A
    Ni= 100/ 50 = 2
    Nr = 4.25/(0.25+RL)
    Checking for adequacy,
    (1+X/R) > Ni.Nr
    (1+15) > 2 x 4.25 /(0.25 + RL)
    < 0.28 Ohms
    RL
    22

    CT Lead wires
    AWG Numbers are logarithmic
    Numbers increase with resistance
    (= decrease with thicker wires)
    AWG #10 has 1 Ohms for 1000feet wire
    Note: AWG # 13 has double the resistance
    AWG #10 is most popular (easier to calculate the

    resistances!)
    AWG#12 is adequate in most of the applications

    23

    Case Study Fig 1

    24

    Case Study Fig 2

    25

    Case Study Fig 3

    26

    Case Study Fig 4

    27

    Conclusion
    A thorough understanding of the application of

    CT is required
    Previous experience of CT wire sizing may not
    always be correct in a newer application
    More than adequate CT sizes and cable sizes
    waste resources
    Application check is recommended, always for
    critical applications

    28

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