ALGORITHMS AND
FLOWCHARTS
Summer Assignment
AP Computer Science
Wakefield High School
Assignment Summary
1.
Read this ppt. thoroughly and complete the 5
exercises at the end. Well share and discuss your
solutions at the beginning of the new school year.
Youll get credit for sharing.
2.
http://courses.cs.vt.edu/csonline/Algorithms/Lessons/in
dex.html
VA Tech developed the above interactive module
lesson. You need to read thoroughly and play the
games. It gives you a better understanding of how
sorting algorithms are represented.
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
A typical programming task can be divided into
two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce
an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
implement
language
the program in some programming
Steps in Problem Solving
First produce a general algorithm (one can use
pseudocode)
Refine the algorithm successively to get step by
step detailed algorithm that is very close to a
computer language.
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal
language that helps programmers develop
algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to
everyday English.
Pseudocode & Algorithm
Example 1: Write an algorithm to
determine a students final grade and
indicate whether it is passing or failing.
The final grade is calculated as the
average of four marks.
Pseudocode & Algorithm
Pseudocode:
Input a set of 4 marks
Calculate their average by summing and dividing
by 4
if average is below 50
Print FAIL
else
Print PASS
Pseudocode & Algorithm
Detailed Algorithm
Step 1:
Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2:
GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3:
if (GRADE < 50) then
Print FAIL
else
Print PASS
endif
The Flowchart
(Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of
operations, as in a manufacturing process or computer
program.
(Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence
of operations in an information system or program.
Information system flowcharts show how data flows from
source documents through the computer to final
distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the
sequence of instructions in a single program or
subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
type of flowchart.
The Flowchart
A Flowchart
shows
logic of an algorithm
emphasizes individual steps and their
interconnections
e.g. control flow from one action to the next
Flowchart Symbols
Basic
Name
Symbol
Use in Flowchart
Oval
Denotes the beginning or end of the program
Parallelogram
Denotes an input operation
Rectangle
Denotes a process to be carried out
e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.
Diamond
Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.
The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)
Hybrid
Denotes an output operation
Flow line
Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program
Example
START
Step 1: Input Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4
Step 2: GRADE (Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print FAIL
else
Print PASS
end if
Input
Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4
GRADE(Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4)/4
IS
GRADE<5
0
PRINT
PASS
PRINT
FAIL
STOP
Example 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by
multiplying LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)
Example 2
Flowchart
Algorithm
Step 1: Input Lft
Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30
Step 3: Print Lcm
START
Input
Lft
Lcm Lft x 30
Print
Lcm
STOP
Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will read the two sides of a rectangle and
calculate its area.
Pseudocode
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Print A
Example 3
Algorithm
Step 1: Input W,L
Step 2: A L x W
Step 3: Print A
START
Input
W, L
ALxW
Print
A
STOP
Example 4
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 bx c 0
Hint: d = sqrt ( b2 4ac ), and the roots are:
x1 = (b + d)/2a and x2 = (b d)/2a
Example 4
Pseudocode:
Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the
quadratic equation
Calculate d
Calculate x1
Calculate x2
Print x1 and x2
Example 4
START
Algorithm:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Input a, b, c
d sqrt ( b b 4 a c )
x1 (b + d) / (2 x a)
x2 (b d) / (2 x a)
Print x1, x2
Input
a, b, c
d sqrt(b x b 4 x a x c)
x1 (b + d) / (2 x a)
X2 (b d) / (2 x a)
Print
x1 ,x2
STOP
DECISION STRUCTURES
The expression A>B is a logical expression
it describes a condition we want to test
if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take
the action on left
print the value of A
if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we
take the action on right
print the value of B
DECISION STRUCTURES
Print
A
is
A>B
Print
B
IFTHENELSE STRUCTURE
The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif
IFTHENELSE STRUCTURE
The algorithm for the flowchart is as
follows:
If A>B then
Y
N
is
print A
A>B
else
Print
Print
print B
A
B
endif
Relational Operators
Relational Operators
Operator
Description
>
Greater than
<
Less than
==
Equal to
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
!=
Not equal to
Example 5
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an
identifying message.
ALGORITHM
Step 1:
Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2:
if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX VALUE1
else
MAX VALUE2
endif
Step 3:
Print The largest value is, MAX
Example 5
START
Input
VALUE1,VALUE2
is
VALUE1>VALUE2
MAX VALUE1
MAX VALUE2
Print
The largest value is,
MAX
STOP
NESTED IFS
One of the alternatives within an IF
THENELSE statement
may
involve further IFTHENELSE
statement
Example 6
Write an algorithm that reads three
numbers and prints the value of the largest
number.
Example 6
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then
MAX N1
[N1>N2, N1>N3]
else
MAX N3
[N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX N2
[N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX N3
[N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
Step 3: Print The largest number is, MAX
Example 6
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the
above Algorithm.
Example 7
a)
b)
Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart
to
read an employee name (NAME),
overtime hours worked (OVERTIME),
hours absent (ABSENT) and
determine the bonus payment
(PAYMENT).
Example 7
Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME (2/3)*ABSENT
Bonus Paid
>40 hours
>30 but 40 hours
>20 but 30 hours
>10 but 20 hours
10 hours
$50
$40
$30
$20
$10
Step 1: Input NAME,OVERTIME,ABSENT
Step 2: if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 40) then
PAYMENT 50
else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 30) then
PAYMENT 40
else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 20) then
PAYMENT 30
else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 10) then
PAYMENT 20
else
PAYMENT 10
endif
Step 3: Print Bonus for, NAME is $, PAYMENT
Your Flow Charts
1.
Calculates greatest common factor (GCF) of two numbers.
2.
A man has to get a fox, a chicken, and a sack of corn across a
river. He has a rowboat, and it can only carry him and one other
thing. If the fox and the chicken are left together, the fox will eat
the chicken. If the chicken and the corn is left together, the chicken
will eat the corn. How does the man do it? Solve the problem and
make a flow chart with solution.
3.
Change an engine oil algorithm.
Your Flow Charts
4.
You want badly to take a friend out for a movie and dinner. And
guess what? Your friend gladly accepted but you are broke. Now
you have 36 hours (3 days) to get $100 and avoid embarrassment.
Your sources are a last minute neighbors mow yard, parents,
relatives, or else.
4.
Watch The Big Bang Theory The Friendship Algorithm online.
Have fun and enjoy summer.
